{"text": "article posted april 11, 2013 at 08 : 30 pm gmt \u2022 comment ( 1 ) \u2022 reads 4267 we ended our sound unit by making recycled instruments. each student was taped while he / she presented their instrument to the class. the students also wrote a paragraph about the instrument and took a photo of it using an ipad. the students created a glog ( an interactive poster ) incorporating all of the components. click on the glogster image below to see all of the recycled instrument glogs. the slideshow gives you a front row seat to the \" 3h jam session. \" enjoy! article posted march 8, 2013 at 08 : 19 pm gmt \u2022 comment \u2022 reads 1427 this is it, the last set of clues. the clock is ticking and we need to figure out where these landmarks are! it ' s research time 3h crew! good luck! landmark primary clues 2013 - week 3 ( 1a ) abanskaya school ( world explorers ) aban, russia 1. the head of all landmarks 2. the oldest in the city 3. northern hemisphere 4. named in honor of the builder 5. there is the legend about a thing in it 6. lighting of this place change in december 7. chinese room 8. about 122. 3 longitude 9. opened on the independence day ( 2a ) abanskaya school 3 ( team kazakova ) aban, russia 1. tatar burial mound 2. metal, metal 3. black snow, no grass 4. the leader lies at it 5. 40 - 50 n 6. the bloodiest battle 7. world war ii 8. was the largest when it was built 9. the woman on the top ( 3a ) abanskaya school 3 ( team vinokurova ) aban, russia 1. it was founded in a cave. 2. there is a museum there. 3. there was a big fire in 1718 4. 500 people were killed there by the nazi soldiers. 5. it is one of 7 wonders of its country. 6. it is inscribed as a unesco world heritage site. 7. northern hemisphere 8. you can find this landmark between 29 and 31 degrees east longitude. 9. its area is 2, 533, 825 sq ft ( 4a ) aginskaya secondary 2 ( siberian experts ) krasnoyarsk, russia 1. it is a unique place in the world 2. it is situated in the eastern siberia 3. it was founded in 1925 4. it is a nice place for animals to live, for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5310599230962447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.819893"} {"text": "( siberian experts ) krasnoyarsk, russia 1. it is a unique place in the world 2. it is situated in the eastern siberia 3. it was founded in 1925 4. it is a nice place for animals to live, for plants to grow, for citizens to have rest and for alpinists to climb rocks. if you visited this place at least once you will never forget your impressions. 5. the taiga flora includes dark green fir, pine - tree, siberian cedar, white birches, mountain ash, bird cherry tree, larch, \u2026. you can meet taiga animals ( sable, musk deer, hazel hen ) and forest - steppe gopher, polecat and roe deer. 6. it is situated between the mana and bazaikha rivers 7. the square of it is about 47hectares 8. there are more than 100 of syenite rocks 9. you can find there very interesting names of rocks : d \u2019 ed ( grandfather ) and perya ( feathers ). ( 5a ) american community school ( team 5a ) beirut, lebanon 1. located in the northern hemisphere around 35n. 2. important to at least seven ( 7 ) ancient civilizations. 3. gilgamesh is said to have ventured here. 4. sometimes thought to be a dwelling of the gods, but humans said to enter the area 4, 700 years ago. 5. one of the most prized building materials in ancient times. 6. described as the oldest of its kind in the world. 7. began to disappear in the early 6thcentury. 8. once named an \u201c imperial domain \u201d and destruction was halted. 9. can be up to 40 m ( 130 ft. ) high. ( 6a ) american community school ( team 5b ) beirut, lebanon 1. sculpted by erosion. 2. this landmark has had five ( 5 ) previous names. 3. open air museum 4. made of volcanic rock. 5. not located in the southern hemisphere. 6. added to the world heritage list in 1985. 7. has had a population exchange between greece. 8. the name of a place within it relates to fairies. 9. can be found at about 40 n. ( 7a ) american community school ( team 5c ) beirut, lebanon 1. many legends, but the most popular gives the landmark this name. 2. the site is featured in films ( hitman, the world is not enough ). 3. red or white flash every 3 seconds. 4. featured", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4174467621573215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.821280"} {"text": "beirut, lebanon 1. many legends, but the most popular gives the landmark this name. 2. the site is featured in films ( hitman, the world is not enough ). 3. red or white flash every 3 seconds. 4. featured on the back of the host country \u2019 s bank note. 5. from 1829 was used as a quarantine station. 6. today, there is a restaurant on the 1st floor and a cafe at the top. 7. octagonal prism with a cupola. 8. located in the eastern hemisphere at about 30e. 9. part of the structure was destroyed in an earthquake in 1509. ( 8a ) american community school ( team 5d ) beirut, lebanon 1. location of several military campaigns 2. not in the southern hemisphere 3. once a center of community life ; now a war memorial 4. sickness, especially malaria, was rampant 5. at least seventy - five miles ( 121km ) in length 6. built over a 25 - year period, but begun in the 1940s 7. latitude is about 10n 8. free - strike zone 9. helped achieve ultimate military success. ( 9a ) alexander doniphan elem. ( team campbell ) liberty, mo 1. our landmark is in the northern hemisphere 2. our landmark is between 25 degrees and 45 degrees north latitude. 3. nicknames for our landmark include bear \u2019 s lair, bear \u2019 s house, and bear \u2019 s lodge. 4. our landmark is columnar. 5. spend your time hiking at our landmark - there are 13 + miles of trails. 6. 1906 is an important year for our landmark. 7. our landmark is 865 feet or 264 meters in height. 8. it is sacred. 9. our landmark made its movie debut in 1977. ( 10a ) alexander doniphan elem. ( team kesner ) liberty, mo 1. our landmark is in the northern hemisphere. 2. our landmark is between 40 and 60 degrees north latitude. 3. approximately 5000 people a day and 6 to 7 million a year visit our landmark. 4. our landmark is made of iron. 5. our landmark is 1050 feet high. 6. at one time, our landmark was the tallest in the world. 7. our landmark shares the same name as his builder. 8. the idea for our landmark was conceived in 1884. 9. our landmark was in danger of being destroyed 20 years after its construction. ( 11a ) barnveld school ryan world whizzes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4313939905529145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.822174"} {"text": "shares the same name as his builder. 8. the idea for our landmark was conceived in 1884. 9. our landmark was in danger of being destroyed 20 years after its construction. ( 11a ) barnveld school ryan world whizzes ) barnveld, wi 1. it is very colorful, but don ' t bring your camera 2. if you live there, you go in one way. if you don \u2019 t, you go in the other 3. about 1000 people could fit inside. 4. although it is millions of years old, it was only rediscovered in the 1940 ' s. 5. it is in the northern hemisphere 6. it is about 30 degrees north 7. it was once used as an emergency shelter and hospital area during a war. 8. it has a palace, and a dragon and santa claus 9. it is named for a plant ( 12a ) bolshesosnovskaya school, ( salnikova ) bolshaya sosnova, russia 1. some parts of the landmark look like ruins of pompeii but there wasn \u2019 t any volcano eruption. 2. it is neither in europe nor in asia. 3. there are about 70 lakes. 4. there is a \" big ring \" and a \" small ring \" there. 5. the legend says if a young girl falls down on one of its ways it will get married soon. 6. its length is about 5. 7 km. 7. you can find this landmark between 57 and 58 degrees east longitude. 8. its first plan appeared 310 years ago. 9. it is called \" ice queen \". ( 13a ) cathedral st. raymond ' s school ( team kabellis307 ) joliet, il 2. designed by winning sculptor 3. cultural events 4. controversy was created over its building 5. not in the southern hemisphere 6. the building was started in 1948 and still in progress 7. sacred ground 8. 43 degrees n 9. a million visitors a year ( 14a ) cathedral st. raymond ' s school ( team kabellis308 ) joliet, il 2. took almost 200 years to build 3. gothic architecture 4. started in 1163 5. it is not in the western hemisphere 6. 48 degrees n 7. crown of thorns 9. 5 bells ( 15a ) comprehensive lyceum # 3 ( team yenisey ) krasnoyarsk, russia 1 it ' s in a picturesque place in russia. 2 there is fog everywhere,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4524394992465912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.823322"} {"text": "n 7. crown of thorns 9. 5 bells ( 15a ) comprehensive lyceum # 3 ( team yenisey ) krasnoyarsk, russia 1 it ' s in a picturesque place in russia. 2 there is fog everywhere, because there is a lot of water. 3 it ' s 1065 meters long. 4 it is manmade but it doesn ' t pollute the air. 5 almost 6 million tones of concrete was used to build it. 6 it started working before it was finished. 7 it sometimes looks like a waterfall. 8 there is a big lake but it ' s fake. 9 there is a ship ' s lift there. ( 16a ) eugene field elem. ( team huseman ) hannibal, mo 1. readers digest 2. built in 2001 3. not in the southern hemisphere 4. weighs 5 tons 5. 24 feet high, 40 feet long 6. guinness book of world records 7. north 40 degrees 8. \" get your kicks on route 66 \" 9. exit # 126 ( 17a ) eugene field elem. ( team mcguire ) hannibal, mo 1. third part of seven 2. 786 square feet atop 45, 000 pounds 3. inspiration came from 1888 4. part of a project 5. 101 degrees west 6. began in 2000 7. northern hemisphere 8. completed in 2001 9. has connection with canada and australia ( 18a ) fithian tatem elem ( tatem tigers ) haddonfield, nj 1. the creator of this landmark was born in iran. 2. this landmark involves beethoven. 3. it is in the same hemisphere as the eiffel tower. 4. the inspiration of this landmark was originally made from the stomach of a sheep or a goat. 5. it cost more than $ 1, 000, 000 to build. 6. you can only visit this landmark during daylight hours. 7. the landmark involves something that you put on your food. 8. this landmark was dedicated in 1986. 9. its location is about 3. 6 degrees off of area 51 ' s latitude. ( 19a ) gimnazia 3 ( explorers of the world ) krasnoyarsk, russia 1. it is situated on the left bank of the river yenissey in the city of krasnoyarsk. 2. it is a part of a big building. this building has got a lot of rooms. 3. it is 90 metres high. 4. it has a very famous nickname. 5. people can listen to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4761501754647511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.824295"} {"text": "of krasnoyarsk. 2. it is a part of a big building. this building has got a lot of rooms. 3. it is 90 metres high. 4. it has a very famous nickname. 5. people can listen to its sound twice an hour. 6. it looks like a well - known english sight. 7. it took 31 years to build it, because the city didn ' t have enough money. 8. finally it was opened to the public in 2001. 9. this landmark won the competition \" gold rouble \" in 2002. ( 20a ) gymnazia 2 ( siberian balls ) krasnoyarsk, russia 1. this river is situated in siberia and devides it into eastern and western siberia 2. it ' s the full flowing river in russia 3. the length of this river is 3487 km 4. krasnoyarsk, abakan and divnogorsk are situated on the banks of this river 5. very often the russians call this river \" batyushka \" ( \" father - river \" ) 6. 36 fish species live in this river, you can find most of them only in it 7. in some areas : the width of this river is about 40 km 8. because of hydropower the river has stopped freezing over 9. the greatest russian artist vasiliy surikov and a modern russian writer victor astafyev were born on the banks of this river ( 21a ) gymnasia 1 ( team 5a ) kalachinsk, omsk, russia 1. it is a church. 2. it is on the main square 3. it was repaired many times 4. north hemisphere 5. you can find this landmark between 40 and 60 degrees north latitude 6. it has nine domes 7. it was founded in 1516 8. there is a monument next to it 9. it is unesco world heritage site ( 22a ) gymnasia 1 ( team 6b ) kalachinsk, omsk, russia 1. it is on the water 2. it is the most photographed building in the world 3. the doors were opened by queen elisabeth ii 4. it is 185 meters in length 5. you can find this landmark between 30 and 50 degrees south latitude 6. south hemisphere 7. more than 100, 000, 000 was spent to build it 8. it was founded in 1973 9. it was built by danish architect. ( 23a ) gymnasia 1 ( team 7a ) kalachinsk, omsk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4584624014273692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.825568"} {"text": "hemisphere 7. more than 100, 000, 000 was spent to build it 8. it was founded in 1973 9. it was built by danish architect. ( 23a ) gymnasia 1 ( team 7a ) kalachinsk, omsk, russia 1. it is an ideal place for picnics 2. it depends on water and rains 3. its height is 9 meters 4. it is in the park 5. you can find this landmark between 30 and 50 degrees north latitude 6. it is in the western hemisphere 7. it is under natural gas leak 8. you should use a footpath to get there 9. this is a fire by itself. ( 24a ) gymnasia 1 ( team 8a ) kalachinsk, omsk, russia 1. it was reconstructed several times 2. it is situated on the bank of the river 3. it was a prison 4. you can find this landmark between 30 and 50 degrees north latitude 5. it is in the northern hemisphere 6. it is nearly 2000 years old 7. there was only the one person who managed to escape from it 8. it was founded as a mausoleum 9. it was a place of refuge of clement viii in 1527 ( 25a ) gymnazium dr. a. hrdlicky ( team tercie ) czech republic 1. i am man - made. 2. i am situated in a country which lies in the both hemispheres. 3. i have not been finished yet. 4. i am financed by the donations and charity. 5. i hope i will be completed at the 100th anniversary of the death my creator. 6. i could be visited by the winners of the summer olympic games. 7. i was born in 1882. 8. my creator was a vegetarian. 9. the best football player in the world plays home matches near me. ( 26a ) kalachinsk - gym1 ( team phoenix ) kalachinsk, russia 1. our landmark is in the northern hemisphere. 2. it is in the city of great museums. 3. a famous artist lived next door to the landmark. 4. nearby there is madame tussaud \u2019 s museum. 5. 55 degrees north. 6. the landmark is closed for visitors but you can see it from the swimming cafes. 7. it has a famous broken clock. 8. it was built exactly three centuries before the battle of borodino. 9. its nick - name is the \u2018 local tower of pisa. \u2019 ( 27a ) kalachinsk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4325246120214623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.827693"} {"text": "swimming cafes. 7. it has a famous broken clock. 8. it was built exactly three centuries before the battle of borodino. 9. its nick - name is the \u2018 local tower of pisa. \u2019 ( 27a ) kalachinsk - gym1 ( team cross ) kalachinsk, russia 1. it is in the northern hemisphere. 2. the landmark is made of three kinds of materials. 3. it is one of the most photographed landmarks. 4. it is used as an entrance to the building. 5. it is about 10 meters high. 6. 40 degrees n. 7. there was an unusual wedding ceremony in 2010. 8. there is a symbol of a famous company in the landmark. 9. opposite of this landmark there is a building which appeared in the film \" home alone \". ( 28a ) kalachinsk - gym1 ( hand in hand ) kalachinsk, russia 1. many copies 2. northern hemisphere 5. 40 degrees n 8. it was damaged 9. 17 meters ( 29a ) manor hill elem. ( team green 5 ) liberty, mo 1. many people come to this landmark to get married. 2. it was finished in the same year as a series of bomb attacks in london. 3. it ' s frame is made of concrete and steel. 4. it lights up in different colors. 5. it is found in the northern hemisphere. 6. you can find black cabs in this country. 7. it can be found at 50 degrees north latitude. 8. it receives over 600, 000 visitors yearly. 9. you can view the sights from 3 different decks. ( 30a ) oberthur primary ( searchers ) bull creek, w. australia, 1. not always part of same country 2. hollowed sides 3. birds nest 4. southern hemisphere 7. attempted invasion 8. close to 10 degrees latitude 9. migration wonder ( 31a ) st. oswald primary ( sizzling sausages ) burneside, uk 1. it ' s in the northern hemisphere 2. anagram of ebyab wrenttimess 3. begun by henry iii 4. it ' s the final resting place of 17 monarchs 5. an architectural masterpiece developed from the 13th to 16th century 6. started building in 12 45 7. 60, 000 sandbags used to protect the tombs in the world war ii 8. over 600 people buried here 9. longitude 0. 1275 west ( 32a ) secondary school5 ( siberian stars ) krasno", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4856147693382722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.828747"} {"text": "building in 12 45 7. 60, 000 sandbags used to protect the tombs in the world war ii 8. over 600 people buried here 9. longitude 0. 1275 west ( 32a ) secondary school5 ( siberian stars ) krasnoyarsk, russia 1. i am located in the same hemisphere as the arctic. 2. i am between 40 and 60 degrees north latitude. 3. you can also find me between 75 and 100 degrees east longitude. 4. i am part of a big family. 5. i have two heads. 6. the biggest one is about 14, 784 feet high. 7. in the 1990s i was included to unesco world heritage list. 8. i am a sacred centre for spiritual travellers. 9. nicholai roerich, the mystic russian artist, found the entrance of the mystical shambhala. ( 33a ) voyager academy ( voyager blue ) durham, north carolina 1. it was built with an automatic flushing system which was something new for that time. 2. in the summer, it has 6000 visitors a day. 3. i t has an artificial cave. 4. it is located in the northern hemisphere. 5. it is a symbol of romantic architecture. 6. it was built in 1869. 7. it is one of the most frequently photographed things in its country. 8. there was a room in gold and blue in the byzantine style. 9. it is located at 10. 7 degrees e longitude. ( 34a ) voyager academy ( voyager green ) durham, north carolina 1. it is made of concrete. 2. it is home to a large instrument. 3. it is named after a poet. 4. the object in front of it was a gift from another country. 5. you can see mountains from an observation area. 6. it is over 240 feet tall. 7. construction began in 1945. 8. it is in the northern hemisphere. 9. located at 64 degrees n latitude article posted march 8, 2013 at 08 : 19 pm gmt \u2022 comment \u2022 reads 1427 article posted february 27, 2013 at 08 : 17 pm gmt \u2022 comment \u2022 reads 592 here is a video by kristina schenck about similes and metaphors. can you think of a way to include similes and metaphors in your writing? i ' d be as happy as a clam to see at least one in the next story you write! article posted february 27, 2013 at 08 : 17 pm gmt \u2022 comment \u2022 reads 592", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49912679732375836, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.829896"} {"text": "mr. gonzalez ' s science classes we have three 6th grade science classes and two 8th grade science classes blogging here from the pacific northwest in chimacum, wa! sixth graders are learning a bit about mt saint helens, environmental science through fresh water ecology, and physical science this year. eighth graders are learning about life science this year. please join us as we learn science by exploring our world. mr. g ' s blog mr. g ' s class facebook page here ' s what the creator of this graph wrote, \" i tried to come up with the reason for the daylight saving time change by just looking at the data for sunset and sunrise times. the figure represents sunset and sunrise times thought the year. it shows that the daylight saving time change marked by the lines ( dls ) is keeping the sunrise time pretty much constant throughout the whole year, while making the sunset time change a lot. the spread of sunrise times as measured by the standard deviation is 42 minutes, which means that the sunrise time changes within that range the whole year, while the standard deviation for the sunset times is 1 : 30 hours. whatever the argument for doing this is, it ' s pretty clear that reason is to keep the sunrise time constant. \" article posted january 31, 2013 at 07 : 27 am gmt - 8 \u2022 comment ( 4 ) \u2022 reads 85400 \" the acoustic levitator uses two small speakers to generate sound waves at frequencies slightly above the audible range \u2013 roughly 22 kilohertz. when the top and bottom speakers are precisely aligned, they create two sets of sound waves that perfectly interfere with each other, setting up a phenomenon known as a standing wave. at certain points along a standing wave, known as nodes, there is no net transfer of energy at all. because the acoustic pressure from the sound waves is sufficient to cancel the effect of gravity, light objects are able to levitate when placed at the nodes. \" about the blogger i started my teaching career in south central los angeles teaching in modified to full bilingual 4th and 5th grade classes. then i moved to wa state where i have taught mainly 6th through 8th grade. i have enjoyed the culture clash but notice that kids are the same everywhere : o ) my areas of interest are science and technology but i also love studying ancient cultures and learning about different peoples and cultures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5445558666399828, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.833459"} {"text": "what is chiropractic chiropractic health care : what is chiropractic? chiropractic is a health care profession that focuses on disorders of the musculoskeletal system and the nervous system, and the effects of these disorders on general health. chiropractic care is used most often to treat neuromusculoskeletal complaints, including but not limited to back pain, neck pain, pain in the joints of the arms or legs, and headaches. doctors of chiropractic \u2013 often referred to as chiropractors or chiropractic physicians \u2013 practice a drug - free, hands - on approach to health care that includes patient examination, diagnosis and treatment. chiropractors have broad diagnostic skills and are also trained to recommend therapeutic and rehabilitative exercises, as well as to provide nutritional, dietary and lifestyle counseling. the nerves in the spine can become irritated or pinched and can cause pain and dysfunction in any part of the body as the following chart shows. the most common therapeutic procedure performed by doctors of chiropractic is known as \u201c spinal manipulation \u201d, also called \u201c chiropractic adjustment \u201d. the purpose of manipulation is to restore joint mobility by manually applying a controlled force into joints that have become hypo mobile \u2013 or restricted in their movement \u2013 as a result of a tissue injury. tissue injury can be caused by a single traumatic event, such as improper lifting of a heavy object, or through repetitive stresses, such as sitting in an awkward position with poor spinal posture for an extended period of time. in either case, injured tissues undergo physical and chemical changes that can cause inflammation, pain, and diminished function for the sufferer. manipulation, or adjustment of the affected joint and tissues, restores mobility, thereby alleviating pain and muscle tightness, and allowing tissues to heal. each muscle, tissue and organ in your body has a nerve supply, just like it has a blood supply. if there is interference in the nervous system it can affect the function of the organs, just as if there is a decreased blood supply, the organs can not be fully functional and healthy. dysfunction leads to illness. chiropractic is not a cure all, but a system of health care that helps the body to heal itself by helping to balance the autonomic nervous system. not every condition can be helped on every patient. not every patient is accepted for treatment, only those whose examination shows their condition is likely to respond to our treatment protocols. our office", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48968651883676606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.837821"} {"text": "analyzing and interpreting literature description of the examination the analyzing and interpreting literature examination covers material usually taught in a general two - semester undergraduate course in literature. although the examination does not require familiarity with specific works, it does assume that candidates have read widely and perceptively in poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction. the questions are based on passages supplied in the test. these passages have been selected so that no previous experience with them is required to answer the questions. the passages are taken primarily from american and british literature. the examination contains approximately 80 multiple - choice questions to be answered in 90 minutes. some of these are pretest questions that will not be scored. any time candidates spend taking tutorials and providing personal information is additional to actual testing time. because writing about literary texts is central to the study of literature, some colleges may require candidates to take an optional essay section in addition to the multiple - choice section. the essay section is 90 minutes long and is made up of two 45 - minute questions. one question asks candidates to analyze a short poem, the other asks them to apply a given generalization about literature ( such as the function of a theme or a technique ) to a novel, short story, or play that they have read. the essay section is still administered in a paper - and - pencil format ; the essay responses are graded by the institution, not by the college board. knowledge and skills required questions on the analyzing and interpreting literature examination require candidates to demonstrate the following abilities. - ability to read prose, poetry, and drama with understanding - ability to analyze the elements of a literary passage and to respond to nuances of meaning, tone, imagery, and style - ability to interpret metaphors, to recognize rhetorical and stylistic devices, to perceive relationships between parts and wholes, and to grasp a speaker ' s or author ' s attitudes - knowledge of the means by which literary effects are achieved - familiarity with the basic terminology used to discuss literary texts the examination emphasizes comprehension, interpretation, and analysis of literary works. a specific knowledge of historical context ( authors and movements ) is not required, but a broad knowledge of literature gained through reading widely and a familiarity with basic literary terminology is assumed. the following outline indicates the relative emphasis given to the various types of literature and the periods from which the passages are taken. the approximate percentage of exam questions per classification is noted within each main category. 35 % \u2013 45 % prose ( fiction and nonfiction ) 50 % \u2013 65 % british literature 30 % \u2013 45 % american literature 5 % \u2013 15 % works", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4840443229722663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.842601"} {"text": "tuesday, june 26, 2012 running in the woods twice as good as running in a gym for mental health the study showed that the positive effect on people ' s mental health was 50 per cent more than they might expect from going to the gym. the researchers at glasgow university found that being around trees and grass lowered brain stress levels. the study, led by prof richard mitchell, polled nearly 2000 physically active people. in an interview, prof mitchell said he was \" surprised \" by the scale of the results, adding : \" there was around a 50 per cent improvement in people \u2019 s mental health if they were physically active in the natural environment, compared to those who weren ' t. these aren ' t serious mental health issues, more struggles in general life, things like mild depression, not being able to sleep, high stress levels or just feelings of not being able to cope. it seems that woodland and forest seem to have the biggest effect on helping to lower mental health problems. that makes sense with what we thought we knew. that is, the brain likes to be in the natural environment and it reacts to being there by turning down our stress response. being in areas that have lots of trees and grassy areas help to calm us down, and obviously a forest has this. i wasn ' t surprised by the findings that exercise in natural environments is good for your mental health, but i was surprised by just how much better it is for your mental health to exercise in a green place like a forest, than in other places like the gym. the message to doctors, planners and policy makers is that these places need protecting and promoting. \" he added that taking a decision to exercise in a natural environment once a week could be enough to gain some benefit, and any additional use could have a bigger effect. posted by john desmond at tuesday, june 26, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48302217261280694, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.849414"} {"text": "productivity depends on your workers being at their sharpest. such factors result in fatigue, which is a potential workplace epidemic. sleep habits suffer, physical activity is often pushed aside, and too many hours at work take a toll on overall wellness. all of these factors may lead to burnout and worse. depression and anxiety can spring from an overload of stress. fatigue is multifaceted, and whether your employees are dealing with the physical kind or the mental incarnation, their ability to bring their best performance to work will be limited to some degree. your efforts to promote wellness are your best defense against fatigue \u2019 s worst effects, stress overload, burnout, and other productivity killers. finding out what \u2019 s the biggest drain at your office is the first step in solving the problem and improving your workers \u2019 ability to focus and perform, as well as avoiding accidents, injuries, and costly mistakes. webmd offers these common causes of fatigue and tips for fighting them : tags : a culture of wellness, company wellness programs, coping with stress, corporate health and wellness, corporate wellness initiatives, creating a culture of wellness, depression, employee health promotion programs, employee health wellness, employees health programs, health and wellness in the workplace, healthy behavior, how to increase employee productivity, improve productivity, improve workplace health, improve workplace productivity, information, job stress, mental health in the workplace, mental health in workplace, mental health issues in the workplace, productivity at the workplace, productivity strategy, tips, wellness health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4996984832203012, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.851320"} {"text": "over the last ten thousand years, virtually every aspect of human culture has changed. the food we eat, the homes and shelters we live in, the clothes we wear, our language, music, stories, science, technology, social organization have all changed in fundamental ways that make modern cultures unrecognizably different from hunter - gatherer cultures. one aspect of human culture has remained unchanged over the last ten thousand years \u2013 all humans have retained a basic ability to recognize and interpret footprints on a beach. when you look at footprints on a beach, what you see and the way you interpret them is essentially exactly what a hunter - gatherer would have seen and interpreted a hundred thousand years ago. we still use the same reasoning to understand what we are looking at. the hunter - gatherer may have been a more sophisticated tracker, but looking at human footprints on a beach may be one of the few aspects, perhaps the only aspect, of human culture that links us with hunter - gatherer cultures more than a hundred thousand years ago. the art of tracking is the one aspect of hunter - gatherer culture that can be applied in a modern context. it is also the one aspect of hunter - gatherer culture that all modern humans can identify with. not only can traditional trackers benefit by working as trackers in a modern economy. by sharing their tracking expertise, people from other modern cultures can benefit by learning more about the roots of science. the implications for community participation in science are far - reaching. imagine communities throughout the world gathering data... from remote villages in the kalahari, the congo, australia and mongolia,... to school children in new york ' s central park, to london, paris, tokyo, new delhi and beijing... citizens gathering data on birds, animals, plants... millions of people all over the world sharing their data on the internet ( the cloud ), creating a worldwide network to monitor the global ecosystem in real time. the origin of science looks at practical applications of the art of tracking in a modern context. these examples demonstrate continuity between \" indigenous knowledge \" and modern western science. it demonstrates the ease with which traditional trackers, who cannot read or write, can adopt and take ownership of modern computer technology. these examples break down barriers between conventional notions of \" science \" and \" indigenous knowledge \" and between literate and pre - literate cultures. breaking down these barriers challenges us to redefine the boundaries of science.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5658960863997513, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.857404"} {"text": "by sophia murphy institute for agriculture and trade policy march 1, 2013 iatp has always argued that trade agreements need to respect and promote human rights, not drive a process of globalization that privileges commercial interests and tramples on public interests. in a new paper on land grabs, we reaffirm that position. \u201c land grabs \u201d are large - scale purchases or leases of agricultural or forested land on terms that violate the rights of the people who live on or near that land. the problem has commanded enormous public policy and media attention for the last few years. in our paper, iatp sets some context for the land grabs phenomenon. we focus on two forces that have contributed significantly to the problem : - globalization, or the deregulation of trade and foreign investment laws, which has greatly eased cross - border capital flows ; relaxed the limits on foreign land ownership ; and, opened markets to agricultural imports. - the food price crisis of 2007 - 08, which highlighted how fragile food systems in many parts of the world have become, and which shattered the confidence of net - food importing countries in international markets as a source of food security. the situation is compounded by climate change and the resulting destabilization of weather patterns, which in turn has made agricultural production less predictable. climate change has made domestic food supplies less certain and exports, too. the united states, still a huge source of grains for international markets, lost 40 percent of a record large number of acres planted with corn to drought in 2012. the sense of food insecurity has driven some of the richer net - food importers \u2014 countries such as saudi arabia and kuwait \u2014 to invest in growing food abroad for import to their domestic markets. that is one driver of land grabs. the sense that our food systems are fragile and that supplies are scarce, where for decades they have been abundant, is another driver \u2014 companies such as south korea \u2019 s daewoo are looking to source raw materials directly, rather than buying them on the market. it \u2019 s not that investment in agriculture is a bad thing. indeed, it \u2019 s sorely needed. but unless we have the conversation about what kind of investment, in what kind of agriculture, and in whose interests, then the investment does more harm than good. land grabs, as the label implies, have been overwhelmingly negative. they are associated with weak institutional capacity ( and sometimes corruption ) in the recipient country governments, as well as authoritarian governments in the investors \u2019 home countries, making it hard to bring pressure there for better practices. the communities whose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45118203788649014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.863565"} {"text": ", have been overwhelmingly negative. they are associated with weak institutional capacity ( and sometimes corruption ) in the recipient country governments, as well as authoritarian governments in the investors \u2019 home countries, making it hard to bring pressure there for better practices. the communities whose land is leased or bought are not adequately protected. iatp proposes four linked policy shifts to create a more stable and transparent international food system : reformed trade rules that ensure export restrictions in times of crisis are subject to transparency and predictability requirements and that allow all countries policy space for food security policies ; publicly - managed grain reserves to dampen the effects of supply shocks ; readily accessible funding for the poorest food importers, which would be triggered automatically when prices increase sharply in international markets ; and, the development of strong national and international laws to govern investment in land, respecting the principles and guidelines set out in the voluntary guidelines on land tenure. tanzania \u2019 s recently announced limits on how much land foreign and domestic investors can lease is a hopeful example of a national government taking the initiative to get serious about regulation. the world, and agricultural production along with it, is only getting less predictable. in thinking through how to manage demand given our planetary boundaries and the imperative of social justice, the scale and pace of land investment now underway is a threat to food security and a threat to sane and just outcomes for our planet and its people. let \u2019 s change the rules that make land grabs possible. this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3. 0 unported license. filed under : corporations really suck, dandelion salad posts news politics and - or videos 2, environment, food, global warming on dandelion salad, globalization, politics, trade tagged : | agriculture, food on dandelion salad, sophia murphy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4789433432319716, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.864511"} {"text": "proceedings of the 2005 puget sound georgia basin research conference kplu ( npr ) : marine conference seattle, wa ( 2005 - 03 - 30 ) the puget sound is in trouble and hundreds of scientists are gathering this week in seattle to discuss why and what can be done to fix the problem. kplu environment reporter steve krueger has this preview of what lies ahead. also posted on : by peggy andersen seattle - during the great annual gray whale migrations between feeding grounds in the north pacific and breeding spots off mexico, about 200 individuals apparently take up \" seasonal residence \" in the pacific northwest, scientists say. six gray whales, for example, have been spotted around whidbey island nearly every spring since 1991, says biologist john calambokidis of olympia - based cascadia research. other small groups of gray whales return annually to preferred spots along the coasts of oregon and british columbia. \" in recent years, we ' ve done a much better job identifying these seasonal resident animals, \" calambokidis said. in some cases, \" we have evidence they don ' t go to alaska. they migrate south to the breeding grounds but seem to make this their primary feeding area. \" also, he said, unusually high numbers of beached grays reported in the spring of 1999 and 2000 apparently did not mark the start of a population decline for gray whales. \" the mortality since then has been very low, \" he said. calambokidis presented recent research about grays as the puget sound georgia basin research conference got under way tuesday at the downtown washington state convention center. the three - day session, featuring scores of scientists on a range of topics, is sponsored by the state ' s puget sound action team and environment canada. in a brief luncheon address, gov. christine gregoire said she ' s making \" real science \" a priority in making decisions about the environment. there need not be a conflict between business and the environment, she said - businesses are drawn to the region for its quality of life. historically, calambokidis said, gray whales that ventured inland were likely more vulnerable to shore - based hunters than those that swam farther offshore, churning all the way north to the bering and beaufort seas of alaska and the chukchi sea off siberia. a gray whale calf emerges to be touched by tourists in ojo de liebre lagoon in baja california sur, mexico, in march 1999 during the great annual gray whale migration between feeding grounds in the north pacific and breeding spots off mexico. ( associated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47892543938943855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.888798"} {"text": ". a gray whale calf emerges to be touched by tourists in ojo de liebre lagoon in baja california sur, mexico, in march 1999 during the great annual gray whale migration between feeding grounds in the north pacific and breeding spots off mexico. ( associated press file photo ) the ones that stop in the northwest tend to not have as many young as the larger population, he said. determining the gender of the seasonal residents is a work in progress, but females with calves tend to start the migration late and inland stops \" may not be advantageous \" for them, calambokidis said. some of the returnees move on in early summer and may in fact head north, he said. some only drop in once or twice. grays seen farther inland, in central and south puget sound, tend to be stragglers foraging for food - sometimes desperately - that rejoin the migration if they can. there was a surge in reports of dead, beached gray whales five years ago, when population estimates peaked at about 27, 000 and the makah indian tribe moved to reaffirm its whaling rights under an 1855 treaty. while most whale deaths occur in the ocean, the 50 carcasses found on washington state shores alone in 1999 - 2000 may have marked a converging of two extremes, calambokidis said : the whale population reaching its maximum carrying capacity and a natural downturn in the cyclical availability of food and prey. many researchers believe both the high population number and the big die - off were \" blips, \" calambokidis said. \" that ' s why there was a dramatic event, instead of a gradual tapering off. \" records from around the northwest indicate that the \" major mortality event \" was a very isolated incident, he said. on average, washington state has four gray whale beachings a year, based on reports from the regional stranding network that has been in place since the 1970s, calambokidis said. \" we haven ' t really changed our response to strandings, \" he said. a beached whale carcass as long as 40 feet is hard to miss in a populated area, while dead whales on remote stretches of beach may go unnoticed. gray whales, the first creature listed for protection under the endangered species act, were decimated by commercial whaling that peaked in the late 19th century. recent gray whale counts conducted along the migration route suggest the population may have settled at about 17, 000 animals - roughly the pre - whaling total, calambo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42683633441981716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.889925"} {"text": "endangered species act, were decimated by commercial whaling that peaked in the late 19th century. recent gray whale counts conducted along the migration route suggest the population may have settled at about 17, 000 animals - roughly the pre - whaling total, calambokidis said. the grays ' removal from the endangered species list in 1994 prompted the makah to reclaim whaling rights after 70 years. the issue has been bogged down in federal court appeals since the tribe killed a single whale in may 1999. antiwhaling activists characterized \" resident \" gray whales as a separate population that warranted special protection. some definitions of makah whaling grounds limited the tribe to offshore whales, while others allowed whaling some distance into the strait of juan de fuca, the waterway that divides the united states and canada before making a sharp right into puget sound. \" now that we have accurate evidence of their abundance... it would allow someone to make estimates of what level of kills could come from that group, \" calambokidis said. \" we have a much more solid basis of information for either side in that debate. \" on the net : by susan gordon gov. christine gregoire promised monday to take action to protect and restore puget sound. she told a gathering of 600 environmental scientists and others at a u. s. - canadian research conference that the sound ' s health is both central to washington ' s future prosperity and a legacy important to future generations. \" only if we redouble our efforts will we succeed, \" she said. gregoire wants to boost spending on what she described as scientifically based solutions to problems such as pollution and environmental degradation. she proposes to spend $ 31. 5 million over the next two years to clean up mercury contamination, control the spread of toxic flame retardants, restore polluted shellfish beds and remove spartina, an invasive beach grass, among other things. her proposal includes $ 7. 5 million for continuing scientific monitoring. \" we are going to invest and we are going to deliver, \" she said. gregoire has already proposed spending $ 5 million on the hood canal, where pollution has been blamed for an oxygen imbalance that has killed fish. gregoire ' s pledge to save the sound came during luncheon speech at the puget sound georgia basin research conference, a three - day event at the washington state trade & convention center in seattle. the annual conference brings together u. s. and canadian scientists who present new scientific findings on some of the most pressing environmental problems facing the region", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4375451017247556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.890971"} {"text": "sound georgia basin research conference, a three - day event at the washington state trade & convention center in seattle. the annual conference brings together u. s. and canadian scientists who present new scientific findings on some of the most pressing environmental problems facing the region. kathy fletcher, executive director of the environmental group people for puget sound, was in the audience. \" it ' s music to my ears, \" she said of gregoire ' s promise of action. \" she ' s been around this issue long enough to know we need to do a lot more than studies and research. \" the governor described the state ' s continuing population boom as a threat. \" we have met the enemy and the enemy is us, \" gregoire said. \" our robust population leads directly to the health problems of the sound, \" over the past decade, washington ' s population has grown by about 1 million, a 20 percent increase that means more sewage, more road runoff and more pressure on sensitive resources, she said. perhaps anticipating objections from the business community, gregoire underscored the value of washington ' s quality of life as a lure to enterprise. she praised the work of scientists who have focused on both problems and solutions. \" real science has got to be the key to our decisions with respect to the environment, \" she said. \" every time we make decisions based on science, the environment is always the winner. \" also monday, she announced the reappointment of brad ack as director of the puget sound action team, which sets the state ' s environmental protection priorities for puget sound. during her speech, she endorsed the team ' s seven - point plan for 2005 - 2007, which was released last december. gregoire told the seattle audience her first brush with international environmental controversy came in 1988 when she was in charge of the state department of ecology. the barge \" nestucca \" spilled 230, 000 gallons of fuel oil that contaminated beaches from grays harbor county to vancouver island. the oil spill roused the state ' s attention to the damage associated with the risks of oil transport. it also affected gregoire ' s family, she said. the governor recalled bringing her daughter michelle, now 20, along when she visited a bird rescue operation. it was \" heart - wrenching, \" gregoire said. but the grim scene also influenced michelle, who is now a college student majoring in environmental science. what the plan would do to view the strategy endorsed by gov. christine gregoire to restore and conserve puget sound, go to www.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42185003731343523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.891921"} {"text": "to washington because they love the quality of life here, she said. but the challenge is for everyone to work together to improve the environment and leave things better for the next generation. gregoire told the scientists that research is essential. because of dedicated scientific work, \" we have a grasp today of the problems and some of the solutions. \" she has called on the legislature to create a new washington academy of sciences to bring together the best minds in the state to provide answers to vexing questions. \" there were bright people who preceded me, \" she said, \" and they couldn ' t solve the problem. we need new thinking... when we make our decisions based on science, the environment is always the winner. \" but gregoire does not want to wait for the scientists to answer all the questions - which is why she demanded that the \" action plan \" for hood canal include projects for reducing nitrogen, believed to be at the heart of the problem. the research conference, held at the washington state convention and trade center, has been one of the few venues to bring together a cross - section of the scientific community studying puget sound. issues range from killer whale behavior to the chemistry of sewage. one group of researchers at tuesday ' s session described an intensive effort to characterize the existing ecosystem in the elwha river on the olympic peninsula. it will be important, they said, to study the changes after two dams on the river are removed in 2007. one thing the research has revealed, said jonathan warrick of the u. s. geological survey, is that the river above the dams is starved for nutrients, essential to the entire food chain. in rivers without blockages, adult salmon carry nutrients in their bodies from the ocean to the upper watershed. when salmon die, they feed organisms from the bottom of the food chain, as well as eagles and bears that then distribute the nutrients over a broader area. other sessions on tuesday included a discussion of how climate change could alter salmon populations, a talk about gray whales and humpback whales visiting puget sound in recent years, and a presentation about an advanced computer model used to describe the movement of pollutants in bremerton ' s sinclair inlet. reach christopher dunagan at ( 360 ) 792 - 9207 or e - mail email @ example. com. copyright 2005, kitsapsun. com. all rights reserved. by larry pynn the shared waters of the strait of georgia and puget sound are home to 63 marine species at risk, with over - harvesting,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43650723580602774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.895259"} {"text": "mail email @ example. com. copyright 2005, kitsapsun. com. all rights reserved. by larry pynn the shared waters of the strait of georgia and puget sound are home to 63 marine species at risk, with over - harvesting, habitat loss, and pollution rated as the biggest threats, according to a research study being released at an international conference starting today. the study by joseph gaydos and nicholas brown also finds that the four jurisdictions responsible for protecting marine species - - b. c., washington state, and the canadian and u. s. governments - - cannot reach consensus on the level of threat facing all of those 63 species. of the 63 species, washington officially considered 73 per cent of them at risk, b. c. 50 per cent, the canadian government 36 per cent, and the u. s. government 31 per cent. as an example, b. c. lists 12 seabirds that neighbouring washington state does not list, even though it is common for various species to fly back and forth across the international boundary. the high number of species at risk in the region ' s marine waters are evidence of \" ecosystem decay, \" the report ' s authors conclude, and reflect the need for the various levels of governments to work harder on conservation and to adopt an international ecosystem approach. gaydos and brown are with the seadoc society, a marine ecosystem health program administered through the university of california, davis, wildlife health centre, and based in washington ' s san juan islands. as of september 2004, the 63 species at risk consisted of 27 fish, 23 birds, nine mammals ( including the grey whale, harbour porpoise, humpback whale, and killer whale ), three invertebrates, and one reptile. within the puget sound - georgia basin marine ecosystem, the number of invertebrate species is much greater than vertebrate species, yet only three invertebrates are listed at risk - - newcomb ' s littorine snail, olympic oyster, and northern abalone - - suggesting the category is not receiving as much attention as it should. the results of the study are being presented at the puget sound georgia basin research conference running today through thursday in seattle and co - sponsored by environment canada. commenting on the study, tony pitcher, a professor at the university of b. c. fisheries centre, said in vancouver that governments have been slow to adopt an ecosystem approach to marine management. and while states and provinces can have different mandates, he agreed that the international border poses a political obstacle to good management of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.508526444793078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.896265"} {"text": "university of b. c. fisheries centre, said in vancouver that governments have been slow to adopt an ecosystem approach to marine management. and while states and provinces can have different mandates, he agreed that the international border poses a political obstacle to good management of marine species, not just between b. c. and washington, but between b. c. and alaska on our north coast. pitcher also agreed that more research is needed on invertebrate species such as crabs, squid and octopus, and the roles they play in the greater ecosystem. he added that despite the need for more work by canadian and american authorities to reverse a decline in the health of our marine ecosystem, local waters are still in relatively good shape compared with other coastal areas in the pacific rim, including china, vietnam, and indonesia. risk to species by jurisdiction : the shared waters of puget sound and the strait of georgia are home to 63 marine species that are at risk, with overharvesting, habitat loss and pollution rated as the biggest threats, according to a study being released at an international conference today. the results show \" ecosystem decay \" and reflect the need for b. c., washington state, canada and the u. s. to work together to adopt an international, cooperative ecosystem approach. the statistics below show the differing levels of risk to some species, assigned by just two of those jurisdictions. source : the seadoc society, the vancouver sun fish, reptiles, birds and mammals on the at - risk list : also posted on : march 24, 2005 tacoma, wa, mar. 24 ( upi ) - - concentrations of the banned chemical pcb are at least three times higher in puget sound chinook salmon than in that from other areas, a report says. that finding, from sandie o ' neill, a scientist with the washington state department of fish and wildlife, measured chinook salmon from alaska, british columbia, oregon, coastal washington and the columbia river. her report prompted the state to begin its own research. officials say there is no immediate cause for alarm, the tacoma news - tribune said thursday. o ' neill presented preliminary data to the state fish & wildlife commission last october and plans to unveil more comprehensive research at the 2005 puget sound georgia basin research conference next week in seattle. \" the food chain in puget sound is significantly contaminated with pcbs and flame retardants, \" said jim west, another state scientist. pcbs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are banned industrial compounds that build up in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4542886409918191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.897265"} {"text": "food chain in puget sound is significantly contaminated with pcbs and flame retardants, \" said jim west, another state scientist. pcbs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are banned industrial compounds that build up in the food chain and can cause developmental and behavioral problems in children. susan gordon ; the news tribune concentrations of banned chemicals that are particularly threatening to children are at least three times higher in puget sound chinook salmon than in chinook from other areas. in light of that finding by a state department of fish and wildlife scientist, state health department officials are conducting their own research. while they say there is no cause for alarm, health officials acknowledge they might revise fish consumption warnings in a few months. \" i don ' t think the data is clear enough yet, \" said rob duff, the health department ' s environmental health director. sandie o ' neill, a state department of fish and wildlife scientist, has found pcb concentrations in puget sound chinook are three times higher than what others have measured in chinook salmon from alaska, british columbia, oregon, coastal washington and the columbia river. o ' neill has studied pcbs in salmon since 1992. but comparable data from other researchers weren ' t available until recently, she said. she first presented preliminary data to the state fish & wildlife commission last october and plans to unveil more comprehensive research at the 2005 puget sound georgia basin research conference next week in seattle. o ' neill ' s results underscore the persistence of dangerous contaminants in puget sound. \" the food chain in puget sound is significantly contaminated with pcbs and flame retardants, \" said jim west, another state fish and wildlife department scientist. he recently discovered both pollutants in herring, a key component of the salmon diet. pcbs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are banned industrial compounds found worldwide that build up in the food chain and can cause developmental and behavioral problems in children. testing store - bought fish although pcbs are found in meat and dairy products, some health experts believe humans are most at risk from eating contaminated fish. however, because fish are nutritious and contain fatty acids that lower cholesterol, many experts are reluctant to suggest consumption limits based on pcbs. \" these contaminants are in every fish and every person on the planet, \" duff said. current state health department advisories warn about contaminated fish or shellfish in eight tainted locations around puget sound, including tacoma ' s commencement bay.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4890859215578216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.898212"} {"text": ". \" these contaminants are in every fish and every person on the planet, \" duff said. current state health department advisories warn about contaminated fish or shellfish in eight tainted locations around puget sound, including tacoma ' s commencement bay. but that advice, which doesn ' t mention salmon, is complicated and might not be sufficient, duff said. so health department researchers are testing store - bought fish for pcbs, mercury and flame retardants. the sampling list includes chinook salmon, catfish, pollack, red snapper, halibut, cod and flounder, duff said. after that analysis, due in about three months, state health officials could revise statewide fish consumption recommendations, duff said. pcbs, which cause cancer, are highly toxic compounds that can be transferred from mothers to children through breast milk. once used to cool and insulate transformers and other electrical equipment, pcbs have been banned in the united states since 1977. because pcbs don ' t break down over time, they persist in air, water and soil. the pcbs also build up in the food chain, so top predators harbor high concentrations. because of pcbs, orca whales are some of the world ' s most contaminated marine mammals. in puget sound chinook, o ' neill measured average pcb concentrations of 53 parts per billion. that ' s like a spoonful of poison in a railroad tanker car full of water, but scientists believe the toxicity of the compound makes it notable. in puget sound coho, o ' neill measured average pcb concentrations of 31 parts per billion. \" these are not screamingly high levels, \" duff said. concentrations found in great lakes salmon have been many times higher. but puget sound chinook, also known as king salmon, are far more contaminated than other types of salmon, such as pinks, sockeye and chum, o ' neill said. that might be because young chinook spend more time in the estuaries than other young salmon, which also feed lower on the food web. also, o ' neill said concentrations of pcbs in puget sound chinook are comparable to what others have measured in farmed atlantic salmon from norway and scotland. for years, scientists have known about excessive concentrations of pcbs in bottom - dwelling puget sound fish, particularly those inhabiting polluted industrial areas such as commencement bay in tacoma and the seattle waterfront. for example, state researchers have found pcbs in concentrations of 121 parts per billion in rockfish and 62 parts per billion in english", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43021138559603994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.899126"} {"text": "dwelling puget sound fish, particularly those inhabiting polluted industrial areas such as commencement bay in tacoma and the seattle waterfront. for example, state researchers have found pcbs in concentrations of 121 parts per billion in rockfish and 62 parts per billion in english sole. both were caught in seattle. harbor seals also are contaminated. the new research suggests that efforts to confine contaminated sediments in polluted areas such as commencement bay might not prevent pcbs from recycling through plankton and fish, said west, o ' neill ' s colleague at the fish and wildlife department. \" we need to better understand the dynamic between contaminants trapped in sediments and those entrained in the ( salmon ) food web, \" o ' neill said. bill sullivan, environmental director for the puyallup tribe of indians, said he wouldn ' t be surprised if contaminants leak out of disposal sites. \" obviously, we have something very wrong in the interior puget sound, \" he said. if state officials revamp fish consumption recommendations, duff said special outreach efforts will be made to tribes and immigrant groups of asians and pacific islanders. they often eat lots of fish and might be more vulnerable to injury than the mainstream population, he said. most washington residents eat no more than two fish meals a week, and that ' s probably not enough to cause harm, he said. on the net : for state health department fish consumption recommendations, visit www. doh. wa. gov / ehp / oehas / eha _ fish _ adv. htm. susan gordon : 253 - 597 - 8756 march. 23 - 29, 2005 puget sound georgia basin research conference : literally hundreds of scientists and scholars converge on the washington convention and trade center for this environmental confab. the wednesday evening forum, led by a panel of researchers and policymakers, is open to the public. 800 convention pl., 206 - 694 - 5000. free. 7 - 9 p. m. wed., march 30. by warren cornwall a prolific and potentially toxic fire retardant is showing up in puget sound marine life ranging from tiny herring to massive killer whales, raising alarms among scientists who warn it could become the next big toxic threat to underwater animals. \" we ' ve got fireproof killer whales, \" said peter ross, a research scientist with the institute of ocean sciences in canada and an expert in toxic chemicals in marine animals. \" we ' re concerned about this. \" the problem appears greatest in south and central puget sound - where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4732136562371202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.900188"} {"text": "killer whales, \" said peter ross, a research scientist with the institute of ocean sciences in canada and an expert in toxic chemicals in marine animals. \" we ' re concerned about this. \" the problem appears greatest in south and central puget sound - where fish, seals and whales had higher levels of chemicals called polybrominated diphenyl ethers, or pbdes. since the early 1980s, levels of those chemicals in southern puget sound harbor seals have soared, a sign of an emerging threat to local killer whales that also feed on fish, ross said. the whales are on the verge of being listed as a threatened species under the federal endangered species act. \" i ' m surprised at the rate of increase [ of contamination ], \" said sandie o ' neill, a research scientist with the state department of fish and wildlife. \" this is definitely an increasing concern, and that ' s what ' s getting everybody ' s attention. \" scientists are unsure how the chemicals are affecting marine life, or what threat is posed to people who eat contaminated fish. the state department of health hasn ' t established safety thresholds for food containing pbdes. a bromine - industry spokesman questioned whether the presence of pbdes was cause for concern. production of some versions of the chemicals ended in 2004 because of health concerns. the most widespread version now is considered far less toxic, or not toxic at all, said john kyte, executive director of the industry - backed bromine science and environmental forum. \" to simply say, ' we ' ve found pbdes '... it ' s hard to make any meaningful judgment about whether this means anything. \" but marine biologists worry the chemicals, used to fireproof everything from computers to mattresses, could interfere with neurological development or throw off an animal ' s hormones or immune system. pbdes can linger in the environment for years, increasing the risk they will travel up the food chain as one animal eats another. toxic chemicals are considered one of the chief threats to the southern orcas. their numbers have fallen from 99 in 1999 to 85 in 2004. new research suggests those orcas may absorb much of the chemicals through the chinook salmon they eat. puget sound chinook had between three and five times higher levels of pbdes and pcbs, a longstanding contaminant, compared with chinook from elsewhere, o ' neill said. this puget sound hot spot affects a number of marine creatures, according to studies by state, federal and canadian agencies discussed yesterday at the puget", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45857997036183157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.902380"} {"text": "pcbs, a longstanding contaminant, compared with chinook from elsewhere, o ' neill said. this puget sound hot spot affects a number of marine creatures, according to studies by state, federal and canadian agencies discussed yesterday at the puget sound georgia basin research conference, a seattle meeting of scientists studying the waters shared by washington and british columbia. the fire retardant may wind up in puget sound through storm - water runoff ; or after floating into the air and then falling into the water, where they can be absorbed by animals scouring the sediment for food ; or by plankton, o ' neill said. pbdes also have been found in house dust and in women ' s breast milk. the state department of ecology last year called for a ban on pbdes, except in cases where no replacement flame retardant is available. but the ban proposal has stalled in the state legislature this year. warren cornwall : 206 - 464 - 2311 or firstname. lastname @ example. org scientists find high concentrations of harmful flame retardants in puget sound fish and marine mammals. they say action is needed now. susan gordon ; the news tribune u. s. and canadian scientists have found abnormal levels of harmful flame retardants in puget sound fish and marine mammals, including orca whales. scientists who presented their findings at the puget sound georgia basin research conference in seattle on wednesday said the results confirm the region ' s vulnerability to contamination from the unstable but increasingly common chemical compounds. the findings also underscore the need for a safe substitute for the flame retardants frequently used in consumer electronics, upholstery and carpeting, they said. the problem is polybrominated diphenyl ethers, also known as pbdes. the chemicals cause learning and behavioral problems in laboratory rats and mice and might have a similar effect on people, health officials say. peter ross, a canadian marine mammal toxicologist, and sandie o ' neill, a washington fish biologist, said new research highlights the need for government action. o ' neill and ross compared flame retardants to polychlorinated biphenyls, or pcbs, a banned industrial compound that poses similar health threats. similar research, first reported last week by the news tribune, will be presented today at the conference that shows unusually high concentrations of pcbs in puget sound chinook salmon. \" it ' s a no - brainer. we banned pcbs and it ' s time to do something about pb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47289182259928914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.903481"} {"text": "news tribune, will be presented today at the conference that shows unusually high concentrations of pcbs in puget sound chinook salmon. \" it ' s a no - brainer. we banned pcbs and it ' s time to do something about pbdes. if we wait to see health effects on fish, whales or people, it ' ll be too late, \" o ' neill said after her presentation. \" we ' ve got to turn off the tap now. \" pbdes break down over time, don ' t stick to the products in which they are used, attach to dust particles and wind up in foods such as fish and meat. ross, for his part, commended washington state ' s effort to reduce the risks, saying action is necessary to protect the health of the region ' s dwindling population of orca whales, already heavily contaminated by pcbs. last year, then - gov. gary locke ordered the state department of ecology to work with health experts to reduce the threat of harm from flame retardants. recently, state lawmakers introduced bills to ban pbdes, but the measures have failed to move beyond legislative committees. earl tower, a lobbyist for a coalition of chemical manufactures, said the two most controversial forms of the chemical - penta and octa - are no longer manufactured. the third, deca - bde, is used in the casings for computers, tvs and wiring. it is required by federal law to be used in airplanes and automobiles. \" deca is not toxic. it ' s not bioaccumulative. there are no cases noted of any ill effects related to deca, \" said tower, who represents the industry - funded bromine science and environmental forum. the proposal to ban deca is \" based on the precautionary principle that we don ' t know if it ' s a problem but it might be, \" tower said, adding, \" it ' s the most understood and most tested flame retardant. \" o ' neill and ross on wednesday shared new evidence of abnormal levels of pbdes in puget sound harbor seals, english sole, rockfish, herring, coho and chinook salmon. o ' neill said she didn ' t find excessive amounts of the chemical in chum or pink salmon, which spend more time in the open ocean than in the sound. ross presented results of research on harbor seals done in conjunction with steven jeffries, a state fish and wildlife department marine mammal expert. harbor seal pups captured on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4782174430149264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.904481"} {"text": "##m or pink salmon, which spend more time in the open ocean than in the sound. ross presented results of research on harbor seals done in conjunction with steven jeffries, a state fish and wildlife department marine mammal expert. harbor seal pups captured on gertrude island, near tacoma, also show higher levels of pbde contamination than samples collected from other groups of seals in the north puget sound and british columbia, ross said. ross and o ' neill said their pbde findings are consistent with a pattern of bioaccumulation high in the food chain previously seen in research on pcbs. the united states banned pcbs almost 30 years ago because of the health risks. flame retardants are troublesome in part because they are unstable, said denise laflamme, a state department of health toxicologist who also spoke at the conference. flame retardants accumulate in fat, have been found in human breast milk and can be passed from mothers to their babies. since locke ' s call for action in january 2004, ecology department officials have proposed a pbde ban, but have not put it into place. one lingering question is what would substitute for pbdes now on the market, said cheri peele, an ecology department official working on the problem. flame retardant - to - human path unclear human health experts believe people are not exposed to the same high levels of flame retardants as have been proved to harm laboratory mice and rats, said denise laflamme, a state department of health toxicologist. but toxicologists also haven ' t figured out how the chemicals get into people, she said. polybrominated diphenyl ethers, known as pbdes, are present in many consumer products. because flame retardants easily bind to dust, good housekeeping can reduce exposure, laflamme said. while fish is the most likely dietary source of flame retardants, they also have been found in meat and dairy products, she said. and despite the presence of flame retardants in breast milk, health officials still recommend breast feeding. health officials are studying the presence of flame retardants and other chemicals in fish and say they might change their advisories about fish consumption in the next few months. on the net susan gordon : 253 - 597 - 8756", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4693196002391231, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.906274"} {"text": "- active driver a device driver that implements advanced power management tasks, such as determining device idleness and performing pre - shutdown tasks. see also passive driver - base class in c + +, the class from which another class ( a subclass ) inherits. it can also be used to specify a class from which all classes in a hierarchy ultimately derive ( also known as a root class ). berkeley software distribution. formerly known as the berkeley version of unix, bsd is now simply called the bsd operating system. the bsd portion of darwin is based on 4. 4bsd lite 2 and freebsd, a flavor of 4. 4bsd. a directory in the file system that typically stores executable code and the software resources related to that code. ( a bundle can store only resources. ) applications, plug - ins, frameworks, and kernel extensions are types of bundles. except for frameworks, bundles are file packages, presented by the finder as a single file instead of a folder. see also kernel extension a transmission path on which signals can be dropped off or picked up by devices attached to it. only devices addressed by the signals pay attention to them ; the others discard the signals. buses both exist within the cpu and connect it to physical memory and peripheral devices. examples of i / o buses on darwin are pci, scsi, usb, and firewire. - bus master a program, usually in a separate i / o controller, that directs traffic on the computer bus or input / output paths. the bus master actually controls the bus paths on which the address and control signals flow. dma is a simple form of bus mastering where the bus master controls i / o transfers between a device and system memory and then signals to the cpu when it has done so. see also dma a driver object that consumes services of some kind supplied by its provider. in a driver stack, the client in a provider / client relationship is farther away from the platform expert. see also provider - command gate a mechanism that controls access to the lock of a work loop, thereby serializing access to the data involved in i / o requests. a command gate does not require a thread context switch to ensure single - threaded access. iocommandgate event - source objects represent command gates in the i / o kit. another name for the os x core operating system, or kernel environment. the darwin kernel environment is equivalent to the os x kernel plus the bsd libraries and commands essential to the bs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5838072492626013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.928856"} {"text": "event - source objects represent command gates in the i / o kit. another name for the os x core operating system, or kernel environment. the darwin kernel environment is equivalent to the os x kernel plus the bsd libraries and commands essential to the bsd commands environment. darwin is open source technology. ( direct memory access ) a capability of some bus architectures that enables a bus controller to transfer data directly between a device ( such as a disk drive ) and a device with physically addressable memory, such as that on a computer ' s motherboard. the microprocessor is freed from involvement with the data transfer, thus speeding up overall computer operation. see also bus master computer hardware, typically excluding the cpu and system memory, which can be controlled and can send and receive data. examples of devices include monitors, disk drives, buses, and keyboards. - device driver a component of an operating system that deals with getting data to and from a device, as well as the control of that device. a driver written with the i / o kit is an object that implements the appropriate i / o kit abstractions for controlling hardware. - device file in bsd, a device file is a special file located in / devthat represents a block or character device such as a terminal, disk drive, or printer. if a program knows the name of a device file, it can use posix functions to access and control the associated device. the program can obtain the device name ( which is not persistent across reboots or device removal ) from the i / o kit. - device interface in the i / o kit, a mechanism that uses a plug - in architecture to allow a program in user space to communicate with a nub in the kernel that is appropriate to the type of device the program wishes to control. through the nub the program gains access to i / o kit services and to the device itself. from the perspective of the kernel, the device interface appears as a driver object called a user client. - device matching in the i / o kit, a process by which an application finds an appropriate device interface to load. the application calls a special i / o kit function that uses a \u201c matching dictionary \u201d to search the i / o registry. the function returns one or more matching driver objects that the application can then use to load an appropriate device interface. also referred to as device discovery. see device driver - driver matching in the i / o kit, a process in which a nub, after discovering a specific hardware device,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5955565355610091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.929936"} {"text": "driver objects that the application can then use to load an appropriate device interface. also referred to as device discovery. see device driver - driver matching in the i / o kit, a process in which a nub, after discovering a specific hardware device, searches for the driver or drivers most suited to drive that device. matching requires that a driver have one or more personalities that specify whether it is a candidate for a particular device. driver matching is a subtractive process involving three phases : class matching, passive matching, and active matching. see also personality - driver stack in an i / o connection, the series of driver objects ( drivers and nubs ) in client / provider relationships with each other. a driver stack often refers to the entire collection of software between a device and its client application ( or applications ). - event source an i / o object that corresponds to a type of event that a device driver can be expected to handle ; there are currently event sources for hardware interrupts, timer events, and i / o commands. the i / o kit defines a class for each of these event types, respectively iointerrupteventsource, iotimereventsource, and iocommandgate. a collection of software abstractions that are common to all devices of a particular category. families provide functionality and services to drivers. examples of families include protocol families ( such as scsi, usb, and firewire ), storage families ( disk drives ), network families, and families that describe human interface devices ( mouse and keyboard ). in the virtual - memory system, faults are the mechanism for initiating page - in activity. they are interrupts that occur when code tries to access data at a virtual address that is not mapped to physical memory. see also page ; virtual memory a type of bundle that packages a dynamic shared library with the resources that the library requires, including header files and reference documentation. note that the kernel framework ( which contains the i / o kit headers ) contains no dynamic shared library. all library - type linking for the kernel framework is done using the mach _ kernelfile itself and kernel extensions. this linking is actually static ( with vtable patch - ups ) in implementation - idle sleep a sleep state that occurs when there has been no device or system activity for the period of time the user specifies in the energy saver pane of system preferences. see also system sleep - information property list a property list that contains essential configuration information for bundles such as kernel extensions. a file named info.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5983608595693508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.930953"} {"text": "or system activity for the period of time the user specifies in the energy saver pane of system preferences. see also system sleep - information property list a property list that contains essential configuration information for bundles such as kernel extensions. a file named info. plist ( or a platform - specific variant of that filename ) contains the information property list and is packaged inside the bundle. an asynchronous event that suspends the currently scheduled process and temporarily diverts the flow of control through an interrupt handler routine. interrupts can be caused by both hardware ( i / o, timer, machine check ) and software ( supervisor, system call, or trap instruction ). - interrupt handler a routine executed when an interrupt occurs. interrupt handlers typically deal with low - level events in the hardware of a computer system, such as a character arriving at a serial port or a tick of a real - time clock. - i / o catalog a dynamic database that maintains entries for all available drivers on a darwin system. driver matching searches the i / o catalog to produce an initial list of candidate drivers. - i / o kit a kernel - resident, object - oriented environment in darwin that provides a model of system hardware. each type of service or device is represented by one or more c + + classes in a family ; each available service or device is represented by an instance ( object ) of that class. - i / o kit framework the framework that includes iokitlib and makes the i / o registry, user client plug - ins, and other i / o kit services available from user space. it lets applications and other user processes access common i / o kit object types and services. see also framework - i / o registry a dynamic database that describes a collection of driver objects, each of which represents an i / o kit entity. as hardware is added to or removed from the system, the i / o registry changes to accommodate the addition or removal. the complete os x core operating - system environment, which includes mach, bsd, the i / o kit, drivers, file systems, and networking components. the kernel resides in its own protected memory partition. the kernel includes all code executed in the kernel task, which consists of the file mach _ kernel ( at file - system root ) and all loaded kernel extensions. also called the kernel environment. - kernel extension ( kext ) a dynamically loaded bundle that extends the functionality of the kernel. a kext can contain zero or one kernel modules as well as other ( sub ) kexts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5924025870755998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.931899"} {"text": "loaded kernel extensions. also called the kernel environment. - kernel extension ( kext ) a dynamically loaded bundle that extends the functionality of the kernel. a kext can contain zero or one kernel modules as well as other ( sub ) kexts, each of which can contain zero or one kernel modules. the i / o kit, file system, and networking components of darwin can be extended by kexts. see also kernel module - kernel module ( kmod ) a binary in mach - o format that is packaged in a kernel extension. a kmod is the minimum unit of code that can be loaded into the kernel. see also kernel extension a data structure used to synchronize access to a shared resource. the most common use for a lock is in multithreaded programs where multiple threads need access to global data. only one thread can hold the lock at a time ; by convention, this thread is the only one that can modify the data during this period. see also mutex a central component of the kernel that provides such basic services and abstractions as threads, tasks, ports, interprocess communication ( ipc ), scheduling, physical and virtual address space management, virtual memory, and timers. to translate a range of memory in one address space ( physical or virtual ) to a range in another address space. the virtual - memory manager accomplishes this by adjusting its vm tables for the kernel and user processes. - memory cursor an object that lays out the buffer ranges in a memory descriptor in physical memory, generating a scatter / gather list suitable for a particular device or dma engine. the object is derived from the iomemorycursor class. see also dma ; memory descriptor - memory descriptor an object that describes how a stream of data, depending on direction, should either be laid into memory or extracted from memory. it represents a segment of memory holding the data involved in an i / o transfer and is specified as one or more physical or virtual address ranges. the object is derived from the iomemorydescriptor class. see also dma ; memory cursor - memory protection a system of memory management in which programs are prevented from being able to modify or corrupt the memory partition of another program. although os x has memory protection, mac os 8 and 9 do not. a mutual - exclusion locking object that allows multiple threads to synchronize access to shared resources. a mutex has two states : locked and unlocked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.581615585201253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.932813"} {"text": "partition of another program. although os x has memory protection, mac os 8 and 9 do not. a mutual - exclusion locking object that allows multiple threads to synchronize access to shared resources. a mutex has two states : locked and unlocked. once a mutex has been locked by a thread, other threads attempting to lock it will block. when the locking thread unlocks ( releases ) the mutex, one of the blocked threads ( if any ) acquires ( locks ) it and uses the resource. the thread that locks the mutex must be the one that unlocks it. the work - loop lock ( which is used by a command gate ) is based on a mutex. see also lock ; work loop a programmatic mechanism for alerting interested recipients ( sometimes called observers ) that an event has occurred. an i / o kit object that represents a detected, controllable entity such as a device or logical service. a nub may represent a bus, disk, graphics adaptor, or any number of similar entities. a nub supports dynamic configuration by providing a bridge between two drivers ( and, by extension, between two families ). see also device ; driver ( 1 ) the smallest unit ( in bytes ) of information that the virtual memory system can transfer between physical memory and backing store. in darwin, a page is currently 4 kilobytes. ( 2 ) as a verb, page refers to the transfer of pages between physical memory and backing store. refer to kernel. framework / headers / mach / machine / vm _ params. hfor specifics. see also fault ; virtual memory - passive driver a device driver that performs only basic power - management tasks, such as joining the power plane and changing the device \u2019 s power state. see also active driver a set of properties specifying the kinds of devices a driver can support. this information is stored in an xml matching dictionary defined in the information property list ( info. plist ) file in the driver \u2019 s kext bundle. a single driver may present one or more personalities for matching ; each personality specifies a class to instantiate. such instances are passed a reference to the personality dictionary at initialization. - physical memory electronic circuitry contained in random - access memory ( ram ) chips, used to temporarily hold information at execution time. addresses in a process \u2019 s virtual memory are mapped to addresses in physical memory. see also virtual memory ( programmed input / output ) a way to move data between a device and system memory in which each byte", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6068991173545546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.933854"} {"text": "used to temporarily hold information at execution time. addresses in a process \u2019 s virtual memory are mapped to addresses in physical memory. see also virtual memory ( programmed input / output ) a way to move data between a device and system memory in which each byte is transferred under control of the host processor. see also dma a subset of driver ( or service ) objects in the i / o registry that have a certain type of provider / client relationship connecting them. the most general plane is the service plane, which displays the objects in the same hierarchy in which they are attached during registry construction. there are also the audio, power, device tree, firewire, and usb planes. - platform expert a driver object for a particular motherboard that knows the type of platform the system is running on. the platform expert serves as the root of the i / o registry tree. a module that can be dynamically added to a running system or application. core foundation plug - in services uses the basic code - loading facility of core foundation bundle services to provide a standard plug - in architecture, known as the cfplugin architecture, for mac apps. a kernel extension is a type of kernel plug - in. a heavily overloaded term which in darwin has two particular meanings : ( 1 ) in mach, a secure unidirectional channel for communication between tasks running on a single system ; ( 2 ) in ip transport protocols, an integer identifier used to select a receiver for an incoming packet or to specify the sender of an outgoing packet. the portable operating system interface. an operating - system interface standardization effort supported by iso / iec, ieee, and the open group. - power child - power parent - preemptive multitasking a type of multitasking in which the operating system can interrupt a currently running program in order to run another program, as needed. a phase of active matching in which a candidate driver communicates with a device and verifies whether it can drive it. the driver \u2019 s probemember function is invoked to kick off this phase. the driver returns a probe score that reflects its ability to drive the device. see also driver matching a bsd abstraction for a running program. a process \u2019 resources include a virtual address space, threads, and file descriptors. in os x, a process is based on one mach task and one or more mach threads. a driver object that provides services of some kind to its client. in a driver stack, the provider in a provider / client relationship is closer to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5974579162956767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.934853"} {"text": ". in os x, a process is based on one mach task and one or more mach threads. a driver object that provides services of some kind to its client. in a driver stack, the provider in a provider / client relationship is closer to the platform expert. see also client decrementing the reference count of an object. when an object \u2019 s reference count reaches zero, it is freed. when your code no longer needs to reference a retained object, it should release it. some apis automatically execute a release on the caller \u2019 s behalf, particularly in cases where the object in question is being \u201c handed off. \u201d retains and releases must be carefully balanced ; too many releases can cause panics and other unexpected failures due to accesses of freed memory. see also retain incrementing the reference count of an object. an object with a positive reference count is not freed. ( a newly created object has a reference count of one. ) drivers can ensure the persistence of an object beyond the present scope by retaining it. many apis automatically execute a retain on the caller \u2019 s behalf, particularly apis used to create or gain access to objects. retains and releases must be carefully balanced ; too many retains will result in wired memory leak. see also release a service is an i / o kit entity, based on a subclass of ioservice, that has been published with the registerservicemethod and provides certain capabilities to other i / o kit objects. in the i / o kit \u2019 s layered architecture, each layer is a client of the layer below it and a provider of services to the layer above it. a service type is identified by a matching dictionary that describes properties of the service. a nub or driver can provide services to other i / o kit objects. in bsd - derived systems such as darwin, a socket refers to different entities in user and kernel operations. for a user process, a socket is a file descriptor that has been allocated using socket ( 2 ). for the kernel, a socket is the data structure that is allocated when the kernel \u2019 s implementation of the socket ( 2 ) call is made. - system sleep a sleep state that occurs when the user chooses sleep from the apple menu or closes the lid of a laptop computer. see also idle sleep in mach, the unit of cpu utilization. a thread consists of a program counter, a set of registers, and a stack pointer. see also task a kernel resource that triggers an event at a specified interval. the event can occur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.547866813291426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.935785"} {"text": "see also idle sleep in mach, the unit of cpu utilization. a thread consists of a program counter, a set of registers, and a stack pointer. see also task a kernel resource that triggers an event at a specified interval. the event can occur only once or can be recurring. timers are one of the event sources for work loops. - user client an interface provided by an i / o kit family, that enables a user process ( which can \u2019 t call a kernel - resident driver or other service directly ) to access hardware. in the kernel, this interface appears as a driver object called a user client ; in user space, it is called a device interface and is implemented as a core foundation plug - in services ( cfplugin ) object. see also device interface - user space virtual memory outside the protected partition in which the kernel resides. applications, plug - ins, and other types of modules typically run in user space. - virtual address a memory address that is usable by software. each task has its own range of virtual addresses, which begins at address zero. the mach operating system makes the cpu hardware map these addresses onto physical memory only when necessary, using disk memory at other times. - virtual memory the use of a disk partition or a file on disk to provide the same facilities usually provided by ram. the virtual - memory manager in os x provides 32 - bit ( minimum ) protected address space for each task and facilitates efficient sharing of that address space. - wired memory a range of memory that the virtual - memory system will not page out or move. the memory involved in an i / o transfer must be wired down to prevent the physical relocation of data being accessed by hardware. in the i / o kit memory is wired when the memory descriptor describing the memory prepares the memory for i / o ( which happens when its preparemethod is invoked ). - work loop a gating mechanism that ensures single - threaded access to the data structures and hardware registers used by a driver. specifically, it is a mutex lock associated with a thread. a work loop typically has several event sources attached to it ; they use the work loop to ensure a protected, gated context for processing events. see also event source \u00a9 2001, 2007 apple inc. all rights reserved. ( last updated : 2007 - 05 - 17 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5845941578992734, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.936647"} {"text": "capital punishment has been the law in oklahoma since 1804 when congress made the criminal laws of the united states applicable in the louisiana purchase, which included present oklahoma. these legal codes included the crime of \" willful murder, \" carrying the death penalty. through the years congress found other offenses, including rape, that merited capital punishment as well. until oklahoma 1907 statehood, capital crimes committed in indian territory were tried in the federal courts for arkansas, kansas, and texas. however, the u. s. federal district court for the western district of arkansas, presided over by notorious judge isaac c. parker, was indian territory ' s most famous criminal venue, with seventy - nine men going to the gallows under sentence of his court. in 1889 congress established a u. s. district court at muskogee, the first federal court resident in indian territory. however, the court did not have jurisdiction of capital offenses, which continued to be tried in the federal courts for arkansas, kansas, and texas. in 1890 aterritorial government, with its own judicial structure, was established for oklahoma territory. until statehood, capital crimes committed in oklahoma territory were prosecuted in the territorial courts. in 1895 congress gave the muskogee court, as of september 1, 1896, exclusive jurisdiction of all offenses committed against the laws of the united states in indian territory and repealed the jurisdiction of the arkansas, kansas, and texas federal courts. one man was hanged under sentence of the oklahoma territory courts, and nine men and one woman went to the gallows under sentence of the indian territory court. from statehood until 19l5 executions were by hanging in the county of conviction. the records are not perfect, but the number of people hanged between statehood and 1915 is probably six, all men accused of murder. the fact that the number was not higher is because of lee cruce, oklahoma ' s second governor. cruce was an inveterate foe of the death penalty. the best information is that only one person was executed during his term in office ( 1911 - 15 ), while at least twenty - two murderers escaped the hangman ' s noose. cruce ' s successor, robert l. williams, did not share cruce ' s view on capital punishment, and executions began again when williams took office. the first year of williams ' s term also saw oklahoma change from hanging to electrocution as a method of execution. in 1915 henry bookman, convicted in mcintosh county for murder, was the first person to be electrocuted in oklahoma. the first execution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41985355300203203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.941104"} {"text": "year of williams ' s term also saw oklahoma change from hanging to electrocution as a method of execution. in 1915 henry bookman, convicted in mcintosh county for murder, was the first person to be electrocuted in oklahoma. the first execution for an offense other than homicide occurred in 1930. james edward forrest was put to death for rape, and subsequently there were executions for robbery with firearms and for kidnapping. in the late 1920s and during the 1930s there were as many as three on the same day. in 1972, when the u. s. supreme court declared the death penalty, as then administered, unconstitutional, eighty - two persons, all male, had died in oklahoma ' s electric chair. after the supreme court ' s ruling, states began attempting to enact constitutional death penalty statutes. gov. david boren convened a special session of the legislature in july 1976 to restore the capital punishment in oklahoma. the legislators overwhelmingly voted in favor, 45 to1 in the senate, and 93 to 5 in the house. the first execution under the new law occurred in 1990. from 1915 to march 2004, oklahoma had executed 156 individuals, including three women. between 1915 and 1966 eighty - two died by electrocution, and one was hanged. seventy - three died from lethal injection between september 1990 and march 2004. bibliography : ruth fisk bowman, \" death by hanging : the crimes and execution of arthur gooch, \" the chronicles of oklahoma 62 ( summer 1984 ). \" capital punishment, \" vertical file, oklahoma room, oklahoma department of libraries, oklahoma city, oklahoma. \" capital punishment, oklahoma, \" vertical file, jan eric cartwright memorial library, capitol building, oklahoma city, oklahoma. louis coleman, \" ' we are making history ' : the execution of william going, \" the chronicles of oklahoma 76 ( 1998 ). von russell creel, \" capital punishment and the united states court for the indian territory, \" the chronicles of oklahoma 81 ( summer 2003 ). bob gregory, \" they died for their sins, \" oklahoma monthly ( december 1976 ). von russell creel \u00a9 oklahoma historical society", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42626165376391145, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.941898"} {"text": "ecological burns at jocassee gorges to restore habitat, improve safety many species and ecosystems require fire periodically to ensure their survival, and that \u2019 s why prescribed burns will again be a part of the s. c. department of natural resources \u2019 management of the jim timmerman natural resources area at jocassee gorges in 2008. \" the objective of the controlled burns, which will likely begin in january, is to maintain the ecological integrity of these lands, \" said mark hall, s. c. department of natural resources ( dnr ) wildlife biologist and forest planner, \" and to provide for human safety by reducing the amount of fuel on the natural area, thereby reducing the chance of catastrophic wildfire. for many of these ecosystems, it \u2019 s not a matter of ' if ' they will burn, but rather ' when. ' we like to choose the ' when. ' \" burning will be done when the weather is suitable to allow for a safe burn, including the rapid rising and dispersal of smoke, hall said. once weather conditions are right for the burn, it should take four to eight hours for the active burning to be completed, although scattered stumps, logs and dead trees may smolder slowly through the night. fires will be surrounded by fire breaks, which include existing preserve roads, streams, plowed fire breaks and breaks put in with hand tools in sensitive areas. \" through the centuries, many native plants, animals and habitats in the southeastern united states have adapted to the presence of recurring fire, \" hall said. \" many species and ecosystems are now rare because of fire suppression, and they actually need fire to ensure their survival. we \u2019 ve burned more than 1, 500 acres in the last three years to help restore natural process in the system. \" hall emphasized that since controlled burning requires careful timing and a thorough knowledge of weather and fire behavior, highly trained fire personnel with the dnr and s. c. forestry commission will manage and conduct all aspects of the controlled burns. \" besides the ecological benefits of prescribed fire, it also has the added benefit of reducing fuel on the forest floor and lessening the chances of a catastrophic fire, which can threaten homes and people, \" hall said. \" because fire has been suppressed for so long in some places, you get dangerous buildups of fuel and increase the chances for a wildfire that can destroy property and lives. the wildfires we \u2019 ve seen across the united states in the last 15 years, due in large part to past fire suppression, underscore the need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.413995085743857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.948401"} {"text": "buildups of fuel and increase the chances for a wildfire that can destroy property and lives. the wildfires we \u2019 ve seen across the united states in the last 15 years, due in large part to past fire suppression, underscore the need for prescribed fire. \" by using a controlled burn \u2014 when wind, temperature and humidity conditions are appropriate to remove some of the forest fuel like leaves, pine needles and twigs \u2014 fire managers can greatly reduce the chances of a catastrophic wildfire. after controlled burns are completed, the homes and properties close to jocassee gorges will be much less likely to be in the path of a wildfire, because the fuel is reduced or eliminated. optimal weather conditions will be chosen for smoke dispersal, but hall advised that during these controlled burns nearby residents will certainly see and smell smoke. the smoke usually disappears by the end of the day. \" people become upset when there is smoke in the air if they don \u2019 t know the reason for the fire, \" hall said. \" that \u2019 s why we \u2019 re trying to get the word out about prescribed fire. if we carefully plan and conduct a burn when weather conditions favor smoke dispersal, this reduces smoke - related problems. dealing with a little bit of smoke now is infinitely better than trying to control a raging wildfire later. \" waterfalls, green salamanders, black bear, uncommon plants such as oconee bells and many long - range vistas are just a few of the natural wonders that may be found in the 33, 000 - acre jim timmerman natural resources area at jocassee gorges in pickens and oconee counties. more information on the jocassee gorges may be obtained by calling the clemson dnr office at ( 864 ) 654 - 1671, extension 22. dnr protects and manages south carolina \u2019 s natural resources by making wise and balanced decisions for the benefit of the state \u2019 s natural resources and its people.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4377588836071468, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.949111"} {"text": "exceptions are a means of breaking out of the normal flow of control of a code block in order to handle errors or other exceptional conditions. an exception is the python interpreter raises an exception when it detects a run - time error ( such as division by zero ). a python program can also explicitly raise an exception with the raise statement. exception handlers are specified with the try... except statement. the try... finally statement specifies cleanup code which does not handle the exception, but is executed whether an exception occurred or not in the preceding code. python uses the ` ` termination ' ' when an exception is not handled at all, the interpreter terminates execution of the program, or returns to its interactive main loop. in either case, it prints a stack backtrace, except when the exception is exceptions are identified by string objects or class instances. selection of a matching except clause is based on object identity ( i. e., two different string objects with the same value represent different exceptions! ) for string exceptions, the except clause must reference the same string object. for class exceptions, the except clause must reference the same class or a base class of it. when an exception is raised, an object ( maybe none ) is passed as the exception ' s ` ` parameter ' ' or ` ` value ' ' ; this object does not affect the selection of an exception handler, but is passed to the selected exception handler as additional information. for class exceptions, this object must be an instance of the exception class see also the description of the try statement in section 7. 4 and raise statement in section 6. 8.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5308659222034877, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.951676"} {"text": "reading this tutorial has probably reinforced your interest in using python - - you should be eager to apply python to solve your real - world problems. now what should you do? you should read, or at least page through, the python library reference, which gives complete ( though terse ) reference material about types, functions, and modules that can save you a lot of time when writing python programs. the standard python distribution includes a lot of code in both c and python ; there are modules to read unix mailboxes, retrieve documents via http, generate random numbers, parse command - line options, write cgi programs, compress data, and a lot more ; skimming through the library reference will give you an idea of what ' s available. the major python web site is http : / / www. python. org / ; it contains code, documentation, and pointers to python - related pages around the web. this web site is mirrored in various places around the world, such as europe, japan, and australia ; a mirror may be faster than the main site, depending on your geographical location. a more informal site is http : / / starship. python. net /, which contains a bunch of python - related personal home pages ; many people have downloadable software there. many more user - created python modules can be found in the python package index ( pypi ). for python - related questions and problem reports, you can post to the newsgroup comp. lang. python, or send them to the mailing list at firstname. lastname @ example. org. the newsgroup and mailing list are gatewayed, so messages posted to one will automatically be forwarded to the other. there are around 120 postings a day ( with peaks up to several hundred ), asking ( and answering ) questions, suggesting new features, and announcing new modules. before posting, be sure to check the list of frequently asked questions ( also called the faq ), or look for it in the misc / directory of the python source distribution. mailing list archives are available at http : / / www. python. org / pipermail /. the faq answers many of the questions that come up again and again, and may already contain the solution for your problem. see about this document... for information on suggesting changes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5115780704027417, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.953973"} {"text": "the cerebrum, the largest part of the brain, is separated into the right and left hemispheres. the right hemisphere is in charge of the functions on the left - side of the body, as well as many cognitive functions. a right - side stroke happens when the brain \u2019 s blood supply is interrupted in this area. without oxygen and nutrients from blood, the brain tissue quickly dies. a stroke is a serious condition. it requires emergency care. there are two main types of stroke : an ischemic stroke ( the more common form ) is caused by a sudden decrease in blood flow to a region of the brain, which may be due to : - a clot that forms in another part of the body ( eg, heart or neck ) breaking off and blocking the flow in a blood vessel supplying the brain ( embolus ) - a clot that forms in an artery that supplies blood to the brain ( thrombus ) - a tear in an artery supplying blood to the brain ( arterial dissection ) a hemorrhagic stroke is caused by a burst blood vessel that results in bleeding in the brain. examples of risk factors that you can control or treat include : certain conditions, such as : - high blood pressure - high cholesterol - high levels of the amino acid homocysteine ( may result in the formation of blood clots ) - atherosclerosis ( narrowing of the arteries due to build - up of plaque ) - atrial fibrillation ( abnormal heart rhythm ) - metabolic syndrome - type 2 diabetes - alcohol or drug abuse - medicines ( eg, long - term use of birth control pills ) - lifestyle factors ( eg, smoking, physical inactivity, diet ) risk factors that you cannot control include : - history of having a stroke, heart attack, or other type of cardiovascular disease - history of having a transient ischemic attack ( tia ) \u2014 with a tia, stroke - like symptoms often resolve within minutes ( always in 24 hours ). they may signal a very high risk of having a stroke in the future. - age : 60 or older - family members who have had a stroke - gender : males - race : black, asian, hispanic - blood disorder that increases clotting - heart valve disease ( eg, mitral stenosis ) the immediate symptoms of a right - side stroke come on suddenly and may include : - weakness or numbness of face, arm, or leg, especially on the left side of the body - loss of balance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.521762141318239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.958695"} {"text": "( eg, mitral stenosis ) the immediate symptoms of a right - side stroke come on suddenly and may include : - weakness or numbness of face, arm, or leg, especially on the left side of the body - loss of balance, coordination problems - vision problems, especially on the left - side of vision in both eyes - difficulty swallowing if you or someone you know has any of these symptoms, call 911 right away. a stroke needs to be treated as soon as possible. longer - lasting effects of the stroke may include problems with : - left - sided weakness and / or sensory problems - speaking and swallowing - vision ( eg, inability for the brain to take in information from the left visual field ) - perception and spatial relations - attention span, comprehension, problem solving, judgment - interactions with other people - activities of daily living ( eg, going to the bathroom ) - mental health ( eg, depression, frustration, impulsivity ) the doctor will make a diagnosis as quickly as possible. tests may include : - exam of nervous system - computed tomography ( ct ) scan \u2014 a type of x - ray that uses a computer to make pictures of the brain - ct angiogram \u2014 a type of ct scan which evaluates the blood vessels in the brain and / or neck - magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scan \u2014 a test that uses magnetic waves to make pictures of the brain - magnetic resonance angiography ( mra ) scan \u2014 a type of mri scan which evaluates the blood vessels in the brain and / or neck - angiogram \u2014 a test that uses a catheter ( tube ) and x - ray machine to assess the heart and its blood supply - heart function tests ( eg, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram ) - doppler ultrasound \u2014 a test that uses sound waves to examine the blood vessels - blood tests - tests to check the level of oxygen in the blood - kidney function tests - tests to evaluate the ability to swallow immediate treatment is needed to potentially : - dissolve a clot causing an ischemic stroke - stop the bleeding during a hemorrhagic stroke in some cases, oxygen therapy is needed. medicines may be given right away for an ischemic stroke to : - dissolve clots and prevent new ones from forming - thin blood - control blood pressure - reduce brain swelling - treat an irregular heart rate cholesterol medicines called statins may also be given. for a hemorrhagic stroke, the doctor may give medicines to : -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44451984839408665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.960790"} {"text": "new ones from forming - thin blood - control blood pressure - reduce brain swelling - treat an irregular heart rate cholesterol medicines called statins may also be given. for a hemorrhagic stroke, the doctor may give medicines to : - work against any blood - thinning drugs that you may regularly take - reduce how your brain reacts to bleeding - control blood pressure - prevent seizures for an ischemic stroke, procedures may be done to : - reroute blood supply around a blocked artery - remove the clot or deliver clot - dissolving medicine ( embolectomy ) - remove fatty deposits from a carotid artery ( major arteries in the neck that lead to the brain ) ( carotid artery endarterectomy ) - widen carotid artery and add a mesh tube to keep it open ( angioplasty and stenting ) for a hemorrhagic stroke, the doctor may : - remove a piece of the skull ( craniotomy ) to relieve pressure on the brain and remove blood clot - place a clip on or a tiny coil in the aneurysm to stop it from bleeding a rehabilitation program focuses on : - physical therapy \u2014 to regain as much movement as possible - occupational therapy \u2014 to assist in everyday tasks and self - care - speech therapy \u2014 to improve swallowing and speech challenges - psychological therapy \u2014 to help adjust to life after the stroke to help reduce your chance of having a stroke, take the following steps : - exercise regularly. - eat a healthy diet that includes fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and fish. - maintain a healthy weight. - if you drink alcohol, drink only in moderation ( 1 - 2 drinks per day ). - if you smoke, quit. - if you have a chronic condition, like high blood pressure or diabetes, get proper treatment. - if recommended by your doctor, take a low - dose aspirin every day. - if you are at risk for having a stroke, talk to your doctor about taking statin medicines. - reviewer : rimas lukas, md - review date : 06 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 61 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4569462590032899, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.961850"} {"text": "the thick durable sea ice that routinely cloaked much of the arctic ocean in colder decades in the 20th century is increasingly relegated to a few clotted places along northern canada and greenland, according to the latest satellite analysis of the warming region. the following video gives you a fascinating view of one patch of sea ice through 90 days, provided by a webcam left behind by researchers who annually set up camp near the north pole to check ocean and ice conditions up close. the new analysis, published in the journal of geophysical research on tuesday, is the latest of many findings supporting the idea that the region has shifted to a new state in which seasonal ice, which forms in winter and melts in the summer, dominates. this is the main reason biologists have concerns for the long - term welfare of polar bears, which have a harder time sustaining their weight and reproducing when summertime ice is thin. at the same time, the shift bodes well for shippers, like the german company beluga, that have plans to start sending goods from asia to northern europe through the fabled, but long impassible, northern sea route over russia. the study, conducted by scientists from nasa, the university of washington and the california institute of technology estimated changes from 2003 to 2008 in the total volume and thickness of what \u2019 s called multi - year ice, the yards - thick floes that can persist through a summer ( here \u2019 s some video i shot while standing on a mix of old and thinner ice in 2003 ), and seasonal ice, which can grow to 6 feet in thickness in winter but vanishes in summer. for a look at how this summer \u2019 s arctic sea - ice season may unfold, visit sea ice outlook 2009, where more than a dozen groups of ice researchers are posting experimental forecasts of how the ice is likely to fare. there \u2019 s a strong consensus that the season will see much less sea ice than the average for the period monitored by satellites ( from 1979 onward ), but is unlikely to see the extent of open water measured in 2007. to get a sense of how the views of arctic experts have coalesced around a rising human influence on the region \u2019 s climate, you can scan previous stories from 2001, 2005, and 2007 on ice trends and possible causes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.473312549631985, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.964040"} {"text": "as a graduate student working for ligo ( the laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory ), one of my responsibilities was maintaining date - time code, including accounting for leap seconds, and calculating dates and time thousands of years in the past. what is a leap second? well, the earth ' s rotation rate is slowing down. so, as time goes on the length of the day is longer. this rate is very slow. every few years, the added length must be taken into account, much like the leap day takes into account that the orbital period of the earth around the sun is not exactly 365 days. when a leap second must be inserted is not predictable. the international earth rotation and reference systems service is tasked with making observations of the earth, and producing a twice - yearly report on whether a leap second is due to be added. this comes out by email, and on their website. the report gives a 6 - month or so lead time before the leap second is inserted, at midnight on jan 1 and on jul 1. so, apparently, a leap second was inserted last night : all standard atomic clocks around the world paused for a second. this caused all sorts of havoc with computers and networking devices, causing lots of sites to go down. notably, google was prepared.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5202937321767447, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.966453"} {"text": "richards, m. p. and schulting, r. j. and hedges, r. e. m. ( 2003 ) ' sharp shift in diet at onset of neolithic. ', nature., 425 ( 6956 ). p. 366. the introduction of domesticated plants and animals into britain during the neolithic cultural period between 5, 200 and 4, 500 years ago is viewed either as a rapid event1 or as a gradual process that lasted for more than a millennium2. here we measure stable carbon isotopes present in bone to investigate the dietary habits of britons over the neolithic period and the preceding 3, 800 years ( the mesolithic period ). we find that there was a rapid and complete change from a marine - to a terrestrial - based diet among both coastal and inland dwellers at the onset of the neolithic period, which coincided with the first appearance of domesticates. as well as arguing against a slow, gradual adoption of agriculture and animal husbandry by mesolithic societies, our results indicate that the attraction of the new farming lifestyle must have been strong enough to persuade even coastal dwellers to abandon their successful fishing practices. | full text : | | full text not available from this repository. | | publisher web site : | | http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1038 / 425366a | | record created : | | 07 apr 2009 | | last modified : | | 21 jul 2010 16 : 58 | | social bookmarking : | | export : endnote, zotero | bibtex | | usage statistics | | look up in googlescholar | find in a uk library |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4931311159729619, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.967990"} {"text": "a few weeks ago, i traveled to israel with my ten - year - old daughter sage, to participate in the olive harvest. this was my long - awaited opportunity to do hands - on research for a picture book i \u2019 m writing and illustrating about an ancient olive tree. i couldn \u2019 t wait to roll up my sleeves and get out in the olive grove. there \u2019 s something special about hands - on research. in this age of unprecedented convenience, we have the technological ability to access information from all over the world in a matter of seconds. but information obtained this way can lack authenticity, and often appears out of context. rarely do i have the opportunity to physically experience what i \u2019 m drawing or writing about. but there \u2019 s no substitute for direct experience when it comes to bringing a story to life. the morning after we arrived at kibbutz gezer, a half a dozen olive pickers gathered by the side of the road that encircles the kibbutz. inside the circle, the homes for approximately 400 people are clustered together. outside the circle are grassy meadows ; a baseball field ; swimming pool ; a field of eggplants ; a tel \u2013 an ancient town filled in over the centuries by debris until it becomes a flat - topped, man - made hill, now the site of an archeological excavation \u2013 and of course, the olive groves. hundreds of trees of approximately 30 years of age stood in grassy rows. most were heavy with fruit, their branches drooping under the weight of colorful clusters of olives. the harvest technique is simple : we spread black plastic tarps under the trees, and used small hand - held rakes to \u201c comb \u201d the olives from the branches. most of the fruit could be reached either from the ground or by climbing a few steps up the trunk. the trees are pruned to stay low, and the limbs are encouraged to spread out like a basket, so that every part of the tree receives maximum sunlight. it is said that if an olive tree is pruned properly, there \u2019 s enough space between the branches to allow a bird to fly through. olive trees are uniquely dependent upon humans for this pruning \u2013 they cannot thrive without it. an olive tree that is well - pruned can continue to regenerate from its roots virtually indefinitely, with a lifespan of two thousand years or even longer. thus the olive tree has been a symbol of renewal for millennia. olive fruits are firm and smooth, with a chalky skin that turns shiny when you rub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46952699230123646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.975286"} {"text": ". and israel was retaliating with \u201c operation pillar of cloud \u201d, a targeted defensive operation that took place the week we were there. truly, israel is a land of paradox \u2013 of cultural, artistic and spiritual riches ; unparalleled innovations in education, medicine, agriculture, technology, and energy conservation \u2013 not to mention wonderful people \u2013 yet israel is also a troubled place, with internal rifts, economic problems, and seemingly - intractable conflicts with its arab neighbors. traveling in israel, it is not unusual to feel conflicting emotions. even as we worked in such a bucolic place as the olive grove, we were all aware of the location of the closest bomb shelter, which had been unlocked that week for rapid entry. and we all knew that beyond the \u201c green line \u201d ( the disputed border between israel and the west bank ), palestinians were harvesting olive trees just like ours. this is not the first century, or even the first millennium, in which olive trees have been implicated in matters of territorial conflict. for the olive tree is native to a region that is rife with inescapable complexities. rooted in a shifting tapestry of peoples and conquests, the olive tree stands constant as a living organism of renewal and peace. i loved the olive grove, and got into a groove with my yellow rake. the conversation was lively : there were kibbutz members who had come to help, along with dogs of all shapes and sizes. there were friends from jerusalem, a traveling post - grad student from the u. s., and visitors from norway. everyone was in good spirits as we gathered up the tarps and poured the fruit into crates. these would be taken to the olive press at nearby latroun. an olive press is a huge industrial machine that is necessarily communal ; no one can own their own olive press. at latroun, we saw jews and arabs alike waiting for the yield of their harvest, chatting in english, hebrew, and arabic as the olives were pressed, separated by centrifuge into pomace and oil, and finally decanted into containers. the leftover \u201c mash \u201d of fiber and pits is sometimes pressed into dry cakes to be burned as fuel \u2013 a great idea! hours after the picking was done, at the end of the day i returned to the olive grove to sketch. i did pencil drawings and brush drawings, trying to capture the shapes of the trees, the texture of the leaves. i tested a few colors, and tried to catch the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4658048179428386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.979170"} {"text": ", at the end of the day i returned to the olive grove to sketch. i did pencil drawings and brush drawings, trying to capture the shapes of the trees, the texture of the leaves. i tested a few colors, and tried to catch the contour of the land. birds twittered from opposite sides of the grove, calling to each other. dogs barked in the distance as the sun went down, mingled with the sound of a child \u2019 s laughter. in the hush that followed, the peace of the olive grove was palpable. my daughter sat beside me with her own drawing book, both of us sitting on torn pieces of cardboard on the ground while we sketched. she drew a twisted olive trunk, then switched to fashion designs. i hope when she grows up, she \u2019 ll remember that day. in addition to the jug of fresh olive oil i brought home, i also harvested something else : photos, sketches, notes, and memories. these impressions from my week of picking olives will be gathered and pressed, spun and separated into the many components of a book. this book has taken its time to ripen and grow, but i hope in the end it will be worth it. the more i learn about olives, the more there is to know \u2013 from cultivation techniques to nutritional and medicinal benefits, from historical facts to political implications. and the more i learn about olives, the more i love them. special thanks to dani livney and all the wonderful folks at kibbutz gezer for making this trip possible. we hope to return next year to pick olives again! \u05d7\u05d2 \u05d4\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5\u05db\u05d4 \u05e9\u05de\u05d7! we are about to celebrate chanukah, the festival of light that remembers each year the miracle of oil \u2013 olive oil \u2013 in a story that is rooted a mere bike ride \u2019 s distance from gezer. the maccabean graves in nearby modi \u2019 in is where the hasmoneans, who ruled a jewish dynasty in israel, have been buried in the ground for more than 2, 100 years. some of the olive trees that lived then are still alive today. happy holidays to all \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.439396436829155, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.979973"} {"text": "what is fracking? it \u2019 s not the latest teenage slang word ; it describes a mining process that is polluting our earth and making people sick. food & water watch explains : to frack an oil or gas well, a massive volume of water, sand, and chemicals is injected underground at high pressure to break up rock formations, allowing oil or gas to flow up the well. fracking threatens the air we breathe, the water we drink, the communities we love, and the climate on which we depend. mothers are rallying against this horrible practice! in fact, they are outraged the practice is considered for use around schools, let alone their homes. food & water watch explains and asks you to take action! mothers in the community of erie, colorado, are working desperately to stop a giant oil and gas company from fracking next to their kids \u2019 elementary school. they \u2019 ve asked encana, a giant oil and gas company, to abandon this one well and protect their children, but the company refuses. fracking is associated with increased truck traffic, dangerous chemicals as well as air and water contamination. it \u2019 s hard to believe encana would even consider fracking near an elementary school \u2013 worse, its hard to believe that regulatory systems in colorado have failed to prevent this from happening. and yet, encana has gone through all of the proper channels and has the green light to start fracking on may 26th. i have heard so many people express support of oil and shale gas mining on american soil who do not understand the issue of fracking. they believe the false job promises of domestic oil production not realizing how their very water and air are being dangerously contaminated. fracking is one of the biggest environmental crises facing this country! it \u2019 s poisoning our drinking water, even making it flammable! propublica explains : for the first time, a scientific study has linked natural gas drilling and hydraulic fracturing with a pattern of drinking water contamination so severe that some faucets can be lit on fire \u2026 \u201c this study provides eye - opening scientific evidence about methane contamination and the risks that irresponsible natural gas drilling poses for drinking water supplies, \u201d said congressman maurice hinchey, d - n. y. \u201c it provides yet another reason why more study of the environmental and health risks associated with hydraulic fracturing is needed. \u201d hinchey is one of several democratic members of congress who recently re - introduced the frac act, which calls for public disclosure of the chemicals used underground. the bill, which is currently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49442284003582254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.982914"} {"text": "handbook of engaged learning projects subject / content area : science, language arts, math, and social target audience : this multigrade level unit will involve third and sixth grade students. this is an interactive, interdisciplinary, thematic project. this is appropriate for students at all ability levels. program requires hardware / software for internet access. project goal : when posed with the problem of destruction of the rainforest, students will develop interpersonal skills, research skills, content objectives, technical skills, and higher order thinking skills. learner outcomes : through cooperative activities, students will be able to : - demonstrate the ability to collect data using various technologies ( internet, cd rom, computer software / hardware, and e - mail ). - analyze the impact of specific human activities on the destruction of tropical rainforests. - organize and analyze collected information gained through interaction - explain the important biological, social, and aesthetic values of the tropical rainforest to their environment. alignment with standards ( national - science standards : 7, 15, 18 - language arts : 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11 - math : 4, 6 - geography : 1, 2, 4, 8, 14, 16, 18 assessment of students : students ' performance will be assessed formatively through teacher observations. students and teachers will cooperatively develop a rubric for the final product. summative evaluation will include self - evaluation and teacher evaluation. author : patti furlano, joyce nelson, teri rakes and amy willis, braceville elementary school, braceville, il. of engaged learning projects sponsored by fermi national accelerator laboratory education office and friends of fermilab. funded by the north central regional technology in education consortium based at the north central regional educational laboratory ( ncrel ). created : august, 1997", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5060365322144098, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.984717"} {"text": "( cnn ) - - michael jackson was on to something when he sang that \" a - b - c \" is \" simple as ' do re mi. ' \" music helps kids remember basic facts such as the order of letters in the alphabet, partly because songs tap into fundamental systems in our brains that are sensitive to melody and beat. that ' s not all : when you play music, you are exercising your brain in a unique way. \" i think there ' s enough evidence to say that musical experience, musical exposure, musical training, all of those things change your brain, \" says dr. charles limb, associate professor of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery at johns hopkins university. \" it allows you to think in a way that you used to not think, and it also trains a lot of other cognitive facilities that have nothing to do with music. \" the connection between music and the brain is the subject of a symposium at the association for psychological science conference in chicago this weekend, featuring prominent scientists and grammy - winning bassist victor wooten. they will discuss the remarkable ways our brains enable us to appreciate, remember and play music, and how we can harness those abilities in new ways. there are more facets to the mind - music connection than there are notes in a major scale, but it ' s fascinating to zoom in on a few to see the extraordinary affects music can have on your brain. whether it ' s \" somewhere over the rainbow \" or \" somebody that i used to know, \" or even \" bad romance \" or \" bohemian rhapsody, \" it ' s easy to get part of a song stuck in your head, perhaps even a part that you don ' t particularly like. it plays over and over on repeat, as if the \" loop \" button got stuck on your music player. scientists think of these annoying sound segments as \" ear worms. \" they don ' t yet know much about why they happen, but research is making headway on what ' s going on. the songs that get stuck in people ' s heads tend to be melodically and rhythmically simple, says daniel levitin, a psychologist who studies the neuroscience of music at mcgill university in montreal, quebec. it ' s usually just a segment of the song, not the entire thing from beginning to end. a common method of getting rid of an ear worm is to listen to a different song - - except, of course, that song might plant itself in your thoughts for awhile. \" what we think is going on is that the neural circuits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4998506616996727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.995714"} {"text": "to end. a common method of getting rid of an ear worm is to listen to a different song - - except, of course, that song might plant itself in your thoughts for awhile. \" what we think is going on is that the neural circuits get stuck in a repeating loop and they play this thing over and over again, \" levitin said. in rare cases, ear worms can actually be detrimental to people ' s everyday functioning, levitin said. there are people who can ' t work, sleep or concentrate because of songs that won ' t leave their heads. they may even need to take the same anti - anxiety medications given to people with obsessive - compulsive disorder, drugs that relax the neural circuits that are stuck in an infinite loop. how we evolved to remember music given how easily song snippets get stuck in our heads, music must be linked to some sort of evolutionary adaptation that helped our ancestors. bone flutes have been dated to about 40, 000 to 80, 000 years ago, so people were at least playing music. experts assume that people were probably singing before they went to the trouble of fashioning this instrument, levitin said. in judaism, the torah was set to music as a way to remember it before it was written down. \" the structures that respond to music in the brain evolved earlier than the structures that respond to language, \" levitin said. levitin points out that many of our ancestors, before there was writing, used music to help them remember things, such as how to prepare foods or the way to get to a water source. these procedural tasks would have been easier to remember as songs. today, we still use songs to teach children things in school, like the 50 states. what about remembering how to play music? when you sit down at the piano and learn how to play a song, your brain has to execute what ' s known as a \" motor - action plan. \" it means that a sequence of events must unfold in a particular order, your fingers must hit a precise pattern of notes in order. and you rehearse those motor movements over and over, strengthening the neural circuits the more you practice. but musicians who memorize how to play music often find they can ' t just begin a remembered piece at any point in the song. the brain has a certain number of entry nodes in the motor - action plan, so you can only access the information from particular points in the song. \" even though it feels like it ' s in your fingers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4771910613305774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.996717"} {"text": "at any point in the song. the brain has a certain number of entry nodes in the motor - action plan, so you can only access the information from particular points in the song. \" even though it feels like it ' s in your fingers, it ' s not, \" levitin said. \" it ' s in the finger representation in your head. \" music and pleasure music is strongly associated with the brain ' s reward system. it ' s the part of the brain that tells us if things are valuable, or important or relevant to survival, said robert zatorre, professor of neurology and neurosurgery at montreal neurological institute. one brain structure in particular, called the striatum, releases a chemical called dopamine in response to pleasure - related stimuli. imaging of the brain can reveal this process is similar to what happens in your brain in response to food or sex. but unlike those activities, music doesn ' t have a direct biological survival value. \" it ' s not obvious that it should engage that same system, \" zatorre said. musicians can ' t see inside their own brains, but they ' re aware of moments of tension and release in pieces, and that ' s what arrangers of music do. zatorre and colleagues did an experiment where they used whatever music participants said gave them pleasure to examine this dopamine release. they excluded music with words in order to focus on the music itself rather than lyrics - - the melodic structure, for example. at the point in a piece of music when people experience peak pleasure, part of the brain called the ventral striatum releases dopamine. but here ' s something even more interesting : dopamine is released from a different brain area ( the dorsal striatum ) about 10 to 15 seconds before the moment of peak pleasure. why would we have this reaction before the most pleasurable part of the piece of music? the brain likes to investigate its environment and figure out what ' s coming next, zatorre explains. \" as you ' re anticipating a moment of pleasure, you ' re making predictions about what you ' re hearing and what you ' re about to hear, \" he said. \" part of the pleasure we derive from it is being able to make predictions. \" so if you ' re getting such a strong dopamine rush from music - - it could even be comparable to methamphetamines, zatorre said - - why not make drug addicts listen to music? it ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5188498690322453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.997695"} {"text": "\" so if you ' re getting such a strong dopamine rush from music - - it could even be comparable to methamphetamines, zatorre said - - why not make drug addicts listen to music? it ' s not quite that simple. neuroscientists believe there ' s basically one pleasure mechanism, and music is one route into it. drugs are another. but different stimuli have different properties. and it ' s no easier to tell someone to replace drugs with music than to suggest eating instead of having sex - - these are all pleasurable activities with important differences. rocking to the beat did you know that monkeys can ' t tap their feet to songs, or recognize beats? it appears that humans are the only primates who move to the beat of music. aniruddh patel at the neurosciences institute in san diego, california, speculates that this is because our brains are organized in a different way than our close species relatives. grooving to a beat may be related to the fact that no other primates can mimic complex sounds. curiously, some birds can mimic what they hear and move to beats. patel ' s research with a cockatoo suggests the beat responses may have originated as a byproduct of vocal mimicry, but also play a role in social bonding, patel said. armies train by marching to a beat, for instance. group dancing is a social activity. there also are studies showing that when people move together to a beat, they ' re more likely to cooperate with each other in nonmusical tasks than if they ' re not in synch. \" some people have theorized that that was the original function of this behavior in evolution : it was a way of bonding people emotionally together in groups, through shared movement and shared experience, \" patel said. another exciting arena of research : music with a beat seems to help people with motor disorders such as parkinson ' s disease walk better than in the absence of music - - patients actually synchronize their movements to a beat, patel said. \" that ' s a very powerful circuit in the brain, \" he said. \" it can actually help people that have these serious neurological diseases. \" there ' s also some evidence to suggest that music can help alzheimer ' s patients remember things better, and that learning new skills such as musical instruments might even stave off dementia. there still needs to be more research in these areas to confirm, but limb is hopeful about the prospect of musical engagement as a way to prevent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4639608817799541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.998803"} {"text": "s patients remember things better, and that learning new skills such as musical instruments might even stave off dementia. there still needs to be more research in these areas to confirm, but limb is hopeful about the prospect of musical engagement as a way to prevent, or at least delay, dementia. \" that ' s a pretty amazing thing that, from sound, you can stimulate the entire brain, \" limb said. \" if you think about dementia as the opposite trend, of the brain atrophying, i think there ' s a lot of basis to it. \" music and emotions you may associate particular songs with events in your life - - green day ' s \" good riddance ( time of your life ) \" might remind you of your graduation day, if you had a graduation in the 1990s or 2000s, for example. despite variation in any given person ' s life experience, studies have shown that music listeners largely agree with one another when it comes to the emotions presented in a song. this may be independent of lyrics ; musical sounds themselves may carry emotional meaning, writes cornell university psychologist carol krumhansl in current directions in psychological science. educational shows such as \" sesame street \" have been tapping into the power of music to help youngsters remember things for decades. even babies have been shown to be sensitive to beats and can recognize a piece of music that they ' ve already heard. advertisers exploit music in many commercials to make you excited about products. as a result, you may associate songs with particular cars, for instance. here ' s one way you might not already be using music : making a deliberate effort to use music to alter mood. listen to something that makes you energetic at the beginning of the day, and listen to a soothing song after an argument, levitin says. music as a language victor wooten of bela fleck and the flecktones isn ' t a scientist, but he has thought a lot about the process of learning to play music. for him, introducing a child to music shouldn ' t be different from the way a child begins speaking. \" i just approach music as a language, because it is, \" wooten said. \" it serves the same purpose. it ' s a form of expression. a way for me to express myself, convey feelings, and sometimes it actually works better than a written or verbal language. \" traditionally, a child learns to play music by being taught how an instrument works, and learning to play easy pieces that they practice over and over. they might also play music", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5184579098769333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:33.999844"} {"text": "feelings, and sometimes it actually works better than a written or verbal language. \" traditionally, a child learns to play music by being taught how an instrument works, and learning to play easy pieces that they practice over and over. they might also play music with other beginners. all the rules come first - - notes, chords, notation - - before they play. but with language, young children never know that they ' re beginners, wooten said. no one makes them feel bad when they say a word incorrectly, and they ' re not told to practice that word dozens of times. why should it be different with music? \" if you think about trying to teach a toddler how to read, and the alphabet, and all that stuff, before they can speak, we ' d realize how silly that really is, \" wooten said. \" kids most of the time quit, because they didn ' t come there to learn that. they came to learn to play. \" he remembers learning to play music in an immersive way, rather than in a formulaic sequence of lessons. when he was born, his four older brothers were already playing music and knew they needed a bass player to complete the band. \" my brothers never said, ' this is what you ' re going to do, ' \" he said. wooten took this philosophy and created summer camps to get kids excited about music in a more natural way. \" it ' s rare that i ever meet a musician who doesn ' t agree that music is a language. but it ' s very rare to meet a musician that really treats it like one. \" there you have it : music that gets stuck in your head can be annoying, but it also serves a multitude of other purposes that benefit you. if you treat it like a language, as wooten suggests, you might learn new skills and reap some of the brain health benefits that neurologists are exploring. it ' s more complicated than \" a, b, c, \" but that ' s how amazing the mind can be.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46584963228902976, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.000646"} {"text": "ece497 project ideas we have both mini projects and projects in ece497. mini projects involved finding something interested in the beagle world and installing it to your beagle and demoing it to the class. you would also create a wiki page documenting what you did to get it installed. often you may find multiple efforts do to something, for example there are a few efforts to port android on the beagle. your task is to figure out which one should be used. generally mini projects won ' t require you to write new code ; however they are the background work that may lead to a full project. you should do a couple mini projects for the class. generally they are done alone, but working in pairs is ok. these will be about 1 / 3 of your grade and should be done in the first 5 weeks or so. only one full project is done for the class and it ' s done with a team of 3 or 4. these projects can take a mini project ( or a whole new idea ) and add to it. the goal is to have your work contribute to the open source world. any code is generated will be kept on github and a bitbake receipt will be created to automatically download and create the object files. what follows are - places to look for project ideas - feel free to add your own suggestions. - mini project ideas - add your own suggestions, and do some of them. mark the ones you ' ve done. - full project ideas sources for project ideas here are some links where you ' ll find ideas for your project. - etechdays community lightning talks, this is a one - day web - based conference where many project ideas are presented. one of our 2009 - 2010 senior design projects was found here. - official list of beagle projects, there are many beagle specific projects listed here. many are inactive. list your project here once it running. - augmented reality project, here ' s an idea that i think we can do on the beagle. rather than using augmented reality glasses, i ' d suggest we use a ti dlp pico projector. here ' s ar running on the beagle. - android, this is one of a couple of efforts to port google ' s android os to the beagle. - beagleboard / ideas - 2009 google summer code ideas 2009. mini project ideas | mark a. yoder | | jack ma | | work up an example of controlling the pwm registers from the shell. | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5230680216313581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.013112"} {"text": "the beagle. - beagleboard / ideas - 2009 google summer code ideas 2009. mini project ideas | mark a. yoder | | jack ma | | work up an example of controlling the pwm registers from the shell. | | pwm via the shell | | mark a. yoder | | weather station | | ultrasonic weather | | mark a. yoder | | mike yuhas | | interface the beagleboard with an srf08 ultrasonic ranger over i2c | | ultrasonic ranger | | mark a. yoder | | compile the powervr examples | | powervr insider sdk downloads | | mark a. yoder | | work up some gstreamer ps eye demos | | gstreamer ps eye demos and ridgerun | | mark a. yoder | | douglas selby | | get ti ' embedded speech recognizer installed and demo the examples. | | ti embedded speech recognizer | | mark a. yoder | | david zitnik | | demo last year ' s ti speech project. i have a microphone amplifier and mike you can use. | | ece597 project pywikireader | | mark a. yoder | | stephen mayhew | | find who is doing what with kinect on the beagle and install and run it. | | google - beagleboard kinect | | mark a. yoder | | greg harrison | | i have several sony playstation eye web cams and i have examples of how to pull video from them via v4l2 ( ece497 davinci workshop labs ). the eye also has a 4 microphone array. i don ' t know how to get audio from it. figure out how. this may expand to a full project if there is no solution out there. | | google - beagleboard playstation eye microphone array | | mark a. yoder | | find some examples of how to use cmem. cmem is an api and library for managing one or more blocks of physically contiguous memory. it also provides address translation services ( e. g. virtual to physical translation ) and user - mode cache management apis. it ' s used for managing the shared memory between the arm and the dsp on the processor. i ' ve been unable to find examples of how to use it. | | cmem overview | | mike lester | | connect to your beagleboard using ethernet over usb. this allows your beagleboard to share", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5151999181456914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.014069"} {"text": "dsp on the processor. i ' ve been unable to find examples of how to use it. | | cmem overview | | mike lester | | connect to your beagleboard using ethernet over usb. this allows your beagleboard to share the host computer ' s internet connection and allow you to connect via vnc / ssh without the need for an external router / switch. this should make development much easier. | | vnc | | brian hulette | | experiment with audio synthesis and / or sampling / processing. you could either synthesize and play a few tones to generate a song, or have the beagle sample an audio signal then process and output it to create a sort of effects pedal. | | david mcginnis | | david mcginnis | | look into connecting the beagleboard to a phone or headphones using bluetooth. this could involve either outputting audio and taking in audio from a bluetooth headset, allowing you to have audio i / o with the beagleboard, or could involve connecting with phones automatically as they come into range of the beagleboard, allowing for an automatic attendence registration system, among other things. | | david bliss | | david bliss | | get a video stream from a ps eye, and identify the relevant device files. | | playstation _ eye # cite _ note - linux _ support - 32 | | william gerth | | william gerth | | explore the possibility of implementing openaos on the beagle, to make a portable media player and etc. | | http : / / www. openaos. org / | | joel carlson | | lacking a serial port and don ' t have a usb - serial converter? why not find a way to make the beagleboard boot over a usb console connection? | | beagleboard xm u - boot without serial | | joel carlson | | joel carlson | | depending on what one is working on, it might be useful to mount the beagleboard root filesystem over nfs. the link to the right does that using a usb - ethernet connection, but one that just runs over an ethernet cable would be nice. | | mount beagleboard root filesystem over nfs via usb here ' s an example of mounting dfs / afs on the beagle | lei liu | | lei liu | | build communication with fpga via usb port. | | aaron bamberger | | aaron bamberger | | play around with the beagle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.505265395595113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.014946"} {"text": "an example of mounting dfs / afs on the beagle | lei liu | | lei liu | | build communication with fpga via usb port. | | aaron bamberger | | aaron bamberger | | play around with the beagleboard ' s various spi and i2c ports, and get it to talk to some simple spi and i2c peripherals, such as a 7 - segment display driver or small lcd panel | | jay dial | | jay dial | | look into the parallel computing possibilities of the beagleboard. see how difficult it would be to get two beagleboards to communicate properly for parallel computing. | | how to make a beagleboard elastic r beowulf cluster | | randy billingsley | | randy billingsley | | configure wlan on the beagle board using a wireless usb adapter | | mike fuson | | mike fuson | | get xbmc working on the beagle. | | xbmc wiki page | | sam allen | | port android to beagle | | it ' s done. check out this. | | mark a. yoder | | yifei li | | change the splash screen to a rose logo when the beagle starts up | | how to change angstrom boot logo in beagleboard | | mark a. yoder | | ziyi zhang | | do remote debugging with eclipse. my page needs updating. | | ece497 installing the eclipse ide | | mark a. yoder | | investigate eigen. eigen is a c + + template library for linear algebra : matrices, vectors, numerical solvers, and related algorithms. explicit vectorization is performed for sse 2 / 3 / 4, arm neon, and altivec instruction sets, with graceful fallback to non - vectorized code. this means it should run fast on the beagle. how fast does it run? has anyone used it on the beagle? | | eigen. tuxfamily. org | | mark a. yoder | | find what libraries are available for the dsp side of the dm 3730 and write some examples that use them. | | c64x + dsp library ( dsplib ) | | mark a. yoder | | convert the oss labs to use the new alsa drivers | | alsa tutorials | | mark a. yoder | | dig into the dss drivers. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46320689827220074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.015912"} {"text": "library ( dsplib ) | | mark a. yoder | | convert the oss labs to use the new alsa drivers | | alsa tutorials | | mark a. yoder | | dig into the dss drivers. the omap display subsystem supports rotation and mirroring, but the mirror and rotate files in / sys / devices / platform / omapdss / display x don ' t work. find the code that implements them see if you can figure out what ' s wrong. | | dss2 | | jack ma | | install an rt kernel on beagleboard. if successful, this could turn into a full project for exploring rt system and application. | | jack ma | | interface beagleboard with a gps device to read location information. if successful, see if it ' s possible build a ( small ) app that downloads appropriate map from google map and shows the beagleboard ' s location. | | jack ma | | install a vpn server on beagleboard. | | guanqun wang | | run beagle board with a small lcd display | | yifei li | | demo a beaglelight program that could synchronize leds with music. | | http : / / processors. wiki. ti. com / index. php / beaglelight | | mona yan | | mona yan | | display beagleboard orientation by using accelerometer and opengl. | | team members | | project title | | description | | mark a. yoder | | 3d structured light using dlp\u00ae technology | | create 3d maps using a dlp pico and the beagle. | | mark a. yoder | | beagle midi | | make the beagle synthesize midi files. | | mark a. yoder | | beagle power management | | work up some power management demos. | edit this page to add projects you would like to do. if you aren ' t in the class, add ideas you would like to see done by class members. | team members | | project title | | description | | mark a. yoder | | ti embedded speech recognizer | | port ti ' s fixed - point speech recognizer to the dsp. it currently runs on the arm. | | mark a. yoder | | kinect | | here and here are some interesting things people are doing with kinects. maybe we could port it to the beagle. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4685465055729401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.016793"} {"text": "the dsp. it currently runs on the arm. | | mark a. yoder | | kinect | | here and here are some interesting things people are doing with kinects. maybe we could port it to the beagle. | | mike lester | | accelerometer - based auto - leveled projection | | several projects have been started to add accelerometer support to the beagleboard. this project would involve getting an accelerometer installed and working, perhaps using a trainer board, as well the ti pico projector. the orientation data from the accelerometer would be used to rotate, skew, keystone the projected image in order to keep it level and normalized. | | aaron bamberger | | kinect based 3d scanner | | build some sort of motorized gantry that allows the kinect to be rotated around ( and possibly from top to bottom ) of an arbitrary object. the motors would be controlled using the beagleboard ' s i2c or spi interfaces. use libfreenect to capture depth information from every side of the object as the kinect rotates around the object. use this data and opengl to build a 3d model of the scanned object | | mark a. yoder | | port windsk6 to the beagle | | windsk6 is a windows program that talks to a ti ' c6711 dsk and performs many interesting audio effects. this project would implement the code running on the windows side on the arm. the arm could capture a frame of audio and send it to the dsp for processing. the arm could then send the processed audio to the speakers. c6run would be used to interact with the dsp. | | david bliss | | automated die tester | | make a device that can roll a die, and keep statistics on how random the die is. the build can either be very complex, or very simple, depending on how you define \" rolling a die \". the software doesn ' t necessarily have to know what the numbers mean, it just has to be able to uniquely identify the sides. | | stephen mayhew | | set - playing system | | set is a relatively simple card game that lends itself nicely to image recognition and computer play. the layout is not very structured, and the game play is pretty simple. this project would incorporate image recognition, projection of possible moves ( using the pico projector ), and maybe even speech synthesis, and recognition. for example,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5018581792745173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.017710"} {"text": "computer play. the layout is not very structured, and the game play is pretty simple. this project would incorporate image recognition, projection of possible moves ( using the pico projector ), and maybe even speech synthesis, and recognition. for example, if someone didn ' t know how to play set, then the board could take them through a tutorial, asking questions of the user as it went along ( \" if i have these 2 cards, what 3rd card would make a set? \" ). this would make for an interesting demo at conferences. | | michael fuson | spectrum analyzer | | create a real - time audio spectrum analyzer on the beagleboard. project page | | team members | | project title | | description | | yannick polius | | pywikireader | | this project is mostly software, with the hardware element being the use of the dsp. the idea is to tie together three technologies : speech recognition, speech synthesis, and internet access in order to create an interface capable of orating information to the user based on a vocal command. the implementation i have in mind is to use the pocket sphinx speech recognition engine to first understand what the user wants through speech, such as \" rose - hulman \". once the speech is translated, the software can execute a wikipedia search to pull said item ' s page. most of the important info is contained within the introductory paragraph, so the software will take only that chunk and feed it into the flite speech synthesis engine. the end result is a simple machine with \" mother box \" like usability, that is, no interaction besides what is natural to the user ( speaking ) should be necessary to retrieve the information. | | paul morrison | 3d chess with networking | | this project would simulate a hand - held chess game, and the game would allow two player games using two beagleboards over a network connection. the graphics would use the beagle ' s powervr sgx for hardware accelerated graphics by using opengl. in addition to 3d graphics and networking, a third portion of the project would be to optimize the boot time because a chess computer should start up quickly. | | tom most | sumo robot | | the goal of this project is to create a robot capable of competing in the 3. 0 kg weight class of a sumo competition ( an example ). this would have minor hardware and electronics elements, but would focus on communication with sensors using the beagleboard and the linux kernel. at minimum, this involves sensors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5539324950586505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.018677"} {"text": "competing in the 3. 0 kg weight class of a sumo competition ( an example ). this would have minor hardware and electronics elements, but would focus on communication with sensors using the beagleboard and the linux kernel. at minimum, this involves sensors to detect the edge of the ring and the opposing robot. this would likely be implemented using sharp ir rangefinders, a ultrasonic rangefinders, and ideally a camera. sumo rules. | | ece597 network based mp3 player | | network based mp3 player. the beagle will be programmed using a custom, protocol for transferring files from a network based server ( x86 pc ) to a beagle. speakers will be attached to the beagle, where the file will be played back. possible extensions are a lcd for displaying id3 tag information, and buttons for user interaction ( next track, previous track, etc. ) on the gpio interface. | | chris routh j. cody collins greg jackson keqiong xin | ece597 : auto hud | | use the beagle board to run image recognition on a camera feed located inside a car, and then signaling to the driver via a pico projector various objects of interest. | | adam jesionowski | adding sense to beagle ( see beagleboard / gsoc / ideas ) | | sensory aware applications are becoming more mainstream with the release of the apple iphone. this project would combine both hw and sw to add sensory awareness to beagle. first, additional modules such as gps, 3 - axis accelerometers, gyroscopes, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, pressure sensors, etc, would be added to beagle to compliment the microphone input in order to allow sensing of the real world environment. then sw apis would need to be layered on top to allow easy access to the sensory data for use by applications. | | mitch garvin | interactive pong | | run classic pong, projecting the screen and using a camera to track user ' s hands for input. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5248452330280236, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.019483"} {"text": "before her enlistment as an ss auxiliary, she worked at an office in berlin. on january 31, 1941, margot dreschel arrived at ravensbruck concentration camp to receive guard training. at first she was an aufseherin, a lower - ranking female guard at ravensbruck camp in charge of interned women. she trained under oberaufseherin ( senior overseer ) johanna langefeld in 1941, and quickly became an ss - rapportfuhrerin ( report overseer ), a higher - ranked guard. on april 27, 1942, dreschel was selected for transfer to the newly opened auschwitz ii \u2013 birkenau concentration camp in occupied poland. dreschel began her duties at birkenau in august 1942 as soon as the women ' s camp was established there, with women transferred from auschwitz to birkenau during expansion. she served under maria mandel and worked as an associate of dr mengele. dreschel was also head of all camp offices in auschwitz. dreschel ' s appearance was reportedly repellent, as one female auschwitz prisoner recounted : \" camp leader dreschel was there, her buck teeth sticking out, even when her mouth is closed. \" inmates described her as vulgar, thin and ugly. after the war, many survivors testified of her notoriously brutal beatings. she carried out indoor selections wearing a white coat and white gloves, disguised as a doctor. once mrs drechaler [ dreschler ] came, with her huge bloodhound, undressed everybody, took away even our shoes, and we had to stand for hours completely naked, none of us were thinking of life any more, the gas chamber seemed unavoidable. \u2014 war crimes trials. protocol 3309, ss female overseers in auschwitz she regularly moved between the auschwitz i camp and birkenau, and involved herself in selections of women and children to be sent to the gas chambers. on november 1, 1944, she went to flossenburg concentration camp as an oberaufseherin - and as trainer of enlisted overseers. in january 1945, she was moved back to the ravensbruck subcamp at neustadt - glewe, and fled from there in april 1945 as nazi germany surrendered. in may 1945, several former auschwitz prisoners recognized her on a road from pirna to bautzen in the russian zone, and took her to the russian military police. the soviets condemned her to death and executed her in may or june 1945 by hanging", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39654193063001786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.024121"} {"text": "novgorod first chronicle | | this article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. ( september 2011 ) | the novgorod first chronicle ( russian : \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c ) or the chronicle of novgorod, 1016 - 1471 is the most ancient extant chronicle of the novgorod republic. it reflects a tradition different from the kievan primary chronicle. as was first demonstrated by aleksey shakhmatov, the later editions of the chronicle reflect the lost primary kievan code ( \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0438 \u043a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434 ) of the late 11th century, which contained much valuable data suppressed in the later primary chronicle. the earliest extant copy of the chronicle is the so - called synod scroll, dated to the second half of the 13th century, first printed in 1841 and currently preserved in the state historical museum. it is the earliest known manuscript of a major east slavic chronicle, predating the laurentian codex of the primary chronicle by almost a century. in the 14th century, the synod scroll was continued by the monks of the yuriev monastery in novgorod. other important copies of the novgorod first chronicle include the academic scroll ( 241 lists, 1444 ), commission scroll ( 320 lists, mid - 15th century ), trinity scroll ( 1563 ), and tolstoy scroll ( 208 lists, 1720s ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39799870801382325, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.025424"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( march 2011 ) | nuclear meltdown is an informal term for a severe nuclear reactor accident that results in core damage from overheating. the term is not officially defined by the international atomic energy agency or by the u. s. nuclear regulatory commission. however, it has been defined to mean the accidental melting of the core of a nuclear reactor, and is in common usage a reference to the core ' s either complete or partial collapse. \" core melt accident \" and \" partial core melt \" are the analogous technical terms for a meltdown. a core melt accident occurs when the heat generated by a nuclear reactor exceeds the heat removed by the cooling systems to the point where at least one nuclear fuel element exceeds its melting point. this differs from a fuel element failure, which is not caused by high temperatures. a meltdown may be caused by a loss of coolant, loss of coolant pressure, or low coolant flow rate or be the result of a criticality excursion in which the reactor is operated at a power level that exceeds its design limits. alternately, in a reactor plant such as the rbmk - 1000, an external fire may endanger the core, leading to a meltdown. once the fuel elements of a reactor begin to melt, the fuel cladding has been breached, and the nuclear fuel ( such as uranium, plutonium, or thorium ) and fission products ( such as cesium - 137, krypton - 88, or iodine - 131 ) within the fuel elements can leach out into the coolant. subsequent failures can permit these radioisotopes to breach further layers of containment. superheated steam and hot metal inside the core can lead to fuel - coolant interactions, hydrogen explosions, or water hammer, any of which could destroy parts of the containment. a meltdown is considered very serious because of the potential, however remote, that radioactive materials could breach all containment and escape ( or be released ) into the environment, resulting in radioactive contamination and fallout, and potentially leading to radiation poisoning of people and animals nearby. nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating fluid via a nuclear reaction to run a generator. if the heat from that reaction is not removed adequately, the fuel assemblies in a reactor core can melt. a core damage incident can occur even after a reactor is shut down because the fuel continues to produce decay heat. a core damage accident is caused by the loss of sufficient cooling for the nuclear fuel within the reactor core. the reason may be one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.589576307149515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.068418"} {"text": "melt. a core damage incident can occur even after a reactor is shut down because the fuel continues to produce decay heat. a core damage accident is caused by the loss of sufficient cooling for the nuclear fuel within the reactor core. the reason may be one of several factors, including a loss - of - pressure - control accident, a loss - of - coolant accident ( loca ), an uncontrolled power excursion or, in reactors without a pressure vessel, a fire within the reactor core. failures in control systems may cause a series of events resulting in loss of cooling. contemporary safety principles of defense in depth ensure that multiple layers of safety systems are always present to make such accidents unlikely. the containment building is the last of several safeguards that prevent the release of radioactivity to the environment. many commercial reactors are contained within a 1. 2 - to - 2. 4 - metre ( 3. 9 to 7. 9 ft ) thick pre - stressed, steel - reinforced, air - tight concrete structure that can withstand hurricane - force winds and severe earthquakes. - in a loss - of - coolant accident, either the physical loss of coolant ( which is typically deionized water, an inert gas, nak, or liquid sodium ) or the loss of a method to ensure a sufficient flow rate of the coolant occurs. a loss - of - coolant accident and a loss - of - pressure - control accident are closely related in some reactors. in a pressurized water reactor, a loca can also cause a \" steam bubble \" to form in the core due to excessive heating of stalled coolant or by the subsequent loss - of - pressure - control accident caused by a rapid loss of coolant. in a loss - of - forced - circulation accident, a gas cooled reactor ' s circulators ( generally motor or steam driven turbines ) fail to circulate the gas coolant within the core, and heat transfer is impeded by this loss of forced circulation, though natural circulation through convection will keep the fuel cool as long as the reactor is not depressurized. - in a loss - of - pressure - control accident, the pressure of the confined coolant falls below specification without the means to restore it. in some cases this may reduce the heat transfer efficiency ( when using an inert gas as a coolant ) and in others may form an insulating \" bubble \" of steam surrounding the fuel assemblies ( for pressurized water reactors ). in the latter case, due to localized heating of the \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5563806954159174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.069369"} {"text": "efficiency ( when using an inert gas as a coolant ) and in others may form an insulating \" bubble \" of steam surrounding the fuel assemblies ( for pressurized water reactors ). in the latter case, due to localized heating of the \" steam bubble \" due to decay heat, the pressure required to collapse the \" steam bubble \" may exceed reactor design specifications until the reactor has had time to cool down. ( this event is less likely to occur in boiling water reactors, where the core may be deliberately depressurized so that the emergency core cooling system may be turned on ). in a depressurization fault, a gas - cooled reactor loses gas pressure within the core, reducing heat transfer efficiency and posing a challenge to the cooling of fuel ; however, as long as at least one gas circulator is available, the fuel will be kept cool. - in an uncontrolled power excursion accident, a sudden power spike in the reactor exceeds reactor design specifications due to a sudden increase in reactor reactivity. an uncontrolled power excursion occurs due to significantly altering a parameter that affects the neutron multiplication rate of a chain reaction ( examples include ejecting a control rod or significantly altering the nuclear characteristics of the moderator, such as by rapid cooling ). in extreme cases the reactor may proceed to a condition known as prompt critical. this is especially a problem in reactors that have a positive void coefficient of reactivity, a positive temperature coefficient, are overmoderated, or can trap excess quantities of deleterious fission products within their fuel or moderators. many of these characteristics are present in the rbmk design, and the chernobyl disaster was caused by such deficiencies as well as by severe operator negligence. western light water reactors are not subject to very large uncontrolled power excursions because loss of coolant decreases, rather than increases, core reactivity ( a negative void coefficient of reactivity ) ; \" transients, \" as the minor power fluctuations within western light water reactors are called, are limited to momentary increases in reactivity that will rapidly decrease with time ( approximately 200 % - 250 % of maximum neutronic power for a few seconds in the event of a complete rapid shutdown failure combined with a transient ). - core - based fires endanger the core and can cause the fuel assemblies to melt. a fire may be caused by air entering a graphite moderated reactor, or a liquid - sodium cooled reactor. graphite is also subject to accumulation of wigner energy, which can overhea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5980965183140237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.070331"} {"text": "the core and can cause the fuel assemblies to melt. a fire may be caused by air entering a graphite moderated reactor, or a liquid - sodium cooled reactor. graphite is also subject to accumulation of wigner energy, which can overheat the graphite ( as happened at the windscale fire ). light water reactors do not have flammable cores or moderators and are not subject to core fires. gas - cooled civilian reactors, such as the magnox, ungg, and agcr type reactors, keep their cores blanketed with non reactive carbon dioxide gas, which cannot support a fire. modern gas - cooled civilian reactors use helium, which cannot burn, and have fuel that can withstand high temperatures without melting ( such as the high temperature gas cooled reactor and the pebble bed modular reactor ). - byzantine faults and cascading failures within instrumentation and control systems may cause severe problems in reactor operation, potentially leading to core damage if not mitigated. for example, the browns ferry fire damaged control cables and required the plant operators to manually activate cooling systems. the three mile island accident was caused by a stuck - open pilot - operated pressure relief valve combined with a deceptive water level gauge that misled reactor operators, which resulted in core damage. light water reactors ( lwrs ) before the core of a light water nuclear reactor can be damaged, two precursor events must have already occurred : - a limiting fault ( or a set of compounded emergency conditions ) that leads to the failure of heat removal within the core ( the loss of cooling ). low water level uncovers the core, allowing it to heat up. - failure of the emergency core cooling system ( eccs ). the eccs is designed to rapidly cool the core and make it safe in the event of the maximum fault ( the design basis accident ) that nuclear regulators and plant engineers could imagine. there are at least two copies of the eccs built for every reactor. each division ( copy ) of the eccs is capable, by itself, of responding to the design basis accident. the latest reactors have as many as four divisions of the eccs. this is the principle of redundancy, or duplication. as long as at least one eccs division functions, no core damage can occur. each of the several divisions of the eccs has several internal \" trains \" of components. thus the eccs divisions themselves have internal redundancy \u2013 and can withstand failures of components within them. the three mile island accident was a compounded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5601116850237073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.071262"} {"text": "occur. each of the several divisions of the eccs has several internal \" trains \" of components. thus the eccs divisions themselves have internal redundancy \u2013 and can withstand failures of components within them. the three mile island accident was a compounded group of emergencies that led to core damage. what led to this was an erroneous decision by operators to shut down the eccs during an emergency condition due to gauge readings that were either incorrect or misinterpreted ; this caused another emergency condition that, several hours after the fact, led to core exposure and a core damage incident. if the eccs had been allowed to function, it would have prevented both exposure and core damage. during the fukushima incident the emergency cooling system had also been manually shut down several minutes after it started. if such a limiting fault were to occur, and a complete failure of all eccs divisions were to occur, both kuan, et al and haskin, et al describe six stages between the start of the limiting fault ( the loss of cooling ) and the potential escape of molten corium into the containment ( a so - called \" full meltdown \" ) : - uncovering of the core \u2013 in the event of a transient, upset, emergency, or limiting fault, lwrs are designed to automatically scram ( a scram being the immediate and full insertion of all control rods ) and spin up the eccs. this greatly reduces reactor thermal power ( but does not remove it completely ) ; this delays core becoming uncovered, which is defined as the point when the fuel rods are no longer covered by coolant and can begin to heat up. as kuan states : \" in a small - break loca with no emergency core coolant injection, core uncovery [ sic ] generally begins approximately an hour after the initiation of the break. if the reactor coolant pumps are not running, the upper part of the core will be exposed to a steam environment and heatup of the core will begin. however, if the coolant pumps are running, the core will be cooled by a two - phase mixture of steam and water, and heatup of the fuel rods will be delayed until almost all of the water in the two - phase mixture is vaporized. the tmi - 2 accident showed that operation of reactor coolant pumps may be sustained for up to approximately two hours to deliver a two phase mixture that can prevent core heatup. \" - pre - damage heat up \u2013 \" in the absence of a two - phase mixture going through the core", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5409617066738801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.072233"} {"text": "operation of reactor coolant pumps may be sustained for up to approximately two hours to deliver a two phase mixture that can prevent core heatup. \" - pre - damage heat up \u2013 \" in the absence of a two - phase mixture going through the core or of water addition to the core to compensate water boiloff, the fuel rods in a steam environment will heat up at a rate between 0. 3 \u00b0c / s ( 0. 5 \u00b0f / s ) and 1 \u00b0c / s ( 1. 8 \u00b0f / s ) ( 3 ). \" - fuel ballooning and bursting \u2013 \" in less than half an hour, the peak core temperature would reach 1, 100 k ( 1, 520 \u00b0f ). at this temperature the zircaloy cladding of the fuel rods may balloon and burst. this is the first stage of core damage. cladding ballooning may block a substantial portion of the flow area of the core and restrict the flow of coolant. however complete blockage of the core is unlikely because not all fuel rods balloon at the same axial location. in this case, sufficient water addition can cool the core and stop core damage progression. \" - rapid oxidation \u2013 \" the next stage of core damage, beginning at approximately 1, 500 k ( 2, 240 \u00b0f ), is the rapid oxidation of the zircaloy by steam. in the oxidation process, hydrogen is produced and a large amount of heat is released. above 1, 500 k ( 2, 240 \u00b0f ), the power from oxidation exceeds that from decay heat ( 4, 5 ) unless the oxidation rate is limited by the supply of either zircaloy or steam. \" - debris bed formation \u2013 \" when the temperature in the core reaches about 1, 700 k ( 2, 600 \u00b0f ), molten control materials [ 1, 6 ] will flow to and solidify in the space between the lower parts of the fuel rods where the temperature is comparatively low. above 1, 700 k ( 2, 600 \u00b0f ), the core temperature may escalate in a few minutes to the melting point of zircaloy [ 2, 150 k ( 3, 410 \u00b0f ) ] due to increased oxidation rate. when the oxidized cladding breaks, the molten zircaloy, along with dissolved uo2 [ 1, 7 ] would flow downward and freeze in the cooler, lower region of the core. together with solidified control materials from earlier down - flows, the relocated zircaloy and uo2 would form the lower crust of a developing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5473994391837873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.073184"} {"text": "[ 1, 7 ] would flow downward and freeze in the cooler, lower region of the core. together with solidified control materials from earlier down - flows, the relocated zircaloy and uo2 would form the lower crust of a developing cohesive debris bed. \" - ( corium ) relocation to the lower plenum \u2013 \" in scenarios of small - break locas, there is generally a pool of water in the lower plenum of the vessel at the time of core relocation. release of molten core materials into water always generates large amounts of steam. if the molten stream of core materials breaks up rapidly in water, there is also a possibility of a steam explosion. during relocation, any unoxidized zirconium in the molten material may also be oxidized by steam, and in the process hydrogen is produced. recriticality also may be a concern if the control materials are left behind in the core and the relocated material breaks up in unborated water in the lower plenum. \" at the point at which the corium relocates to the lower plenum, haskin, et al relate that the possibility exists for an incident called a fuel - coolant interaction ( fci ) to substantially stress or breach the primary pressure boundary when the corium relocates to the lower plenum of the reactor pressure vessel ( \" rpv \" ). this is because the lower plenum of the rpv may have a substantial quantity of water - the reactor coolant - in it, and, assuming the primary system has not been depressurized, the water will likely be in the liquid phase, and consequently dense, and at a vastly lower temperature than the corium. since corium is a liquid metal - ceramic eutectic at temperatures of 2, 200 to 3, 200 k ( 3, 500 to 5, 300 \u00b0f ), its fall into liquid water at 550 to 600 k ( 530 to 620 \u00b0f ) may cause an extremely rapid evolution of steam that could cause a sudden extreme overpressure and consequent gross structural failure of the primary system or rpv. though most modern studies hold that it is physically infeasible, or at least extraordinarily unlikely, haskin, et al state that that there exists a remote possibility of an extremely violent fci leading to something referred to as an alpha - mode failure, or the gross failure of the rpv itself, and subsequent ejection of the upper plenum of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5361280075920801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.074091"} {"text": "al state that that there exists a remote possibility of an extremely violent fci leading to something referred to as an alpha - mode failure, or the gross failure of the rpv itself, and subsequent ejection of the upper plenum of the rpv as a missile against the inside of the containment, which would likely lead to the failure of the containment and release of the fission products of the core to the outside environment without any substantial decay having taken place. breach of the primary pressure boundary there are several possibilities as to how the primary pressure boundary could be breached by corium. - steam explosion as previously described, fci could lead to an overpressure event leading to rpv fail, and thus, primary pressure boundary fail. haskin, et al. report that in the event of a steam explosion, failure of the lower plenum is far more likely than ejection of the upper plenum in the alpha - mode. in the even of lower plenum failure, debris at varied temperatures can be expected to be projected into the cavity below the core. the containment may be subject to overpressure, though this is not likely to fail the containment. the alpha - mode failure will lead to the consequences previously discussed. - pressurized melt ejection ( pme ) it is quite possible, especially in pressurized water reactors, that the primary loop will remain pressurized following corium relocation to the lower plenum. as such, pressure stresses on the rpv will be present in addition to the weight stress that the molten corium places on the lower plenum of the rpv ; when the metal of the rpv weakens sufficiently due to the heat of the molten corium, it is likely that the liquid corium will be discharged under pressure out of the bottom of the rpv in a pressurized stream, together with entrained gases. this mode of corium ejection may lead to direct containment heating ( dch ). severe accident ex - vessel interactions and challenges to containment haskin, et al identify six modes by which the containment could be credibly challenged ; some of these modes are not applicable to core melt accidents. - dynamic pressure ( shockwaves ) - internal missiles - external missiles ( not applicable to core melt accidents ) standard failure modes if the melted core penetrates the pressure vessel, there are theories and speculations as to what may then occur. in modern russian plants, there is a \" core catching device \" in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5002711452789954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.075005"} {"text": "missiles ( not applicable to core melt accidents ) standard failure modes if the melted core penetrates the pressure vessel, there are theories and speculations as to what may then occur. in modern russian plants, there is a \" core catching device \" in the bottom of the containment building, the melted core is supposed to hit a thick layer of a \" sacrificial metal \" which would melt, dilute the core and increase the heat conductivity, and finally the diluted core can be cooled down by water circulating in the floor. however there has never been any full - scale testing of this device. in western plants there is an airtight containment building. though radiation would be at a high level within the containment, doses outside of it would be lower. containment buildings are designed for the orderly release of pressure without releasing radionuclides, through a pressure release valve and filters. hydrogen / oxygen recombiners also are installed within the containment to prevent gas explosions. in a melting event, one spot or area on the rpv will become hotter than other areas, and will eventually melt. when it melts, corium will pour into the cavity under the reactor. though the cavity is designed to remain dry, several nureg - class documents advise operators to flood the cavity in the event of a fuel melt incident. this water will become steam and pressurize the containment. automatic water sprays will pump large quantities of water into the steamy environment to keep the pressure down. catalytic recombiners will rapidly convert the hydrogen and oxygen back into water. one positive effect of the corium falling into water is that it is cooled and returns to a solid state. extensive water spray systems within the containment along with the eccs, when it is reactivated, will allow operators to spray water within the containment to cool the core on the floor and reduce it to a low temperature. these procedures are intended to prevent release of radiation. in the three mile island event in 1979, a theoretical person standing at the plant property line during the entire event would have received a dose of approximately 2 millisieverts ( 200 millirem ), between a chest x - ray ' s and a ct scan ' s worth of radiation. this was due to outgassing by an uncontrolled system that, today, would have been backfitted with activated carbon and hepa filters to prevent radionuclide release. however in case of fukushima incident this design also at least partially failed : large amounts of highly radioactive water were produced and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5610954135140892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.075946"} {"text": "system that, today, would have been backfitted with activated carbon and hepa filters to prevent radionuclide release. however in case of fukushima incident this design also at least partially failed : large amounts of highly radioactive water were produced and nuclear fuel has possibly melted through the base of the pressure vessels. cooling will take quite a while, until the natural decay heat of the corium reduces to the point where natural convection and conduction of heat to the containment walls and re - radiation of heat from the containment allows for water spray systems to be shut down and the reactor put into safe storage. the containment can be sealed with release of extremely limited offsite radioactivity and release of pressure within the containment. after a number of years for fission products to decay - probably around a decade - the containment can be reopened for decontamination and demolition. unexpected failure modes another scenario sees a buildup of hydrogen, which may lead to a detonation event, as happened for three reactors during fukushima incident. catalytic hydrogen recombiners located within containment are designed to prevent this from occurring ; however, prior to the installation of these recombiners in the 1980s, the three mile island containment ( in 1979 ) suffered a massive hydrogen explosion event in the accident there. the containment withstood the pressure and no radioactivity was released. however, in fukushima recombiners did not work due the absence of power and hydrogen detonation breached the containment. speculative failure modes one scenario consists of the reactor pressure vessel failing all at once, with the entire mass of corium dropping into a pool of water ( for example, coolant or moderator ) and causing extremely rapid generation of steam. the pressure rise within the containment could threaten integrity if rupture disks could not relieve the stress. exposed flammable substances could burn, but there are few, if any, flammable substances within the containment. another theory called an ' alpha mode ' failure by the 1975 rasmussen ( wash - 1400 ) study asserted steam could produce enough pressure to blow the head off the reactor pressure vessel ( rpv ). the containment could be threatened if the rpv head collided with it. ( the wash - 1400 report was replaced by better - based [ original research? ] newer studies, and now the nuclear regulatory commission has disavowed them all and is preparing the overarching state - of - the - art reactor consequence analyses [ soarca ] study - see the disclaimer in nureg - 115", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5393016343748174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.077875"} {"text": "newer studies, and now the nuclear regulatory commission has disavowed them all and is preparing the overarching state - of - the - art reactor consequence analyses [ soarca ] study - see the disclaimer in nureg - 1150. ) it has not been determined to what extent a molten mass can melt through a structure ( although that was tested in the loss - of - fluid - test reactor described in test area north ' s fact sheet ). the three mile island accident provided some real - life experience, with an actual molten core within an actual structure ; the molten corium failed to melt through the reactor pressure vessel after over six hours of exposure, due to dilution of the melt by the control rods and other reactor internals, validating the emphasis on defense in depth against core damage incidents. some believe a molten reactor core could actually penetrate the reactor pressure vessel and containment structure and burn downwards into the earth beneath, to the level of the groundwater. by 1970, there were doubts about the ability of the emergency cooling systems of a nuclear reactor to prevent a loss of coolant accident and the consequent meltdown of the fuel core ; the subject proved popular in the technical and the popular presses. in 1971, in the article thoughts on nuclear plumbing, former manhattan project ( 1942 \u2013 1946 ) nuclear physicist ralph lapp used the term \" china syndrome \" to describe a possible burn - through, after a loss of coolant accident, of the nuclear fuel rods and core components melting the containment structures, and the subsequent escape of radioactive material ( s ) into the atmosphere and environment ; the hypothesis derived from a 1967 report by a group of nuclear physicists, headed by w. k. ergen. the geographic, planet - piercing concept of the china syndrome derives from the misperception that china is the antipode of the united states ; to many americans, it is the \u201c the other side of the world \u201d. moreover, the hypothetical transit of a meltdown product to the other side of the earth ( i. e. china ) ignores the fact that the earth ' s gravity tends to pull all masses towards its center. assuming a meltdown product could persist in a mobile molten form for long enough to reach the center of the earth ; gravity would prevent it continuing to the other side. other reactor types other types of reactors have different capabilities and safety profiles than the lwr does. advanced varieties of several of these reactors have the potential to be inherently safe. candu reactors candu reactors, canadian - invented de", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5325860375188383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.078949"} {"text": "to the other side. other reactor types other types of reactors have different capabilities and safety profiles than the lwr does. advanced varieties of several of these reactors have the potential to be inherently safe. candu reactors candu reactors, canadian - invented deuterium - uranium design, are designed with at least one, and generally two, large low - temperature and low - pressure water reservoirs around their fuel / coolant channels. the first is the bulk heavy - water moderator ( a separate system from the coolant ), and the second is the light - water - filled shield tank. these backup heat sinks are sufficient to prevent either the fuel meltdown in the first place ( using the moderator heat sink ), or the breaching of the core vessel should the moderator eventually boil off ( using the shield tank heat sink ). other failure modes aside from fuel melt will probably occur in a candu rather than a meltdown, such as deformation of the calandria into a non - critical configuration. all candu reactors are located within standard western containments as well. gas - cooled reactors one type of western reactor, known as the advanced gas - cooled reactor ( or agcr ), built by the united kingdom, is not very vulnerable to loss - of - cooling accidents or to core damage except in the most extreme of circumstances. by virtue of the relatively inert coolant ( carbon dioxide ), the large volume and high pressure of the coolant, and the relatively high heat transfer efficiency of the reactor, the time frame for core damage in the event of a limiting fault is measured in days. restoration of some means of coolant flow will prevent core damage from occurring. other types of highly advanced gas cooled reactors, generally known as high - temperature gas - cooled reactors ( htgrs ) such as the japanese high temperature test reactor and the united states ' very high temperature reactor, are inherently safe, meaning that meltdown or other forms of core damage are physically impossible, due to the structure of the core, which consists of hexagonal prismatic blocks of silicon carbide reinforced graphite infused with triso or quadriso pellets of uranium, thorium, or mixed oxide buried underground in a helium - filled steel pressure vessel within a concrete containment. though this type of reactor is not susceptible to meltdown, additional capabilities of heat removal are provided by using regular atmospheric airflow as a means of backup heat removal, by having it pass through a heat exchanger and rising into the atmosphere due to convection, achieving full residual heat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.51626026832837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.080043"} {"text": "is not susceptible to meltdown, additional capabilities of heat removal are provided by using regular atmospheric airflow as a means of backup heat removal, by having it pass through a heat exchanger and rising into the atmosphere due to convection, achieving full residual heat removal. the vhtr is scheduled to be prototyped and tested at idaho national laboratory within the next decade ( as of 2009 ) as the design selected for the next generation nuclear plant by the us department of energy. this reactor will use a gas as a coolant, which can then be used for process heat ( such as in hydrogen production ) or for the driving of gas turbines and the generation of electricity. a similar highly advanced gas cooled reactor originally designed by west germany ( the avr reactor ) and now developed by south africa is known as the pebble bed modular reactor. it is an inherently safe design, meaning that core damage is physically impossible, due to the design of the fuel ( spherical graphite \" pebbles \" arranged in a bed within a metal rpv and filled with triso ( or quadriso ) pellets of uranium, thorium, or mixed oxide within ). a prototype of a very similar type of reactor has been built by the chinese, htr - 10, and has worked beyond researchers ' expectations, leading the chinese to announce plans to build a pair of follow - on, full - scale 250 mwe, inherently safe, power production reactors based on the same concept. ( see nuclear power in the people ' s republic of china for more information. ) experimental or conceptual designs some design concepts for nuclear reactors emphasize resistance to meltdown and operating safety. the pius ( process inherent ultimate safety ) designs, originally engineered by the swedes in the late 1970s and early 1980s, are lwrs that by virtue of their design are resistant to core damage. no units have ever been built. power reactors, including the deployable electrical energy reactor, a larger - scale mobile version of the triga for power generation in disaster areas and on military missions, and the triga power system, a small power plant and heat source for small and remote community use, have been put forward by interested engineers, and share the safety characteristics of the triga due to the uranium zirconium hydride fuel used. the hydrogen moderated self - regulating nuclear power module, a reactor that uses uranium hydride as a moderator and fuel, similar in chemistry and safety to the triga, also possesses these extreme safety and stability characteristics, and has attracted a good deal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5691331529969466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.081145"} {"text": "the hydrogen moderated self - regulating nuclear power module, a reactor that uses uranium hydride as a moderator and fuel, similar in chemistry and safety to the triga, also possesses these extreme safety and stability characteristics, and has attracted a good deal of interest in recent times. the liquid fluoride thermal reactor is designed to naturally have its core in a molten state, as a eutectic mix of thorium and fluorine salts. as such, a molten core is reflective of the normal and safe state of operation of this reactor type. in the event the core overheats, a metal plug will melt, and the molten salt core will drain into tanks where it will cool in a non - critical configuration. since the core is liquid, and already melted, it cannot be damaged. advanced liquid metal reactors, such as the u. s. integral fast reactor and the russian bn - 350, bn - 600, and bn - 800, all have a coolant with very high heat capacity, sodium metal. as such, they can withstand a loss of cooling without scram and a loss of heat sink without scram, qualifying them as inherently safe. soviet union - designed reactors soviet designed rbmks, found only in russia and the cis and now shut down everywhere except russia, do not have containment buildings, are naturally unstable ( tending to dangerous power fluctuations ), and also have eccs systems that are considered grossly inadequate by western safety standards. the reactor from the chernobyl disaster was a rbmk reactor. rbmk eccs systems only have one division and have less than sufficient redundancy within that division. though the large core size of the rbmk makes it less energy - dense than the western lwr core, it makes it harder to cool. the rbmk is moderated by graphite. in the presence of both steam and oxygen, at high temperatures, graphite forms synthesis gas and with the water gas shift reaction the resultant hydrogen burns explosively. if oxygen contacts hot graphite, it will burn. the rbmk tends towards dangerous power fluctuations. control rods used to be tipped with graphite, a material that slows neutrons and thus speeds up the chain reaction. water is used as a coolant, but not a moderator. if the water boils away, cooling is lost, but moderation continues. this is termed a positive void coefficient of reactivity. control rods can become stuck if the reactor suddenly heats up and they are moving. xenon - 135", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5159738963508722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.082145"} {"text": "moderator. if the water boils away, cooling is lost, but moderation continues. this is termed a positive void coefficient of reactivity. control rods can become stuck if the reactor suddenly heats up and they are moving. xenon - 135, a neutron absorbent fission product, has a tendency to build up in the core and burn off unpredictably in the event of low power operation. this can lead to inaccurate neutronic and thermal power ratings. the rbmk does not have any containment above the core. the only substantial solid barrier above the fuel is the upper part of the core, called the upper biological shield, which is a piece of concrete interpenetrated with control rods and with access holes for refueling while online. other parts of the rbmk were shielded better than the core itself. rapid shutdown ( scram ) takes 10 to 15 seconds. western reactors take 1 - 2. 5 seconds. western aid has been given to provide certain real - time safety monitoring capacities to the human staff. whether this extends to automatic initiation of emergency cooling is not known. training has been provided in safety assessment from western sources, and russian reactors have evolved in result to the weaknesses that were in the rbmk. however, numerous rbmks still operate. it is safe to say that it might be possible to stop a loss - of - coolant event prior to core damage occurring, but that any core damage incidents will probably assure massive release of radioactive materials. further, dangerous power fluctuations are natural to the design. lithuania joined the eu recently, and upon acceding, it has been required to shut the two rbmks that it has at ignalina npp, as such reactors are totally incompatible with the nuclear safety standards of europe. it will be replacing them with some safer form of reactor. the mker is a modern russian - engineered channel type reactor that is a distant descendant of the rbmk. it approaches the concept from a different and superior direction, optimizing the benefits, and fixing the flaws of the original rbmk design. there are several unique features of the mker ' s design that make it a credible and interesting option : one unique benefit of the mker ' s design is that in the event of a challenge to cooling within the core - a pipe break of a channel, the channel can be isolated from the plenums supplying water, decreasing the potential for common - mode failures. the lower power density of the core greatly enhances thermal regulation. graphite moderation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5538421347463646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.083208"} {"text": "within the core - a pipe break of a channel, the channel can be isolated from the plenums supplying water, decreasing the potential for common - mode failures. the lower power density of the core greatly enhances thermal regulation. graphite moderation enhances neutronic characteristics beyond light water ranges. the passive emergency cooling system provides a high level of protection by using natural phenomena to cool the core rather than depending on motor - driven pumps. the containment structure is modern and designed to withstand a very high level of punishment. refueling is accomplished while online, ensuring that outages are for maintenance only and are very few and far between. 97 - 99 % uptime is a definite possibility. lower enrichment fuels can be used, and high burnup can be achieved due to the moderator design. neutronics characteristics have been revamped to optimize for purely civilian fuel fertilization and recycling. due to the enhanced quality control of parts, advanced computer controls, comprehensive passive emergency core cooling system, and very strong containment structure, along with a negative void coefficient and a fast acting rapid shutdown system, the mker ' s safety can generally be regarded as being in the range of the western generation iii reactors, and the unique benefits of the design may enhance its competitiveness in countries considering full fuel - cycle options for nuclear development. the vver is a pressurized light water reactor that is far more stable and safe than the rbmk. this is because it uses light water as a moderator ( rather than graphite ), has well understood operating characteristics, and has a negative void coefficient of reactivity. in addition, some have been built with more than marginal containments, some have quality eccs systems, and some have been upgraded to international standards of control and instrumentation. present generations of vvers ( the vver - 1000 ) are built to western - equivalent levels of instrumentation, control, and containment systems. however, even with these positive developments, certain older vver models raise a high level of concern, especially the vver - 440 v230. the vver - 440 v230 has no containment building, but only has a structure capable of confining steam surrounding the rpv. this is a volume of thin steel, perhaps an inch or two in thickness, grossly insufficient by western standards. - has no eccs. can survive at most one 4 inch pipe break ( there are many pipes greater than 4 inches within the design ). - has six steam generator loops, adding unnecessary complexity. - however, apparently steam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5568378042658616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.084232"} {"text": "insufficient by western standards. - has no eccs. can survive at most one 4 inch pipe break ( there are many pipes greater than 4 inches within the design ). - has six steam generator loops, adding unnecessary complexity. - however, apparently steam generator loops can be isolated, in the event that a break occurs in one of these loops. the plant can remain operating with one isolated loop - a feature found in few western reactors. the interior of the pressure vessel is plain alloy steel, exposed to water. this can lead to rust, if the reactor is exposed to water. one point of distinction in which the vver surpasses the west is the reactor water cleanup facility - built, no doubt, to deal with the enormous volume of rust within the primary coolant loop - the product of the slow corrosion of the rpv. this model is viewed as having inadequate process control systems. bulgaria had a number of vver - 440 v230 models, but they opted to shut them down upon joining the eu rather than backfit them, and are instead building new vver - 1000 models. many non - eu states maintain v230 models, including russia and the cis. many of these states - rather than abandoning the reactors entirely - have opted to install an eccs, develop standard procedures, and install proper instrumentation and control systems. though confinements cannot be transformed into containments, the risk of a limiting fault resulting in core damage can be greatly reduced. the vver - 440 v213 model was built to the first set of soviet nuclear safety standards. it possesses a modest containment building, and the eccs systems, though not completely to western standards, are reasonably comprehensive. many vver - 440 v213 models possessed by former soviet bloc countries have been upgraded to fully automated western - style instrumentation and control systems, improving safety to western levels for accident prevention - but not for accident containment, which is of a modest level compared to western plants. these reactors are regarded as \" safe enough \" by western standards to continue operation without major modifications, though most owners have performed major modifications to bring them up to generally equivalent levels of nuclear safety. during the 1970s, finland built two vver - 440 v213 models to western standards with a large - volume full containment and world - class instrumentation, control standards and an eccs with multiply redundant and diversified components. in addition, passive safety features such as 900 - tonne ice condensers have been installed, making these two units safety - wise the most advanced vver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5083313444823466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.085314"} {"text": "- class instrumentation, control standards and an eccs with multiply redundant and diversified components. in addition, passive safety features such as 900 - tonne ice condensers have been installed, making these two units safety - wise the most advanced vver - 440 ' s in the world. the vver - 1000 type has a definitely adequate western - style containment, the eccs is sufficient by western standards, and instrumentation and control has been markedly improved to western 1970s - era levels. chernobyl disaster in the chernobyl disaster the fuel became non - critical when it melted and flowed away from the graphite moderator - however, it took considerable time to cool. the molten core of chernobyl ( that part that did not vaporize in the fire ) flowed in a channel created by the structure of its reactor building and froze in place before a core - concrete interaction could happen. in the basement of the reactor at chernobyl, a large \" elephant ' s foot \" of congealed core material was found. time delay, and prevention of direct emission to the atmosphere, would have reduced the radiological release. if the basement of the reactor building had been penetrated, the groundwater would be severely contaminated, and its flow could carry the contamination far afield. the chernobyl reactor was an rbmk type. the disaster was caused by a power excursion that led to a meltdown and extensive offsite consequences. operator error and a faulty shutdown system led to a sudden, massive spike in the neutron multiplication rate, a sudden decrease in the neutron period, and a consequent increase in neutron population ; thus, core heat flux very rapidly increased to unsafe levels. this caused the water coolant to flash to steam, causing a sudden overpressure within the reactor pressure vessel ( rpv ), leading to granulation of the upper portion of the core and the ejection of the upper plenum of said pressure vessel along with core debris from the reactor building in a widely dispersed pattern. the lower portion of the reactor remained somewhat intact ; the graphite neutron moderator was exposed to oxygen containing air ; heat from the power excursion in addition to residual heat flux from the remaining fuel rods left without coolant induced oxidation in the moderator ; this in turn evolved more heat and contributed to the melting of the fuel rods and the outgassing of the fission products contained therein. the liquefied remains of the fuel rods flowed through a drainage pipe into the basement of the reactor building and solidified in a mass later dubbed co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5384760193294688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.086373"} {"text": "to the melting of the fuel rods and the outgassing of the fission products contained therein. the liquefied remains of the fuel rods flowed through a drainage pipe into the basement of the reactor building and solidified in a mass later dubbed corium, though the primary threat to the public safety was the dispersed core ejecta and the gasses evolved from the oxidation of the moderator. although the chernobyl accident had dire off - site effects, much of the radioactivity remained within the building. if the building were to fail and dust was to be released into the environment then the release of a given mass of fission products which have aged for twenty years would have a smaller effect than the release of the same mass of fission products ( in the same chemical and physical form ) which had only undergone a short cooling time ( such as one hour ) after the nuclear reaction has been terminated. however, if a nuclear reaction was to occur again within the chernobyl plant ( for instance if rainwater was to collect and act as a moderator ) then the new fission products would have a higher specific activity and thus pose a greater threat if they were released. to prevent a post - accident nuclear reaction, steps have been taken, such as adding neutron poisons to key parts of the basement. the effects of a nuclear meltdown depend on the safety features designed into a reactor. a modern reactor is designed both to make a meltdown unlikely, and to contain one should it occur. in a modern reactor, a nuclear meltdown, whether partial or total, should be contained inside the reactor ' s containment structure. thus ( assuming that no other major disasters occur ) while the meltdown will severely damage the reactor itself, possibly contaminating the whole structure with highly radioactive material, a meltdown alone should not lead to significant radiation release or danger to the public. in practice, however, a nuclear meltdown is often part of a larger chain of disasters ( although there have been so few meltdowns in the history of nuclear power that there is not a large pool of statistical information from which to draw a credible conclusion as to what \" often \" happens in such circumstances ). for example, in the chernobyl accident, by the time the core melted, there had already been a large steam explosion and graphite fire and major release of radioactive contamination ( as with almost all soviet reactors, there was no containment structure at chernobyl ). also, before a possible meltdown occurs, pressure can already be rising in the reactor, and to prevent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5261538943045354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.087456"} {"text": "and graphite fire and major release of radioactive contamination ( as with almost all soviet reactors, there was no containment structure at chernobyl ). also, before a possible meltdown occurs, pressure can already be rising in the reactor, and to prevent a meltdown by restoring the cooling of the core, operators are allowed to reduce the pressure in the reactor by releasing ( radioactive ) steam into the environment. this enables them to inject additional cooling water into the reactor again. reactor design although pressurized water reactors are more susceptible to nuclear meltdown in the absence of active safety measures, this is not a universal feature of civilian nuclear reactors. much of the research in civilian nuclear reactors is for designs with passive nuclear safety features that may be less susceptible to meltdown, even if all emergency systems failed. for example, pebble bed reactors are designed so that complete loss of coolant for an indefinite period does not result in the reactor overheating. the general electric esbwr and westinghouse ap1000 have passively activated safety systems. the candu reactor has two low - temperature and low - pressure water systems surrounding the fuel ( i. e. moderator and shield tank ) that act as back - up heat sinks and preclude meltdowns and core - breaching scenarios. fast breeder reactors are more susceptible to meltdown than other reactor types, due to the larger quantity of fissile material and the higher neutron flux inside the reactor core, which makes it more difficult to control the reaction. accidental fires are widely acknowledged to be risk factors that can contribute to a nuclear meltdown. united states there have been at least eight meltdowns in the history of the united states. all are widely called \" partial meltdowns. \" - borax - i was a test reactor designed to explore criticality excursions and observe if a reactor would self limit. in the final test, it was deliberately destroyed and revealed that the reactor reached much higher temperatures than were predicted at the time. - the reactor at ebr - i suffered a partial meltdown during a coolant flow test on november 29, 1955. - the sodium reactor experiment in santa susana field laboratory was an experimental nuclear reactor which operated from 1957 to 1964 and was the first commercial power plant in the world to experience a core meltdown in july 1959. - stationary low - power reactor number one ( sl - 1 ) was a united states army experimental nuclear power reactor which underwent a criticality excursion, a steam explosion, and a meltdown on january 3,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.506092962272606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.088719"} {"text": "experience a core meltdown in july 1959. - stationary low - power reactor number one ( sl - 1 ) was a united states army experimental nuclear power reactor which underwent a criticality excursion, a steam explosion, and a meltdown on january 3, 1961, killing three operators. - the snap8er reactor at the santa susana field laboratory experienced damage to 80 % of its fuel in an accident in 1964. - the partial meltdown at the fermi 1 experimental fast breeder reactor, in 1966, required the reactor to be repaired, though it never achieved full operation afterward. - the snap8dr reactor at the santa susana field laboratory experienced damage to approximately a third of its fuel in an accident in 1969. - the three mile island accident, in 1979, referred to in the press as a \" partial core melt, \" led to the permanent shutdown of that reactor. soviet union in the most serious example, the chernobyl disaster, design flaws and operator negligence led to a power excursion that subsequently caused a meltdown. according to a report released by the chernobyl forum ( consisting of numerous united nations agencies, including the international atomic energy agency and the world health organization ; the world bank ; and the governments of ukraine, belarus, and russia ) the disaster killed twenty - eight people due to acute radiation syndrome, could possibly result in up to four thousand fatal cancers at an unknown time in the future and required the permanent evacuation of an exclusion zone around the reactor. during the fukushima i nuclear accidents, three of the power plant ' s six reactors reportedly suffered meltdowns. most of the fuel in the reactor no. 1 nuclear power plant melted. tepco believes no. 2 and no. 3 reactors were similarly affected. on may 24, 2011, tepco reported that all three reactors melted down. meltdown incidents - there was also a fatal core meltdown at sl - 1, an experimental u. s. military reactor in idaho. large - scale nuclear meltdowns at civilian nuclear power plants include : - the lucens reactor, switzerland, in 1969. - the three mile island accident in pennsylvania, u. s. a., in 1979. - the chernobyl disaster at chernobyl nuclear power plant, ukraine, ussr, in 1986. - the fukushima i nuclear accidents following the earthquake and tsunami in japan, march 2011. other core meltdowns have occurred at : - nrx ( military ), ontario, canada, in 1952 - borax - i ( experimental ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47281688963327473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.089635"} {"text": "- the fukushima i nuclear accidents following the earthquake and tsunami in japan, march 2011. other core meltdowns have occurred at : - nrx ( military ), ontario, canada, in 1952 - borax - i ( experimental ), idaho, u. s. a., in 1954 - ebr - i ( military ), idaho, u. s. a., in 1955 - windscale ( military ), sellafield, england, in 1957 ( see windscale fire ) - sodium reactor experiment, ( civilian ), california, u. s. a., in 1959 - fermi 1 ( civilian ), michigan, u. s. a., in 1966 - chapelcross nuclear power station ( civilian ), scotland, in 1967 - saint - laurent nuclear power plant ( civilian ), france, in 1969 - a1 plant, ( civilian ) at jaslovske bohunice, czechoslovakia, in 1977 - saint - laurent nuclear power plant ( civilian ), france, in 1980 china syndrome the china syndrome ( loss - of - coolant accident ) is a fictional nuclear reactor operations accident characterized by the severe meltdown of the core components of the reactor, which then burn through the containment vessel and the housing building, then notionally through the crust and body of the earth until reaching the other side, which in the united states is jokingly referred to as being china. the system design of the nuclear power plants built in the late 1960s raised questions of operational safety, and raised the concern that a severe reactor accident could release large quantities of radioactive materials into the atmosphere and environment. by 1970, there were doubts about the ability of the emergency cooling systems of a nuclear reactor to prevent a loss of coolant accident and the consequent meltdown of the fuel core ; the subject proved popular in the technical and the popular presses. in 1971, in the article thoughts on nuclear plumbing, former manhattan project ( 1942 \u2013 1946 ) nuclear physicist ralph lapp used the term \" china syndrome \" to describe a possible burn - through, after a loss of coolant accident, of the nuclear fuel rods and core components melting the containment structures, and the subsequent escape of radioactive material ( s ) into the atmosphere and environment ; the hypothesis derived from a 1967 report by a group of nuclear physicists, headed by w. k. ergen. in the event, lapp \u2019 s hypothetical nuclear accident was cinematically adapted as the china syndrome ( 1979 ). the geographic, planet - piercing concept of the china syndrome derives from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5036816352000498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.090566"} {"text": "of nuclear physicists, headed by w. k. ergen. in the event, lapp \u2019 s hypothetical nuclear accident was cinematically adapted as the china syndrome ( 1979 ). the geographic, planet - piercing concept of the china syndrome derives from the misperception that china is the antipode of the united states ; to many americans, it is the \u201c the other side of the world \u201d. moreover, the hypothetical transit of a meltdown product to the other side of the earth ( i. e. china ) ignores the fact that the earth ' s gravity tends to pull all masses towards its center. assuming a meltdown product could persist in a mobile molten form for long enough to reach the center of the earth ; momentum loss due to friction ( fluid viscosity ) would prevent it continuing to the other side. see also - behavior of nuclear fuel during a reactor accident - chernobyl compared to other radioactivity releases - chernobyl disaster effects - high - level radioactive waste management - international nuclear event scale - list of civilian nuclear accidents - lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents - nuclear fuel response to reactor accidents - nuclear safety - nuclear power - nuclear power debate - martin fackler ( june 1, 2011 ). \" report finds japan underestimated tsunami danger \". new york times. - international atomic energy agency ( iaea ) ( 2007 ). iaea safety glossary : terminology used in nuclear safety and radiation protection ( 2007edition ed. ). vienna, austria : international atomic energy agency. isbn 92 - 0 - 100707 - 8. retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17. - united states nuclear regulatory commission ( nrc ) ( 2009 - 09 - 14 ). \" glossary \". website. rockville, maryland, usa : federal government of the united states. pp. see entries for letter m and entries for letter n. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03. - reactor safety study : an assessment of accident risks in u. s. commercial nuclear power plants, volume 1 - hewitt, geoffrey frederick ; collier, john gordon ( 2000 ). \" 4. 6. 1 design basis accident for the agr : depressurization fault \". introduction to nuclear power ( in technical english ). london, uk : taylor & francis. p. 133. isbn 978 - 1 - 56032 - 454 - 6. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05. - \" earthquake report no. 91 \". jaif. may 25, 2011. retrieved may 25, 2011. - kuan,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5541073436165032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.091564"} {"text": ". 133. isbn 978 - 1 - 56032 - 454 - 6. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05. - \" earthquake report no. 91 \". jaif. may 25, 2011. retrieved may 25, 2011. - kuan, p. ; hanson, d. j., odar, f. ( 1991 ). managing water addition to a degraded core. retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22. - haskin, f. e. ; camp, a. l. ( 1994 ). perspectives on reactor safety ( nureg / cr - 6042 ) ( reactor safety course r - 800 ), 1st edition. beltsville, md : u. s. nuclear regulatory commission. p. 3. 1 \u2013 5. retrieved 2010 - 11 - 23. - haskin, f. e. ; camp, a. l. ( 1994 ). perspectives on reactor safety ( nureg / cr - 6042 ) ( reactor safety course r - 800 ), 1st edition. beltsville, md : u. s. nuclear regulatory commission. pp. 3. 5 \u2013 1 to 3. 5 \u2013 4. retrieved 2010 - 12 - 24. - haskin, f. e. ; camp, a. l. ( 1994 ). perspectives on reactor safety ( nureg / cr - 6042 ) ( reactor safety course r - 800 ), 1st edition. beltsville, md : u. s. nuclear regulatory commission. pp. 3. 5 \u2013 4 to 3. 5 \u2013 5. retrieved 2010 - 12 - 24. - ans : public information : resources : special topics : history at three mile island : what happened and what didn ' t in the tmi - 2 accident - nuclear industry in russia sells safety, taught by chernobyl - ' melt - through ' at fukushima? / govt. suggests situation worse than meltdown http : / / www. yomiuri. co. jp / dy / national / t110607005367. htm - test area north - walker, j. samuel ( 2004 ). three mile island : a nuclear crisis in historical perspective ( berkeley : university of california press ), p. 11. - lapp, ralph e. \" thoughts on nuclear plumbing. \" the new york times, 12 december 1971, pg. e11. - \" china syndrome \". merriam - webster. retrieved december 11, 2012. - presenter : martha raddatz ( 15 march 2011 ). \" abc world news \". abc. - allen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5073269701494296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.092354"} {"text": ", 12 december 1971, pg. e11. - \" china syndrome \". merriam - webster. retrieved december 11, 2012. - presenter : martha raddatz ( 15 march 2011 ). \" abc world news \". abc. - allen, p. j. ; j. q. howieson, h. s. shapiro, j. t. rogers, p. mostert and r. w. van otterloo ( april \u2013 june 1990 ). \" summary of candu 6 probabilistic safety assessment study results \". nuclear safety 31 ( 2 ) : 202 \u2013 214. - http : / / www. insc. anl. gov / neisb / neisb4 / neisb _ 1. 1. html inl vver sourcebook - partial fuel meltdown events - anl - w reactor history : borax i - wald, matthew l. ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ). \" japan expands evacuation around nuclear plant \". the new york times. - the chernobyl forum : 2003 - 2005 ( 2006 - 04 ). \" chernobyl \u2019 s legacy : health, environmental and socio - economic impacts \". international atomic energy agency. p. 14. retrieved 2011 - 01 - 26. - the chernobyl forum : 2003 - 2005 ( 2006 - 04 ). \" chernobyl \u2019 s legacy : health, environmental and socio - economic impacts \". international atomic energy agency. p. 16. retrieved 2011 - 01 - 26. - hiroko tabuchi ( may 24, 2011 ). \" company believes 3 reactors melted down in japan \". the new york times. retrieved 2011 - 05 - 25.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4999885880120086, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.093153"} {"text": "roman siege engines | this article is part of the series on : military of ancient rome ( portal ) 753 bc \u2013 ad erals | roman navy ( fleets, admirals ) | | lists of wars and battles | | decorations and punishments | | military engineering ( castra, siege engines, arches, roads ) | | strategy and tactics | | frontiers and fortifications ( limes, hadrian ' s wall ) | roman siege engines were, for the most part, adapted from hellenistic siege technology. relatively small efforts were made to develop the technology ; however, the romans brought an unrelentingly aggressive style to siege warfare that brought them repeated success. up to the 1st century bc the romans utilized siege weapons only as required and relied for the most part on ladders, towers and rams to assault a fortified town. ballistae were also employed, but held no permanent place within a legion ' s roster, until later in the republic, and were used sparingly. julius caesar took great interest in the integration of advanced siege engines, organizing their use for optimal battlefield efficiency. army engineering corps to facilitate this organization and the army \u2019 s self - sufficiency, an engineering corps was developed. an officer of engineers, or praefectus fabrum, is referenced in armies of the late republic, but this post is not verifiable in all accounts and may have simply been a military advisor on the personal staff of a commanding officer. there were legion architects ( whose rank is yet unknown ) who were responsible for the construction of war machines who would also assure that all artillery constructions in the field were level. ensuring that constructions were level was the job of the libratores, who would also launch missiles and other projectiles ( on occasion ) during battle ( le bohec 1994 : 52 ). the engineering corps was in charge of massive production, frequently prefabricating artillery and siege equipment to facilitate its transportation. roman artillery was very efficient at that time, and during a siege the romans would attack the weakest area of their enemy \u2019 s defenses and attempt to breach the walls at that point. to support this effort, artillery fire would commence, with three main objectives : to cause damage to defenses, casualties among the opposing army, and loss of enemy morale. it would also provide cover fire for troops building siege ramps or those in siege towers. there were machines called tormenta, which would launch ( sometimes incendiary ) projectiles such as javelins, arrows, rocks, or beams. these devices were on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43827969544551343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.104980"} {"text": "would also provide cover fire for troops building siege ramps or those in siege towers. there were machines called tormenta, which would launch ( sometimes incendiary ) projectiles such as javelins, arrows, rocks, or beams. these devices were on wheeled platforms to follow the line \u2019 s advance. all were \u201c predicated on a principle of physics : a lever was inserted into a skein of twisted horsehair to increase torsion, and when the arm was released, a considerable amount of energy was thus freed \u201d. it was later stated that sinew, instead of twisted hair, provided a better \u201c spring. \u201d these weapons were high - maintenance devices and vulnerable to having their leather, sinew, or hemp skeins affected by wet or even damp, which would cause them to slacken and lose tension, rendering the engine useless. it is somewhat difficult to clearly define and describe roman artillery, as names are easily confused and historians still do not agree on all definitions. perhaps best known are the ballista, the onager, and the scorpio. after the absorption of the ancient greek city states into the roman republic in 146 bc, some advanced greek technology began to spread across many areas of roman influence. this included the hugely advantageous military advances the greeks had made ( most notably by dionysus of syracuse ), as well as all the scientific, mathematical, political and artistic developments. the romans ' inherited ' the torsion powered ballistae which had by now spread to several cities around the mediterranean, all of which became roman spoils of war in time, including one from pergamum, which was depicted among a pile of ' trophy ' weapons in relief on a balustrade. the torsion ballista, developed by alexander, was a far more complicated weapon than its predecessor, and the romans developed it even further. every century ( group of 60 - 100 men ) in the roman army had a ballista by the 1st century ad. it was the command of the chief of the ballista, under whom were the artillery experts, or doctores ballistarum and finally, the artillerymen, or ballistarii. ballistae were heavy missile weapons, hurling large rocks great distances to damage rampart walls. they resembled large crossbows, rather than catapults. they were powered by two horizontal like arms, which were inserted into two vertical and tightly wound \" skein \" springs contained in a rectangular frame structure making up the head or principal part of the weapon. the arms were drawn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4876161062896068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.105935"} {"text": "than catapults. they were powered by two horizontal like arms, which were inserted into two vertical and tightly wound \" skein \" springs contained in a rectangular frame structure making up the head or principal part of the weapon. the arms were drawn rearward with a winch lever to further twist the skeins and thus gain the torsion power to cast a projectile. it has been said that the whirring sound of a ballista - fired stone struck fear and dread into the hearts of those inside the walls of besieged cities. the stones chosen to be used in the ballista had to be a particular sort. according to vegetius river stones were best, since they are round, smooth, and dense. ballista stones found at the site of masada were chiseled to make them as round as possible. early roman ballista the early roman ballistae were made of wood, and held together with iron plates around the frames and iron nails in the stand. the main stand had a slider on the top, into which were loaded the bolts or stone ' shot '. attached to this, at the back, was a pair of winches and a claw, used to ratchet the bowstring back to the armed firing position. a slider passed through the field frames of the weapon, in which were located the torsion springs ( rope made of animal sinew ), which were twisted around the bow arms, which in turn were attached to the bowstring. drawing the bowstring back with the winches twisted the already taut springs, storing the energy to fire the projectiles. the ballista was a highly accurate weapon ( there are many accounts right from its early history of single soldiers being picked off by the operators ), but some design aspects meant it could compromise its accuracy for range. the lightweight bolts could not gain the high momentum of the stones over the same distance as those thrown by the later onagers, trebuchets, or mangonels ; these could be as heavy as 90 - 135 kg ( 200 - 300 pounds ). the romans continued the development of the ballista, and it became a highly - prized and valued weapon in the army of the roman empire. it was used, just before the start of the empire, by julius caesar during his conquest of gaul and on both of his expeditions to britain. both attempted invasions of britain and the siege of alesia are recorded in his own commentarii ( journal ), the gallic wars ( de bello gallico", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4426668149307907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.106898"} {"text": "by julius caesar during his conquest of gaul and on both of his expeditions to britain. both attempted invasions of britain and the siege of alesia are recorded in his own commentarii ( journal ), the gallic wars ( de bello gallico ). it was also used in the roman siege of masada. first invasion of britain the first invasion of britain took place in 55 bc, after a rapid and successful initial conquest of gaul, in part as an exploratory expedition, and more practically to try and put an end to the re - enforcements sent by the native britons to fight the romans in gaul. a total of eighty transports, carrying two legions attempted to land on the british shore, only to be driven back by the many british warriors assembled along the shoreline. the ships had to unload their troops on the beach, as it was the only one suitable for many kilometers, yet the massed ranks of british charioteers and javeliners were making it impossible. seeing this, caesar ordered the warships \u2013 which were swifter and easier to handle than the transports, and likely to impress the natives more by their unfamiliar appearance \u2013 to be removed a short distance from the others, and then be rowed hard and run ashore on the enemy \u2019 s right flank, from which position the slings, bows and artillery could be used by men on deck to drive them back. this manoeuvre was highly successful. scared by the strange shape of the warships, the motion of the oars, and the unfamiliar machines, the natives halted and then retreated a little. ( caesar, the conquest of gaul, p. 99 ) siege of alesia in gaul, the stronghold of alesia was under a roman siege in 52 bc, and surrounded by roman fortifications. as was standard siege technique at the time, ballistae were placed up in the towers with other soldiers armed with either bows or slings. the onager the onager was a post - classical roman siege engine, which derived its name from the kicking action of the machine, similar to that of an onager ( wild ass ). it is a type of catapult that uses torsional pressure, generally from twisted rope, to store energy for the shot. the onager consisted of a frame placed on the ground to whose front end a vertical frame of solid timber was rigidly fixed ; through the vertical frame ran an axle, which had a single stout spoke. on the extremity of the spoke was a sling used to launch a projectile. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45311245185572735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.107869"} {"text": "the ground to whose front end a vertical frame of solid timber was rigidly fixed ; through the vertical frame ran an axle, which had a single stout spoke. on the extremity of the spoke was a sling used to launch a projectile. in action the spoke was forced down, against the tension of twisted ropes or other springs, by a windlass, and then suddenly released. the spoke thus kicked the crosspiece of the vertical frame, and the projectile at its extreme end was shot forward. the onagers of the roman empire were mainly used for besieging forts or settlements. they would often be loaded with large stones or rocks that could be covered with a flammable substance and set alight. in the middle ages ( recorded from around 1200 c. e. ) a less powerful version of the onager was used that employed a fixed bowl rather than a sling, so that many small projectiles could be thrown, as opposed to a single large one. this engine was sometimes called the mangonel, although the same name may have been used for a variety of siege engines. the scorpio was a crossbow - like device that fired smaller arrows with deadly accuracy used both in the field and in sieges. they were so - named for their deadly, armor - piercing sting and could be operated by just one or two men. scorpions were meant to kill and injure enemy troops, rather than break down enemy fortifications. thanks to their smaller size, they could be mounted on or in siege towers. during the siege of amida, a scorpion - fired arrow killed the son of grumbate, king of the chionitae, when he was approaching the city to surrender. there has been some research done into the existence of the self - loading, serial - fire scorpio or polybolos. legionaries either side would continuously keep turning cranks which turned a chain, which operated the various mechanisms to load and fire the catapult. all that was needed was for another soldier to keep feeding in more arrows. breaking the walls battering rams roman battering rams, or aries, were an effective weapon for breaking down an enemy \u2019 s walls, as well as their morale. under roman law, any defenders who failed to surrender before the first ram touched their wall were denied any rights. the moment they heard the ram hit the wall, those inside the city knew that the siege proper had begun and there was no turning back. it is an immense beam, similar to a ship \u2019 s mast, with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4745286825245659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.108815"} {"text": "their wall were denied any rights. the moment they heard the ram hit the wall, those inside the city knew that the siege proper had begun and there was no turning back. it is an immense beam, similar to a ship \u2019 s mast, with one end covered with iron shaped into a ram \u2019 s head ; hence its name. it is suspended from another beam like a balance arm by cables around its middle, and this in turn is supported at both ends by posts fixed in the ground. it is drawn back by a huge number of men who then push it forward in unison with all their might so that it hits the wall with its iron head. there is no tower strong enough nor any wall thick enough to withstand repeated blows of this kind, and many cannot resist the first shock. for protection, a battering ram was suspended in a mobile shelter called a tortoise, or testudo. according to vegetius, it was given this name because the ram would swing out of the shelter much like a tortoise \u2019 s head comes out of its shell. such shelters would provide the men within protection against missiles and incendiary devices. they were constructed from a framework of strong timbers with planks and wicker hurdles on the sides. the entire shelter would then be covered with a fireproof material such as uncured hides. according to apollodorus of damascus, the shelter should be fixed to the ground while the ram was being used to both prevent skidding and strain on the axles from the weight of the moving apparatus. this would also increase the strength of the impact on the walls. siege towers according to josephus, the roman siege towers at jotapata were 50 feet high and iron - plated to protect them from fire ; those at masada were reported to be 75 feet high. it was possible to have many different devices on siege towers, such as artillery, draw bridges and rams. those at the top of the tower were to keep defenders off the walls while those below them attempted to breach the wall using ramps. following a basic design, details of tower construction varied from siege to siege and there is no known treatise which specifies at which level siege equipment should be placed. vegetius noted that, \u201c besiegers sometimes built a tower with another turret inside it that could suddenly be raised by ropes and pulleys to over - top the wall \u201d. mines could be dug under city walls as a means of entering a city secretly and capturing it but were more frequently constructed to weaken city walls.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4650714639383681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.109962"} {"text": "turret inside it that could suddenly be raised by ropes and pulleys to over - top the wall \u201d. mines could be dug under city walls as a means of entering a city secretly and capturing it but were more frequently constructed to weaken city walls. once dug, sappers would underpin the walls with wood and cause the walls to collapse by firing the supports with resin, sulfur and other incendiary materials. - goldsworthy 2000 : 144 - keppie 1984 : 99 - le bohec 1994 : 138 - catapulta at legionxxiv - le bohec 1994 : p. 138 - le bohec 1994 : p. 49 - garrison 1997. - goldsworthy 2000 : 191 - siege weapons at roman - empire. net - goldsworthy 2000 : p. 145 - gilliver 1999 : p. 140 - le bohec 1994 : p. 139 - gilliver 1999 : pp. 134 - 135 - gilliver 1999 : p. 138 - gilliver 1999 : pp. 136 - 137. - gilliver 1999 : 138 - gilliver 1999 : 140 - james v. garrison ( 1997 ). \" casting stones : ballista, stones as weapons, and death by stoning \". brigham young university studies 36 ( 3 ) : 351 \u2013 352. - gilliver, c. m. ( 1999 ). the roman art of war. charleston, sc : tempus. isbn 0 - 7524 - 1939 - 0. - goldsworthy, adrian ( 2000 ). roman warfare. london : cassell. isbn 0 - 304 - 35265 - 9. - keppie, lawrence ( 1984 ). the making of the roman army from empire to republic. totowa, nj : barnes & noble books. isbn 0 - 389 - 20447 - 1. - le bohec, yann ( 1994 ). the imperial roman army. london : b. t. batsford ltd. isbn 0 - 7134 - 7166 - 2. see also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4531552054862703, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.110623"} {"text": "signal - to - noise ratio ( often abbreviated snr or s / n ) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. it is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power. a ratio higher than 1 : 1 indicates more signal than noise. while snr is commonly quoted for electrical signals, it can be applied to any form of signal ( such as isotope levels in an ice core or biochemical signaling between cells ). signal - to - noise ratio is sometimes used informally to refer to the ratio of useful information to false or irrelevant data in a conversation or exchange. for example, in online discussion forums and other online communities, off - topic posts and spam are regarded as \" noise \" that interferes with the \" signal \" of appropriate discussion. where p is average power. both signal and noise power must be measured at the same or equivalent points in a system, and within the same system bandwidth. if the signal and the noise are measured across the same impedance, then the snr can be obtained by calculating the square of the amplitude ratio : where a is root mean square ( rms ) amplitude ( for example, rms voltage ). because many signals have a very wide dynamic range, snrs are often expressed using the logarithmic decibel scale. in decibels, the snr is defined as which may equivalently be written using amplitude ratios as the concepts of signal - to - noise ratio and dynamic range are closely related. dynamic range measures the ratio between the strongest un - distorted signal on a channel and the minimum discernable signal, which for most purposes is the noise level. snr measures the ratio between an arbitrary signal level ( not necessarily the most powerful signal possible ) and noise. measuring signal - to - noise ratios requires the selection of a representative or reference signal. in audio engineering, the reference signal is usually a sine wave at a standardized nominal or alignment level, such as 1 khz at + 4 dbu ( 1. 228 vrms ). snr is usually taken to indicate an average signal - to - noise ratio, as it is possible that ( near ) instantaneous signal - to - noise ratios will be considerably different. the concept can be understood as normalizing the noise level to 1 ( 0 db ) and measuring how far the signal ' stands out '. difference from conventional power in physics power ( physics ) of an ac signal is defined as but in signal processing and communication we usually assume that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6171691443564662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.118128"} {"text": "as normalizing the noise level to 1 ( 0 db ) and measuring how far the signal ' stands out '. difference from conventional power in physics power ( physics ) of an ac signal is defined as but in signal processing and communication we usually assume that so that usually we don ' t include that resistance term while measuring power or energy of a signal. this usually causes some confusions among readers but the resistance term is not significant for operations performed in signal processing. most of cases the power of a signal would be where ' a ' is the amplitude of the ac signal. in some places people just use as the constant term doesn ' t affect much during the calculations. alternative definition where is the signal mean or expected value and is the standard deviation of the noise, or an estimate thereof. [ note 2 ] notice that such an alternative definition is only useful for variables that are always non - negative ( such as photon counts and luminance ). thus it is commonly used in image processing, where the snr of an image is usually calculated as the ratio of the mean pixel value to the standard deviation of the pixel values over a given neighborhood. sometimes snr is defined as the square of the alternative definition above. the rose criterion ( named after albert rose ) states that an snr of at least 5 is needed to be able to distinguish image features at 100 % certainty. an snr less than 5 means less than 100 % certainty in identifying image details. snr for various modulation systems amplitude modulation channel signal - to - noise ratio is given by where w is the bandwidth and ka is modulation index output signal - to - noise ratio ( of am receiver ) is given by frequency modulation channel signal - to - noise ratio is given by output signal - to - noise ratio is given by improving snr in practice all real measurements are disturbed by noise. this includes electronic noise, but can also include external events that affect the measured phenomenon \u2014 wind, vibrations, gravitational attraction of the moon, variations of temperature, variations of humidity, etc., depending on what is measured and of the sensitivity of the device. it is often possible to reduce the noise by controlling the environment. otherwise, when the characteristics of the noise are known and are different from the signals, it is possible to filter it or to process the signal. for example, it is sometimes possible to use a lock - in amplifier to modulate and confine the signal within a very narrow bandwidth and then filter the detected signal to the narrow band where it resides, thereby eliminating most of the broadband noise.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6305031053158217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.119394"} {"text": ". for example, it is sometimes possible to use a lock - in amplifier to modulate and confine the signal within a very narrow bandwidth and then filter the detected signal to the narrow band where it resides, thereby eliminating most of the broadband noise. when the signal is constant or periodic and the noise is random, it is possible to enhance the snr by averaging the measurement. in this case the noise goes down as the square root of the number of averaged samples. digital signals when a measurement is digitised, the number of bits used to represent the measurement determines the maximum possible signal - to - noise ratio. this is because the minimum possible noise level is the error caused by the quantization of the signal, sometimes called quantization noise. this noise level is non - linear and signal - dependent ; different calculations exist for different signal models. quantization noise is modeled as an analog error signal summed with the signal before quantization ( \" additive noise \" ). this theoretical maximum snr assumes a perfect input signal. if the input signal is already noisy ( as is usually the case ), the signal ' s noise may be larger than the quantization noise. real analog - to - digital converters also have other sources of noise that further decrease the snr compared to the theoretical maximum from the idealized quantization noise, including the intentional addition of dither. although noise levels in a digital system can be expressed using snr, it is more common to use eb / no, the energy per bit per noise power spectral density. the modulation error ratio ( mer ) is a measure of the snr in a digitally modulated signal. fixed point assuming a uniform distribution of input signal values, the quantization noise is a uniformly distributed random signal with a peak - to - peak amplitude of one quantization level, making the amplitude ratio 2n / 1. the formula is then : this relationship is the origin of statements like \" 16 - bit audio has a dynamic range of 96 db \". each extra quantization bit increases the dynamic range by roughly 6 db. assuming a full - scale sine wave signal ( that is, the quantizer is designed such that it has the same minimum and maximum values as the input signal ), the quantization noise approximates a sawtooth wave with peak - to - peak amplitude of one quantization level and uniform distribution. in this case, the snr is approximately floating point note that the dynamic range is much larger than fixed - point,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6289738223771097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.120605"} {"text": "then can be calculated from data where the signal is zero or relatively constant. - often special filters are used to weight the noise : din - a, din - b, din - c, din - d, ccir - 601 ; for video, special filters such as comb filters may be used. - maximum possible full scale signal can be charged as peak - to - peak or as rms. audio uses rms, video p - p, which gave + 9 db more snr for video. - michael a. choma, marinko v. sarunic, changhuei yang, joseph a. izatt. sensitivity advantage of swept source and fourier domain optical coherence tomography. optics express, 11 ( 18 ). sept 2003. - d. j. schroeder ( 1999 ). astronomical optics ( 2nd ed. ). academic press. p. 433. isbn 978 - 0 - 12 - 629810 - 9. - bushberg, j. t., et al., the essential physics of medical imaging, ( 2e ). philadelphia : lippincott williams & wilkins, 2006, p. 280. - rafael c. gonzalez, richard eugene woods ( 2008 ). digital image processing. prentice hall. p. 354. isbn 0 - 13 - 168728 - x. - tania stathaki ( 2008 ). image fusion : algorithms and applications. academic press. p. 471. isbn 0 - 12 - 372529 - 1. - jitendra r. raol ( 2009 ). multi - sensor data fusion : theory and practice. crc press. isbn 1 - 4398 - 0003 - 0. - john c. russ ( 2007 ). the image processing handbook. crc press. isbn 0 - 8493 - 7254 - 2. - defining and testing dynamic parameters in high - speed adcs \u2014 maxim integrated products application note 728 - fixed - point vs. floating - point dsp for superior audio \u2014 rane corporation technical library - taking the mystery out of the infamous formula, \" snr = 6. 02n + 1. 76db, \" and why you should care. analog devices - adc and dac glossary \u2013 maxim integrated products - understand sinad, enob, snr, thd, thd + n, and sfdr so you don ' t get lost in the noise floor \u2013 analog devices - the relationship of dynamic range to data word size in digital audio processing - calculation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5817080422276804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.122555"} {"text": "july 24, 2011 the photo above shows a lovely group of mushrooms nestled against the trunk of a eucalyptus tree. the association between the fungi and the tree however is no accident. this is a mutualistic relationship, where the two species assist each other, and in fact probably would be poorer without each other. mutualism is any relationship between two species of organisms that benefits both species. up to a quarter of the mushrooms you see while walking through the woods actually make their living through a mutualistic relationship with the trees in the forest. remember of course that the mushroom is just the reproductive structure of a far more extensive organism consisting of a highly intertwined mass of fine white threads called a mycelium. the word mycorrhiza is derived from the classical greek words for \" mushroom \" and \" root. \" in a mycorrhizal association, the fungal hyphae of an underground mycelium are in contact with plant roots but without the fungus parasitizing the plant. while it ' s clear that the majority of plants form mycorrhizas, the exact percentage is uncertain, but it ' s likely to lie somewhere between 80 and 90 percent. when the fungus \u2019 mycelium envelopes the roots of the tree the effect is to greatly increase the soil area covered by the tree \u2019 s root system. this essentially extends the plant \u2019 s reach to water and nutrients, allowing it to utilize more of the soil \u2019 s resources. this mutualistic association provides the fungus with a relatively constant and direct access to carbohydrates, such as glucose and sucrose, supplied by the plant. in return the plant gains the benefits of the mycelium ' s higher absorptive capacity for water and mineral nutrients ( due to comparatively large surface area of mycelium - to - root ratio ), thus improving the plant ' s mineral absorption capabilities. photo taken on may 7, 2011. photo details : camera maker : canon ; camera model : canon eos 50d ; focal length : 70. 0mm ; aperture : f / 10. 0 ; exposure time : 0. 013 s ( 1 / 80 ) ; iso equiv : 1250 ; exposure bias : - 1. 00 ev ; metering mode : matrix ; exposure : aperture priority ( semi - auto ) ; white balance : auto ; flash fired : no ( enforced ) ; orientation : normal ; color space : srgb.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5333075417827402, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.124810"} {"text": "part 2 : prefurbia incorporates flow - by rick harrison - oct 01, 2010 for the past four decades, the automotive industry has invested billions in fuel efficiency and reducing drag and, at the same time, significantly added to the average engine horsepower. while government has focused on the vehicle, no steps have been taken to make neighborhood streets more efficient. the management of a new era of design dedicated to reducing time and energy while transiting through a neighborhood is called \" flow. \" in prefurbia, flow is essential to neighborhood sustainability. getting a vehicle in motion ( phase 1 ), cruising ( phase 2 ) and stopping or slowing ( phase 3 ) are the three phases of a \u201c segment cycle. \u201d a segment begins upon entry to a street and ends when a driver stops or slows down to turn or enter another street. phase 1 involves the time and energy needed to get a one - to two - ton ( or more ) vehicle moving from a stop to a target residential speed. in some areas, this could be from 20 miles per hour to 30 mph. phase 1 consumes the most energy and typically the most time. phase 2 uses the least time and less energy than phase 1. phase 3 consumes almost as much time as phase 1, but with new braking technology, this phase can actually generate energy. reducing the number of phase 1 segments lowers the amount of energy consumed. similarly, reducing the number of phase 1 and 3 segments also shortens the time needed to travel. at 30 mph, the distance needed to accelerate and then stop comfortably is about 400 feet. in traditional planning processes, designers give little ( if any ) attention to the flow of traffic. very few homes are located on an entry street, requiring 90 percent of the residents to travel a minimum of two segment cycles. about half the residents have to use three segment cycles to reach their homes. in prefurbia, most residents can get home with just one segment cycle, and only a few others have two segment cycles. the length of phase 2 is critical. in the conventional subdivision, for the most part, the distance along each segment cycle is quite short with some so small that phase 2 is never reached. this design may be so inconvenient from a flow standpoint that the driver is \" encouraged \" to accelerate to make up for the time. segment cycles within the prefurbia neighborhood are long, enabling a driver more time in phase 2. note the cul - de - sac on the right in figure 3. why didn ' t the designer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49459761577040307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.132233"} {"text": "to accelerate to make up for the time. segment cycles within the prefurbia neighborhood are long, enabling a driver more time in phase 2. note the cul - de - sac on the right in figure 3. why didn ' t the designer reverse the street to loop the cul - de - sac the other way, reducing the segment length from the entry to the end of the cul - de - sac? prefurbia is a balance of economics, environment, and existence so the designer must weigh each benefit and derive a design that serves each of the three \u201c es \u201d well. in this case, the geometry of the area better achieves efficiency with the current configuration. also, having an intersection serving 30 homes as soon as a driver enters the neighborhood is not the best for safety. on the other side of the site, there is such an intersection but it serves fewer lots. finally, the cul - de - sac provides a nice entrance void of street intersections. the homes pulled away from the street give the impression of low density. if a street was placed at this point, entering the neighborhood would not have this welcome feel. in prefurbia, designers use [ www. performanceplanningsystem. com / trafficdiffuers ] traffic diffusers, which maintain flow on the primary traffic street while providing the functionality of a roundabout. from a pollution standpoint \u2013 addressing the auto industry without addressing planning is like requiring frosting to have no calories yet use the frosting on a high fat, sugar laden cake reducing environmental impacts prefurbia reduces waste and employs more efficient forms of design. the method represents a reversal of how technology in land development is used, replacing lots per minute ( lpm ) automation with the art of neighborhood design. it \u2019 s time for technology to be used to construct great neighborhoods for families to thrive. by exceeding the minimums, designers can deliver economic and environmental advantages. there are only a few situations in which a tight grid pattern designed to minimums is the optimum solution from a geometric perspective. such a site must closely conform to the dimensions needed to stack lots, with a fairly flat topography and long blocks that have few cross streets. here are a few examples that demonstrate better efficiency gains through design. figure 1 shows two cul - de - sac \u2019 s side by side. both use the following minimums : - 25 - foot front yard setback, - 5 - foot side yard setback, - 80 - foot lot width at the setback, and - 60", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.460579613755583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.133186"} {"text": "reduce environmental impacts. when the island is used to filter stormwater, there would be no mountable curbs to pay for, reducing costs even more. a wide walk extends through the neighborhood. the driveways become longer, but they are tapered and use the prefurbia method of sculpting with organic lanes, so they consume similar surface area to a standard driveway, even though they are longer. density is a function of how many lots a designer can fit along the front setback line. in order to stretch the front setback length to gain density ( when the minimum setback guarantees the front of the home is exactly parallel to the curb ), the designer also must stretch the street. to gain density, the designer consumes the site with street, which is a poor choice for the environment and economics. the cul - de - sac example increases the setback depth, which is still somewhat concentric to the traffic circle. with prefurbia, designers can totally separate the relationship between front setback and street where road paving, walks, and homes all form their own organized sculpted shapes. coving is the first organized planning method that separates the rigid parallel relationship between the front of the home and curb of the street. efficiency varies, but a 25 percent gain in efficiency compared to conventional design is about the average. imagine a world with 25 percent less construction costs and environmental impacts. an organic free - form design will almost always conform to the natural surface area much easier than a rigid pattern. with the gain in efficiency, monotony is a thing of the past, each lot takes on a unique shape making it virtually impossible to utilize a lpm technology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4881616215571315, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.134950"} {"text": "peel - and - stick solar cells available in near future the nrel and stanford are teaming up to develop peel - and - stick solar cells, which could become devices to charge battery operated products, such as cell phones, in the future. peel - and - stick, or water - assisted transfer printing ( wtp ), technologies were developed by the stanford group and have been used before for nanowire based electronics, but the stanford - nrel ( u. s. department of energy \u2019 s national renewable energy laboratory ) partnership has conducted the first successful demonstration using actual thin film solar cells. the university and nrel showed that thin - film solar cells less than one - micron thick can be removed from a silicon substrate used for fabrication by dipping them in water at room temperature. then, after exposure to heat of about 90\u00b0c for a few seconds, they can attach to almost any surface. nrel \u2019 s cells could be made easily on stanford \u2019 s peel off substrate. nrel \u2019 s amorphous silicon cells were fabricated on nickel - coated si / sio2 wafers. a thermal release tape attached to the top of the solar cell serves as a temporary transfer holder. an optional transparent protection layer is spin - casted in between the thermal tape and the solar cell to prevent contamination when the device is dipped in water. the result is a thin strip much like a bumper sticker : the user can peel off the handler and apply the solar cell directly to a surface. the cells \u2019 ability to adhere to a universal substrate is unusual ; most thin - film cells must be affixed to a special substrate. the peel - and - stick approach allows the use of flexible polymer substrates and high processing temperatures. the resulting flexible, lightweight, and transparent devices then can be integrated onto curved surfaces such as military helmets and portable electronics, transistors and sensors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5098154934529018, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.136835"} {"text": "united arab emirates morris, mervyn j. ( 2009 ) united arab emirates. in dana, leo - paul, han, mary, ratten, vanessa, & welpe, isabell ( eds. ) handbook of research on asian entrepreneurship. edward elgar publishing, cheltenham, pp. 361 - 367. | sample ( pdf 1788kb ) | administrators only | request a copy from author the united arab emirates ( uae ) is part of the geographic region known as the middle east. with a land mass of 82, 000 square kilometres, predominantly desert and mountains it is bordered by oman, saudi arabia and the arabian gulf. the uae is strategically located due to its proximity to other oil rich middle eastern countries such as kuwait, iraq, iran, and saudi arabia. the uae was formed from a federation of seven emirates ( abu dhabi, dubai, sharjah, ras al khaimah, ajman, fujuriah, and um al quain ) in december 1971 ( ras al khaimah did not join the federation until 1972 ) ( heard - bey, 2004, 370 ). abu dhabi is the political capital, and the richest emirate ; while dubai is the commercial centre. the majority of the population of the various emirates live along the coast line as sources of fresh water often heavily influenced the site of different settlements. unlike some near neighbours ( iran and iraq ) the uae has not undergone any significant political instability since it was formed in 1971. due to this early british influences the uae has had very strong political and economic ties with first britain, and, more recently, the united states of america ( rugh, 2007 ). until the economic production of oil in the early 1960 \u2019 s the different emirates had survived on a mixture of primary industry ( dates ), farming ( goats and camels ), pearling and subsidies from britain ( davidson 2005, 3 ; hvit, 2007, 565 ) along with near neighbours kuwait, bahrain, oman, qatar and saudi arabia, the uae is part of the gulf cooperation council ( gcc ), a trading bloc. ( hellyer, 2001, 166 - 168 ). citation countsare sourced monthly fromand citation databases. these databases contain citations from different subsets of available publications and different time periods and thus the citation count from each is usually different. some works are not in either database and no count is displayed. scopus includes citations from articles published in 1996 onwards, and web of science generally from 1980 onwards. citations counts from theindexing service can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4314635320503026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.139504"} {"text": ", on a low plateau draining into the basins of the bristol channel, the english channel, and the eastward - flowing thames. oh, and home. it is surrounded by the counties of gloucestershire trowbridge is the administrative centre of wiltshire for reasons that seem to escape pretty much all of the local inabitants. trowbridge is, after all, a nasty little hole full of 1970s council buildings and a sausage factory. surely salisbury or even swindon would have been a much better choice? the administrative, geographic, and historic counties occupy slightly different areas. the administrative county of wiltshire comprises four districts \u2014 salisbury ( in the south ), west wiltshire, kennet in the east, named for the river kennet and north wiltshire. the geographic county encompasses the entire administrative county together with the unitary authority of swindon. the historic county of wiltshire is nearly the same as the geographic county but also includes a small area north of sherston in the cotswolds, and thus administratively controlled by gloucestershire, but we ' ll get it back, damn their eyes. much of wiltshire is made up of chalk hills. salisbury plain occupies central wiltshire but not many people go near there since most of it is crown land and reserved for the armed forces to play soldiers on. north of the river kennet are the marlborough downs, which make up one side of the vale of the white horse. along the county ' s western border rise parts of the cotswolds, a range of limestone hills. between these two upland areas lie the clay valleys of wardour and pewsey. south of trowbridge the valleys are fairly heavily forested in contrast to the open, rolling countryside of the uplands. savernake forest was the last known refuge of the english black bear for a very long time. parts of the marlborough downs, the cotswolds, and the vale of pewsey have been designated areas of outstanding natural beauty. of course, in real terms all that this actually means is that building a bloody great housing estate there is more expensive than elsewhere, requiring one to own many more politicians and local councillors than one would need to in, for example, melksham. in prehistoric times the chalk uplands were the most heavily populated parts of england, and wiltshire has many prehistoric monuments. stonehenge, about 8 miles north of salisbury, dates from the neolithic period and its use by prehistoric peoples has been a topic of much debate. the predominant local theory is that either it ' s a huge bong that no - one ' s found the mouthpiece", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4137420149345519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.148101"} {"text": "about 8 miles north of salisbury, dates from the neolithic period and its use by prehistoric peoples has been a topic of much debate. the predominant local theory is that either it ' s a huge bong that no - one ' s found the mouthpiece from yet or that it was constructed on perfectly good arable land by neolithic wiltshiremen in a ( very successful ) effort to irritate their decendants. there are plenty of other important neolithic monuments nearby, including those at avebury and windmill hill. the latter is believed by those credulous fools from universities to have been a centre of ritual and of seasonal tribal fasting in the 4th millennium bc but these are the kind of people who say crop circles were made by aliens, so what can you expect? the former is a big stone circle with a pub in the middle and is therefore of at least some value. long neolithic burial mounds, or barrows, are all over the place as are round burial mounds from the bronze age. the ancient practise of building large mounds of earth over dead people is suspected locally to be a means of making certain that the buggers don ' t get out. durrington walls, a large ditch - enclosed ceremonial earthwork, dates from the late 3rd millennium bc, apparently. these days it hosts the occassional rave. plus ca change, plus c ' est la meme chose. during the iron age, hill forts were constructed, such as those at yarnbury castle, near berwick st. james, and at old sarum, outside salisbury. the county has played a role in national affairs in as much as any county can be said to have done so. there are roman remains all over the place, and in the middle ages, sheep farming by cistercian monks was probably the most important activity. oliver cromwell won a decisive battle against the royalists just outside devizes and king alfred the great soundly kicked the danes ' collective arse just outside of chippenham. salisbury has long been the ecclesiastical centre of the county and is renowned for its 13th - century cathedral which apparently still has the tallest church spire in britain. salisbury is unusual in that the building of elegant crescents in the georgian period never really caught on there, so the city is still faithfully tudor in design. in the northwest of the county there a couple of places that visitors call \" quaint \" and think are authentic. well, there ' s one born every minute, after all. the first is lacock, an entire village owned by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45437275037379327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.149872"} {"text": "design. in the northwest of the county there a couple of places that visitors call \" quaint \" and think are authentic. well, there ' s one born every minute, after all. the first is lacock, an entire village owned by the national trust. lacock is steadfastly 16th century apart from the volvos and is regularly annexed by the bbc so they can do yet another interminable jane austen costume drama. it has three really good pubs, an abbey that was unabbeyfied during the reformation and later served as home to the father of modern photography, william henry fox talbot and tourists are available for shooting all year round. another is castle combe, a wool - village with a working mill and a manor house that stems from the same period but is even more picturesque. i know people who think heaven will look castle combe. it is noticeable for, among other things, the largest number of antique shops per capita of anywhere in the world. the last that i shall mention is the village my family are from. it ' s a hamlet called sandy lane where all the houses are quaintly thatched and there ' s even a thatched, wooden church dating from the norman conquest - the only one of its kind remaining in the uk. finally, the one thing that may surprise you, is that wiltshire is big. it comprises of just over 1, 255 square miles. not exactly texan but for the south of england, that ' s pretty huge. in this size, there ' s room for a lot of cool stuff. ignore my sarcasm, wiltshire is well worth a visit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46772275918321726, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.150470"} {"text": "should wellheads be above or below the ground surface? posted : june 2, 2010 many private well owners in pennsylvania have wellheads that are buried below the surface of the ground. this may be appealing to homeowners that don \u2019 t like looking at a pipe sticking up in the middle of their yard, but research studies have demonstrated a clear benefit to having an extended wellhead. what problems can a buried well cause? wells that are buried below the ground can have numerous disadvantages to wells that are extended above the ground surface. the most obvious disadvantage is that the well is not easily accessible by the well driller in the event that it needs to be serviced. often the homeowner is unaware of the wells exact location underground, which can lead to added expense if the driller needs to do some investigating. wells buried below the ground surface are also more susceptible to bacterial contamination. research studies conducted at penn state university have found that wells buried in pits are more likely to have the presence of coliform bacteria than wells that are extended above the earth \u2019 s surface. what can you do to fix your buried well? fortunately, it is not usually difficult to extend a wellhead above the ground. a qualified water well driller should be able to weld or thread extra casing to your existing well and raise it above the ground. if the well was buried in a pit, it should be filled in with bentonite grout to the land surface. a sanitary or vermin - proof well cap should also be installed on the newly extended casing to ensure that surface contamination can not enter the well. as an added protection, the ground should be sloped away from your wellhead in all directions to prevent any surface water from ponding around the well. after having the well extended, it would be a wise to take a sample of your drinking water to a state certified water testing lab for analysis. if the water tests positive for coliform bacteria then steps should be taken to disinfect the well. information on coliform bacteria can be found at the link below. how high should the well casing be extended above the ground? any distance is better than having it buried below ground, but it is ideal to extend the well casing at least 12 inches above the ground surface.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40646726120640136, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.152692"} {"text": "there was a great piece in the new york times last week on vegetable consumption in the u. s. the article was prompted by a recent cdc study, which found that only 26 % of americans eat three or more servings of vegetables per day ; disappointing news but hardly a surprise. most of those interviewed in the article take a pessimistic tone when responding to the study \u2019 s findings. here are a couple illustrative quotes : \u201c eating vegetables is a lot less fun than eating flavor - blasted doritos, \u201d said marcia mogelonsly, a senior analyst for mintel, a global marketing firm. \u201c you will always have to fight that. \u201d \u201c there is nothing you can say that will get people to eat more veggies, \u201d said harry balzer, the chief industry analyst for the npd group, a market research company. \u2026 \u201c before we want health, we want taste, we want convenience and we want low cost. \u201d despite the article \u2019 s generally dour tone, it did provide strong academic support for a key component of a better food system \u2013 edible gardens that are integrated into school curriculum : researchers at the university of california, berkeley, spent three years examining the difference between children who participated in the berkeley unified school district \u2019 s \u201c edible schoolyard \u201d program, in which gardening and cooking are woven into the school day, and children who didn \u2019 t. the students who gardened ate one and half servings more of fruits and vegetables a day than those who weren \u2019 t in the program. what better way to make vegetables exciting than to establish a personal connection with the growing process. plus, i \u2019 m going to wager that the fresh tomatoes from those edible schoolyards taste a whole lot better than the canned alternatives. produce photo from flickr user mckaysavage, accessed 10 / 4 / 10. creative commons.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42839125024481145, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.155336"} {"text": "you are currently browsing the tag archive for the \u2018 chalchiuhtotolin \u2019 tag. in our ongoing exploration of underworld gods, we have come across all sorts of animal divinities. the ultra - modern japanese still venerate namazu a vast chthonic catfish god. contemporary inuits worship sedna, walrus / cetacean goddess of the cold depths. the rational greeks imagined a great three - headed dog guarding tartarus. there are so many giant serpents from different cultures that they create an entire subset of underworld gods : some of these snake beings are bigger than the world and longer than the oceans. they range from kind creators like nuwa to monsters like the midgard serpent to indescribable cosmic forces like the rainbow serpent. there are dark swans and mystery animals, but where in this worldwide pantheon / bestiary are my favorite birds? where are the turkey gods? well, turkeys are from the americas, they were sacred to the original inhabitants ( and have been discovered buried alongside humans with ceremonial pomp \u2013 or even by themselves on altars ). however the americas were swept by a great wave of diseases which was followed by waves of european colonizers. when the native americans were killed by plague or assimilated by europeans, many of their deities vanished. the spaniards were delighted to find domesticated turkeys in the ruins of the aztec empire and they shipped them off to spain as farm animals ( whereas it seems they may have been originally domesticated for their feathers ). however even now we know a little bit about important aztec turkey deities. chalchiuhtotolin, \u201c precious night turkey \u201d was a god of plague who ruled thirteen days of the aztec calendar from 1 water to 13 crocodile ( the thirteen preceding days were in fact ruled by xolotl, hapless god of misfortune, who was instrumental in the creation of humankind ). little is known concerning chalchiuhtotolin, except that he was magnificent and terrible to behold. as a plague god he holds a somewhat ironic place in aztec cosmology ( since the aztecs were defeated and destroyed more directly by smallpox then by cortes ). it is theorized that chalchiuhtotolin was an animal aspect of tezcatlipoca, one of the central gods of aztec mythology ( who was more famous in his ferocious manifestation as a jaguar ). tezcatlipoca was one of the four cardinal gods of direction, ruling the north ( which was a realm of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40223735853805587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.157866"} {"text": "just recently it was reported that biologists from the university of nevada at reno have been routinely observing unusually large goldfish in the pristine waters of lake tahoe in northern california. this phenomenon has caught the attention of the california state fish and game department who have instituted routine patrols to seek out what they consider to be a dangerous invasive species. the scientists speculate that the giant goldfish were introduced in the lake tahoe by so - called \u201c aquarium dumpers, \u201d well - meaning people who when they were no longer able to care for their pet fish, decided to abandon them in lake tahoe where they believed they would live out their lives in a safe and pleasant environment in the company of many other species of fish and crustaceans. some experts questioned whether a goldfish could survive the frigid winters that characterize this deep, high - mountain lake. however, reality proved to be stranger than fiction when the goldfish not only survived, but thrived in the harsh alpine climate. thanks to the nutrient - rich effluent making its way into lake tahoe, the goldfish not only thrived but were also genetically transformed as a consequence of the metabolites of psychotropic pharmaceuticals that were present in the sewage emanating from affluent neighborhoods along the lakeshore. they adapted splendidly and in no time at all they quickly blended into the local culture and adopted the habits and customs of the local residents. now the goldfish are regularly seen enjoying the recreational facilities throughout the area, although they curiously prefer to avoid being seen at restaurants and tackle shops. this is not by any means the first time giant goldfish have been seen in freshwater lakes. this trophy giant goldfish was caught by raphael biagini, a legendary french \u201c carpiste, \u201d who reeled in the monster \u201c poisson rouge \u201d from the waters of lac de st. cassien, a man - made reservoir in southern france. this is the same lake where a 75 - pound world record carp was caught some 25 years ago. it is not clear how a tiny fish that normally graces home aquariums grew to such gargantuan size. some locals familiar with the story attribute the fish \u2019 s extraordinary size with an incident that occurred a few years back when a barge laden with camembert cheese capsized during a squall and sank with its cargo into the depths of lake st. cassien. the nutrient - rich cheese provided a source of food for several stray goldfish that, like nemo, had been flushed down the toilet and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4028418218958553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.164501"} {"text": "fills the space between two objects, generally to prevent leakage between the two objects while under compression. gasket material saves money by allowing less precise mating surfaces on machine parts which can use gasket fill irregularities. gaskets are commonly produced by cutting from sheet gasket materials, such as gasket paper ( beater addition ), non - asbestos, rubber, epdm, nitrile, buna, neoprene, flexible graphite, grafoil, aflas, kalrez, viton, silicone, metal, mica, felt or a plastic polymer such as ptfe, peek, urethane, or ethylene propylene ( ep ). in the past, the gasket material selected for specific applications may contain have contained today ' s sealing products manufacturer ' s in the united states no longer produce or offer any asbestos containing products. gasket materials containing asbestos have been claimed to have caused asbestosis. of course it would take the grinding of gasket material to release the fibers and then the breathing in of those fibers.... possible but in the real world this would be rare. wetting or oiling a gasket before grinding for removal greatly reduces any risk ( not grinding is even better ). asbestos gasket material is still used in most of the rest of the world and is a very effective low cost material. it is usually desirable that the gasket be made from a material that is compressible such that it tightly fills the space it is designed for, including any slight irregularities. the most common misconception when selecting a gasket materials thickness is to choose a gasket material that is too thick. the thicker the material the more likely the material being contained can weep through the pores of the gasket material itself. this is a greater issue with some materials than others. a rule of thumb is to have the material thick enough to compensate for any surface face irregularities and to permit some compression. the required compression for your gasket material will depend many 2 ) pressure being sealed 3 ) size of bolts ( assuming bolts are being used ) 4 ) number of bolts 5 ) condition of the bolts 6 ) lubrication on the bolts all must be considered when determining torque. torque data must be determined using all of the above and should be provided by an engineer. in most cases unless your gasket is a standard ansi or api flange using ring or full face gaskets torque data will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49096051840561683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.167946"} {"text": "when determining torque. torque data must be determined using all of the above and should be provided by an engineer. in most cases unless your gasket is a standard ansi or api flange using ring or full face gaskets torque data will be difficult to come by ( due to staffing and the fear of law suits ). in most cases the old tighten it tight enough to stop any leaks but not too tight as to completely crush the gasket is generally accepted. over compression removes the ability to recover. this is also true of expanded ptfe ( teflon \u00ae ), once over compressed it will have no recovery and therefore will not longer adapt to maintain a seal. the common strategy of \" the more compressive load exerted on the gasket, the longer it will last \" is generally true of elastomeric materials since elastomers ( rubbers ) are not compressible but deflect compression. many materials such as non - asbestos compressed gasket materials and beater addition ( ie ; armstrong ) materials contain elastomers in the mix of material they are produced from, making them difficult to over compress. one of the more desirable properties of an effective gasket industrial applications is the ability to withstand high compressive loads. most industrial gasket applications involve bolts exerting compression well into the 14 mpa ( 2000 psi ) range or higher. this is why non - asbestos gasket materials are so widely used in industrial gasket material applications. call american seal & packing for your gasket material requirements. teflon\u00ae is a registered trademark of e. i. du pont de nemours and company or its affiliates and is used in relation to products manufactured with dupont \u2019 s fluoropolymer resins.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4378918355638728, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.168723"} {"text": "what is an advance directive? none of us, but especially seniors, is immune to serious illness or injury. when these conditions are so severe that death is imminent, it is important that doctors, family, and friends know your wishes in those situations. one way to share your wishes is through an advance directive. advance directives are a legally binding document that expresses your wishes in the event of serious illness or injury. these documents can be quite detailed or quite general. one detail is what you want done in each specific medical possibility. for example : - what do you want done if you stop breathing? - what do you want done if you develop inoperable cancer? what about tumors? - do you want breathing machines or feeding tubes used? these documents empower someone to make decisions about your medical care if you are unable to make these decisions yourself. it makes sense to speak with the people you appoint. let them know your wishes. only appoint people who are willing to accept the responsibility of making medical decisions for you when are no longer able to make them for yourself. also be sure and discuss your wishes with those close to you such as your family or friends. such documents must follow the laws in your state in order to be legally binding. it is best to have one or two people witness and sign the document. in order for these documents to be effective, your doctor and hospital must have copies. do i need one? it is important for senior citizens to prepare these documents. however, any of us at any age may encounter a life threatening illness or injury. if you have strong feelings about what you want done in these situations, you need to have these wishes written down in a legally binding document. what is a living will? a living will is a type of advance directive. it is a document outlining explicit instructions regarding medical treatment and life - sustaining procedures if you are permanently unconscious or terminally ill. usually, a doctor ( or even two ) will have to certify that you are in either of these states before the living will comes into effect. since modern medicine now has the ability to prolong life indefinitely, it is necessary to prepare a living will when you are still healthy in body and mind. what is a durable power of attorney for health care? a durable power of attorney for health care names someone to manage your health care and make all medical treatment decisions for you when you are not able to. this person is usually called a \u201c healthcare proxy \u201d or a healthcare agent. \u201d your chosen representative can make decisions such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46393915322567014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.175397"} {"text": "attorney for health care names someone to manage your health care and make all medical treatment decisions for you when you are not able to. this person is usually called a \u201c healthcare proxy \u201d or a healthcare agent. \u201d your chosen representative can make decisions such as consenting or refusing treatment, choosing doctors, selecting medical care facilities, and accessing medical records. this durable power of attorney usually does not give explicit instructions to the healthcare agent. this is another reason why it \u2019 s important to have an advance directive that provides this person with your wishes. what is a do not resuscitate order? do not resuscitate orders or dnrs tell doctors and hospitals what you want done should your breathing or heart stop functioning. examples of treatment that you can decline include cpr, artificial respiration, medicine to keep your heart functioning, artificial nutrition, or specific surgeries. if you fill out a dnr, your doctor should put the order in your medical records. without a dnr order, hospitals will typically do what they can to resuscitate someone whose heart has stopped. dnr orders are especially important for seniors with a heart condition. resources for preparing an advance directive sometimes your medical facility will have these forms on hand for you to express your wishes. you will sign the document and have it witnessed right there in the hospital, long term care facility, or doctor \u2019 s office. the doctors and nurses caring for you want to make sure that your decisions are honored. another option is to contact your state bar association or state government office for the proper forms. you can also hire an attorney who is knowledgeable in health care directives. working with an attorney helps ensure that your directive meets the state legal requirements. it does no good to prepare a health care directive if it is not legally recognized. another option for obtaining a health care directive is purchasing software that allows you to fill in your information and print the document. by searching online you can find online services that will guide you through preparing the directive. it may be unpleasant to think of serious illness and death. detailing your wishes in advance will relieve some stress from you and your family in these situations. what \u2019 s a caregiver? a caregiver or home health aide is an individual that gives personal care to patients in a large variety of settings, although their role may vary greatly from one setting to another. caregiving often takes place in the patient \u2019 s home, but may also be available in nursing homes, assisted living facilities and even hospitals. often the patient is elderly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40630256759854977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.178416"} {"text": "large variety of settings, although their role may vary greatly from one setting to another. caregiving often takes place in the patient \u2019 s home, but may also be available in nursing homes, assisted living facilities and even hospitals. often the patient is elderly, but sometimes an illness necessitates the need for a paid companion in the home to assist an adult or care for a child. what does a caregiver do in the home? essentially, the main purpose of a home care helper is the responsibility they shoulder for assisting their patients with their physical and cognitive health. the variety of duties performed by the caregiver depends on the needs of the patient. some of the more common duties in the home environment include : - grooming assistance for brushing teeth, bathing, shaving, nail care and toileting as required. - monitoring medications and reminding patients to take medications. - assisting the patient with exercise, which may include simply providing help with walking around the house or moving in place. - helping the patient maintain their memory. - deciding the number of meals that are required to meet the patient \u2019 s nutritional needs. - preparing meals, then, cleaning up the items related to the meals. - performing necessary grocery shopping or errands with or without the patient. - check foods in the patient \u2019 s pantry for expiration dates. - providing conversation and companionship. - light housekeeping duties, such as dusting and vacuuming, making beds, doing laundry, and maintaining sanitation. - accompanying the patient to doctor appointments as necessary. - notifying doctors of any significant change in the patient \u2019 s condition. more serious home situations may be supervised by a senior helper rn, who should complete a customized plan of care and supervise the home health aide. approximately 90 percent of dependent patients use the services of a home health care service or a family member to keep the patient at home, rather than in a nursing home. patients who have mild to moderate cognitive impairment still want to be involved in decisions concerning their care and their life. a physician will often set the boundaries to ensure the responsibility for medical decisions do not fall on the shoulders of the home companion. when is caregiving needed? there are some simple ways to assess when a loved one might need to have in - home care. does the person : - have trouble with their normal movement around the house such as getting from the bedroom to bathroom? - need medical assistance such as cleaning wounds or administering insulin? - need help with normal daily activities such as bathing and getting dressed? obviously,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43055351163232125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.179621"} {"text": "the person : - have trouble with their normal movement around the house such as getting from the bedroom to bathroom? - need medical assistance such as cleaning wounds or administering insulin? - need help with normal daily activities such as bathing and getting dressed? obviously, a person affected by dementia or alzheimer \u2019 s disease needs help in the home. changes in eating habits, personal hygiene, social habits and any safety issues that might occur in the home all need to be evaluated. hiring a personal companion for your loved one can also help relieve the stress on family members, and it assures the family members that their loved one is receiving proper care. this help can be critical if the family member doesn \u2019 t live near the loved one. is caregiving available outside the home? most seniors would like to have caregiving take place in their own home. there are situations, however, when the person who is ill will receive more appropriate care in an institution. caregivers working in an assisted living facility or nursing home, like home caregivers, assist patients with their activities of daily living. the health aide can also play an important role in helping patients experience meaningful leisure activities, which helps keep the patient \u2019 s mind active. demonstrating compassion for those suffering from alzheimer \u2019 s disease or dementia is essential. often the companion works with pets, particularly dogs, cats or birds, as these pets can provide a great deal of pleasure for the patient. sometimes caregiver working hours in these facilities can be irregular and include weekends or holidays. caregiving can be difficult work, whether the patient is a senior citizen, a parent, a spouse or a child with special needs. family members are often caregivers, which can be quite stressful as they are on - call 24 hours a day, seven days a week. in these cases good caregiver resources may involve support groups, which can be quite helpful. caregiver resources should include information on the role of medicare for patients. specific classes that can provide useful training are often available to empower the companion or home care helper. resources are available at the following sites : http : / / caregiver. org / caregiver / jsp / home. jsp family caregiver alliance home page http : / / www. caregiving. com / a community of family caregivers sharing stories, support and solutions http : / / www. caregiverresource. net / caregiver resources. http : / / www. caregiverslibrary. org / home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44019975233633546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.180642"} {"text": "a java runtime environment ( jre ), version greater than 1. 6, is required to run jython and geoscript. chances are your system already has a jre installed on it. a quick way to test is to execute the following from the command line : % java - version java version \" 1. 6. 0 _ 26 \" java ( tm ) se runtime environment ( build 1. 6. 0 _ 26 - b03 - 384 - 10m3425 ) java hotspot ( tm ) 64 - bit server vm ( build 20. 1 - b02 - 384, mixed mode ) if the command is not found or the java version is less than 1. 6 you must install a new jre. otherwise you can continue to the next step. a jre can be downloaded from sun microsystems. it is possible to run geoscript with a different non sun jre. however the sun jre is recommended as it has been thoroughly tested. jython version greater than 2. 5. 1 is required for geoscript. the current version can be downloaded from http : / / www. jython. org /. after install ensure that the jython bin directory is on the path : where < jython _ dir > is the root jython installation directory. run ez _ setup. py with jython : some newer features are only avaialble in the latest 1. 3 build, which is still considered experimental. unpack the geoscript archive : change directory into the root of the unpacked archive and execute setup. py : cd geoscript - 1. 2 jython setup. py install depending on your setup the install may require root privileges. that \u2019 s it. geoscript should now be installed on the system. to verify the install execute the geoscript command : % geoscript jython 2. 5. 1 ( release _ 2 _ 5 _ 1 : 6813, sep 26 2009, 13 : 47 : 54 ) [ java hotspot ( tm ) client vm ( apple inc. ) ] on java1. 5. 0 _ 20 type \" help \", \" copyright \", \" credits \" or \" license \" for more information. > > > import geoscript > > > if you do not get an import error congratulations! geoscript is installed on the system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4184100286160792, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.182799"} {"text": "| home new products books & maps software archival products print & bind news & how - to upcoming events tech support contact us | books, maps & other resources newfoundland and labrador genealogy & history book - a history of newfoundland by judge d. w. prowse originally published by macmillan and company, london, 1895 this edition published by global heritage press, milton 2002, 2nd edition 2010 a history of newfoundland by judge d. w. prowse, is widely recognized as one of the finest histories written about newfoundland and labrador. an essential resource for everyone with an interest in the history of newfoundland. isbn 1 - 894378 - 65 - 2 ( hardcover ) more information book - soe longe as there comes noe women : origins of english settlement in newfoundland by w. gordon handcock. making available previously unknown and untapped sources of information, hancock ' s book is a treasure trove for those intent on the study of newfoundland ' s heritage, and it ' s founding families. isbn 1 - 894378 - 49 - 0 ( hardcover ) more information book - two outports : a history of dildo - new harbour by willis p. martin published by flanker press ltd, st. john ' s, 2006 the dildo \u2013 new harbour area of trinity bay has a rich history, beginning with the maritime archaic indians, who inhabited dildo island about 4, 000 years ago. this book celebrates the unique outport heritage of newfoundland through the shared experiences of the people of these two proud communities. isbn 978 - 1894463904 ( softcover ) more information book - finding your ancestors in newfoundland and labrador by b. crant published by heritage productions, toronto find everything you need to conduct efficient and successful family history research for ancestors from newfoundland and labrador. isbn 1 - 894018 - 99 - 0 more information book - a history of newfoundland in the north atlantic to 1818 by shannon ryan published by flanker press ltd, st. john ' s, 2012 the successful english - newfoundland migratory fishery of the seventeenth century evolved into an exclusively shore - based, but still migratory, fishery that led to the formation of a formal colony by 1818. shannon ryan offers this general history as an introduction to early newfoundland. the economy and social, military, and political issues are dealt with in a straightforward narrative that will appeal to general readers as well as students of newfoundland and labrador history. isbn 978 - 1 - 77117 - 016 - 1 more information book - historic barr ' d islands : from english roots [ newfoundland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3810026166337544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.215462"} {"text": "dealt with in a straightforward narrative that will appeal to general readers as well as students of newfoundland and labrador history. isbn 978 - 1 - 77117 - 016 - 1 more information book - historic barr ' d islands : from english roots [ newfoundland ] by eric r. witcher published by flanker press ltd, st. john ' s, 2011 barr \u2019 d islands : from english roots is a history of early english settlement in notre dame bay, newfoundland, with a focus on barr \u2019 d islands, a small fishing community on fogo island. explore the day - to - day lives of a charitable, community - minded people whose hardships were many in a time when survival from year to year was uncertain : living under the iron fist of merchant firms, subsistence farming, poverty. also, learn of these early settlers \u2019 faith, richness of virtue, hard - work ethic, and games and amusements shared by all in the community. finally, this book is a genealogical treasure trove that traces many well - known newfoundland family trees back to their english roots in the 1600s. \" a genealogist ' s dream, with an extensive listing of just about everyone who has ever lived in barr ' d islands. \" isbn 978 - 1 - 926881 - 09 - 6 more information book - historic bell island : dawn of first light [ newfoundland ] by n. w. sheppard published by flanker press ltd, st. john ' s, 2011 the history of bell island, newfoundland, is an amazing one of a strong and courageous people who overcame the challenge of creating a community exposed to the mighty north atlantic ocean. bell island : dawn of first light covers the first permanent european settlers who were attracted to the rich soil of the island and to the fish in the surrounding waters. it outlines the accidental discovery of iron ore, the growth of the mining operations to become the largest submarine mine in the commonwealth, labour unrest and the formation of a union, the factors that led to the mine \u2019 s closure, and the tragic impact this would have on the residents. this is also the story of the equally determined women who fashioned the family home in both good and bad economic times. isbn 978 - 1 - 926881 - 36 - 2 more information book - historic bay roberts : not your typical small town [ newfoundland ] by michael f. flynn published by flanker press ltd, st. john ' s, 2011 the story of bay roberts is one of an ordinary people who lived through a turbulent and extraordinary past. adventure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4394491000638207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.216539"} {"text": "roberts : not your typical small town [ newfoundland ] by michael f. flynn published by flanker press ltd, st. john ' s, 2011 the story of bay roberts is one of an ordinary people who lived through a turbulent and extraordinary past. adventure, murder, religious strife, inventions, successful local newspapers, and enterprise make up the collective history of a community thriving in newfoundland today. the town has hosted tragedies, unprecedented commercial prosperity ( and failure ), famous sea captains, buried treasure, ancient tombstones, and intriguing grave markers. stories of eccentric characters, war heroes, and horrible shipwrecks fill these pages. the town has a fascinating link to the titanic tragedy, was a central hub in communications and international connections for government leaders during world war ii, and is the home and birthplace of many famous poets, novelists, businessmen, and politicians. isbn 978 - 1 - 926881 - 11 - 9 more information book - ferryland : the colony of avalonia [ newfoundland ] by b. d. fardy published by flanker press ltd, st. john ' s, 2005 ferryland is one of the oldest settlements in newfoundland and labrador. established in 1620 as newfoundland \u2019 s second successful colony by sir george calvert, the first lord baltimore, ferryland was first recorded on maps as early as 1550 with the french name forillon, meaning cape or point. both the french and portuguese used its safe harbour as a fishing station until the early seventeenth century, when the english became dominant in the fishery off the east coast of newfoundland and lord baltimore established his colony of avalonia there. isbn 978 - 1 - 894463 - 78 - 2 more information book - north america ' s maritime funnel : the ships that brought the irish, 1749 - 1852 by terrence m. punch published by genealogical publishing company, baltimore, 2012 new brunswick, nova scotia, and prince edward island were a convenient destination for tens of thousands of irish immigrants between 1749 and 1852. functioning as the narrow end of a funnel through which thousands dispersed widely across the north american continent, the maritimes offered easy access and cheap fares, beckoning emigrants from ireland \u2019 s catchment areas along the waterways of dublin, londonderry, and cork. in all, there is documentation on about 1, 050 voyages between ireland and the maritimes. isbn 978080631965 more information book - seafaring labour, the merchant marine of atlantic canada, 1820 - 1914 by eric w. sager published by mcgill - queen ' s univer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4208905689258263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.217581"} {"text": "voyages between ireland and the maritimes. isbn 978080631965 more information book - seafaring labour, the merchant marine of atlantic canada, 1820 - 1914 by eric w. sager published by mcgill - queen ' s universtiy press, montreal, 1989 ( hc ), 1996 ( sc ) seafaring labour, the merchant marine of atlantic canada, 1820 - 1914, a compassionate look at the effect of industrialization on the individual lives of sailors is once again available in paperback form. sager argues that sailors were not misfits or outcasts but were divorced from society only by virtue of their occupation. the wooden ships were small communities at sea, fragments of normal society where workers lived, struggled, and often died. with the coming of the age of steam, the sailor became part of a new division of labour and a new social hierarchy at sea. sager shows that the sailor was as integral to the transition to industrial capitalism as any land worker. isbn 9780773515239 ( softcover ) more information book - some early scots in maritime canada - vol 1, 2 & 3 by terrence m. punch, cm, figrs published by genealogical publishing co, baltimore, 2011 the maritime provinces of canada consist of new brunswick, nova scotia, and prince edward island. prior to the 1770s the area was inhabited by french acadians and native peoples, and only after 1770 did it begin to attract scots settlers, mainly but not exclusively from the scottish highlands. more information volume two : like the first volume in the series, this collection of records is based on materials found in the nova scotia archives and the public archives of new brunswick, among others, and it draws together a unique collection of miscellaneous records pertaining to scottish immigrants to the maritime provinces, naming several thousand people in the context of major life events such as birth, marriage, and death. in records ranging from newspaper announcements of marriages and deaths to cemetery records and censuses, and from ships \u2019 passenger lists to land records, it provides a tableau of source material which is as unique as it is indispensable. thousands are named who would otherwise be undetectable in traditional record sources. volume three : this final volume of some early scots in maritime canada identifies thousands of scots who immigrated to maritime canada in the years between the 1770s and the 1870s - - most of them located by the author in a variety of obscure and out - of - the - way records. in fact, the variety of source records consulted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4296741233268192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.218659"} {"text": "of scots who immigrated to maritime canada in the years between the 1770s and the 1870s - - most of them located by the author in a variety of obscure and out - of - the - way records. in fact, the variety of source records consulted is one of the volume \u2019 s strengths. from shipping records to passenger lists, from land petitions to census records, then from newspaper columns, vital records, church registers, and a host of fugitive sources, the sources utilized provide a rich trove of genealogical data. this volume differs from the previous volumes in the series in that explanatory material and brief essays accompany many of the articles. as a convenient reference point, the book opens with maps of ayrshire, dumfries - shire, and perthshire, the three scottish shires that contributed significantly to scots immigration into maritime canada. next there is a comprehensive list of the 1, 200 ships that are known to have sailed from scotland to the maritimes between 1770 and 1852. if a passenger list has been published for any of these voyages, it is indicated in the footnotes, but otherwise the ports of departure and arrival and the dates of the voyage provide significant clues to an immigrant \u2019 s place of origin in scotland and place of settlement in canada. names that suddenly make their appearance in canadian records can then be matched with shipping records. book - planters, paupers, and pioneers : english settlers in atlantic canada by lucille h. campey lucille campey studies evidence of early english settlement in prince edward island, nova scotia, new brunswick, and newfoundland. beginning with the planters and loyalists of english descent who arrived from the united states in the second half of the 18th century, she goes on to consider the growing influx directly from england after 1815 and ends with the assisted emigration schemes of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including those that involved destitute children. detailed information relating to ship crossings and settlement locations is distilled to provide new insights on how, why, and when the four atlantic provinces came to acquire their english settlers. what attracted them? was the rapid industrialization taking place in england a major push factor? how did trade links influence settlement locations? isbn 978 - 1 - 55488 - 748 - 4 ( softcover ) more information book - erin ' s sons : irish arrivals in atlantic canada 1761 - 1863, four volumes. by terrence m. punch, frsai. despite the flow of irish through atlantic canada, the early records of these immigrants are fewer and less informative than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44591825800938034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.219728"} {"text": "- erin ' s sons : irish arrivals in atlantic canada 1761 - 1863, four volumes. by terrence m. punch, frsai. despite the flow of irish through atlantic canada, the early records of these immigrants are fewer and less informative than those of new england and new york from the same period. erin \u2019 s sons : irish arrivals in atlantic canada series of books goes a long way toward rectifying this problem. author terrence m. punch has combed through a wide - ranging and disparate group of sources \u2014 including newspaper articles and advertisements, local government documents and census records, church records, burial records, land records, military records, passenger lists, and more \u2014 to identify as many of these pioneers as possible and disclose where they came from in the old country. these sources often contain details that cannot be found in irish records, where few census returns survived from before 1901, and where catholic records began a generation or more after their counterparts in atlantic canada. more information pages : 208 pp. ; size : 8\u00bd \" x 11 \" ; softcover - perfectbound ; index - surnames ; index - ships ; bibliogaphy ; lists ; published : 2008. pages : 191 pp. ; size : 8\u00bd \" x 11 \" ; softcover - perfectbound ; index - surnames ; index - ships ; bibliogaphy ; lists ; published : 2009. pages : 192 pp. ; size : 8\u00bd \" x 11 \" ; softcover - perfectbound ; index - surnames ; index - ships ; bibliogaphy ; lists ; published : 2009. pages : 180 pp. ; size : 8\u00bd \" x 11 \" ; softcover - perfectbound ; index - surnames ; index - ships ; bibliogaphy ; lists ; published : aug 2010. book - starting out in genealogy - second edition by ruth burkholder building a family tree looks like a daunting taste to the unititiated, however it ' s easier than you think! family history research is not complicated as long as you know which records are available, where to find those records, and how to organize the information that you gather. though this guide is designed for beginners, it will also be of considerable help to those who have already started researching and recording family history, but want to improve their skills and results. isbn 9781926797441 more information book - canadian records of birth, marriage and death : a guide by fawne stratford - dev", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4254532181994882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.220690"} {"text": "who have already started researching and recording family history, but want to improve their skills and results. isbn 9781926797441 more information book - canadian records of birth, marriage and death : a guide by fawne stratford - devai this popular guide provides a province - by - province description of where to access provincial vital records, complete with contact information including postal addresses, telephone numbers ( most are toll - free ), fax, email addresses and websites. the categories addressed for each province and territory include : modern records ; historic records ; additional links and sources. several helpful maps are included. isbn 1894571894 more information book - routes to routes by ryan taylor a wide range of genealogical and research topics assist family historians with their quest to uncover their roots. included is an essay describing how to effectively use libraries for family history research and how to best utilize the skills and training of professional librarians. the book is an entertaining read, however, before you know it, you will accumulate many sound research ideas from the vast experience of mr. taylor. isbn 0 - 9682524 - 0 - 0 more information book - the sash canada wore - a historical geography of the orange order in canada by cecil j. houston and william j. smith originally published by universtiy of toronto press, toronto, 1980 this edition by global heritage press, milton, 1999 [ cd 2011 ] significant migration of protestant irish to canada in the early 19th century brought with it the establishment of the orange order in canada. this work explores the role of the orange order in the unfolding settlement geography of canada. protestant irish soldiers and emigrants, largely ulster - born, introduced the organization into new brunswick, quebec, and ontario within the first decade of the nineteenth century. at its zenith, he movement had a membership of as many as one in three canadians. isbn 978 - 1 - 894378 - 31 - 4 ( hardcover edition ) more information book - cyclopaedia of methodism in canada by rev. george h. cornish originally published by methodist book and publishing house, toronto, 1881 this edition published by global heritage press, milton 2001 ( cd 2009 ) originally published in 1880, this high quality reprint provides historical, educational and statistical information regarding the methodist church in canada, dating from the \" beginning of the work \" ( 1765 ) in the several provinces of the dominion of canada and extending to 1880. includes information about all of those who served as ministers and circuit riders, complete with a record of where and when they served", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4143940681247075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.221740"} {"text": "dating from the \" beginning of the work \" ( 1765 ) in the several provinces of the dominion of canada and extending to 1880. includes information about all of those who served as ministers and circuit riders, complete with a record of where and when they served. isbn 1 - 894378 - 16 - 4 ( hardcover ) more information book - the first century of methodism in canada, 1775 - 1883. two volumes in one by j. e. sanderson originally published by william briggs, 1908 ( vol. 1 ) & 1910 ( vol. 2 ) this edition published by global heritage press, milton, 2008 ( cd 2011 ) sanderson ' s fine history of the early years of methodism in canada has served as an essential resource for more than a century. being out of print for over one hundred years, this new edition has been pubished to provide access for today ' s researchers. this editon is a facsimile reprint of both of the original volumes, bound into a single book. isbn 978 - 1 - 897446 - 34 - 8 ( hardcover ) more information book - getting from here to there, identifying the origins of immigrants to canada revised and expanded edition by : fawne stratford - devai published by global heritage press, milton 2005 one of the more difficult things to do in a family history research project is to identify where your original immigrant ancestor came from. sometimes we know the country they came from, but not the specific place within that country. in order to find records in the \" old - country \" it is very helpful to know which town, parish, county etc that the person came from. this book identifies a long list of potential sources in canada, where you may find that critical piece of information. isbn 1 - 897210 - 80 - 9 more information book - canadian family history in the 21st century, lessons, links & resourcessecond edition 2005 by fawne stratford - devai this newly updated and expanded second edition offers readers valuable lessons, links and recommended resources that will help you keep you family history research project on - track, saving time, effort and expense. the author is a popular genealogical lecturer, educator and author / co - author of more than 50 important genealogical and historical books. isbn 1 - 897210 - 68 - x more information book - lovell ' s 1873 gazetteer of british north america by john lovell and son, montreal, 1873 originally published by john lovell and son, montreal, 1873 this facsimile reprint by global", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46387420008699387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.222732"} {"text": "the southwestern portion of upper canada, which became the province of ontario. topics s include, port dover burned, rebellion of 1837, muster rolls to the war of 1812, lists of persons plundered in long point settlement, and much more. isbn 1 - 894378 - 10 - 5 more information american revolution / united empire loyalists : by brenda dougall merriman published by global heritage press, milton there has long been a need for descendants to have a general guide to assist the tracing of loyalist ancestors, not only for the beginner, but also for those who encounter stumbling blocks on their way. brenda dougall merriman accomplishes this in spades. merriman defines what a loyalist is, then goes on to discuss the necessary sources and background information that is available to trace a specific loyalist in upper canada ( ontario ). an essential guide for everyone researching loyalist heritage. isbn 1 - 897210 - 84 - 1 ( hardcover ) ; isbn 978 - 1897446 - 95 - 9 ( coil bound ) more information book - the british campaign of 1777, volume one - the st. leger expedition : the forces of crown and congress second edition by gavin watt & james f. morrison published by global heritage press, milton, 2003 ( cd 2010 ) loyalist ancestors? patriot ancestors? this book is what you have been looking for... the authors produced a revised edition of their indispensible study of the crown forces and native allies of st. leger ' s expedition of 1777 and forces of congress and the natives who opposed them. filled with names of those who participated and detailed end notes and bibliographic information. for a list of names from the index, see \" more information \". isbn 1894378695 ( hardcover ) more information book - the british campaign of 1777, volume two - the burgoyne expedition : burgoyne ' s native and loyalist auxiliaries by gavin watt. with research assistance of t. w. braisted, and acknowledgement of dr. p. l. stevens ' works published by global heritage press, milton, 2013 this new book is a companion piece to volume 1, the st. leger expedition. similar to the first volume, the second will appeal to readers who enjoy the minutiae of the military campaigns of the american revolution. while essentially a military work, many will find the book useful for genealogical research. the majority of accounts about military campaigns concentrate on the big - name personalities who directed operations or commanded large formations. in contrast, this book", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44513012205691505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.224773"} {"text": "military campaigns of the american revolution. while essentially a military work, many will find the book useful for genealogical research. the majority of accounts about military campaigns concentrate on the big - name personalities who directed operations or commanded large formations. in contrast, this book is primarily about the ' little ' and ' littler ' men. for a list of names from the index, see \" more information \". isbn 978 - 1 - 926797 - 70 - 0 ( hardcover ) more information book - united empire loyalists, evidence in the canadian claims - the second report of the bureau of archives for the province of ontario, 1904 by alexander fraser, provincial archivist originally published by l. k. cameron - king ' s printer, toronto, 1905 this book on cd edition by global heritage press, milton, 2010 the 1904 bureau of archives report consisted of original accounts and evidence of united empire loyalist claims that were processed after the american revolutionary war. those claims were made in response to a british program that was designed to provide those americans who had remained loyal to the british during the american revolution, with land in canada. after an informative history of the circumstances surrounding the movement of the loyalists to canada, and a preamble on the claim process, the bulk of the content of the 1904 report includes evidence presented to establish that specific \" loyalists \" qualified for \" ue \" status and the resulting benefits. 1436 pages. isbn : 978 - 1 - 926797 - 49 - 6 ( ebook on cd ) more information book - john loney, united empire loyalist & shoemaker to sir william and sir john johnson by duncan ( darby ) macdonald, ue published by duncan ( darby ) macdonald, brockville, 1992 ( expanded reprint / 2nd edition 1993 ) book on cd version published by macdonald research, milton, 2013 john loney, united empire loyalist & shoemaker to sir william and sir john johnson is genealogy and history of john loney, united empire loyalist compliled by duncan ( darby ) macdonald \" based on the excellent work of the loney research team \". it includes several collateral family lines within the genealogy section and the hand - made genealogy charts in the final section of the book. the elder john loney, the eldest generation detailed in this text, was an irishman who came to america just before or during the seven years war ( 1756 - 1763 ). his son, also john loney ( 1748 - 1801 served in the king ' s royal regiment of new york and was previously the village shoemaker in johnstown new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4100286277758704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.225763"} {"text": "came to america just before or during the seven years war ( 1756 - 1763 ). his son, also john loney ( 1748 - 1801 served in the king ' s royal regiment of new york and was previously the village shoemaker in johnstown new york, the hometown of sir john johnson and his brother sir william johnson. the book details the life and connections of john loney the shoemaker, his connections to the loyalist cause during the american revolution and a generation by generation genealogy of his descendants. isbn 0921133 - 53 - 7 ( softcover ) isbn 978 - 1 - 926797 - 72 - 4 ( book on cd ) more information book - the history and master roll of the the king ' s royal regiment of new york, revised and expanded edition. by gavin watt published by global heritage press gavin watt has significantly updated and revised his original book that was published under the title the king ' s royal regiment of new york in 1984. this new volume provides much new content, including corrections, additions and newly discovered sources that have come to light during the 22 years of research since his earlier book. the history of the regiment, and of the men of the king ' s royal regiment have great significance to those with an interest in the american revolutionary war and the subsequent resettlement of united empire loyalists and others, many of whom migrated to canada. isbn 1 - 897210 - 83 - 3 ( hardcover ) more information book - orderly book of the three battalions of loyalists commanded by brigadier - general oliver de lancey, 1776 - 1778, to which is appended a list of new york loyalists in the city of new york during the war of the revolution compiled by : william kelby originally published 1917 this facsimile reprint by global heritage press, milton, 2006 this book is a military diary outlining the activities of three battalions of loyalists that were raised for the defense of long island. the orderly book includes much detail including many names of specific individuals. an appendix listing 1500 loyalists who resided in new york during the american revolution follows the main content of the book. isbn 1 - 897446 - 93 - 4 ( softcover ) more information book - pioneer life on the bay of quinte new introduction by brian tackaberry ( 1999 ) new index ( 1999 ) originally published by rolph and clark, 1904 this edition published by global heritage press, milton 1999 ( cd 2010 ) this 1096 page tome is invaluable to those who are researcing loyalist and other ancestry in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41410302500965146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.226911"} {"text": "( 1999 ) originally published by rolph and clark, 1904 this edition published by global heritage press, milton 1999 ( cd 2010 ) this 1096 page tome is invaluable to those who are researcing loyalist and other ancestry in the bay of quinte and south east central ontario region. the region of settlement covered in this volume ( bay of quinte region ) extends from kingston to trenton and includes the counties of frontenac, lennox and addington, hastings and prince edward. originally published in 1904, this edition contains a extensive new index, and a new introduction by brian tackaberry. 309 family histories and genealogies of early loyalist, british and american families who settled in the region. isbn 1 - 894378 - 33 - 4 ( hardcover ). more information book - the settlement of the united empire loyalists on the upper st. lawrence and bay of quinte in 1784, a documentary record by brig. general e. a. cruikshank originally published by ontario historical society, toronto, 1934 this edition by global heritage press, milton, 2007 the settlement of the united empire loyalists on the upper st. lawrence and bay of quinte in 1784, a documentary record is a collection of letters and journal entries of the people who were most closely involved with planning and accomplishing loyalist settlement along the st. lawrence river and the bay of quinte area between may 1783 and november of 1784. many references to specific settlers and their circumstances are included. isbn : 978 - 1 - 897466 - 03 - 4 ( hardcover ) more information book - loyalists in arms 1775 - 1783 by : w. o. raymond this book contains a short history of the british regiments that unsuccessfully attempted to contain the american revolution, with the roll of their officers. loyalists in arms 1775 - 1783 is an essential reference for those interested in those who fought on the side of the crown in the american revolutionary war. to see a list of which regiments are covered in this book, click on \" more information \". isbn 1 - 897210 - 76 - 0 ( softcover ) more information book - the romance of the palatine millers, a tale of palatine irish - americans and united empire loyalists by rev. bowman tucker originally published by the author, montreal, 1929 this edition by global heritage press, milton, 2005 ( cd 2011 ) more than a family history book, the romance of the palatine millers, begins with an historical overview of the palatines in the rhine river valley ( in present - day germany ), continues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4175817020578588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.227912"} {"text": "by global heritage press, milton, 2005 ( cd 2011 ) more than a family history book, the romance of the palatine millers, begins with an historical overview of the palatines in the rhine river valley ( in present - day germany ), continues with the story of the palatine migration overseas, with eventual settlement in canada, and their american cousins who remained behind after the american revolution. isbn 1 - 897210 - 76 - 0 ( hardcover ) more information book - to their heirs forever, united empire loyalists, camden valley, new york, to upper canada by eula c. lapp. originally published by mika publishing, belleville, 1977 subsequent printings by global heritage press, milton, 2000, 2010 ( cd 2010 ) to their heirs forever is the story of families who migrated from europe to england in the 1700 ' s, then to ireland, finally settling in the camden valley, charlotte county, of present day new york state. this story focuses on those families that were forced to seek a new life in canada after the american revolutionary war. isbn 1 - 894378 - 39 - 3 ( hardcover ) more information book - voyage of a different kind - the associated loyalists of kingston and adolphustown [ ontario ] by larry turner. originally published by mika publishing, belleville, 1984 this printing by global heritage press, milton, 1999 from the city of new york to the shores of lake ontario : following a path of its own choosing, a small but significant group of loyalist refugees opted for settlement in the western territory of the old province of quebec ( present day kingston and adolphustown, ontario ) after the american revolutionary war. isbn 1 - 894378 - 08 - 3 ( hardcover ) more information book - loyalists and land settlement in nova scotia. compiled by marion gilroy under the direction of d. c. harvey, archivist originally published 1937 ( this historical reprint by global heritage press ) the list of united empire loyalists who appear in this book, was compiled from the land papers in the public archives of nova scotia and checked with the land papers in the department of lands and forests of the province. the general purpose of this publication was to collect in as compact a form as possible all the information that has survived on loyalist settlements in nova scotia and to make this accessible to the descendants who are interested. isbn 1 - 897210 - 95 - 7 ( hardcover ) more information book - kingston and the \" loyalists of the spring fleet \" of 1783 by walter bates originally published by barnes and company, saint john, 1889", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4354999759921141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.228946"} {"text": "the descendants who are interested. isbn 1 - 897210 - 95 - 7 ( hardcover ) more information book - kingston and the \" loyalists of the spring fleet \" of 1783 by walter bates originally published by barnes and company, saint john, 1889 this edition by global heritage press, milton, 2010 this book deals with the exodus of the loyalists of the spring fleet from the united states to sanctuary in atlantic canada in 1783. the original title page includes a lengthy title and attribution, as was common when this history was written : kingston and the \" loyalists of the spring fleet \" of a. d. 1783. with reminiscences of early days in connecticut : a narrative. by walter bates, esq., sometime high sheriff of the county of kings. to which is appended a diary written by sarah frost on her voyage to st. john, n. b. with the loyalists of 1783. edited with notes by w. o. raymond, a. b. rector of st. mary ' s church, st. john, n. b.. isbn : 9781926797434 more information book - the old united empire loyalists list, originally published as the centennial of the settlement of upper canada 1784 - 1884 by the centennial committee, united empire loyalists originally published by rose publishing co., toronto, 1885. this facsimile reprint by global heritage press, milton, 2005 ( cd 2010 ) this book was originally compiled in 1885 for the \" centennial of the settlement of upper canada \". it contains the names of, and information about many of united empire loyalist settlers, and others who left the american colonies during and after the revolutionary war and settled, first, in 1783, in what is now new brunswick and nova scotia, and then, in 1784, in upper canada, or what is now the province of ontario. isbn 1 - 897210 - 69 - 8 ( hardcover ) more information book - 7th town ameliasburgh township past & present by seventh town historical society originally published by 7th town historical society, ameliasburgh, 1984 this edition by global heritage press, milton, 1999, 2010 ( cd 2010 ) this revised edition contains a facsimile reprint of every page of the original book plus new material. of great value is a new and extensive index. the index is a windfall for family historians because it guides readers to over six thousand names linked to many thousands of valuable references. isbn 1 - 894378 - 30 - x ( hardcover ) more information book or cd rom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4445427362081298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.232113"} {"text": "and extensive index. the index is a windfall for family historians because it guides readers to over six thousand names linked to many thousands of valuable references. isbn 1 - 894378 - 30 - x ( hardcover ) more information book or cd rom - the ketcheson family. by the ketcheson family book committee. though this is one family ' s history / genealogy, the direct and collateral family lines are dominated by loyalists and their descendants. the ketcheson family history is a genealogical study of twelve generations of the descendants of william and sally ayr ketcheson. thier son william ketcheson, born in yorkshire, england, was destined to become the progenitor of the widespread family largely responsible for a considerable share of the development of what later became the province of ontario in the dominion of canada. isbn 1 - 894378 - 62 - 8 ( hardcover ) more information book - the book of names, especially relating to the early palatines and the first settlers in the mohawk valley. by : lou d. macwethy. palatines migrated across the continent with primary migration trails including to canada and to the american west after the american revolution. this long respected work was the earliest to to provide a published list of more than 20, 000 names and genealogical information about the early palatines of new york state, the original settlers of the mohawk valley. isbn 1 - 897210 - 73 - 6 ( hardcover ) more information book - the queen ' s rangers by george h. locke and margaret ray. the author discusses the history of the queen ' s rangers from the american revolution until the mid - ninteenth century. a reprint of a paper presented by george h. locke at the june, 1923 meeting of the ontario historical society at kingston. includes several biographies plus an appendix item containing a list of members of the queen ' s rangers who were present at the surrender of yorktown in 1781. isbn 1 - 897210 - 77 - 9 more information book - the hessians and the other german auxiliaries of great britain in the revolutionary war. by edward j. lowell ( this historical reprint by global heritage press ) the history of the german auxiliaries, who fought for great britain in the revolutionary war, has not received from american writers the amount of attention which its importance would seem to deserve. much of the original source material used by the author in 1884 was lost due to bombing during the second world war. this circumstance heightens the the importance of this early work. isbn 1 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4533057469912948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.233526"} {"text": "the amount of attention which its importance would seem to deserve. much of the original source material used by the author in 1884 was lost due to bombing during the second world war. this circumstance heightens the the importance of this early work. isbn 1 - 894378 - 83 - 0 ( hardcover ) more information book - sketches illustrating the early settlement and history of glengarry in canada by j. a. macdonell. j. a. macdonell recognized that much had been written on the subject of united empire loyalist settlement in ontario, the war of 1812 - 14, and the rebellion of 1837 - 8, but expressed concern that there was little mention made of the part that the highlanders of glengarry played in those conflicts. he corrects that oversight within the 29 chapters that comprise this formitable text. this book is an fine source of information for those interested in early settlement of the highlanders in glengarry and surrounding counties, and the role that they played in the american revolution, united empire loyalist migration and settlement, war of 1812, and the rebellion of 1837 - 38. isbn 1 - 894378 - 80 - 6 ( hardcover ) more information used & antiquarian books : newfoundland & labrador : by michael harris penguin books, toronto, 1993. 5 - 1 / 2 x 8 - 1 / 2. 407 pages. paperback, perfect bound. some shelving wear. some ink writing on fly leaf. tight spine, chipped on edge of spine and a crack on back cover, in good condition. first published by viking penguin books of canada limited, 1992. isbn 0140231846. click for image used book - rare ambition, the crosbies of newfoundland. by michael harris viking penguin group, toronto, 1992. 6 - 1 / 4 x 9 - 3 / 8. 407 pages. hardcover with dust cover, both in excellent condition. some ink print of previous owner on front and back fly leaf and inside front and back cover. some yellow highlighting throughout the book. isbn 0670818569. click for image used book - noble to our view : the saga of saint bonaventure ' s college. st. john ' s, newfoundland and labrador, the first 150 years, 1856 - 2006. by brother joseph b. darcy creative publishers, st. john ' s newfoundland and labrador, 2007. 6 x 9. 199 pages. paperback, perfect bound. tight spine, cracked cover however unused and in excellent condition. surplus from library and archives canada. isbn 97818", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45295386590596076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.234474"} {"text": ". darcy creative publishers, st. john ' s newfoundland and labrador, 2007. 6 x 9. 199 pages. paperback, perfect bound. tight spine, cracked cover however unused and in excellent condition. surplus from library and archives canada. isbn 9781897174111. click for image used book - place of character, observing the 50th anniversary of the entry of newfoundland into the constitution, 1949 - 1999. by ron ennis, editor of robinson - blachmore newspaper robinson - blackmore printing and publishing, grand - falls, nf, 1999. 12 x 9 - 1 / 2. 104 pages. paperback, perfect bound. some shelving wear. tight spine, in very good condition isbn 0920884636. click for image used book - newfoundland schooner, norma & gladys, her story of industry, mutiny & triumph. by garry cranford flanker press, st, john ' s, nfl, canada, 1994. 5 - 1 / 2 x 8 - 3 / 8. 159 pages. paperback, perfect bound. some shelving wear. cover scratched however tight spine and this former library book is in very good condition. isbn 096987670x. click for image used book - newfoundland a history in portraits portfolio. by j. m. sullivan, anna marie beckel, editor. jesperson publishing, st. john ' s nfl, canada, 2006. 6 x 9. 181 pages. paperback, perfect bound. tight spine, this former library book is in like new condition. isbn 1894377222. click for image used book - the life of a cottage hospital, the bonne bay experience. by john k. crellin flanker press ltd, st. john s, nl 2007. 6 x 9. 139 pages. paperback, perfect bound, tight spine, like new condition. isbn 9781897317051. click for image or.... click here for new books & ebooks for newfoundland & labrador used & antiquarian books : atlantic canada : ( concerns more than one atlantic province ) by thomas r. millman, a. r. kelley anglican book centre, toronto, canada, 1983. 5 - 1 / 4 x 8 - 1 / 4. 180 pages. paperback, perfect bound. slight shelving wear, glossy cover yellowing, however in very good condition. isbn 0919891004. click for image used book - the atlantic provinces in confederation. by e. r. forbes and d. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41253564493408756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.235356"} {"text": ", perfect bound. slight shelving wear, glossy cover yellowing, however in very good condition. isbn 0919891004. click for image used book - the atlantic provinces in confederation. by e. r. forbes and d. a. muise, editors university of toronto press, 1993. 6 - 3 / 8 x 9 - 3 / 8. 628 pages. soft cover, perfect bound, tight spine, shelving wear, some light stains on edges. printed on acid - free paper. some yellow highlighting and ink writing throughout the book. isbn 0802068170. click for image used book - highland heritage & freedom s quest, three centuries of maccarmaics in ireland, scotland, prince edward island and west lake ainslie, nova scotia by john r. maccormack kinloch books, 1998. 5 - 3 / 8 x 8 - 1 / 2. 168 pages. paperback, perfect bound, in very good condition, tight spine. some ink writing on title page, but very clean. isbn 0968386008. click for image used book - through dirty windows a humorous account of shop and factory life in the incredible 1930s. by harry d. smith lancelot press, nova scotia 1976. 5 - 5 / 8 x 8 - 1 / 4. 84 pages. paperback, perfect bound, in good condition, tight spine. some discoloration on spine, but very clean, signed by author. isbn 0889990506. click for image used book - blacks, peoples of the maritimes [ all maritime provinces ] by bridglal pachai. published by nimbus publishing, halifax, n. s. 1997. 5. 85 x 9. 00. 96 pages. black and white photos and illustrations. bibliography, no index. isbn 1 - 55109 - 187 - 9 - x. yellow card stock soft cover, perfect bound. book is in excellent like new condition. blacks in the maritimes from late 1700 ' s to 1812. click for image or.... click here for new books & ebooks for atlantic canada more canadian genealogy & history resources from global genealogy :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42106606983207084, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.236093"} {"text": "hong kong is a unique city and there are plenty of interesting facts about hong kong. below you \u2019 ll find noel coward and his noon day gun, as well as sardines and skyscrapers in our selection of facts about hong kong. - hong kong \u2019 s official name is the tongue twisting hong kong special administrative region, or hong kong sar. find out more in what country is hong kong in? - the city \u2019 s name, hong kong means fragrant harbor - hong kong is the most densely populated city in the world. the current sardine squeezing world record holder is the mongkok district. take our tour of the mongkok ladies market. - the saying \u2018 only mad dogs and englishmen go out in the miday sun \u2019 originated in hong kong. noel coward wrote the words referring to the noon day gun in causeway bay fired every day at the stroke of midday since colonial times. - hong kong has more rolls royce \u2019 s per person than any other city in the world. - hong kong \u2019 s official languages are chinese ( spoken cantonese ) and english. find out more in our do hong kongers speak english article. - hong kong has the most skyscrapers in the world. classified as buildings with more than 14 floors, hong kong has around 8000, almost double that of new york its nearest rival. take a look with our picture tour of hong kong \u2019 s skyscrapers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43935100896021584, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.238647"} {"text": "the oldest form of runic scripts, elder futhark is named for the first six runes in its alphabet, f, u, th, a, r, and k. it was used in the north west of europe from around the second to the eighth centuries ad and has been found on numerous artefacts ranging from jewellry and amulets to tools, weapons and the ever - popular runestone. from the sixth century, younger futhark began to develop out of the elder form before it became prominent in scandinavia from the late eighth century. later still the anglo - saxons and the frisians developed it further into anglo - saxon futhark. unlike other forms of runes, the skill of reading elder futhark was lost overtime until it was rediscovered with its decipherment in 1865 by the norwegian sophus bugge. the elder futhark alphabet consists of twenty - four runes which are traditionally set out in three groups known as aett. the alphabetic order which gives the script its name is first attested from around 400 ad. the direction of the text tends to vary in the earliest inscriptions but it later appears to settle into running from left to right. there are no word divisions in the majority of inscriptions except in a few cases where a series of dots were used to separate words. the angular shapes that the runes are formed by are probably the result of the original incisions make by writing materials like those made by the reed implements to form cuneiform. the alphabet itself is believed to be a derivation from italic alphabets, possibly a form of etruscan or raetic or even latin. there was a popular theory previously that the alphabet was derived from the greek alphabet via the gothic. however, the date of early inscriptions predates the gothic communications with the greeks and so this theory has been ruled out. it is believed that development of elder futhark was composed by a single person or group around the first century ad. the definite purpose for its invention is unknown but epigraphic purposes have been suggested alongside the magical, practical and the playful. baeksted ( 1952 ) suggests use in graffiti. the runes for f, a, g, t, m, and l appear to be identical to old italic or latin alphabetic forms. there is also some correspondence in the runes for u, r, k, h, s, b, and o. the rest of the runes are likely adaptations from other sources or original innovations with the creation of the scripts. the rune names are based on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42966526692445745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.245571"} {"text": "also some correspondence in the runes for u, r, k, h, s, b, and o. the rest of the runes are likely adaptations from other sources or original innovations with the creation of the scripts. the rune names are based on the sounds of the runes themselves but also have a basis in mythology, nature and the environment, daily life and the human condition. as mentioned, inscriptions are found on a range of artefacts between the carpathians and lappland with the majority of examples hailing from denmark. the oldest inscription found dates to 160 ad and is found on the vimose comb reading simply harja. the longest inscription found consists of 200 characters and dates to the eighth century eggjum stone containing a stanza of norse poetry. younger futhark developed out of elder futhark in a transitional phase dating from around 650 - 800 ad. it is also known as scandinavian runes and is referred to in the book of ballymore as the \u2018 ogham of the scandinavians \u2019. it is a reduced form of elder futhark and is found in inscriptions from scandinavia and viking age settlements. younger futhark is also known as the alphabet of the norsemen and is believed to have been developed for use in trade and diplomatic contracts. the alphabet consists of only sixteen characters which were in use from the ninth to the twelfth centuries. its format consisted of distinct sounds and minimal pairs. one key rule in the younger futhark texts is the avoidance of having the same rune twice in consecutive order. younger futhark actual includes two scripts. the first is made up of long - branch runes which are believed to have been used for documentation on stone. the second script is made up of short - twig runes which were likely used for everyday uses, for private and official messages on wood. the short - twig forms include nine runes which appear as simplified variants of the long branch runes. the younger futhark developed later into a range of additional scripts including halsinge runes, middle age runes, and latinised dalecarlian futhark. some examples of futhark inscriptions : kalleby runestone - the kalleby runestone dates to the iron age and includes a short text. it was found in sweden in the region of bohuslan and is believed to have been produced in the fifth century ad. it is an example of period i elder futhark ( 150 - 550 ad ). it reads : \u00ferawijan * haitinaz was yearning was imposed ( on him )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46416757945281983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.246515"} {"text": "and is believed to have been produced in the fifth century ad. it is an example of period i elder futhark ( 150 - 550 ad ). it reads : \u00ferawijan * haitinaz was yearning was imposed ( on him ). / \u00ferawija \u2019 s ( monument ). ( i / he ) was commanded / called. / ( i / he ) was promised to \u00ferawija vadstena bracteate - the vadstena bracteate is a gold c - bracteate found in sweden dating to around 500ad. it consists of an image of a four - legged animals with a man \u2019 s head above it with a bird separated by a line. this image is commonly associated with the norse god odin. the inscription reads : tuwatuwa ; fu\u00fearkgw ; hnijipzs ; tbeml\u014bo [ d ] the translation is highly debated skaang runestone - the skaang runestone is an elaborate stone dating to around the sixth century. it hails from sweden and contains two inscriptions. the first inscription consists of younger futhark while the second is of elder futhark. the inscriptions reads : \u00a7 a harja, leugaz \u00a7 b skammhals ok olof \u00feau letu g\u00e6ra m\u00e6rki \u00feausi \u00e6ftir sv\u00e6in, fa\u00f0ur sinn. gu\u00f0 hialpi salu hans \u00a7 a harja, leugaz \u00a7 b skammhals and olof, they had these landmarks made in memory of sveinn, their father. may god help his soul istaby runestone - the istaby runestone is found amoung the rundata catalog ( dr 359 ) and is a proto - norse runestone found in sweden dating to the vendel era. it is currently located in the swedish museum of national antiquities in stockholm. it is an example of period ii elder futhark ( 550 - 700 ad ). it reads : ap aftr hariwulfa. ha\u00feuwulfz heruwulfizaq ha\u00feuwulfz heruwulfiz aftr hariwulfab wrait runaz \u00feaiaz ap in memory of hariwulfar. ha\u00feuwulfar, heruwulfar \u2019 s son, aq ha\u00feuwulf ( a ) r, heruwulfar \u2019 s son, in memory of hariwulfarb wrote these runes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4481002894994889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.247281"} {"text": "of hariwulfar. ha\u00feuwulfar, heruwulfar \u2019 s son, aq ha\u00feuwulf ( a ) r, heruwulfar \u2019 s son, in memory of hariwulfarb wrote these runes. spearhead of kovel - the spearhead of kovel is the head of a lance found in 1858 in ukraine. it dates to around the third century ad and measures 15. 5cm. the inscription on its blade reads from right to left tilarids meaning \u2018 thither rider \u2019, which is interpreted as either the name of a warrior or of the spear itself. it is believed to be gothic in origin. - futhark, a handbook of rune magic - elder futhark - runes : an introduction - a practical guide to the runes : their uses in divination and magick - norwegian runes and runic inscriptions - runes and runic inscriptions : collected essays - runes and germanic linguistics - the magick of runes ( ankhafnakhonsu. net ) - the language of trees : ogham ( archaic irish script ) ( graecomuse. wordpress. com ) - runes in christian contexts ( wolfslair88. wordpress. com ) - swedish runic corpus on - line ( scienceblogs. com ) - surviving material evidence ( wolfslair88. wordpress. com ) - runes in manuscripts ( wolfslair88. wordpress. com ) note that this website can be followed by pressing the \u2018 follow by email \u2019 option on the right hand side of the screen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37564209028765566, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.247797"} {"text": "white roofs or green roofs? by ian montangees the difference between white roofs and green roofs in terms of their positive contribution to global warming reduction \u2013 by ian montangees a number of people have asked about the difference between green roofs and white roofs in contributing to global warming reduction in a positive way. the short answer is that they are both good in their different ways and in any particular situation it depends on what you are wanting to achieve as both types produce positive outcomes. green roofs are roofs covered with vegetation planted in a bed of soil and growing media which may be 150 mm thick, and has a waterproof membrane underneath. green roofs help towards global warming reduction partly by increasing the insulation of a roof from the addition of a layer of soil and this reduces energy consumed by air conditioning in summer and to a lesser extent by heating in winter, which gives reductions in emissions from electricity power generation. in summer the plants can provide some additional cooling by shading and by evaporation of moisture, provided that the vegetation is thick enough and is kept alive. - a planted roof can be visually attractive, a way of introducing green space into an urban environment, which can be softening and visually restful. for example, in some locations green roofs are used as recreational green space at ground level on top of a building underneath. a green roof can add value to a property. - green roofs even out storm water runoff from roofs during heavy rainfalls because the rain takes longer to percolate through the soil, easing the load on storm water drains. in this way green roofs perform similar to storm water detention tanks that are often required on new buildings to help even out peak rainfall runoffs. however, green roofs are expensive to install and require buildings that are strong enough to take the extra load of the green roof soil. white roofs help global warming reduction by : - directly reflecting sunlight back into space and help cool the planet mimicking way that the polar icecaps do. - reducing electricity use by air conditioning systems in summer, and typically producing an overall annual savings in both energy and emissions ( summer cooling savings minus winter heating penalty equals overall savings ) compared to a dark roof. - zero cost, often, when the choice to use white is made at the design stage or during regular maintenance - can be applied onto a wide range of roofs - white paint is typically cheaper than dark paint - it is a win - win solution that gives an effective action plan that many people can do themselves instead of waiting for others to take action. i have written elsewhere in happy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44981359035112267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.252942"} {"text": "onto a wide range of roofs - white paint is typically cheaper than dark paint - it is a win - win solution that gives an effective action plan that many people can do themselves instead of waiting for others to take action. i have written elsewhere in happyzine about the science and benefits and simplicity of white roofs so i won \u2019 t repeat it in this article. a couple of studies have compared both white roofs and green roofs with traditional dark roofs, such as one carried out at the university of columbia \u2019 s centre for climate systems research in 2010, which was commissioned by con edison, one of the largest energy companies in the us. an earlier study was carried out by walmart, the largest retailer in the us. thanks to the following environmentally responsible businesses for supporting happyzine : nelson \u2019 s busy organic shop \u2013 healthy food, happy people, great service, caring for the environment. corner tasman & grove streets, nelson. ph 03 548 3650. the columbia study found that both white and green roofs perform equally well in preventing the heat island effect, which is the heat concentration found in many cities resulting from replacing vegetation with man - made buildings and roads that absorb sunlight and convert it into heat. the study was carried out on adjacent roofs of con edison. the green roof ( using 21, 000 plants ), the white roof and the dark roof each had embedded sensors to measure heat flows through the roof structure. it was found that both white roofs and green roofs produced significant energy savings compared to a standard dark roof, that the green roof savings were greater than the white, which is to be expected considering the amount of insulation 150 mm of soil would provide. note that these studies did not include for the amount of global cooling produced by the white roofs directly reflecting sunlight back into space, which green roofs do not offer, and which has been found to be a very effective mechnism for global warming reduction in other studies with that focus. the emphasis of the columbia study was more focused on energy savings that also put money in your pocket, and did not include for global cooling of the planet. the goal of the study was to provide the best science to help these companies make choices and cost - benefit estimates in how they might achieve better energy efficiency. which perhaps gives understanding to why companies like con edison and walmart have embraced white roofs, with con edison having installed 25, 000 square metre of white roof at the time this report was written, with at least a further 22, 000 m2 planned by the end of 2010, and walmart has had a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.505829866819035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.254197"} {"text": "walmart have embraced white roofs, with con edison having installed 25, 000 square metre of white roof at the time this report was written, with at least a further 22, 000 m2 planned by the end of 2010, and walmart has had a policy of installing white roofs on all its new stores since 1999, and by 2010 more than 75 percent of the chain \u2019 s 4, 268 outlets in the united states now have them. so in summary, both white roofs and green roofs are good choices for helping reduce global warming, and in any particular situation it depends on what one is trying to achieve as both types produce different outcomes while also helping to save the many species threatened by our man - made climate change. so yea for white roofs! and yea for green roofs! we all have our parts to play. never before has mankind been faced with such a stark choice in future outcomes. may we learn to quickly evolve to overcome our motivation based on self interest only, that seems to have lead us to this situation with global warming. may we learn to include along with self interest a motivation to also do what is b est for the greater whole. may we come to know that we are all connected, part of one big family, whether we realise it or not ( i can \u2019 t put petrol in my car without the emissions affecting someone \u2019 s weather in africa ), and come to know it is in our self interest to also do what is best for the greater good, for our economies and our civilisation are much more fragile than we might currently understand them to be, and their future survival depends on our present actions. ( as usual, my comments are offered to the best of my understanding at the time and are my opinion only. ) by ian montangees \u2013 www. whiteroofs. org. nz launch your green dream : check out our august green dream launch pad courses \u2013 with ted speaker majora carter!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4371216950062433, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.254947"} {"text": "what gis does one common misconception is that a gis is simply a computer package to make maps. while maps are one product of a gis, there is much more that a gis can do. gis has become recognized as a tool of unlimited potential. at the most basic level, a gis manages information about locations and their physical relationships to each other. it also looks at how things move through space, whether they are animals, humans, or pollutants. a gis then combines information about where things are with what things are. this management of spatial information allows a gis to create new knowledge about something. a gis is called a system, because rather than than just software, it is an integration of five basic components : the most important component of a gis. people make a gis work. these include not just technical specialists to run the system, but planners, managers, scientists, and engineers. people must develop procedures and define the tasks of a gis data is a very important, and often the most expensive component of a gis. data includes any information that relates to geography and specialty fields. this could include information about air and water quality, parcels, flood zones, or census data. the quality and accuracy of data is an important consideration, as is information describing the data itself, or metadata. hardware is the computer system on which a gis operates. gis software runs on a wide range of hardware types. gis software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. it can include other non - gis software such as databases, drawing, and statistical software. a successful gis operates requires well - designed implementation plans and business rules describing how the technology is applied gis can be useful in discovering sources of environmental pollution. by displaying potential contaminating sources in an area, you can quickly assess visual relationships that could help identify possible pollution sources. this map shows the waters off of bellows air station and the locations of cesspools, septic tanks, streams and storm drains. these sources may have contributed to elevated levels of enterococcus bacteria at doh monitoring stations in waimanalo bay. underground injection control line the underground injection control ( uic ) line is a line that separates areas above drinking water and non - drinking water groundwater resources. it is meant to protect hawaii ' s precious aquifers from possible contamination by chemical, physical, radioactive, or biological material due to injection well activity. well construction is permitted and regulated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48148453477277253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.259673"} {"text": "separates areas above drinking water and non - drinking water groundwater resources. it is meant to protect hawaii ' s precious aquifers from possible contamination by chemical, physical, radioactive, or biological material due to injection well activity. well construction is permitted and regulated by the safe drinking water branch ' s uic program based on the potential for contamination due to the siting of injection wells. click here for more information about the uic program and uic permits. to use the map below, use the navigation tools to zoom to your area of interest. click on the map to find the uic code for that location : code1 - below ( makai ) uic line - underlying aquifer not considered drinking water source - wider variety of wells allowed - injection wells need uic permit or permit exemption - permit limitations are imposed code100 - above ( mauka ) uic line - underlying aquifer considered drinking water source - limited types of injection wells allowed - injection wells need uic permit or permit exemption - permit limitations are imposed and requirements are more stringent view larger map using gis to discover historic areas of contamination the department \u2019 s hazard evaluation and emergency response ( heer ) office has been investigating soil contamination from historic sugar plantation sites in hawaii for a number of years. when a heer staff member came across photos taken in 1914 showing a plantation worker standing amidst containers marked \u201c poison \u201d at kilauea, kauai, efforts began to investigate the site. the kilauea sugar company had operated at this location from 1877 to 1971. after the plantation had closed, the land was put up for sale and later developed into a residential community. the heer office obtained old fire insurance maps of the site showing buildings that were formerly used for pesticide mixing and storage. although these buildings had been torn down since, several other original warehouse buildings in the area were surprisingly still standing. the scanned maps were overlaid onto an aerial image of the area and georeferenced using the warehouses as reference points. since the map image was now properly spatially located, it could be placed on a parcel layer showing property boundaries. this allowed the property owners and addresses in the area to be identified. heer staff contacted property owners and conducted soil testing in the vicinity of the former pesticide mixing / storage facility. soil samples showed high levels of arsenic and moderate levels of dioxin residues. these levels exceeded state and federal environmental action levels ( eals ) at two residential properties and in a stormwater drainage ditch behind a commercial warehouse. an extensive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4526838844756234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.261820"} {"text": "storage facility. soil samples showed high levels of arsenic and moderate levels of dioxin residues. these levels exceeded state and federal environmental action levels ( eals ) at two residential properties and in a stormwater drainage ditch behind a commercial warehouse. an extensive cleanup program began, resulting in the removal of 814 tons of contaminated soil in the area. sampling of other properties in the community showed that the surface and subsurface soils did not pose a health risk. the contaminated soils were removed and replaced with new clean soil. the drainage ditch was capped with a concrete barrier to provide stormwater drainage while continuing to isolate any additional contaminated soils. 230 air samples were taken throughout the process and showed no detection of any contaminants being released by the work. this project involved the cooperation of the u. s. environmental protection agency, the hawaii deparment of health, the kilauea community, and the county of kauai. cleanup activities were completed on september 17, 2012. the heer office will oversee implementation of environmental hazard management plans to ensure long - term protectiveness of the remedies at the affected properties. a story detailing the discovery of the kilauea site and its resolution was recently published in the hawaii journal of public health. it can be found if you have any questions, please contact : environmental planning office 919 ala moana blvd., room 312 honolulu, hi 96814 back to top of page last update : 10 april 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44335725315229846, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.263178"} {"text": "definitions and services according to the united states department of agriculture ' s ( usda ) 2004 household food security report, nearly 650, 000 missourians experience food insecurity \u2013 approximately a third of them also experience hunger. this means that their access to enough food is limited by a lack of money and other resources. a 1997 study by the midwest assistance program funded by the missouri department of natural resources, solid waste management program http : / / www. dnr. mo. gov / env / swmp / index. html, found that food accounted for 18. 7 % or over 1, 033, 000 tons of waste disposed in missouri landfills. http : / / www. dnr. mo. gov / pubs / pub2072. pdf a study by the community childhood hunger identification project reports that most low - income families must receive food assistance from several sources, relying on federal food assistance programs as well as emergency food programs. even with federal assistance and the work of charities and nonprofit organizations, nearly 20 percent of the requests for emergency food assistance go unmet. in a study by the usda for the period ending december 2002, it was reported that 34. 9 million people in u. s. households were food insecure, with 13. 1 million of them being children. the data showed that 11. 1 percent of u. s. households reported that at some time during the year they were uncertain of having, or were unable to acquire, adequate food to meet their basic needs. of these, about 3. 8 million households were food insecure to the extent that one or more household members went hungry at least some time during the year. yet, it is estimated that approximately one - fourth of america ' s food goes to waste each year, with an estimated 96 billion pounds of food ending up in landfills. millions of people could have benefited from those lost resources. the four most common methods of food recovery are : - field gleaning - the collection of crops from farmers ' fields that have already been mechanically harvested or on fields where it is not economically profitable to harvest. - perishable food rescue or salvage \u2013 the collection of perishable produce from wholesale and retail sources. - food rescue - the collection of prepared foods from the food service industry. - nonperishable food collection - the collection of processed foods with long shelf lives. - food banks provide food to other organizations like food pantries, soup kitchens, hunger relief centers, or other food or feeding centers. usually, food banks do not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4962500728550915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.268034"} {"text": "nonperishable food collection - the collection of processed foods with long shelf lives. - food banks provide food to other organizations like food pantries, soup kitchens, hunger relief centers, or other food or feeding centers. usually, food banks do not distribute food directly to individuals. - food pantries distribute food to low - income and unemployed households to take home. - soup kitchens provide meals to the needy and the homeless on a regular basis. in addition to perishable and non - perishable commercial foods donated by retailers, manufacturers, food service establishments, etc., many of the agencies listed in this booklet distribute usda commodities made available through the emergency food assistance program ( tefap ). under tefap, commodity foods are distributed to organizations ( i. e., soup kitchens ) in the state that use them in congregate feeding facilities for the needy, including the homeless, and to organizations ( i. e., food pantries ) that provide them to eligible households for home consumption. to be eligible to take commodities home, households must meet established income requirements or participate in another government program such as food stamps, temporary assistance for needy families ( tanf ), supplemental security income ( ssi ) ; medicaid, or reside in public housing. there are many worthwhile organizations, not included in this booklet, that provide food assistance directly to the needy. contact the local food bank to find the location of a food pantry or soup kitchen in your area. to obtain contact information go to the second harvest website and enter your zip code where it says \" find your local food bank or food rescue organization. \" the operation of a good food recovery program is three - fold : - locate unsold or unmerchantable food and fresh produce. - coordinate its transportation and storage. - distribute it to the needy. there are various ways to get involved in the fight against hunger and demonstrate commitment to the community. food service professionals - organize a food drive and donate food to a local food bank or pantry. - donate excess prepared food from restaurants, school cafeterias or catered events. - assist organizations in training their volunteers in safe food - handling practices. - work independently or with existing organizations to assist ongoing food recovery efforts. - support or develop a community or regional coalition against hunger. - develop a community financial fund to fight hunger. - plan tours of food recovery facilities or arrange for knowledgeable speakers to increase community awareness of hunger and poverty problems, and what people are doing to address them. youth service groups and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5189436401322273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.269002"} {"text": "coalition against hunger. - develop a community financial fund to fight hunger. - plan tours of food recovery facilities or arrange for knowledgeable speakers to increase community awareness of hunger and poverty problems, and what people are doing to address them. youth service groups and volunteer organizations - work on their own or with existing organizations to assist on - going food recovery efforts. - organize essay, oratorical or art contests for school children to focus on a child ' s view of hunger and its consequences. - sponsor a community garden that gives a portion of the harvest to food banks, soup kitchens, and other food recovery programs. - supply gardening tools and harvesting equipment for local gardening and gleaning efforts. - volunteer at the food recovery program closest to you. - attend food safety training sessions so you are better prepared to volunteer in a soup kitchen or shelter. - suggest that organizations you belong to or businesses you work for sponsor food recovery programs. - join or form a community walk / run to benefit a food recovery program. businesses and corporations - encourage, recognize, and reward employees and other individuals for volunteer service to the community. increase employee awareness of local hunger and provide training to make employees more useful volunteers. - sponsor radio and television air time for community organizations that address hunger. - donate excess prepared and processed food from the employee cafeteria or from special events to local food recovery programs. - donate transportation, maintenance work, or computer service. - prepare legal information on donor considerations such as \u201c good samaritan \u201d laws and food safety and quality.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40208977303327614, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.269789"} {"text": "by serena gordon monday, nov. 16 ( healthday news ) - - pediatric food allergies, which can sometimes be life - threatening, are increasing at a dramatic rate in the united states, new research shows. but the study authors aren ' t sure if the rise in reports of food allergies reflects an increase in actual prevalence or if better awareness has led more people to seek treatment for their symptoms. whatever the cause, it ' s clear that the number of children with food allergies has gone up 18 percent and the number seeking treatment for food allergy at emergency departments or hospitals has tripled since 1993. \" people are more aware of food allergies today, and that could have something to do with it, \" said study author, amy branum, a health statistician for the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention. \" but, when we looked at health - care surveys filled out by parents and those from the health - care sector, we saw the increase across the surveys so this may be more than just increased awareness. \" results of the study were published online nov. 16 and will appear in the december print issue of pediatrics. although many people think of allergies as more of a nuisance than a serious health issue, food allergy in particular can be very serious, even life - threatening. the most common foods that people are allergic to include peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, soy, shellfish, fish and wheat, according to the food allergy & anaphylaxis network. symptoms often appear minutes after people eat a food that they ' re allergic to, but it can sometimes take several hours before a reaction begins, according to the network. typical symptoms of a food allergy include a tingling sensation in the mouth, swelling of the tongue or throat, trouble breathing, hives, stomach cramping, vomiting or diarrhea. in the current study, the researchers used information from four different national data sources to assess the current rate of food allergies in the united states. the surveys included information from parents and from health - care providers, according to branum. the researchers found that between 1997 and 2007, the incidence of food allergy went up by 18 percent. parents of almost 4 percent of u. s. children reported a food or digestive allergy in their child, the study authors noted. there was also an increase in the rates of parent - reported skin allergy ( eczema ) during the same time period. approximately", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44318297004553747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.273644"} {"text": "of u. s. children reported a food or digestive allergy in their child, the study authors noted. there was also an increase in the rates of parent - reported skin allergy ( eczema ) during the same time period. approximately 8. 9 percent of u. s. children had experienced skin allergy in 2007, compared with 7. 9 percent in 1997. health - care providers, on the other hand, reported that the number of children being treated for food allergies had tripled, the study found. data from health - care providers was from 1993 to 2006. data included testing for immunoglobulin e, or ige, antibodies in the blood for various foodstuffs, which can indicate an allergy. the percentage of children who tested positive for ige antibodies for peanut allergy was 9 percent ; for egg allergy, 7 percent ; milk, 12 percent ; and shrimp, 5 percent, the study found. though ige antibodies can indicate a potential food allergy, the test is often better at ruling out who does not have an allergy, branum said. a positive test doesn ' t mean that someone definitely has a food allergy, but suggests that the potential is there. the researchers also noted that hispanic children had the lowest overall prevalence of food allergy but the greatest increases over time of parent - reported incidences of food allergy. \" people should be aware that food allergy may really be increasing, \" branum said. \" if small children have symptoms when they eat a particular food, have that child checked out, particularly if they have co - occurring conditions like asthma and eczema. \" \" food allergies are real, \" said dr. jennifer appleyard, chief of allergy and immunology at st. john hospital and medical center in detroit. \" and it appears that the prevalence is rising. \" this will present various challenges, she noted. one is that there ' s already a shortage of allergy specialists in many areas, appleyard said. another is that schools will have to gear up to take care of additional children with food allergy to ensure their safety during the school day and on field trips, she said. parents who suspect their child has a food allergy should first talk with the child ' s primary care physician about symptoms. the problem could be a food intolerance rather than an allergy, she said, but the child might need to be tested by an allergy specialist to get a definitive diagnosis. the food", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4153468528989901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.274587"} {"text": "by madonna behen wednesday, jan. 18 ( healthday news ) - - the recently approved drug vemurafenib ( zelboraf ) has been hailed as a breakthrough in the treatment of melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. but roughly one - quarter of patients who take the medication develop a troublesome side effect : secondary skin cancers called squamous cell carcinomas. now, a new study by researchers at the jonsson comprehensive cancer center at the university of california, los angeles, and colleagues identifies the specific genetic mechanism that causes this side effect. \" what we found is that vemurafenib blocks the mutation that makes the melanoma grow, but when patients have skin cells with another mutation that ' s probably induced from sun exposure, there the drug has the exact opposite effect and causes these squamous cell cancers to grow, \" said dr. antoni ribas, co - senior author of the study and an associate professor of hematology / oncology at ucla. what ' s more, the findings suggest that combining vemurafenib, a braf inhibitor, with a drug called an mek inhibitor - - which blocks the other mutation - - may not only prevent this side effect, but may also lead to an even more effective melanoma treatment, ribas said. \" it needs to be demonstrated in clinical trials, but the theory is that if we give these two medications together up front, we will be punching the melanoma where it really hurts twice, and also preventing the growth of secondary skin cancers, \" ribas said. for the study, which appears in the jan. 19 issue of the new england journal of medicine, ribas and his colleagues analyzed cells from squamous cell lesions in patients treated with vemurafenib to look for specific genetic mutations. in a set of 21 tumor samples, the researchers found 13 had what ' s known as an ras mutation, which predisposes someone to develop squamous cell cancer. in a separate set of 14 samples, eight had ras mutations. \" our data suggest that about 60 percent of patients who develop skin squamous cell cancers while treated with a braf inhibitor have an ras mutation, \" ribas said. in experiments in mice with the ras mutation, the researchers showed that the combination of a braf inhibitor and an mek inhibitor successfullyblocked the growth of squamous cell cancers. this result may need replication in humans, since many findings in animals do not translate into effective treatments for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.488860722467796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.279665"} {"text": "mutation, the researchers showed that the combination of a braf inhibitor and an mek inhibitor successfullyblocked the growth of squamous cell cancers. this result may need replication in humans, since many findings in animals do not translate into effective treatments for people. ribas noted that the findings have implications beyond just melanoma, since ras mutations are common in lung, pancreatic and colon cancer. \" what this data also warns us is that we have to be very careful about using braf inhibitors in a setting where we don ' t know what other mutations may be driving [ the cancer ], \" he said. in an editorial accompanying the study, a cancer researcher at the wistar institute in philadelphia sounded a similar note. \" patients being given braf inhibitors should be tested to determine their ras status, since the potential for secondary tumor development is of concern, \" wrote ashani weeraratna, an assistant professor in wistar ' s molecular and cellular oncogenesis program. in an interview, she added, \" while cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are not usually life - threatening, a small portion are. and further, squamous cell carcinomas of other cell types can be very aggressive. so understanding how to solve this problem is critical. \" another skin cancer expert said that although the findings were important and timely, more studies were needed before making broad recommendations. \" patients need to be aware of the risk of development of squamous cell carcinomas, and dermatology exams need to be included as part of the care for these patients, \" said dr. iman osman, an associate professor of dermatology and oncology at nyu langone medical center in new york city. \" i believe any other recommendation, such as adding a mek inhibitor from the beginning, or doing biopsies of any squamous cell carcinoma for ras mutation at the time of starting braf inhibition, will require more data, \" osman said. other researchers who took part in the study included investigators from the institute of cancer research in london and the pharmaceutical companies roche and plexxikon. visit the u. s. national cancer institute to learn about melanoma.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43976101419115243, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.280610"} {"text": "c - section babies may be more likely to fail first hearing test tuesday, june 12 ( healthday news ) - - infants delivered by cesarean section are three times more likely than babies delivered vaginally to fail their first hearing test, which is performed shortly after birth, new research from israel finds. however, the researchers noted that parents should be aware of this difference, but not alarmed, because this hearing \" problem \" is typically temporary. dr. tatiana smolkin, a neonatal researcher at rambam medical center in haifa, israel, who worked on the study, said the loss generally disappears after 72 hours. \" fluids are retained in the middle ear, \" which seems to affect neonatal hearing, she explained. u. s. experts agreed that parents should take the information in stride. \" i think the take - home message is if you have had a c - section be prepared there is a higher chance your baby is going to fail one of these hearing tests, whether or not they have a hearing loss, \" said dr. richard rosenfeld, chair of otolaryngology at suny downstate, in brooklyn, n. y. he co - chaired the committee that crafted the american academy of pediatrics ' guidelines on the management of the middle ear problem known as otitis media with effusion. dr. dennis woo, a pediatrician at the university of california, los angeles, medical center in santa monica, said the problem is often transient, and if the testing were done three or four days after birth, the results would likely be very different. \" there is nothing worrisome here as far as for the parents, \" woo said. to be sure, parents need to follow up with the baby ' s pediatrician, the doctors agreed. for the study, the israeli researchers evaluated 1, 653 newborns. of these, 1, 170 were delivered vaginally ; the other 483 by c - section. they looked at the babies ' results on their first hearing test, known as the otoacoustic emissions test. otoacoustic emissions are sounds given off by the inner ear when the inner ear structure known as the cochlea is stimulated by a sound. when the sound occurs, the outer hair cells of the ear vibrate. this produces an almost inaudible sound that throws an echo back into the middle ear. the person conducting the test inserts a small probe into the ear canal to measure the sound ; those with certain levels of hearing loss do not produce these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4593616378301647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.285991"} {"text": "##brate. this produces an almost inaudible sound that throws an echo back into the middle ear. the person conducting the test inserts a small probe into the ear canal to measure the sound ; those with certain levels of hearing loss do not produce these very soft sounds. the test can also detect the presence of middle ear fluid, which can temporarily affect hearing. in the study, nearly 21 percent of the c - section babies failed the test, while only a little more than 7 percent of those delivered vaginally did. the test was done before the babies were 48 hours old. the risk of failing the test, overall, was also higher in those babies who had it before they were a day old. in the united states, about one - third of births are cesarean. the study, published online june 11, appears in the july print issue of the journal pediatrics. as the babies got repeat tests, most had normal results. the researchers had to refer 10 who did not - - five delivered vaginally, and five c - section babies - - for a different test that evaluates auditory brainstem functioning. all of these infants passed this test. the researchers suggested that the first hearing test after c - section should preferably be delayed until the baby is beyond 48 hours old. c - section babies may be \" a little different, \" woo agreed. something about the vaginal birth process may help dissipate the middle ear fluid, said rosenfeld, who wrote the book \" a parent ' s guide to ear tubes, \" about the procedure done when middle ear fluid persists. parents might consider asking their pediatrician to delay the test beyond the first two days after birth. \" it makes sense, \" woo said. to learn more about infants ' hearing, visit the american speech - language - hearing association. sources : richard rosenfeld, m. d., m. p. h., professor and chair, otolaryngology, state university of new york downstate, brooklyn, n. y. ; author, \" a parent ' s guide to ear tubes, \" and past president, american society of pediatric otolaryngology ; dennis woo, m. d., pediatrician, university of california, los angeles, medical center, santa monica ; tatiana smolkin, m. d., neonatal researcher, rambam medical center, haifa, israel ; july 2012 pediatrics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.460162732974412, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.286866"} {"text": "microclimates allow application of coatings merrimack station, a power plant in bow, n. h., owned and operated by public service of new hampshire ( psnh ), burns 4, 000 tons of coal a day, as it generates enough power to satisfy the energy needs of one - third of new hampshire ' s population. the fly ash produced during the combustion of coal contains a trace amount of mercury that is emitted into the atmosphere. the plant ' s operators sought to reduce these emissions to improve the environment and public health, and to meet strict air - quality legislation recently passed in new hampshire. psnh executives chose to install a wet, limestone - based flue - gas - desulphurization ( fgd ) system to limit mercury and sulfur dioxide emissions. chicago bridge & iron company ( cbi ) built the primary processing system for the fgd system. it included six carbon - steel tanks located side - by - side. the tanks range from 24 ft to 56 ft in diameter. once constructed, the interior of the tanks required a special coating to ensure protection against constant exposure to abrasive and corrosive conditions. cbi hired g. c. zarnas, a national industrial and commercial painting contractor based in bethlehem, pa., to blast all six tanks and apply a ceilcoate fiber - glass inlay coating to the metal. bob mudri, northeast superintendent with g. c. zarnas, oversaw the project. \u201c the major threat to the integrity of the coating was the possibility of formation of rust bloom \u2014 corrosion that occurs immediately on steel surfaces between the blasting phase and application of the paint during moist conditions, \u201d mudri said. for the formation of rust to be prevented, and the coating to be applied and cured properly, the temperature of the metal had to be maintained at a minimum of 50\u00b0f, and humidity levels inside of the tank had to be less than 50 percent. adding to the challenge was that the project was scheduled to begin during winter in northern new hampshire, where temperatures can reach as low as - 15\u00b0f. \u201c i needed a system that allowed us to blast the entire tank without having to apply the coating the same day, \u201d mudri said. \u201c the process of blasting and coating in sections is costly because of the labor and time involved, and leaves overlaps in the coating that can become failure points over time. \u201d mudri contacted jeff cox, lead industrial technician for the northern united states region for polygon, to design a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48349245488898657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.291999"} {"text": "in sections is costly because of the labor and time involved, and leaves overlaps in the coating that can become failure points over time. \u201d mudri contacted jeff cox, lead industrial technician for the northern united states region for polygon, to design a system to control moisture and temperature during the blasting and coating process. cox analyzed the project ' s parameters and recommended a combination of dehumidification and heat to maintain ideal blasting and coating conditions. polygon technicians delivered a 4500 - cfm desiccant dehumidifier and two inline electric heaters from the company ' s plaistow, n. h., office and configured the equipment near the tanks. polygon personnel used ductwork to connect the climate - control equipment to the tanks via manways at the base of each structure. once operational, the equipment provided a dew - point differential of 17\u00b0f and steel - surface temperatures of 50\u00b0f. this allowed g. c. zarnas to blast an entire tank before coating it. \u201c the larger tanks took up to a week to sandblast, \u201d cox said. \u201c after sandblasting, the tank was cleaned and then the coating was applied. \u201d \u201c without the proper climate, we would have had to put a coat of paint or primer on each day after finishing to prevent rust, \u201d mudri said. \u201c it would have taken much longer \u2014 possibly twice as long \u2014 because we would have to sandblast, clean, and then paint. \u201d mudri said work continued even with temperatures dropping significantly during the harsh new england winter. \u201c it was a brutal winter with temperatures below zero at times, \u201d mudri said. \u201c even so, conditions inside the tank were always at the necessary standard and the project was completed as planned. \u201d information and photograph courtesy of polygon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5073583527196276, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.292821"} {"text": "an alternative to salt - based water softening although the varied climatic conditions along california ' s central coast, home of hahn family wines, are ideal for the growing of grapes, the water underground, which the vintner uses for closed - loop heat - cleaning of fermenting barrels and bottles, is mineral - rich and scale - producing. gritty deposits collect and become troublesome with the application of heat. after years of using salt - based water softening for critical boiler - treatment applications, hahn family wines sought an environmentally friendlier form of water treatment, one free of chemicals, salt, and waste discharge. for its main water supply, it commissioned the installation of a template - assisted - crystallization ( tac ) central treatment system. tac falls into a category often referred to as \u201c physical water treatment \u201d ( pwt ). the primary goals of pwt are to : avoid the use of chemical additives. minimize or avoid discharge water, regenerates, and waste water. avoid pollution and disposal costs. minimize capital costs and ongoing maintenance. the technology behind tac treatment systems was developed in germany about 15 years ago and used throughout europe before coming to the united states about eight years ago. tac media start out as polymeric beads ( resin ) in the 20 - to - 40 - mesh size range. catalytically active sites, or templates, are imprinted on the beads ' surface through a batch - coating process. pwt works by changing the physical characteristics of a solution, with little or no change in the solution ' s chemical composition. pwt is used chiefly to reduce water hardness ( calcium carbonate ) in plumbing systems, appliances, and equipment ( boilers, water heaters, dish washers, automotive - and process - washing equipment ), valves, and other components that generate or use heated water. most pwt devices promote hardness crystallization in a bulk solution to prevent scale formation on downstream surfaces. tac is technology that influences a water solution at localized sites ( on the media surface ) so that hardness ions and their counter - ions ( bicarbonate ) combine to form inert nanometer - size \u201c seed crystals. \u201d called nucleation, this is the process by which dissolved molecules or ions dispersed throughout a solution gather to create clusters in the submicron size range. the sum of the seeds provides an enormous area for preferential growth of remaining hardness ions still in solution. making use of the phenomenon of low - energy heterogeneous transfer, by which solubility shift is achieved, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5203301768719093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.300348"} {"text": "is all that is required to size a commercial tac system. the system chosen by hahn family wines requires no water - consuming discharge while providing micron filtration and hard - water scale protection. two centrifugal micron filters remove particulate matter from well water. microfiltered water then is passed through a hard - water scale - prevention system. the scale - prevention media operate catalytically without salt or chemicals and do not produce a waste stream. according to the manufacturer, tac prevents over 98 percent of the scale produced by the winery ' s hard water, while the only maintenance that is required is a simple media replacement after two to three years of service. tac technology enabled hahn family wines to remove its salt - based water softeners, which preceded the boilers. the tac system provides treated water throughout the winery ' s water - distribution system. \u201c with hahn winery ' s move to become more ecological, we looked at every facet of our environmental stewardship, \u201d hahn family wines spokesperson evelyn pool said. \u201c water treatment was an important part of that puzzle. \u201c we ' re delighted with our effort to become sustainably certified in the vineyards, \u201d pool added. \u201c eliminating salt - based softeners while adding new ( tac ) scale prevention is a real boost to our sense of environmental responsibility. \u201d did you find this article useful? send comments and suggestions to executive editor scott arnold at email @ example. com. a journalist focusing on the plumbing - and - mechanical, hvac, geothermal, and solar - and radiant - heat industries, john vastyan is owner of common ground, a trade - communications firm. he can be reached at 717 - 664 - 0535 or firstname. lastname @ example. org. in 2005, gregg josey, chief engineer for embassy suites in tempe, ariz., was considering replacing the failing water softener installed years earlier. the hotel had numerous points of entry for municipally supplied water. water hardness measured between 12 and 14 grains per gallon. as a result, water treatment was practical only on the \u201c hot side \u201d of the plumbing system. the hotel needed to treat water for the domestic - water boiler, heat - exchange surfaces, and numerous point - of - use tempering valves \u2014 essentially, the entire domestic - hot - water - distribution system. of concern were the many showerheads : one in each of the hotel ' s 224 rooms. \u201c calcium deposits within the showerheads \u2026 at many hotels often look filthy and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4611739216514954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.302422"} {"text": "##ing valves \u2014 essentially, the entire domestic - hot - water - distribution system. of concern were the many showerheads : one in each of the hotel ' s 224 rooms. \u201c calcium deposits within the showerheads \u2026 at many hotels often look filthy and frequently are the cause of recurring maintenance issues, \u201d stephen callahan, national sales manager for watts water technologies, said. \u201c water flow to showerheads is restricted by the deposits, and in addition to that, front - desk personnel at hotels get calls \u2014 often at night or early in the morning \u2014 from guests who complain about unsightly, dirty - looking deposits. they think the maids aren ' t doing their jobs when, in reality, the problem stems from insufficient water treatment. \u201d josey decided to replace the old water - treatment system with template - assisted - crystallization ( tac ) scale - control technology. his research showed tac would be less costly upfront and save the facility nearly 70 percent in operating costs, mostly in salt - and water - purchase and discharge costs. he has enjoyed maintenance - free scale protection for five years. \u201c a simple media replacement once every three years is all that ' s needed to keep the system running scale - free, \u201d josey said. today, the hotel ' s metered water use and wastewater discharge are substantially less than they were previously, and the hotel has found it no longer needs to perform the routine maintenance and replenishing tasks it had with a salt - based system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45202857522195994, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.303092"} {"text": "experts from around the country gathered at the aspen ideas festival this past week to tackle some difficult issues \u2014 the economic crisis, overpopulation, threats to democracy. but the panel i sat on asked perhaps the thorniest of questions, and one that we seem to return to again and again : what is the goal of parenting? every society worries about its children, and the recent media storm over the bullied school bus monitor focused our attention on children who appear unmoored in the school system. but the problem of youthful misbehavior is an old one. as aspen presenter michael thompson, author of raising cain : protecting the emotional life of boys, pointed out, mark twain \u2019 s tom sawyer was probably the best illustration, real or fictional, of the frustrating \u201c push - and - pull of boys and schools. \u201d not that we should fall into the sex differences trap. michael kimmel, author of guyland : the perilous world where boys become men, said that the \u201c big social science story of the 21st century, \u201d is not the difference between girls \u2019 and boys \u2019 brains, but rather their similarities. there is more variation among boys than there is variation between boys and girls, kimmel and thompson argued. fostering resilience in children was another common theme. we heard about experimental research that shows children perform better on problem - solving tasks when their effort is praised, rather than their intelligence. we heard about the intellectual capacities that predict success \u2014 traits such as optimism, flexibility, curiosity and the ability to assume the perspective of others \u2014 that are not captured by our current measures of academic performance. and we discussed how to attend better to the developmental needs of young kids : slowing down and giving them the space, physical and mental, to learn through play, to daydream, to experience struggle and disappointment, and to cultivate their passions. larry cohen, a co - panelist, urged parents to understand the virtues of being ordinary. above all, we emphasized the importance of relationships for the social and cognitive growth of children. we even heard the voices of american children and what they want most from their parents : de - stressed emotional engagement. \u201c if you \u2019 re tired, take a little nap, \u201d one child suggested. \u201c but not too long. \u201d but is any of this new or unique to our times? certainly, the 21st century presents particular parenting challenges : the rise of social media and the 24 / 7 day, globalization, changing demographics and adult roles, high - stakes testing in earlier and earlier grades.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48178654587610176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.308013"} {"text": "any of this new or unique to our times? certainly, the 21st century presents particular parenting challenges : the rise of social media and the 24 / 7 day, globalization, changing demographics and adult roles, high - stakes testing in earlier and earlier grades. even children \u2019 s bodies have changed, with earlier puberty and growing rates of obesity. and anxiety is in the drinking water, everywhere. amy chua noted that the firestorm ignited by her book, the battle hymn of the tiger mother, probably stemmed, in part, because it tapped into two of american \u2019 s deepest worries : the fear of being bad parents, and the fear of china. we haven \u2019 t really had time to make sense of what these changes portend for schools and families, and the easiest route \u2014 as always \u2014 is to blame parents. no matter where the child - rearing pendulum swings, we inevitably wring our hands : parents are too permissive! they \u2019 re too authoritarian! and we start worrying all over again, which begs the question : can we do anything right where kids are concerned? ellen galinsky, president of the families and work institute, argued forcefully that we need to overcome our society - wide \u201c parentism \u201d \u2014 the kneejerk parent - blaming that keeps us from identifying systemic solutions to children \u2019 s problems. she even suggested that if we substituted the word \u201c women, \u201d or any ethnic or racial minority, for the word \u201c parent \u201d in our endless critical commentary, we \u2019 d be accused of prejudice and wouldn \u2019 t be allowed in polite company. putting child rearing on a par with national security and the global economy, as the aspen ideas festival did, reaffirms that it \u2019 s not only parents, but also society as a whole, that should concern themselves with children. let \u2019 s stop leaping to call out parents \u2019 every misstep and examine the kinds of societal forces that have always made childhood such a precarious enterprise.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49243459021123037, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.308797"} {"text": "these energy saving tips will show you how to reduce your impact on both the environment and your energy bills. 1. turn out the lights when you leave a room. this is probably the easiest thing you can do to save energy \u2013 just flip the switch on your way out. 2. turn off electronic devices when you are not using them. this includes tvs, computers, dvd players, stereos, and any other electronic devices. if you \u2019 re not using it, why leave it on? to take this one step further, you can also unplug devices like cell phone chargers when they are not in use. they still use a small amount unless they are completely unplugged, even if they do not appear to be in use. 3. invest in energy - efficient light bulbs, such as compact fluorescent bulbs. these are slowly replacing regular incandescent bulbs, and they use significantly less energy. 4. in the winter, wear extra layers around the house. simply turning up the thermostat seems so easy, but putting on a sweater uses a lot less energy. try to have an extra - comfy sweater or sweatshirt handy that you can throw on over anything when you get cold. wearing long underwear, tights or leggings under your pants can also be helpful if it is particularly chilly. 5. during the winter, open shades during the day ; during the summer, close them. sunlight can have a powerful effect on the temperature of a room, especially if that room faces south and receives more sun. use this to your advantage by keeping your living space warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer. 6. block the bottoms of doors in winter to prevent heat from escaping. you can buy a door draft snake or make one yourself. 7. hang clothes to dry rather than use a dryer. this is very easy to do and will even make your clothes last longer ; using a dryer causes clothes to shrink and lose their shape. you can buy a rack to hang them on at places like bed bath and beyond. be careful about using hangers to dry clothes, as they may stretch some fabrics. hope these tips help you to save energy!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4784135619281522, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.312731"} {"text": "what is the basic foundation for a family unit? a family is more than a household unit. in the bible, every family represented a microcosm of the community within which it lived. therefore, when families failed, the community itself failed. in times of crisis, families were relied upon to support and strengthen the community. for example, moses was charged to offer the following order to his followers : \" make sure there isn ' t a man or woman among your families or tribes who turns away from the lord our god ( deuteronomy 29 : 18 ). \" the family served as a keeper of the core values of the community in which it lived. thus, family is something more than a household unit. a family is more than a political or religious concept. according to the bible, \" family \" is not a man - made concept. rather, it originates from the mind of god. as recorded in the book of genesis, family is an intentional creation of the creator, and it is directly blessed by god. no sooner after god create man and woman that he blessed them and told them to create a family : \" god blessed them, \" states genesis 1 : 28, continuing, \" he said to them, ' have children and increase your numbers. ' \" the concept of family predates politics and organized religions. so, rather than simply being a political or religious concept, family is an undeniably divine concept. a family is more than an old testament biblical teaching. even deep into the new testament, the concept of family is valued as a foundation that was especially designed by god. paul verifies this fact in his letter to the ephesians, commenting, \" i bow my knees unto the father of our lord jesus christ, from whom the whole family in heaven and earth is named ( ephesians 3 : 14 - 15 ). \" the new testament reminds us that you will find families in heaven and earth, and in ancient and modern day times. families are a universal concept that supersedes the old testament. what is a family? it is an important part of today ' s society. family is more than a domestic unit that is only defined by the number of parents and children. it connects us to others outside of our households. your bloodline is only one part of your family construct. although your family unit is defined by you, it is measured by your community. your culture, religion, and language are also important ingredients and they will bind you with others of like conviction. family is natural and spiritual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5519544520692639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.315529"} {"text": "giuseppe donati invented the modern 10 - hole ocarina. although oceanography has been recognized as a formal scientific discipline for only 150 years, the quest for this understanding and its practical application to commerce and war - often unwitting - goes back much further. history of the odometer. in the late 19th century, commercial offices for conducting business first appeared in the united states. see also - office machinary ellen ochoa invented the optical analysis system. tuan vo - dinh invented optical diagnostic equipment. vo - dinh ' s patents were for a badge worn on a worker ' s shirt that recorded exposure to toxic chemicals and for a optical scanner that would read that badge. david paul gregg first envisioned the optical or laser disc in 1958 and patented it in 1969. the inventors behind the first oral contraceptives. dr wilhelm reich invented the orgone accumulator. today ' s dynamic o - ring was the result of experimental work done in the early 1930 ' s by mr. niels christensen. ole evinrude invented the outboard motor. the first historical record of an oven being built refers to a stove built in 1490 made entirely of brick and tile. if you cannot find what you want by invention, try by the inventor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5243130283448998, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.316790"} {"text": "an introduction to the nature and needs of students with mild disabilities : mild mental retardation, behavior disorders, and learning disabilities includes bibliographical references ( p. 257 - 275 ) and index. - language : eng - physical description : xvi, 283 p. ; 27 cm. - edition info : ( paper ) - behavior disorders in children - - united states - learning disabled children - - education - - united states - children with mental disabilities - - education - - united states - problem children - - education - - united states buying this book we query many merchants so that you can instantly compare prices and availability. you can even check historic prices and subscribe for notifications. for a manual check, clicking on a link will open a new window with a search for this book on the merchant ' s site of your choice. - amazon. com by title or by isbn - widest selection, reliable service, good prices - abebooks. com by title or by isbn - good source for rare and out - of - print books - textbooks. com by title or by isbn - large inventory of new & used textbooks - alibris. com by title or by isbn - their slogan is \" books you thought you ' d never find \" - ecampus. com by title or by isbn - they specialize in textbooks, used and new - bn. com by title or by isbn - barnes & noble has a wide selection of new and used books", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47904465825058057, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.318252"} {"text": "world wetlands day \u2013 healthy forests, healthy wetlands 01 february 2011 | news story wetlands, such as mangroves, peat forests and freshwater swamp forests, are home to a wealth of biodiversity. to mark this year \u2019 s world wetlands day on wednesday 2 february, iucn is highlighting the role and importance of forests in wetlands, of particular poignancy as 2011 is the international year of forests. this year \u2019 s world wetlands day also marks the 40th anniversary of the ramsar convention. ramsar protected wetland sites cover an area of 186 million hectares, about the size of mexico, the largest protected area network in the world. wetlands provide many services, such as food, fresh water and fuel, and fulfill vital roles in carbon storage, pollution control and protection from natural hazards, such as floods and storms. water supplies are dependent on healthy wetlands ; healthy forests help to support and protect wetlands. yet, there are worrying signs that wetlands are being lost at a higher rate than any other ecosystem. according to the ramsar convention on wetlands of international importance, 50 % of our wetlands globally have been lost over the last century. widespread degradation and loss is triggered by the development of infrastructure, land conversion, deforestation and the introduction of invasive species. investing in forests within wetlands goes a long way. for example, new york city found that it could avoid spending us $ 4 - 6 billion on water treatment plants ( plus annual maintenance costs ) by investing just us $ 1 billion on protecting forests in water catchment areas. switzerland saves around us $ 64 million a year by using untreated groundwater, naturally filtered through forested watersheds. forests function as a filter, storage and purifier in water catchments. \u2022 \u201c water is the irreplaceable source of life and wetlands are the source of water for the vast majority of the world ' s people, \u201d says julia marton - lefevre, iucn director general. \u201c wetlands are not only natural infrastructure that store and clean water, regulate flows and protect coasts. they are also food bowls for millions of people around the world and their major source of livelihood \u2013 farming, fisheries and food security all depend on healthy wetlands. \u201d \u2022 \u201c investment needs to be made to secure the water resources we currently have and, as part of this, decision makers need to recognize the vital services that a healthy natural environment provides, particularly as communities adapt to the effects of climate change, \u201d says mark smith, head iucn water programme. \u201c demand for energy and food is growing as populations expand, driving up the demand for water.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4256960260134276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.321103"} {"text": "creator of hank d and the bee. environmental cartoons found in / on : yes! magazine, pbs ' s urban conversion, center for media and democracy, greenpeace, planetsave, naturalpapa, elephant journal and more \u2026 originally posted on redgreenandblue. org on 1 / 20 / 09 between 2006 and 2007, the southern nevada water authority in las vegas screened tap water from 19 us water utilities for 51 different compounds. the 11 most frequently detected compounds are highlighted in the cartoon and described below. 1. used to treat cardiovascular disease, 2. an herbicide banned in the european union ( still used in the us ) has been implicated in the decline of fish stocks and in changes in animal behaviour, 3. a mood - stabilising drug used to treat bipolar disorder, 4. an oestrogen hormone blamed for causing gender - bending changes in fish, 5. an anti - cholesterol drug, 6. a tranquiliser used in psychiatric treatment, 7. a painkiller and anti - inflammatory linked to increases in asthma incidence, 8. an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy, 9. an antibiotic used against the \u201c strep \u201d bacteria, 10. a reducing agent used in molecular biology, 11. an antibiotic christian daughton of the epa \u2019 s national exposure research laboratory says that neither this nor other recent water assessments give cause for health concern. \u201c but several point to the potential for risk \u2013 especially for the fetus and those with severely compromised health. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4865927118959445, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.323785"} {"text": "job interview questions overview interview questions are based on skills contained in the job criteria. interviews are designed to get a complete, integrated analysis of each candidate. candidates are expected to demonstrate their skills to the required standard for each of the job criteria in their answers. there are several classes of job interview questions : \u2022 skills based questions \u2022 knowledge based questions \u2022 technical questions \u2022 problem solving questions \u2022 experience related questions \u2022 interpersonal skills questions skills based questions these job interview questions are related to specific job skills outlined in essential criteria. candidates are asked to give examples of their work, or outline their duties and performance in key roles. knowledge based questions many jobs have a required knowledge base. interview questions are used to find out the depth of knowledge, and to check and confirm candidates have the essential information required to do the work involved. these are a different type of knowledge based job interview questions, and they relate to the technical issues of the position. in some job interviews, a person on the interview panel is appointed to ask these questions, and give expert evaluation of answers to the panel. problem solving questions the problem solving job interview questions are now standard practice. problem solving questions are used to define skill levels and the ability to deal with difficulties. experience related questions this is a range of job interview questions designed to test prior experience across the range of job skills contained in the position. they include additional questions to clarify the scope of candidates? experience. they also deal with issues related to the job, particularly where levels of experience relate directly to the complexity of the work. interpersonal skills questions these are job interview questions which explore workplace relationships, team roles, leadership, and other personal characteristics of candidates. questions can range from dealing with stress to contributing to a team. assessing job interview questions interview assessments use the merit principle to decide successful applicants based on their answers to the job interview questions. a panel discussion and consensus, or a formal evaluation process using an \u2018 evaluation grid \u2019, ( a step by step analysis of answers ) is conducted. the selection process interviewers select the candidate who meets all job criteria to an acceptable standard. the panel then makes a recommendation for appointment to management", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47243316994379614, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.326428"} {"text": "the bavli, chulin 60 : 2, says ( in my own loose translation ) : rabbi shim ' on ben pazi noted a contradiction : [ b ' reshis 1 : 16 ] says, \" god made the two big luminaries \" and \" the big luminary \u2026 and the small luminary \". the moon said to god : \" master of the world, is it possible for two kings to use one crown? \" he told her : \" go diminish yourself. \" she told him : \" master of the world, because i said something proper to you i have to diminish myself? \" he told her : \" go and rule [ = shine ] by day and night. \" ( and the conversation continued further. ) presumably this midrash is not meant literally. ( moons don ' t talk, for one thing. ) but my question will assume it ' s literal. in other words, my question will be about the storyline of the midrash, assuming its premise. my question is : in what sense was the moon diminished? here are the two most reasonable possibilities i can see : - the sun and moon were the same size ( say, a million kilometers ' diameter, like the sun is now ), and the moon shrank to the 3500 kilometers ' diameter it is now. - the sun and moon were the same apparent size as viewed from earth ( same angular diameter ) \u2014 as they are in fact now! \u2014 and the moon shrank in the sense that now it wanes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.531397850520553, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.330123"} {"text": "\u201c throughout the history of the united states, public officials have used the rule of law to deny equal opportunities to african americans. \u201d strong language, almost shocking in its clarity. it \u2019 s how elaine gross of erase racism begins her january \u201c message from the president. \u201d erase racism is a regional organization ( based in nassau county on long island, ny ) that leads public policy advocacy campaigns to promote racial equity in areas such as housing, community development, public school education and public health. its m. o. is to work directly against the formal, legalized barriers to equity and the disparate impacts of seemingly benign policies and actions. if public officials have used the rule of law to deny equal opportunities to african americans, as her introductory statement charges, one must direct efforts to re - design the rules of law to be more equitable. sometimes the problem is badly conceived law, other times it \u2019 s badly implemented law enforcement, but the two together have led to wide disparities in housing, community development, public school education, and public health. working with data and the power of persuasion, \u201c we expose forms of racial discrimination and advocate for laws and policies that help eliminate racial disparities, \u201d ms. gross says. three important victories : through its participation in a governor - appointed regional economic development council, erase racism was a leader in inserting policy language that \u201c increases the diversity of long island housing stock by producing affordable non - age restricted rental housing, affirmatively marketed, and without residency requirements. \u201d its research report, \u201c long island fair housing : a state of inequity, \u201d along with a press conference and coverage from newsday, long island \u2019 s daily newspaper, educated a largely - surprised long island audience on the extent of housing segregation throughout nassau and suffolk counties. momentum was created and co - operation gained from nassau county leadership at the highest levels, resulting in new \u201c fair housing \u201d laws that provide an administrative enforcement system and strong civil penalties for violations. in marking the 50th anniversary of the groundbreaking supreme court school desegregation case, erase racism brought together local colleges and universities, developed a conference and monograph, \u201c brown v. board of education : the unfinished agenda, \u201d which attracted over 600 people. it increasingly engages those in the region about the need for structural changes in the public education system. one current project : developing an index to monitor disparities on the input side of public education, such as disparate college readiness curriculum, disparate teacher quality, and disparate levels of poverty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47210097699220765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.333320"} {"text": "hot weather gets scientists ' attention originally published on wed july 11, 2012 5 : 30 am renee montagne, host : across america people are sweltering through extreme heat this year, continuing a long - term trend of rising temperatures. inevitably, many are wondering if the scorching heat is due to global warming. scientists are expected to dig into the data and grapple with that in the months to come. they ' ve already taken a stab at a possible connection with last year ' s extreme weather events, like the blistering drought in texas. npr ' s richard harris reports. richard harris, byline : weather researchers from around the world are now taking stock of what happened in 2011. it was not the hottest year on record, but it was still in the top 15. jessica blunden from the national climatic data center says 2011 had its own memorable characteristics. jessica blunden : people may very well remember this year as a year of extreme weather and climate. harris : there were devastating droughts in africa, mexico, and texas. in thailand, massive flooding kept people ' s houses underwater for two months. blunden : here in the united states, we had one of our busiest and most destructive seasons on record in 2011. there were seven different tornado and severe weather outbreaks that each caused more than a billion dollars in damages. harris : so what ' s going on here? federal climate scientist, tom karl, said one major feature of the global weather last year was a la nina event. that ' s a period of cooler pacific ocean temperatures and it has effects around the globe, primarily in producing floods in some parts of the world and droughts in others. tom karl : by no means did it explain all of the activity in 2011, but it certainly influenced a considerable part of the climate and weather. harris : karl and blunden are part of a huge multinational effort to sum up last year ' s weather and say what it all means. they provided an update by conference call. clearly, long - term temperature trends are climbing as you ' d expect as a result of global warming. tom peterson from the federal climate data center says the effort now is to look more closely at individual events. tom peterson : you ' ve probably all heard the term you can ' t attribute any single event to global warming, and while that ' s true, the focus of the science now is evolving and moving onto how is the probability of event change. harris : and there researchers report some progress. for example, last year ' s record -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48708801813014646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.337299"} {"text": "single event to global warming, and while that ' s true, the focus of the science now is evolving and moving onto how is the probability of event change. harris : and there researchers report some progress. for example, last year ' s record - breaking drought in texas wasn ' t simply the result of la nina. peter stott from the british meteorology office says today ' s much warmer planet played a huge role as well, according to the study the group released on tuesday. peter stott : the result that they find is really quite striking, in that they find that such a heat wave is now about 20 times more likely during a la nina year than it was during the 1960s. harris : a second study found that an extraordinary warm spell in london last november was 60 times more likely to occur on our warming planet than it would have been over the last 350 years. but that ' s not to say everything is related to climate change. there ' s no clear link between the spate of tornadoes and global warming, and devastating floods in thailand last year, turn out to be the result of poor land use practices. even so, kate willett of the british weather service says there is a global trend consistent with what scientists expect climate change to bring. kate willett : so, in simple terms, we can say that the dry regions are getting drier and the wet regions are getting wetter. harris : this year ' s extreme events are different from last year ' s, but they all fit into a coherent picture of global change. richard harris, npr news. transcript provided by npr, copyright npr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4953692809162739, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.337957"} {"text": "you can ' t touch it, but it affects how you feel. you can ' t see it, but it might be there when you look at yourself in the mirror. you can ' t hear it, but it ' s there when you talk about yourself or when you think about yourself. what is this important but mysterious thing? it ' s your self - esteem! what is self - esteem? self - esteem can have a big part to play in how you feel about yourself and also how much you enjoy things or worry about things. to understand self - esteem, it helps to break the term into two words. let ' s first take a look at the word esteem ( say : ess - teem ), which means that someone or something is important, special, or valuable. for example, if you really admire your friend ' s dad because he volunteers at the fire department, it means you hold him in high esteem. and the special trophy for the most valuable player on a team is often called an esteemed trophy. this means the trophy stands for an important accomplishment. and self means, well, yourself! so put the two words together and it ' s easier to see what self - esteem is. it ' s how much you value yourself and how important you think you are. it ' s how you see yourself and how you feel about the things you can do. self - esteem isn ' t about bragging, it \u2019 s about getting to know what you are good at and not so good at. a lot of us think about how much we like other people or things, but don ' t really think much about whether we like ourselves. it ' s not about thinking you ' re perfect, because nobody is perfect. even if you think some other kids are good at everything, you can be sure they have things they ' re good at and things that are difficult for them. the most important thing to know about self - esteem is that it means seeing yourself in a positive way that ' s realistic, which means that it ' s the truth. so if you know you ' re really good at piano but can ' t draw so well, you can still have great self - esteem! self - esteem isn ' t like a cool pair of sneakers you really want but can wait until your next birthday to get. all kids have self - esteem, and having healthy or positive self - esteem is really important. it can help you hold your head high and feel proud of yourself and what you can do, even when things", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.552215478390575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.346938"} {"text": "can wait until your next birthday to get. all kids have self - esteem, and having healthy or positive self - esteem is really important. it can help you hold your head high and feel proud of yourself and what you can do, even when things don ' t seem to be going so well. self - esteem gives you the courage to try new things and the power to believe in yourself. it lets you respect yourself, even when you make mistakes. and when you respect yourself, adults and other kids usually respect you, too. having positive self - esteem can also help you can learn to make healthy choices about your mind and body. if you think you ' re important, you ' ll be less likely to follow the crowd if your friends are doing something wrong or dangerous. if you have positive self - esteem, you know you ' re smart enough to make your own decisions. you value your safety, your feelings, your health \u2014 your whole self! positive self - esteem helps you know that every part of you is worth caring for and protecting. how kids get self - esteem babies don ' t see themselves in a good or bad way. they don ' t think \" i ' m great! \" when they let out a big burp or worry \" oh, no, this diaper makes my legs look weird! \" instead, people around a baby help him or her develop self - esteem. how? by encouraging the baby when he or she learns to crawl, walk, or talk. they often say, \" good job. good for you! \" or, they might just smile and look proud. when people take good care of a baby, that also helps him or her feel loved and valuable. as kids get older, they can have a bigger role in developing their own self - esteem. working hard to finish a project or assignment, getting a higher grade on a math test, or trying out for a new sport are all things kids can be proud of for trying. some kids are not very athletic, but they might be good readers or know how to do magic tricks or are really good friends or help other people out \u2014 these are all accomplishments that help kids feel good about themselves. a kid ' s family and other people in his or her life \u2014 like coaches, teachers, and classmates \u2014 also can boost self - esteem. they can help a kid figure out how to do things or notice his or her good qualities. they can believe in the kid and encourage him or her to try again when something doesn ' t go right the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47269575192051166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.347944"} {"text": "classmates \u2014 also can boost self - esteem. they can help a kid figure out how to do things or notice his or her good qualities. they can believe in the kid and encourage him or her to try again when something doesn ' t go right the first time. it ' s all part of kids learning to see themselves in a positive way, to feel proud of what they ' ve done, and to be confident that there ' s a lot more they can do. maybe you know kids with low self - esteem who don ' t think very highly of themselves or seem to criticize themselves too much. this can also be called negative self - esteem, and it ' s the opposite of positive self - esteem. maybe you have low self - esteem sometimes and don ' t always feel very good about yourself or think you ' re important. sometimes a kid will have low self - esteem if his mother or father doesn ' t encourage him enough or if there is a lot of yelling at home. other times, a kid ' s self - esteem can be hurt in the classroom. a teacher or other kids might make a kid feel like he or she isn ' t smart, or maybe there are mean kids who say hurtful things about the way a kid looks or acts. for some kids, classes at school can seem so hard that they can ' t keep up or get the grades they ' d hoped for. this can make them feel bad about themselves and hurt their self - esteem. when some kids do well and win prizes and awards, other kids might feel like they \u2019 re not as good or there ' s something wrong with them. some kids have positive self - esteem but then something happens in their lives to change that. for example : if a kid moves and doesn ' t make friends right away at the new school, he or she might start to feel bad and think they are not a good friend. kids whose parents divorce might find that this can affect self - esteem. they may feel bad when a parent can ' t give them attention or come to their game, or they might feel that if they had behaved better or kept their room clean, their parents would not have split up. kids who look different from other kids may not feel good about themselves because they feel \" different \" or someone makes fun of them. a kid who ' s dealing with an illness, such as cancer, diabetes, or asthma, might feel different and less confident than before. kids who have learning differences or know they have trouble reading a book report aloud might start", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4904304192927782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.348974"} {"text": "makes fun of them. a kid who ' s dealing with an illness, such as cancer, diabetes, or asthma, might feel different and less confident than before. kids who have learning differences or know they have trouble reading a book report aloud might start losing confidence and focus too much on things they ' re not good at. even going through the body changes of puberty \u2014 something that everybody does \u2014 can affect a kid ' s self - esteem. of course it ' s ok to have ups and downs in your feelings, but having low self - esteem isn ' t ok. feeling like you ' re not important can make you sad and can keep you from trying new things. it can keep you from making friends or affect how hard you try at school. having strong self - esteem is also a very big part of growing up. as you get older and face tough decisions \u2014 especially under peer pressure \u2014 the more self - esteem you have, the better. it ' s important to like yourself. if you think you might have low self - esteem, try talking to an adult you trust about it. he or she may be able to help you come up with some good ideas for building your self - esteem. self - esteem can improve when you start trying things you thought were too hard and then do well at them, or when a parent, family member, or other adult encourages you, is patient, and helps you get back on track. when you start to do well, self - esteem will skyrocket! here are a few other things that you can try to increase your self - esteem : make a list of the stuff you ' re good at. it can be anything from drawing or singing to playing a sport or telling a good joke. if you ' re having trouble with your list, ask your mom or dad to help you with it. then add a few things to the list that you ' d like to be good at. your mom or dad can help you plan a way to work on those skills or talents. give yourself three compliments every day. don ' t just say, \" i ' m so great. \" be specific about something good about yourself, like, \" i was a good friend to jill today \" or \" i did better on that test than i thought i would. \" while you ' re at it, before you go to bed every night, list three things in your day that really made you happy or that you feel thankful for. remember that your body is your own, no matter what shape,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4485995242984863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.349883"} {"text": "i would. \" while you ' re at it, before you go to bed every night, list three things in your day that really made you happy or that you feel thankful for. remember that your body is your own, no matter what shape, size, or color it is. if you are worried about your weight or size, you can check with your doctor to make sure you ' re healthy. remind yourself of things about your body that are cool, like, \" my legs are strong and i can skate really well. \" remember that there are things about yourself you can ' t change. you should accept and love these things \u2014 such as skin color and shoe size \u2014 because they are part of you. when you hear negative comments in your head, tell yourself to stop. remind yourself of things you ' re good at and if you can ' t think of anything, ask someone else! you can also learn a new skill ( for example, karate, dance, a musical instrument ) so you can feel good about that! by focusing on the good things you do and all your great qualities, you learn to love and accept yourself \u2014 the main ingredients for strong self - esteem! even if you ' ve got room for improvement ( and who doesn ' t? ), knowing what you ' re good at and that you ' re valuable and special to the people that care about you can really help you deal with growing up. part of growing up is learning to focus on your strengths and to accept and work on your weaknesses \u2014 and that, in a nutshell, is self - esteem!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4448549393289497, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.350470"} {"text": "many things just seem to come naturally to some people. maybe you know a girl who ' s a natural at sports \u2014 put her in a uniform and she ' s off and running. some people are naturals at playing an instrument ; it ' s like they were born knowing how to count in 4 / 4 time. others are naturals at math ; give them a test on theorems or equations and they ' re happy. but some people have a problem with something that you ' d think would come naturally to everyone : breathing. when someone has asthma, it can make breathing very difficult. and when it ' s hard to breathe, it can affect a person ' s game, that trumpet solo, and even the all - important geometry test. what is asthma? asthma ( pronounced : az - muh ) is a lung condition that causes difficulty breathing. asthma is a common condition : about 7 million kids and teens in the united states have it. asthma affects the bronchial ( pronounced : brahn - kee - ul ) tubes, also known as airways. when a person breathes normally, air is taken in through the nose or mouth and then goes into the trachea ( windpipe ), passing through the bronchial tubes, into the lungs, and finally back out again. but people with asthma have airways that are inflamed. this means that they swell and produce lots of thick mucus. they are also overly sensitive, or hyperreactive, to certain things, like exercise, dust, or cigarette smoke. this hyperreactivity causes the smooth muscle that surrounds the airways to tighten up. the combination of airway inflammation and muscle tightening narrows the airways and makes it difficult for air to move through. in most people with asthma, the difficulty breathing happens periodically. when it does happen, it is known as an asthma flare - up also known as an asthma attack, flare, episode, or exacerbation. someone having an asthma flare - up may cough, wheeze ( make a whistling sound while breathing ), be short of breath, and feel an intense tightness in the chest. many people with asthma compare a flare - up to the sensation of trying to breathe through a straw \u2014 it feels extremely hard to get air in and out of their lungs. an asthma flare - up can last for several hours or longer if a person doesn ' t use asthma medication. when an asthma flare - up is over, the person usually feels better. between flare - ups, breathing can seem completely normal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.501915565218584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.358591"} {"text": "their lungs. an asthma flare - up can last for several hours or longer if a person doesn ' t use asthma medication. when an asthma flare - up is over, the person usually feels better. between flare - ups, breathing can seem completely normal, or a person may continue to have some symptoms, such as coughing. some people with asthma feel as if they are always short of breath. others may only cough at night or while exercising and they might never have a noticeable flare - up. what causes it? no one knows exactly what causes asthma. it ' s thought to be a combination of environmental and genetic ( hereditary ) factors. a teen with asthma may have a parent or other close relative who has asthma or had it as a child. teens who are overweight may be more likely to have asthma, although a person doesn ' t have to be overweight to have it. asthma isn ' t contagious, so you can ' t catch it from someone who has it. asthma symptoms can be brought on by dozens of different things, and what causes asthma flare - ups in one person might not bother another at all. the things that set off asthma symptoms are called triggers. these are some common triggers : allergens. some people with asthma find that allergens \u2014 certain substances that cause an allergic reaction in some people \u2014 can be a major trigger. common allergens are dust mites ( microscopic bugs that live in dust ), molds, pollen, animal dander, and cockroaches. airborne irritants and pollutants. certain substances in the air, such as chalk dust or smoke, can trigger asthma because they irritate the airways. cigarette smoke is a major cause of asthma symptoms, and not just for smokers \u2014 secondhand smoke can trigger asthma symptoms in people who are around smokers. scented products such as perfumes, cosmetics, and cleaning solutions can trigger symptoms, as can strong odors from fresh paint or gasoline fumes. and high levels of air pollutants such as ozone may irritate the sensitive tissues in the bronchial tubes and can aggravate the symptoms of asthma in some people with the condition. exercise. some people have what ' s called exercise - induced asthma, which is triggered by physical activity. although it can be especially frustrating, most cases of exercise - induced asthma can be treated so that people can still enjoy the sports they love. weather. cold or dry air can sometimes trigger asthma symptoms in certain people, as can extreme heat or humidity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42449382669588603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.359554"} {"text": ". although it can be especially frustrating, most cases of exercise - induced asthma can be treated so that people can still enjoy the sports they love. weather. cold or dry air can sometimes trigger asthma symptoms in certain people, as can extreme heat or humidity. respiratory tract infections. colds, flu, and other viral infections can trigger asthma in some people. lots of other things can trigger asthma symptoms. for example, a girl ' s asthma can get worse just before her period. and even laughing, crying, and yelling can sometimes cause the airways to tighten in sensitive lungs, triggering an asthma flare - up. many people with asthma are diagnosed with the condition when they ' re kids, but some don ' t find out that they have it until their teen years or even later. in diagnosing asthma, a doctor will ask about any concerns and symptoms you have, your past health, your family ' s health, any medications you ' re taking, any allergies you may have, and other issues. this is called the medical history. the doctor will also perform a physical exam and may recommend that you take some tests, such as spirometry ( pronounced : spye - rah - muh - tree ) and peak flow meter tests, which involve blowing into devices that can measure how well your lungs are performing. your doctor may also recommend allergy tests to see if allergies are causing your symptoms, or special exercise tests to see whether your asthma symptoms may be brought on by physical activity. doctors occasionally use x - rays in diagnosing asthma, but these are usually only to rule out other possible problems. your family doctor may refer you to a specialist for diagnosis and treatment. doctors who specialize in the treatment of asthma include those who have been trained in the fields of allergy, immunology ( how the immune system works ), and pulmonology ( affecting the lungs ). there ' s no cure for asthma, but it can usually be managed and flare - ups can be prevented. asthma is treated in two ways : by avoiding potential triggers and with medication. teens who have asthma need to avoid the things that can cause their symptoms. of course, some things that can cause symptoms can ' t be completely avoided ( like catching a cold! ), but people can control their exposure to some triggers, such as pet dander, for example. in the case of exercise - induced asthma, the trigger ( physical activity ) needs to be managed rather than avoided. exercise can help a person stay healthier overall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42916386366418313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.360530"} {"text": "people can control their exposure to some triggers, such as pet dander, for example. in the case of exercise - induced asthma, the trigger ( physical activity ) needs to be managed rather than avoided. exercise can help a person stay healthier overall, and doctors can help athletes find treatments that allow them to them participate in their sports. doctors treat every asthma case individually because the severity of each person ' s asthma and what triggers the symptoms are different. for this reason, doctors have a variety of treatment medications at their disposal. most asthma medications are inhaled ( which means that a person takes the medication by breathing it into the lungs ), but asthma medications can also take the form of pills or liquids. they fall into two categories : rescue medicationsthat act quickly to halt asthma symptoms once they start. some medications can be used as needed to stop asthma symptoms ( such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath ) when a person first notices them. these medications act fast to stop the symptoms, but they ' re not long lasting. they are also known as \" reliever, \" \" quick - relief, \" or \" fast - acting \" medications. controller medicationsto manage asthma and prevent symptoms from occurring in the first place. many people with asthma need to take medication every day to control the condition overall. controller medications ( also called \" preventive \" or \" maintenance \" medications ) work differently from rescue medications. they treat the problem of airway inflammation instead of the symptoms ( coughing, wheezing, etc. ) that it causes. controller medications are slow acting and can take days or even weeks to begin working. although you may not notice them working in the same way as rescue medications, regular use of controller medications should lessen your need for the rescue medications. doctors also prescribe controller medications as a way to minimize any permanent lung changes that may be associated with having asthma. some people with asthma rely only on rescue medications ; others use rescue medications together with controller medications to keep their asthma in check overall. each person needs to work closely with a doctor to create an asthma action plan that ' s right for them. in addition to avoiding triggers and treating symptoms, people with asthma usually need to monitor their condition to prevent flare - ups and help their doctors adjust medications if necessary. two of the tools doctors give people to do this are : peak flow meter. this handheld device measures how well a person can blow out air from the lungs. a peak flow meter reading that falls in the meter ' s green ( or good ) zone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4347819766093204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.361717"} {"text": "two of the tools doctors give people to do this are : peak flow meter. this handheld device measures how well a person can blow out air from the lungs. a peak flow meter reading that falls in the meter ' s green ( or good ) zone means the airways are open. a reading in the yellow zone means there ' s potential for an asthma flare - up. a reading in the red zone means the flare - up is serious and could mean that a person needs medication or treatment immediately \u2014 maybe even a trip to the doctor or emergency room. teens who take daily medicine to control their asthma symptoms should use a peak flow meter at least one to two times a day and whenever they are having symptoms. asthma diary. keeping a diary can also be an effective way to help prevent problems. a daily log of peak flow meter readings, times when symptoms occur, and when medications are taken can help a doctor develop the most appropriate treatment methods. dealing with asthma the best way to control asthma is prevention. although medications can play an essential role in preventing flare - ups, environmental control is also very important. here are some things you can do to help prevent coming into contact with the allergens or irritants that cause your asthma flare - ups : keep your environment clear of potential allergens. for example, if dust is a trigger for you, vacuum ( or remove ) rugs and drapes where dust mites can hide. placing pillows and mattresses in dust - proof covers can help. if pets trigger your symptoms, keep a pet - free household. if you can ' t part with fido or fluffy, keep certain rooms pet free and bathe your pet frequently to get rid of dander. pay attention to the weather and take precautions when you know weather or air pollution conditions may affect you. you may need to stay indoors or limit your exercise to indoor activities. don ' t smoke ( or, if you ' re a smoker, quit ). smoking is always a bad idea for the lungs, but it ' s especially bad for someone who has asthma. be smart about exercise. it ' s a great way to keep the body and mind healthy, so if you ' re prone to exercise - induced asthma flare - ups, talk to your doctor about how to manage your symptoms. if you get flare - ups during a game or workout, stop what you ' re doing until the flare - up has cleared or you ' ve taken rescue medication. when the symptoms have gone, you can start exercising again. asthma doesn ' t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48447748445191696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.362716"} {"text": "kottke. org posts about pimovie pi, god, and apartment supercomputers jul 18 2005 the new yorker recently ran a feature on how a couple of mathematicians helped the met photograph a part of the hunt of the unicorn tapestries. that same week, they ran from their extensive archives a 1992 profile of the same mathematicians, brothers david and gregory chudnovsky. the chudnovskys were then engaged in calculating as many digits of pi as they could using a homemade supercomputer housed in their manhattan apartment. there ' s some speculation that director darren aronfsky based his 1998 film, pi, on the chudnovskys and after reading the above article, there ' s little doubt that ' s exactly what he did : they wonder whether the digits contain a hidden rule, an as yet unseen architecture, close to the mind of god. a subtle and fantastic order may appear in the digits of pi way out there somewhere ; no one knows. no one has ever proved, for example, that pi does not turn into nothing but nines and zeros, spattered to infinity in some peculiar arrangement. if we were to explore the digits of pi far enough, they might resolve into a breathtaking numerical pattern, as knotty as \" the book of kells, \" and it might mean something. it might be a small but interesting message from god, hidden in the crypt of the circle, awaiting notice by a mathematician. the chudnovsky article also reminds me of contact by carl sagan in which pi is prominently featured as well. according to wolfram research ' s mathworld, the current world record for the calculation of digits in pi is 1241100000000 digits, held by japanese computer scientists kanada, ushio and kuroda. kanada is named in the article as the chudnovskys main competitor at the time. ( oh, and as for patterns hidden in pi, we ' ve already found one. it ' s called the circle. just because humans discovered circles first and pi later shouldn ' t mean that the latter is derived from the former. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5228390286999642, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.364896"} {"text": "principal proposed natural treatments bruising and bleeding both occur because of damage to blood vessels. when a vein, artery, or capillary is torn or cut, blood flows out into the vessel ' s surroundings ; if the escaped blood is contained within the tissues directly under the skin, we see a bruise. while all of us bruise from time to time, some people bruise particularly easily. a number of factors, besides being accident - prone, can make this occur. one factor contributing to easy bruising is thinning skin, caused by aging or by medications such as corticosteroids. easy bruising can also be due to fragile blood vessel walls. finally, difficulties with blood clotting, including problems with platelets or clotting factors, can also increase bruising. for this reason, strong blood - thinning drugs such as heparin and warfarin ( coumadin ) can lead to excessive bruising. warning : if you \u2019 re taking these or other anticoagulant drugs and notice increased bruising, contact your doctor, as this situation could be dangerous. aspirin or natural remedies, such as policosanol, ginkgo, garlic, and high - dose vitamin e, may also thin the blood, possibly raising the risk of bruising and other bleeding problems ; and if you combine two blood - thinning substances, these effects might multiply. rarely, severe bruising from minor or unnoticed injuries can be a sign of leukemia or another serious health problem. especially if this is a new development, discuss your symptoms with a doctor. however, in most cases, there is no identifiable medical cause for easy bruising, and no conventional treatment. furthermore, once you have a bruise, there is no conventional therapy to help speed its resolution. principal proposed natural treatments a number of natural substances might be helpful for easy bruising, including citrus bioflavonoids, the related substances opcs and bilberry, and vitamin c. in addition, if you already are bruised, you may find some help with a combination of two proteolytic enzymes, trypsin and chymotrypsin or a topical preparation, of escin ( an extract of horse chestnut ). citrus bioflavonoids and related substances bioflavonoids ( or flavonoids ) are plant substances that bring color to many fruits and vegetables. citrus fruits are a rich source of bioflavonoids, including diosmin, hesperidin, rutin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46129632341360766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.368668"} {"text": "substances bioflavonoids ( or flavonoids ) are plant substances that bring color to many fruits and vegetables. citrus fruits are a rich source of bioflavonoids, including diosmin, hesperidin, rutin, and naringen ; studies have found these bioflavonoids may help decrease bruising. two types of natural compounds related to bioflavonoids \u2014 opcs ( oligomeric proanthocyanidins ) and anthocyanosides \u2014 have also shown promise for decreasing the tendency to bruise. anthocyanosides, which are present in high concentrations in bilberry, may also strengthen capillaries through their effects on collagen. some european physicians believe that these vessel - stabilizing properties make bilberry useful as a treatment for easy bruising, but the evidence as yet is only suggestive. vitamin c is essential for healthy collagen ; severe vitamin c deficiency, called scurvy, can lead to easy bruising. fortunately, scurvy is extremely rare in western countries today \u2014 but marginal vitamin c deficiency is not rare, and might lead to increased risk of bruising. if your diet is low in fresh fruits and vegetables, you may wish to supplement it with vitamin c. in the study mentioned above, bruising in elderly people decreased significantly with 1 g of oral vitamin c given daily for 2 months. for more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full vitamin c article. trypsin and chymotrypsin for more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full proteolytic enzymes article. for more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full horse chestnut article. other proposed natural treatments for more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full bromelain article. other herbs used for bruising the herbs comfrey, arnica, and sweet clover are widely used externally on bruises and other minor injuries, but despite this traditional use, there is no real scientific evidence that they work. note : there are various safety concerns involved in using comfrey, arnica, and sweet clover internally. for the treatment of bruising, they are used as topical ointments and salves. for a discussion of homeopathic approaches to easy bruising, see the chapter on bruises in the homeopathy database - reviewer : ebsco cam review board - review date : 07 / 2012 - - update date : 07 / 25", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5430138593181106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.369550"} {"text": "mind - body medicine and stress management tradition - tested therapies for modern lives by marcia murphy, lcsw what is mind - body medicine? mind - body medicine explores the influence of the mind and emotions on the body and immune system, and vice versa. mind - body specialists are typically therapists or other mental health professionals who examine the effects of the mind \u2013 thoughts, attitudes and beliefs \u2013 on physical health and well - being. specialists use a variety of techniques to promote health, such as talk therapy, deep breathing, guided imagery, relaxation therapy, meditation and yoga. using these techniques, mind - body medicine helps direct energies toward healing and health. psychoneuroimmunology ( pni ), according to dr. kenneth pelletier, is \u201c the study of the intricate interaction of consciousness ( psycho ), brain and central nervous system ( neuro ), and the body \u2019 s defenses against external infection and internal aberrant cell division ( immunology ). \u201d dr. pelletier serves as a medical and business consultant to the united states department of health and human services, the world health organization and major corporations, such as ibm and disney. when we are under stress, our immune system becomes suppressed and our natural ability to fight disease is compromised unless we take steps to manage the stress in our lives. mental strength and physical strength are interconnected. dr. candace pert, the author of molecules of emotion and a research professor in the department of physiology and biophysics at georgetown university medical center in washington, d. c., expressed it well when she wrote, \u201c the body isn \u2019 t there simply to carry the head. \u201d her research has shown that \u201c when emotions are expressed, that is to say, when the biochemicals that are the substrate of emotion are flowing freely, all systems are united and made whole. when emotions are repressed, denied or not allowed to be whatever they may be, our network pathways get blocked, stopping the flow of the vital, \u201c feel - good, \u201d unifying chemicals that run both our biology and our behavior. \u201d \u201c stress makes you physically sick, \u201d explains steven maier, professor of psychology at the university of colorado. researchers know that behavioral and psychological events can influence the immune system. the immune system sends signals to the brain \u201c that potently alter neural activity and, thereby, alter everything that flows from neural activity, mainly behavior, thought and mood, \u201d said maier. the immune system also activates a classic stress response, releasing stress hormones such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5159352557627415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.374401"} {"text": "to the brain \u201c that potently alter neural activity and, thereby, alter everything that flows from neural activity, mainly behavior, thought and mood, \u201d said maier. the immune system also activates a classic stress response, releasing stress hormones such as cortisol. not only does stress produce the expected biochemical stress response, it also produces predictable behavioral changes, including decreased food and water intake. ancient wellness traditions have understood the mind - body interaction for centuries and have incorporated it into their approaches and therapies. in india for example, the yogic philosophy teaches that the body, breath, emotion and mind are inextricably linked. the chinese systems of qi gong and tai chi have also taught this principle for centuries. mind - body medicine can benefit a cancer patient by ensuring that the patient understands that he / she is not defined by the illness. at cancer treatment centers of america\u00ae patients are treated as whole persons, and are surrounded by a multi - disciplinary team of experts, including a medical oncologist, registered dietician, naturopathic physician, chiropractor and mind - body therapist. we encourage our patients who participate in our mind - body therapies to take advantage of the stress management techniques we offer. some of those techniques include : allowing an objective third party to listen to a patient \u2019 s feelings can be life changing. a therapist may be able to point out distorted thinking and re - orient the patient toward a more positive and helpful direction. dr. andrew weil said, \u201c improper breathing is a common cause of ill health. if i had to limit my advice on healthier living to just one tip, it would be simply to learn how to breathe correctly. there is no single more powerful \u2013 or more simple \u2013 daily practice to further your health and well - being than breath work. \u201d this is one of the greatest and quickest activities for reducing stress. laughter works because it gets your brain thinking and working in a different way. it distracts you from having a stressed mindset. as you start to smile and chuckle, the stress begins to dissipate. keep taking the laughter medicine until you feel relaxed and recharged. rest is essential for a healthy life - balance. adults need seven to nine hours of sleep each night. only in very recent times have modern heating, lighting, and communication and entertainment technologies enabled and encouraged us to keep unnatural waking and working hours. this behavior is at odds with our biological preferences. this strategy builds on deep breathing, and takes it a step further", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5126579603901782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.375489"} {"text": "in very recent times have modern heating, lighting, and communication and entertainment technologies enabled and encouraged us to keep unnatural waking and working hours. this behavior is at odds with our biological preferences. this strategy builds on deep breathing, and takes it a step further. when you meditate, your brain initiates a sort of functioning that is similar to sleep, but carries some added benefits that aren \u2019 t achieved in any other state, such as the release of certain hormones. the practice of guided imagery is somewhat more time - consuming, but is a great way to reduce stress and relax the body. some people find it easier to practice guided imagery than meditation, because it is easier to focus on something rather than on nothing. playing natural sounds in the background during guided imagery promotes a more immersive experience. progressive muscle relaxation : tensing, then releasing, all the muscle groups in the body can produce feelings of increased relaxation in minutes, with no special training or equipment. start by tensing all the muscles of the face, hold a tight grimace for ten seconds, then completely relax for ten seconds. repeat this procedure in the neck area, then the shoulder area, and so on, throughout the rest of the body. listening to music results in numerous health benefits for people with a range of conditions, both mild and severe. studies have shown that listening to certain classical music can help lower blood pressure, relieve muscle tension and promote deep breathing. the array of stress management techniques \u2013 from acupuncture to walking \u2013 is extensive enough to provide something that will appeal to, and work for, just about everyone. marcia murphy, lcsw, is a mind - body therapist at cancer treatment centers of america ( ctca ) at western regional medical center. murphy joined the mind - body medicine department at ctca in 2010 after a deeply personal experience with cancer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5352315164619379, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.376331"} {"text": "when the crusaders came to latvian land they had to look for a suitable place to establish a base of operations. since the mouth of river daugava was a perfect place for merchants and port making they first landed on the shores of riga bay and sailed in the inner waters of the daugava. the place around the mouth of daugava was perfect because it was located in the center between territories of four latvian tribes and could be supported from germany by supply ships. the christian missionary meinard came along with merchants who knew the land before and brought him to the livonian town of ikskile. ikskile is located further from riga, the german could not get the permission to establish a trade base there because they had to deal with trade rivals from the duchy of polock. the local livonians had to pay fees to polock or risk bloody attack. this was not a full time enslavement and the annexation of livonian lands from polock. it was rather close to protection payment as practiced by criminal gangs to extract money from weak shopkeepers. the russians did not interfere much in local livonian politics or their religion. the germans on the other hand wanted more power on livonians mainly their land. meinard became the first bishop on the ikskile he built the stone first church and stone palace in latvia. there was records of scandinavian built wooden church in courland but its remains were never found. there was a wooden orthodox church in jersika but no stone buildings built by latvians themselves are not found until this day. the church of ikskile now lies in ruins and is located on the separate island in the result of flooding done by the riga hydroelectric power plant. as already mentioned in some previous post the mission of baptizing local livonians was not successful. when livonians discovered that germans will be another oppressor far worse than russians, they rejected the christianity by simply \u201c washing it away \u201d in daugava. meinard was forced to ask to the pope for permission to organize crusade. but he died in 1196 giving his job to his heir bishop berthold. he started to organize crusade and managed to get justification for his war by getting a bulla ( the sacred church delclaration against its enemies ) against livonian issued by the pope. in year 1198 he on the horseback accompanied by knights approached livonian castle of sala. he demanded livonians to baptize immediately. the livonians refused and berth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40634487441959455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.383006"} {"text": "its enemies ) against livonian issued by the pope. in year 1198 he on the horseback accompanied by knights approached livonian castle of sala. he demanded livonians to baptize immediately. the livonians refused and berthold returned at the \u201c spot of riga \u201d ( ad locum rige ), because the castle was located on the island and berthold needed ships to attack it. livonians realising the danger decided to make preventive attack by joining forces and surprise the crusaders at their weakspot. the battle resulted in defeat on both sides - livonians were forced to flee, but the berthold was killed. livonians were forced to pay fees but crusaders needed a new much better leader. in year 1198 the new more greater and powerful leader came to latvian lands. the new bishop albert had everything to manage crusade against latvian pagans. at this same year the new roman pole innocent iii recognized as the most glorious middle age pope was elected. they both had much in common - they willed for supreme power, they both organized crusades and were far better diplomats than secular kings of their time. however they both suffered a crucial failure ; pope innocent iii was swindled by greedy venetian merchants who diverted the fourth crusade ( 1204 ) from the holy land to constantinople compromising the whole idea of crusades because a christian capitol was destroyed in the name of holy war. same thing happened to albert when he was forced to give protection rights to the greedy knights of the brothers of the sword. albert outlived innocent iii by 14 years ( innocent iii died in 1216 ) dying in 1229. the last resting place of both great church leaders is unknown until this day. albert did not rush to latvian land ; he wanted to \u201c study the circumstances without the help of army first \u201d. he first went to gotland where he recruited men for his crusade and then came back to germany where he looked for more crusaders. the pope innocent iii issued bulla against livonian barbarians \u201c who gives the god \u2019 s honour to dull creatures and bushes \u201d. in 1200 he finally entered the latvian land visiting crusader outposts at ikskile and sala. he was attacked by livonians on the way and escaped defeat with difficulty because according to chronicle of henry he was not supported by german knights. this however doubtful giving question where the 500 german knights whom albert brought with him were hiding when albert was in danger? that can be more a propagandist claim by chronicler henry making albert \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3884971427852271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.384000"} {"text": "of henry he was not supported by german knights. this however doubtful giving question where the 500 german knights whom albert brought with him were hiding when albert was in danger? that can be more a propagandist claim by chronicler henry making albert \u2019 s achievements too great. the historian indrikis sterns insists that the story of bishop albert recruiting more than hundred men to latvian land is a propagandist claim. he rather entered the river daugava alone without crusaders or with smaller amount of them. albert at year 1200 already started to move to the site of riga. the german merchants already may have even a wooden settlement there. albert knowing that this is the best spot decided to establish his base there. the site of riga was not first settled by germans - there were small livonian villages there already. he requested the pope innocent iii for giving monopoly rights to the port of riga. it was done but the document is not preserved until this day, giving no details about it. but it sure was the juridical basis for albert to start \u201c building the city of riga \u201d in 1201 as claimed in chronicle of henry. so the year 1201 is officially considered as the founding date of latvia. at year 2001 riga celebrated the 800 year birthday. albert moved his residence from ikskile to riga. the first citizens of riga were german merchants, russian merchants, clergyman and crusader knights as well as local livonians. riga started as a small german trade settlement absorbing nearby livonian villages, gaining more emigrants from germany and western europe and becoming a strong natural center of latvian land. riga has no clear date of founding because there were settlements before 1201 and there is no official founding document. the bishop albert also cannot be clearly called as the founder of riga because he in reality just moved his residence to riga were first settlements were already built. as indrikis sterns insists riga can be compared to rome which also started as an group of small settlements joined by the romans, and founded with no documents and claimed to be built by two brothers romulus and rem. however this does not prevent us from considering that riga founded in 1201 by bishop albert because the every good legend has the legacy of making history. sterns, indrikis. ( 2002 ) latvijas vesture, 1180 - 1290 : krustakari. riga : latvijas vestures instuta apgads. zeids, teodors ( ed. ) ( 1978 ). feodala riga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37914356737058497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.384981"} {"text": "stewart brand talks about reviving the passenger pigeon at ted2013 bringing back extinct species \u2014 this friday, tedxdeextinction discusses how we \u2019 ll do it and whether we should an endangered species is like a very sick person : it needs help, desperately. an extinct species is like a dead person : beyond help, beyond hope or at least it has been, until now. for the first time, our own species \u2014 the one that has done so much to condemn those other 795 to oblivion \u2014 may be poised to bring at least some of them back. \u2014 national geographic, \u201c species revival : should we bring back extinct animals? \u201d this process, the process of bringing an extinct species back from once - certain oblivion, is called de - extinction. as reported on the ted blog, \u201c the first de - extinction happened on the bucardo, a type of wild mountain goat. the last bucardo died out in 2000, but its ear was preserved, and in 2009 dna from the ear was planted in a mother goat. the engineered bucardo died after 10 minutes due to a defect in its lungs. \u201d but is there hope for de - exintction to continue? with other animals? new techniques? could we someday see the wooly mammoth in the flesh? at ted2013, scientist stewart brand gave a introduction to the possibilities, and now he wants us to talk about it. this month, along with his foundation revive & restore, with the support of ted and tedster ryan phelan, and in partnership with national geographic society, brand is convening a day - long conference \u2014 called tedxdeextinction \u2014 to showcase the prospects of bringing extinct species back to life, along with a discussion of the ethical issues involved. on friday, march 15, 2013, tedxdeextinction will bring 25 renowned experts together at national geographic headquarters to contribute ideas to these four sessions : - who : who among extinct species should be revived first? - how : how can extinct species be revived? - why and why not : should we bring back extinct species? - wild again : could resurrected species ever be wild again? - george church, professor of genetics at harvard medical school and director of personalgenomes. org, the world \u2019 s only open - access information source for the human genome. - president of the american ornithologists \u2019 union susan haig, whose specialization is working with species facing the brink of extinction. - director of genetics at the san diego zoo institute for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4769935147105011, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.387637"} {"text": "from airport food that is roughly 100 percent sodium to the roof of the plane potentially coming off to a sleeping air traffic controller guiding a plane, you \u2019 d think air travel is getting dangerous. a new study says it may be. although not in the convertible - plane or narcoleptic - controller sort of way. the study, released monday in the journal of occupational health and environmental medicine, says that frequent business travelers were more likely to describe their health as \u201c fair \u201d or \u201c poor. \u201d more than 13, 000 subjects were studied from data supplied by a corporate wellness program. it looked at three groups : non - travelers, occasional travelers ( 80 percent of those surveyed ) and \u201c extensive travelers \u201d who run at the george clooney in \u201c up in the air \u201d pace of 20 or more nights a month on the road. those clooney - esque road warriors are not a healthy bunch. and they certainly don \u2019 t look like him. they are 92 percent more likely to be obese, with high blood pressure and unfavorable cholesterol levels. several factors could contribute to this, the researchers said, including poor sleep, fattening foods and long periods of inactivity. we \u2019 re no scientists, but we \u2019 d guess that doubles - for - $ 1 - extra, migraine - inducing flight delays and blood - pressure - raising bag fees also have something to do with it. how do you try to stay healthy on the road?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43242834766030935, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.389131"} {"text": "city of lincoln fire & rescue department warning signs of heart attacks : brain death! remember that the american heart association stresses that brain death occurs after 4 to 6 minutes with a lack of oxygen to the brain!!! early detection / notification is critical! call 9 - 1 - 1 sudden vs. slow onset of warning signs - some heart attacks are sudden and intense, \" where no one doubts what ' s happening. but most heart attacks start slowly, with mild pain or discomfort. often people affected aren ' t sure what ' s wrong and wait too long before getting help. here are signs that can mean a heart attack is happening : chest discomfort. most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or that goes away and comes back. it can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain. discomfort in other areas of the upper body. symptoms can include pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw or stomach. shortness of breath with or without chest discomfort. other signs may include breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness learn the signs, but remember this : even if you ' re not sure it ' s a heart attack, have it checked out. minutes matter! fast action can save lives \u2014 maybe your own. don \u2019 t wait more than five minutes to call 9 - 1 - 1. calling 9 - 1 - 1 is almost always the fastest way to get lifesaving treatment with the exception of bystander cpr and when available aed. emergency medical services staff can begin treatment when they arrive \u2014 up to an hour sooner than if someone gets to the hospital by car. the staff are also trained to revive someone whose heart has stopped. if you can ' t access the emergency medical services ( ems ), have someone drive you to the hospital right away. if you ' re the one having symptoms, don ' t drive yourself, unless you have absolutely no other option. aed and bystander cpr works. these are reasons why the city of lincoln and our medical community have such a great percentage of heart attack saves! may is stroke awareness month in 2006 - there were 387 strokes / tia calls stroke is the third leading cause of death in america and the no. 1 cause of adult disability. 80 % of strokes are preventable ; you can prevent a stroke! warnings signs of strokes : the american stroke association says these are the warning signs of stroke : act f. a. s. t.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4603365273828402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.392155"} {"text": "the no. 1 cause of adult disability. 80 % of strokes are preventable ; you can prevent a stroke! warnings signs of strokes : the american stroke association says these are the warning signs of stroke : act f. a. s. t. ( assessment ) ( aka cincinnati scale ) immediately call 9 - 1 - 1 - if you or someone with you has one or more of these signs, don ' t delay! immediately call 9 - 1 - 1 or the emergency medical services ( ems ) number so an ambulance ( ideally with advanced life support ) can be sent for you. also, check the time so you ' ll know when the first symptoms appeared. it ' s very important to take immediate action. if given within three hours of the start of symptoms, a clot - busting drug can reduce long - term disability for the most common type of stroke. stroke alerts - the lincoln system has implemented the stroke alert system. if any of the signs and symptoms and any of the results of the fast initial assessment are present, and the onset was within a four hour period, lfr will initiate a stroke alert! all lincoln hospitals participate in the stroke alert program. 9 - 1 - 1 dispatch center - trained in cpr and emd to assist in providing instructions to assist the caller to help provide life saving care prior to lfr arrival. 9 - 1 - 1 dispatch center - trained in cpr and emd to assist in providing instructions to assist the caller to help provide life saving care prior to lfr arrival.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41147548947407814, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.393022"} {"text": "summer \u2019 s relationship with fat loss is a rough one. barbecues and pools usually mean bathing suits, and for someone who is on the path of fat loss, their anticipation is based on their judgement of their own progress, usually negative. for the more opportunistic though, summer is a motivator to reach health related goals, as well as the perfect environment for primal eating. the primal blueprint eating plan, or what some may know as the related eating pattern, the paleo diet, is an eating pattern based around meats, vegetables, and fruit primarily. it is based on certain affirmations also [ source ], - 80 percent of body composition is based on diet, or what food and drink you consume - lean body mass is the key indicator of health ; it is the muscle and non - fat tissue of your body - excess body fat and excess insulin are related and both bad within the primal philosophy is the central goal to be free of the physical limits which excess body fat and excess insulin cause. to do this efficiently, mark sisson, and others who have contributed to the philosophy in their own unique ways, studied the past of human digestive history, paleolithic ancestors of humans, to record and research how the human digestive system and human nutrition adapted. grains and agriculture go back in history as far as 11, 500 years, according to researchers, and an eating pattern based on meats, fruits, vegetables and their specific contents and ancestors goes back much further, because before agriculture, getting nutrition meant getting what was available. what was available was animals, and trees and plants with vegetables and fruit, similar to primal eating. i \u2019 m not a doctor, but it just so happens that primal eating could be a way to avoid excess insulin, because of the lack of grains and starch, and presence of vitamins, minerals, and nutrition in meats, vegetables, and fruit. without the large flood of carbohydrates and resulting wave of insulin, insulin receptors are likely to not become over - stimulated over a long period of time, avoiding ineffective and in - receptive receptors, also known as insulin resistance. insulin resistant receptors cannot receive and allocate nutrients, and because of this scenario where glucose is left circulating, more insulin hormone is produced and more and more their receptors become resistant. body fat, being an organ of storage, eventually receives the calories unable to be delivered by other insulin receptors. and as more and more calories are stored in fat, new fat cells are created", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49872676045235576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.399987"} {"text": "produced and more and more their receptors become resistant. body fat, being an organ of storage, eventually receives the calories unable to be delivered by other insulin receptors. and as more and more calories are stored in fat, new fat cells are created and the cycle continues. the primal eating plan prioritizes protein, which comes from a greek root meaning \u201c of prime importance \u201d, because of its role in cellular repair, cellular health, and muscular growth and maintenance. there are varying sources and opinions on the quantity of protein an individual \u201c should \u201d take in everyday, but among sources which i read and trust, it is generally accepted that 1 gram of protein per pound of lean body mass ( lbm ) is a good aim, while recommendations range from. 8 grams per pound of lbm to 1 gram per pound of mass. these are good ranges to just keep in mind when thinking of what to eat on a weekly basis and what major foods to consider at the grocery store. lean body mass is calculated by determining your body fat percentage and total weight, and subtracting that body fat percentage in pounds of total mass from total mass. the number of pounds left over after body fat pounds have been subtracted from total weight is lean body mass, or the muscle and non - fat tissue of the body. there are various professional services available, which should be researched first, that can help determine these numbers for an individual. fat is also of prime importance within the primal blueprint eating plan. dietary fat plays an important role in every process of the body, being necessary for brain health, where it constitutes estimates of 60 - 70 percent of the brain, necessary for cellular generation, and necessary for organ and hormonal health. fats do provide 9 calories per gram, which is where the notorious \u201c fat makes you fat \u201d arose from, among other chemical reactions within the body. but with an individual gram of fat \u2019 s nine calories, comes nutrition necessary for the aforementioned functions, necessary fat - soluble vitamins, and satiety that limits excess caloric consumption and \u201c sweet tooth \u201d expenditures. carbohydrate may come off as the enemy of all things healthy in preliminary discussion of the primal eating plan, but further reading, discussion, and research will explain the importance of even carbohydrate in the diet. it is not carbohydrate that is the enemy, it is the excess of it, and the consequential unique reactions of its excess ( possibly insulin resistance ) that are of concern.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5056117154323139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.401922"} {"text": "carbohydrate in the diet. it is not carbohydrate that is the enemy, it is the excess of it, and the consequential unique reactions of its excess ( possibly insulin resistance ) that are of concern. additionally, it can be said that there tends to be an unhealthy nature trait that correlates with high amounts of carbohydrate in a food, although the same may be said of fat in some instances, and correlation is not causation. sugary cereals and synthetic vitamin bread do not constitute the type of carbohydrate categorized under primal eating, but, fruits of many types that deliver unique nutrients and unique taste and refreshment, and vegetables that require little complimentary spices to bring out taste and deliver nutrients and satiety are categorized as primal or paleo. there are of course other fundamental principles of the primal blueprint eating plan and primal plan in general, such as moving and exercising in a way that maximizes time spent in the gym and muscles used during exercise, and attaining not just enough sleep, but restful sleep, and managing stress by valuing hard work and achievement. these are topics of information which i find of interest and recommend, and which are discussed within the primal blueprint eating plan, similarly the paleo diet, and at mark sisson \u2019 s popular and resourceful mark \u2019 s daily apple. mark sisson has a primal cookbook & grocery list, which can be checked out to help deliver better understanding for primal eating.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47668784617388393, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.402505"} {"text": "the documentary explores taino history & the contemporary indigenous caribbean identity dance of the mountain people : indigenous taino music by roberto mukaro borrero traditional rhythms and melodies, ancient language, the sounds of the tropical forest - indigenous peoples music from the caribbean island region. a boriken taino, mukaro uses wood ( maiohuakan ), turtle shell ( hikotea ), and skin drums as well as flutes ( bahio, okarina ), rattle ( maraka ), sea shell horns ( guamo ), gourd rasps ( guahei ), chants, and the natural sounds of mother earth ( atabeira / kaguana ) to lead listeners on a musical journey to the indigenous caribbean... this is the traditional style music of the taino people, the very first \" native americans \" to meet columbus in 1492. buy cd - $ 12. 97 writer jose barreiro shares insights and his personal journey in the making of \u201c taino \u201d a novel. this novel, based on a true story, penetrates the historical veil that still enshrines the \" discovery. \" music cd : taino log drumming by edwin maguey cedeno - taino tel : ( 203 ) 296 - 0944 we need to listen to a wider range of voices. we need to hear from those whose lands and rights were taken away by those who \" discovered \" them. their stories, too often suppressed, tell of 500 years of courageous struggle, and the lasting wisdom of native peoples. understanding what really happened to them in 1492 is key to understanding why people suffer the same injustices today. before the day is over, an indigenous person will be killed or displaced, simply because he or she has a different culture. taino revival - critical perspectives on puerto rican identity and cultural politics. read - roberto mukaro agueibana borrero - \" rethinking taino : a taino perspective. indigenous resurgence in the contemporary caribbean - amerindian survival and revival full circle : a taino story by travis neff mr. neff has embarked on an exploration on the lost people of the lucayan - taino indians. based on the poetic novel \" the lucayans \" by sandra riley ; combined with the interviews of research scholars throughout south florida, the bahamas, and puerto rico, this new film blends the scientific study and dramatic portrayal of their way of life. this website was first launched on august 4, 2008 \u2013 it has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4337314863816444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.418101"} {"text": "riley ; combined with the interviews of research scholars throughout south florida, the bahamas, and puerto rico, this new film blends the scientific study and dramatic portrayal of their way of life. this website was first launched on august 4, 2008 \u2013 it has come a long way thanks to you \u2013 the community. the premise for this website from its very beginning and which still applies today is to tell the story of my ancestors, the taino people, in the form of a documentary. i have relied and still depend on you to share your stories and your thoughts to help shape this documentary. you have taught me a lot and we \u2019 ve only scratched the surface. this experience \u2013 this website \u2013 has become much more than i expected and i hope you feel the same as well. it has been a place of trials and tribulations, a place to have a voice sometimes filled with frustration, tears and anger but for the most part a place to rejoice, to contemplate, to think at peace whether you identify as a taino or not. i believe that for the most part people do not generally take time to celebrate their successes, big or small \u2026. milestones. let me offer our community some things to celebrate \u2013 we have now over a thousand members ( think of all the other thousands of people we have yet to meet! ), we have been able to bring our opinions respectfully to the table \u2013 and its seems like we are actually listening! i celebrate - realizing that my sole mission isn \u2019 t just to complete a documentary \u2013 it \u2019 s to continue a journey with you. although we may not meet eye - to - eye or face - to - face \u2013 but destiny has brought us here - together. you have been patient with me \u2013 you have nourished me \u2013 you have guided me \u2013 you have literally taken me into your arms and welcomed me into your hearts \u2013 i am blessed and i celebrate. este sitio web fue puesto en marcha el 4 de agosto de 2008 \u2013 y a tenido exito gracias a ustedes la comunidad. la idea de este sitio web era y sigue siendo un lugar donde se puede contar las historias de mis antepasados, los tainos, con el fin de produccir un documental. he confiado y todavia dependo de ustedes para compartir sus historias y sus pensamientos para ayudar a form", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4524284330875235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.419051"} {"text": "tainos, con el fin de produccir un documental. he confiado y todavia dependo de ustedes para compartir sus historias y sus pensamientos para ayudar a formar este documental. ustedes me han ensenado mucho y apenas hemos rasgunado la superficie. este experiencia - este web site - se ha convertido en mucho mas para mi y espero que a sido igual para usteds. ha sido un lugar de ensayos y tribulaciones, un lugar donde sus voces han sido llenos de frustracion y lagrimas pero en general un lugar para disfrutar, comtemplar, pensar en la paz - sea usted identificado como taino o no. creo yo que en general la gente no celebraran sus trabajos de exitos, sean grandes o pequenos. dejeme ofrecer a nuestra comunidad algunas cosas para celebrar - ahora tenemos sobre mil miembros ( piense en el resto de millares de gente que tenemos todavia encontrarse! ) \u00a1, hemos podido traer nuestras opiniones respetuoso a la mesa - y se parece que si estamos escuchando realmente! celebro - realizando que mi unica mision no es solamente terminar este documental - pero continuar y siguir este viaje de amistad con ustedes. aunque a veces no hemos visto ojo - a - ojo o cara a cara \u2013 se que el destino nos ha traido aqui \u2013 juntos por un razon. ustedes han sido paciente conmigo - ustedes han sido mis guias - ustedes me han tomado literalmente en sus brazos y me han dado la bienvenida en sus corazones - me bendicen y celebro. las reglas del foro simple - \u00a1 respeto! respete a todos la personas en este foro. \u00a1 recuerde! no en este web site \u2026. es inace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4502426576769553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.419733"} {"text": "bendicen y celebro. las reglas del foro simple - \u00a1 respeto! respete a todos la personas en este foro. \u00a1 recuerde! no en este web site \u2026. es inaceptable atacar personas / o gentes por su ideas, religion, sexualidad, capacidades fisicas, etc. falta de respeto a las personas de este foro \u2013 su participacion sera terminada. codigo de conducta - no utilice las areas publicas para sus propios promociones es decir no spam a la comunidad. en su pagina del perfil usted puedeser sus promociones, siempre y cuando no son pornografia libre y se adhieren a los terminos del servicio de ning. there are forum rules that boil down to one thing : respect! please respect each others ' right to opinion. be open minded to those who are different from you. this includes any and all subjects whether it be religion, gender, sexuality, physical abilities, etc. as with all guidelines failure to comply makes the moderators unfriendly.... remember! not on this website.... which means your participation in these forums will be terminated. code of conduct don \u2019 t use the public areas for promotions. in other words don \u2019 t spam the community with links to your site. if you offer a service or have a website that is relevant to a conversation or piece of content then you may mention it, but please use discretion. on your profile page you can go nuts with the promotions, so long as they are porn free and adhere to the ning terms of service. all content submissions must be taino related. if your submission does not deal directly with our goals then chances are we \u2019 ll pull it down. if you think we \u2019 ve pulled something of yours down unjustly let us know. we \u2019 re only human and we make mistakes sometimes. thank you community! dr. osvaldo garcia - goyco las colecciones arqueologicas caribenas del smithsonian el proyecto smithsonian de legado indigena del caribe the smithsonian \u2019 s caribbean indigenous legacies project explores the culture, history and legacy of the native peoples of the caribbean. dr. juan martinez cruzado, geneticist \" our study showed there was assimilation,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4763092787380124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.420660"} {"text": "de legado indigena del caribe the smithsonian \u2019 s caribbean indigenous legacies project explores the culture, history and legacy of the native peoples of the caribbean. dr. juan martinez cruzado, geneticist \" our study showed there was assimilation, but the people were not extinguished. their political and social structure was but the genes were not. \u201d watch video below \u201c an 80 - 90 % loss is a significant and horrifying loss. it is so horrifying that it obscures the fact that 10 to 20 % of the tainos survived. \u201d dr. lynne guitar, independent scholar \u201c reclaiming indigenous heritage in the dominican republic \u201d proyecto smithsonian de legado indigena del caribe beyond extinction : caribbean indigeneity ( watch video below ) ( see video below ) \" it is an appropriate time to spotlight the need for research about ourselves as caribbean people. \" - dr. joseph palacio shares insights about the garifuna, the taino and the myth of extinction as part of the caribbean indigenous legacies project - proyecto legado indigena en el caribe being conducted by the smithsonian latino center, national museum of the american indian, smithsonian institution. aug. 10, 2010 thank you to my supporters & to all who were able to attend the film screening it was a great success!! un headquarters celebrates indigenous filmmaking. secretary - general ban ki - moon ( fourth from right ) and sha zukang ( fourth from left ), under - secretary - general for economic and social affairs, pose for a group photo with participants of un headquarters ' event to celebrate indigenous filmmaking, in honour of the international day of the world ' s indigenous peoples. pictured from left : roberto mukaro agueibana borrero, kevin tarrent, andrew okpeaha maclean, reaghan tarbell, alex zacarias, and per - josef idivuoma. jayuya 2010 - the boriken 2010 peace and dignity run began on the 17th of july with the sounding of many guamo ( conch shell horns ) at sunrise in the yunke rainforest. alex zacarias, director de la pelicula - produccion : rocio started by roberto mukaro borrero apr 13. started by alex zacarias apr 2. started by wilson yukiyu rivera feb 26. started by filip ancientnative rosario feb 21. started by roberto mukaro borrero feb 20. started by hiram dec 15, 2012. started by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42734103287062064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.421585"} {"text": "by alex zacarias apr 2. started by wilson yukiyu rivera feb 26. started by filip ancientnative rosario feb 21. started by roberto mukaro borrero feb 20. started by hiram dec 15, 2012. started by guataubayayel. last reply by guataubayayel apr 16. started by scv sep 24, 2012. posted by natalie hartmann on may 14, 2013 at 11 : 03pm agradecemos de corazon a la encargada del bosque estatal susua sra. weetsy cordero. por toda su cooperacion en esta actividad de areyto concilio taino guatu - ma - cu a boriken \" \" nosotros somos los descendientes del pueblo nativo \u2026 posted by iris antongiorgi concepcion on april 4, 2013 at 2 : 04pm comunicacion de los tainos con el mas alla. sebastian robiou lamarche, ph. d posee un doctorado en historia de puerto rico y el caribe del centro de estudios avanzados de puerto rico y el caribe. es fundador y presidente de fundacion educativa, inc. organiza encuentros y coloquios de tema cultural e historicos. ha publicado trabajos sobre temas arqueologicos e \u2026 continue posted by iris antongiorgi concepcion on april 4, 2013 at 1 : 47pm seems like i never am home. i keep getting dreams of things i hav ner seen, but i don ' t feel strange about them. i have had the same dreams all my life. now i have a way to express these dreams and they are leading me on the road home. i don ' t know why i feel this is so, but it is easier to accept it than to ignore it. it will not go away. so i decided to look into the past. i have to know where i came from. searching my family i find that the documents are confusing. my great \u2026 continue posted by sonia martinez ortiz on march 15, 2013 at 9 : 47pm the map above is an incomplete list of known tainos, some of which were caciques ( male tribal chiefs ) or cacicas ( female tribal chiefs ) and the locations are not specific but general areas. taino society was divided into two classes : naborias ( commoners ) and ni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46689562251574857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.422426"} {"text": ", some of which were caciques ( male tribal chiefs ) or cacicas ( female tribal chiefs ) and the locations are not specific but general areas. taino society was divided into two classes : naborias ( commoners ) and nitainos ( nobles ). both were governed by chiefs known as caciques ( male ) or cacicas / caciquesa ( female ), who was the maximum authority in a yucayeque ( village ). the chiefs were advised by priests / healers known as bohiques. el mapa demuestra una lista incompleta de tainos conocidos, algunos cuyo eran los caciques ( jefes de la tribu de sexo masculino ) o cacicas ( jefes de la tribu de sexo femenino ) y las localizaciones son areas no especificas sino generales. below incomplete list of caciques de boriken / puerto rico lista de caciques de boriken agueybana : puerto rico ' s head cacique who was chief over all the other caciques of boriken at the time of discovery. his yucayeque or village was on the guayanilloa bay area. abey : yucayeque in salinas alonso : minor cacique in otoao ( utuado ). aramana : yucayeque around the rio coa ( toa ) arasibo : yucayeque in the area of rio abacoa ( rio grande de arecibo ) aymamon : yucayeque on the rio culebrinas / western puerto rico cacimar : of caribe ancentry, his yucayeque was in vieques. caguax : yucayeque by the rio turabo canobana : yucayeque by the rio cayniabon ( rio grande de loiza ) caguana : minor cacique in utuado area cayey : yucayeque in cayey daguao : yucayeque at rio santiago ( naguabo ) dona maria : daughter of cacique bagnamanay, her taino name is unkown guamani : yucayeque possibly around guayama o manati guarionex : one of the more important caciques, his yucayeque was in utuado", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4005533257171742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.423167"} {"text": "land. bi means small and ke is earth, land : the small earth. several carib caciques, who attacked puerto rico frequently settled here. bimini. small island near miami in florida, also well - known as bamini. it was discovered and explored by the expedition directed by ponce de leon in 1513. the fountain of youth, mentioned in an indigenous fable ; was not found in bimini. bohio. the oldest written reference on the caribs is in the diary of the first trip of christopher columbus. here, the words caniba and carib were registered and directions given to him by some indians in the sense that to the east of the caribbean sea was an island inhabited by ferocious cannibals, well - known as bohio. borriken, borrigal. breton mentions this island in his dictionary of 1665 - 1666 as the name given to puerto rico by the arawak women of the caribbean. boyuca. another possible indigenous name for the island of bimini. camito. island from 3 to 4 leagues of length located north of espanola, between guaonabo and cabo rojo. caobana. indigenous name of cuba, composed by the root word coa - place and bana - big, large, or great. cayman. various small islands south of cuba. cayri. the island of dominica, important caribbean bastion. cicheo. oviedo mentions this name as the name of the island of desecheo. cuba. the largest island of all in the antilles. the name cuaba and cuba were derived from the name caobana. cubagua. small island south of the island margarita, in venezuela. curateo. the island of guana. exuma. island of the bahamas and name of a reef north of it. guanabo. island east of haiti, probably the island of gonave. guanaja. island of pinos, south of the occidental part of cuba. guanahani. name of the island which was the first place where christopher columbus arrived on in his first voyage to the new world in 1492. he named it san salvador and it is acutally known as cat island of the bahamas and not watling island. guanay. island north of espanola, the first to be discovered by columbus in the antilles. guanima. the island eleuthera in the archipelago of the bahamas. haiti, ayti. indigenous name of es", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47280890404281845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.424918"} {"text": ". guanay. island north of espanola, the first to be discovered by columbus in the antilles. guanima. the island eleuthera in the archipelago of the bahamas. haiti, ayti. indigenous name of espanola. means rough earth. iabaquen. the island of new providence, where nassau is located, the capital of the bahamas. inagua. the large island of inagua, also known as babeque. jamayca. large island south of cuba. the name means : place with water. kiskeya, quisqueya. ancient name for espanola, also known as ayti. also, the oriental region of the island. means : high land, large. lucaioneque. in door roggeveen ' s map, it is the island of abaco or lucaya. lucayas. the islands known today as the bahamas. lucayas is a corruption of yucayas. maguelles. small island in the zone of la parguera, puerto rico. manegua. possible name of the island watling and also of cayo ron. matinina. the island of martinica. mayaguana. small island of the bahamas, situated between the island of acklin and those of caicos. in some maps, named as mariguana. mayaguon. name of the island of the lucayas. ocamaniri. the round island. ojuna. another name for rum cay. oriba. the island oruba. oubao moin. means : island of blood ; and it was how the caribs called puerto rico. saba. small island of barlovento, south of st. martin. sabana. name of the archipelago north of sagua grande in cuba. samana. cay atwood, northeast of crooked island in the bahamas. saometo. another name for crooked island. according to navarrete it is inagua grande. columbus called it isabela. saona. small island south of the orient of the dominican republic. sibukeira. the island of guadalupe, principal dwelling of the caribs in the lesser antilles. sikeo. mountenous island east of rincon, puerto rico, known as desecheo. si for ti ; high ; ke for earth ; o for mountain. siguatio. the large island of abaco. toeya. catalina island, south of espanola", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4673490040414095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.425731"} {"text": "chicago \u2014 at 18 months, cristina astacio spoke only a few words, wouldn \u2019 t respond to her name and shunned other kids in her day care group. last october, her worried parents found out why. she has a mild form of autism, a diagnosis being given to more u. s. children than ever before, largely because of more awareness and better diagnosis. according to new government statistics, the rate is about 1 in 88. that means autism is nearly twice as common as the government reported just five years ago. the largest increases are in hispanic kids like cristina. the definition of autism has changed over the years, and cristina might not have been considered autistic two decades ago. but experts say kids like her are lucky in a way, because her parents recognized early that something was wrong. the centers for disease control and prevention report issued thursday found that 40 percent of kids weren \u2019 t diagnosed until after age 4. evidence shows that children who are identified early and get help have the best chance for reaching their potential, said cdc director dr. thomas frieden. the american academy of pediatrics recommends autism screening for all children at age 18 months and 2 years. diagnosing the developmental disorder relies on observing behavior. autism can \u2019 t be cured, but treatment including intensive behavior therapy can help many kids function better. the academy \u2019 s dr. susan hyman said many children who aren \u2019 t making eye contact and aren \u2019 t talking \u201c may have autism, but they may have other things. \u201d she said it \u2019 s important for parents to be persistent about their concerns with their doctor so their kids can be evaluated. kristy batesole, of atascadero, calif., says she suspected something was wrong with her son, keegan, even when he was a hard - to - calm overly fussy baby. he learned words, but by age 2 stopped talking, would spend hours opening and closing doors and sometimes bang his head on the ground. though he started getting special help in preschool in nevada, he wasn \u2019 t formally diagnosed with autism until last year, at age 6, after the family moved to california, where there are more autism specialists. cristina astacio gets two hours of behavior therapy six days a week. her mom, charisse, says the little girl now responds to commands and speaks about 50 words. the most special are two words cristina never said before. \u201c now she says \u2018 mommy \u2019 and \u2018 daddy, \u2019 \u201d astacio said. \u201c it \u2019 s wonderful. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40076433545010465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.433048"} {"text": "says the little girl now responds to commands and speaks about 50 words. the most special are two words cristina never said before. \u201c now she says \u2018 mommy \u2019 and \u2018 daddy, \u2019 \u201d astacio said. \u201c it \u2019 s wonderful. \u201d christina \u2019 s dad, christopher, is a special - education teacher in the new york city ; most of the kids in his class are hispanic and many have autism. \u201c i remember back in the past, a few kids here and there had autism, not like the way it is now, \u201d astacio said. \u201c i \u2019 m really curious why so many kids are being diagnosed. \u201d experts, including cdc researchers, think broader screening and better diagnosis have largely contributed to that. but autism \u2019 s cause remains a mystery, and government researchers are seeking answers. the latest numbers are based on 2008 data from 14 states and suggest that autism rates have climbed 23 percent since 2006. rates are highest in boys and white children. but the biggest rate increase was among hispanics, from 1 in 270 in 2002 to about 1 in 125 in 2008. that rate increase also is likely due to better awareness. the cdc report says there \u2019 s no strong evidence of any racial or ethnic difference in risk factors for autism and that it \u2019 s likely the condition is underdiagnosed in blacks and hispanics. melissa miller, a st. petersburg, fla., mom whose daughter, chelsea, was diagnosed last year at age 2, said many people still misunderstand the disorder. \u201c i think many people hear \u2018 autism \u2019 and think \u2018 rain man, \u2019 \u201d she said, referring to the 1988 movie featuring dustin hoffman as the mathematically brilliant but socially impaired autistic savant. \u201c the autism spectrum is so vast, and all of our children are different. many of them don \u2019 t rock back and forth or have savant skills. they are sweet, affectionate, intelligent, goofy \u2014 and exhausting \u2014 kids, \u201d miller said. proposed revisions in the manual that doctors use to diagnose mental illness would streamline autism criteria. critics contend the suggested changes would be too narrow and exclude children who need educational and behavioral services. hyman noted that since the manual \u2019 s last revision, in 1994, much has been learned about autism. \u201c there \u2019 s a real possibility the new definition will be better for children, \u201d she said thursday at a cdc news conference. cdc officials say research into causes of autism will help determine if there \u2019 s been a true increase or just better diagnosis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41024889390000074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.434015"} {"text": "europeans scornfully dub them \" frankenstein food. \" so it ' s not surprising some european environmentalists and leaders have reacted strongly to a recent trade ruling that favors these supposed monsters, or genetically modified foods. but their response, even for such a charged issue, is an overreaction. these critics charge that the world trade organization - by declaring a de facto european union ban on genetically modified organisms ( gmos ) to be a violation of global trade laws, - is forcing unwanted products from the us and other agricultural exporters onto european consumers. the body that settles world trade disputes is doing nothing of the sort. europeans have strict labeling requirements that must identify such foods, and neither shoppers nor farmers have to buy food or seeds they don ' t want. what the ruling did do is separate the politics and emotion of this issue from the science and business of it - a useful service. even though the eu ended its gmo moratorium in 2004, five european countries still ban gmos and appear to be in violation of the ruling. by clarifying a question of trade, and not food safety, the wto has reinforced the rules of commerce concerning gmos, which, importantly, also include european safety review. only by allowing this trade mechanism to work freely can gmo producers and consumers get the consideration they both deserve. so far, science and trade favor the current generation of gmos, which include plant products such as maize, cotton, and soybeans. in the us, about 45 percent of maize, 76 percent of cotton, and 85 percent of soybeans are genetically altered.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4607707780340827, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.435777"} {"text": "[ tutor ] adding together strings fri, 7 apr 2000 08 : 02 : 02 - 0700 > hello python tutors, > i hope you can help me with a little problem. ( i am a beginner ). > i am working on a program which will access some files in a folder on the > desktop without me having to type in the whole address every time. > here is what i would like to do. > filename = raw _ input ( \" type name of file \" ) > filename = \" c : \\ windows \\ desktop \\ targetfolder \\ \" + filename > when i try this kind of thing at the command line it works fine, but when i > put it into a module it tells me that \" filename \" is an \" invalid token \" i ' m suprised it works at the command line - you have a problem here with python ' s rules for escaping special characters in strings. the primary problem is that the \\ before the final \" on the second line escapes the \", so that python thinks of it as being a quote within the string rather than the quote that ends the string. similarly, although you may not have noticed it, the \\ t in \\ targetfolder gets turned into a tab. you can fix this immediately by something like : filename = raw _ input ( \" type name of file \" ) filename = \" c : \\ \\ windows \\ \\ desktop \\ \\ targetfolder \\ \\ \" + filename in other words, in regular strings in python, whenevr you want a \" \\ \" you should type a \" \\ \\ \". a better solution to your problem, because it will be breeding good habits for the future, is to use the os. path module ' s functions, particularly os. path. join. this will help if you ever have to work with unix or mac systems in python ; and means you don ' t have to work with all those double backslashes on your system. hope this helps.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4405338884965609, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.437606"} {"text": "january 24, 2001 the us government is in transition. but why should the rest of the world suffer? the us wants to delay the sequel to the failed november 2000 climate meet until the new bush administration gets its act together. along with japan, canada, new zealand and australia, the country has formally requested that the conference of parties to the un framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ) to be held in july 2001 instead of may, so that the bush administration has time to prepare. key us officials, including secretary of state colin powell, have said that the us will not be ready for the negotiations by may, because replacements for the outgoing climate negotiators are still to be announced. and why should the entire world have to wait for the us to get its delegates in place and for those delegates to prepare for the meeting? especially when any further delay at this crucial juncture jeopardises chances of the convention \u2019 s kyoto protocol coming into force? when every small delay in dealing with global warming increases the possibility of damage to smaller economies, particularly small island states, from climate change? rather than taking responsibility for its emissions, the superpower has focused on delaying the process by constantly naming new conditions for signing the kyoto protocol, driving negotiations to the least common denominator in attempts to minimise economic impacts on the us economy. rather like saudi arabia, which has tried to delay adoption of emissions reduction commitments because it fears the impact of such action on their oil exports, and has now suggested continuing climate talks in november 2001. but while us non - government organisations ( ngos ) have ridiculed saudi arabia for such suggestions, these groups seem to think \" there is some basis for ( the ) concern \" expressed by powell and others. so does only the political situation in the us merit consideration? why should the world make concessions for the us and not for any other country? this is not the first time in the climate negotiations that the us government has asked for concessions to be made for internal us politics, and where us ngos have backed their government \u2019 s demand. in fact, the rather ineffective kyoto protocol can be considered to be one big concession to us internal politics, and the senate \u2019 s reluctance to take any meaningful domestic action to control climate change. as a european ngo representative put it, \" that is the way anti - american emotions are created. by asking the rest of the world to show understanding for some internal us mess or bureaucracy that would never have been accepted as an excuse had it been other countries than the us. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45518571477592473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.440399"} {"text": "song dynasty ( 960 \u2013 1279 ) of china was a period of chinese history marked by commercial expansion, economic prosperity, and revolutionary new private trade grew and a market economy began to link the coastal provinces with the interior. the enormous population growth rate from increased agricultural cultivation in the 10th to 11th centuries doubled china ' s overall population, which rose above 100 million people ( compared to the earlier, with some 50 million beyond domestic profits made in china, merchants engaged in overseas trade by investing money in trading vessels that docked at foreign ports as far away as east. the world ' s first development of the banknote, or printed paper money ( see jiaozi ), was established on a massive scale. combined with a unified tax system and efficient trade routes by road and canal, this meant the development of a true nationwide market system in china. although much of the revenue in the central was consumed by the needs of the military defense, government taxes imposed on the rising commercial base in china refilled the monetary coffers of the song government. for certain production items and marketed goods, the song government imposed monopolies in order to boost revenues and secure resources that were vital to the empire ' s security, such as steel, iron, and chemical components for gunpowder massive expansion of ploughland the song government encouraged people to reclaim barren lands and put them under cultivation. anyone who opened up new lands and paid taxes were granted permanent possession of the new land. under this policy, the cultivated land in the song dynasty is estimated to have reached a peak number of 720 million mu, and was not surpassed by later ming and qing dynasties. prominent statesman and economist wang issued the law and decree on irrigation in 1069 that encouraged expansion of the irrigation system in china. by 1076, about 10, 800 irrigation projects were completed, which irrigated more than 36 million mu of public and private land. irrigation projects included dredging the yellow river at northern china and artificial silt land in the lake tai as a result of this policy, the crop in china improvements in farm tools, seeds and fertilizer the song dynasty inherited the curved iron plough invented in the ( 618 \u2013 907 ) as described in detail in lu guimeng ' s the classic of the plough. the song dynasty improved on the tang dynasty curved iron plough and invented a special steel plough design specificily for reclaiming wasteland. the wasteland plough was not made of iron, but of stronger steel, the blade was shorter but thicker, and particularly effective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4658054989172384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.473203"} {"text": "on the tang dynasty curved iron plough and invented a special steel plough design specificily for reclaiming wasteland. the wasteland plough was not made of iron, but of stronger steel, the blade was shorter but thicker, and particularly effective in cutting through reeds and roots in wetlands in the valley. a tool designed to facilitate seedling called \" seedling horse \" was invented in song dynasty ; it was made of jujube paulownia wood. song dynasty farms used bamboo water wheels to harness the flow energy of rivers to raise water for irrigation of farmland. the water wheel was about 30 chi in diameter, with ten bamboo watering tubes fastened at its perimeter. some farmers even used three stage watering wheels to lift water to a height of over 30 chi high yield champa paddy seeds, korean yellow paddy, indian green pea, and middle east were introduced into china during this period, greatly enhancing the variety of farm produce. song farmers emphasized the importance of night soil. they understood that using night soil could transform barren wasteland into fertile farmland. chen pu wrote in his book of agriculture of 1149 : \" the common saying that farmland becomes exhausted after seeding three to five years is not right, if frequently top up with new soil and cure with night soil, then the land becomes more fertile \". introduced from hainan island into song dynasty tribute tea, the big cotton flowers were collected, pits removed, beaten loose with bamboo bows, and drawn into yarns and weaved into cloth called \" jibei \". \" the cotton jibei made in hainan has great variety, the cloth has great width, often dyed into brilliant colors, stitching up two pieces make a bedspread, stitching four pieces make a curtain hemp was also widely planted and made into linen. independent mulberry farms flourished in the mount dongting region in suzhou. mulberry farmers did not make a living on farmland, but instead they grew mulberry trees and bred silkworm to harvest silk. first appeared in china during the warring states period during the song dynasty, lake tai valley was famous for the sugarcanes cultivated. song writer wang described in great detail the method of cultivating sugarcane and how to make cane sugar flour from sugarcane in his monography \" classic of sugar \" in 1154, the first book about sugar technology in china. plantation in the song dynasty was three times the size that it was during the tang dynasty. according to a survey in 1162, tea plantations were spread across 66 prefectures in 244 counties.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46805321381483456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.474225"} {"text": "1154, the first book about sugar technology in china. plantation in the song dynasty was three times the size that it was during the tang dynasty. according to a survey in 1162, tea plantations were spread across 66 prefectures in 244 counties. the beiyuan plantation ( north park plantation ) was an imperial tea plantation in fujian prefacture. it produced more than forty varieties of tribute tea for the imperial court. only the very tip of tender tea leaves were picked, processed and pressed into tea cakes, embossed with dragon pattern, known as \" dragon tea cakes \". with the growth of cities, high value vegetable farms sprung up in the suburbs. in southern china, on average one mu farm land supported one man, while in the north about three for one man, while one mu of vegetable farm supported three men. flower nurseries also flourished. peony the favourite of the rich and powerful. up to ninety varieties of peony were cultivated. jasmine and crabapple from persia were also organization, investment, and trade during the song dynasty, the merchant class became more sophisticated, well - respected and organized than in earlier periods of china. their accumulated wealth often rivaled that of the administered the affairs of government. for their organizational skills, ebrey, walthall, and palais state that song dynasty... set up partnerships and joint stock companies, with a separation of owners ( shareholders ) and in the large cities, merchants were organized into guilds according to the type of product sold ; they periodically set prices and arranged sales from wholesalers to when the government requisitioned goods or assessed taxes, it dealt with the guild heads. although large government run industries and large privately - owned dominated the market system of urban china during the song period, there was a plethora of small private businesses and entrepreneurs throughout the large suburbs and rural areas that thrived off the economic boom of the period. there was even a large black market in china during the song period, which was actually enhanced once the jurchens conquered northern china and established the jin dynasty example, around 1160 ad there was an annual black market smuggling of some 70 to 80 thousand cattle. there were multitudes of successful small kilns shops owned by local families, along with oil presses, wine - making shops, small local paper - making businesses, etc. there was also room for small economic success with the \" inn keeper, the petty diviner, the drug seller, the cloth trader, \" and many others. rural families that sold a large agricultural surplus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44253879934832235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.475271"} {"text": ", small local paper - making businesses, etc. there was also room for small economic success with the \" inn keeper, the petty diviner, the drug seller, the cloth trader, \" and many others. rural families that sold a large agricultural surplus to the market not only could afford to buy more charcoal, tea, oil, and wine, but they could also amass enough funds to establish secondary means of production for generating more wealth. besides necessary agricultural foodstuffs, farming families could often produce wine, charcoal, paper, textiles, and other goods they sold through brokers. farmers in suzhou often specialized in raising bombyx mori to produce silk wares, while in fujian, sichuan, and guangdong farmers often grew sugarcane. in order to ensure the prosperity of rural areas, technical applications for public works projects and improved agricultural techniques were essential. the system of china had to be furnished with multitudes of wheelwrights and square - pallet chain pumps that could lift water from lower planes to higher irrigation planes. for clothing, silken robes worn by the wealthy and elite while hemp was worn by the poor ; by the late song clothes were also in use. shipment of all these materials and goods was aided by the 10th century innovation of the canal pound in china ; the song scientist and statesman shen kuo ( 1031 \u2013 1095 ) wrote that the building of pound lock gates at zhenzhou ( presumably kuozhou along the yangtze ) during the 1020s and 1030s freed up the use of five hundred working laborers at the canal each year, amounting to the saving of up to 1, 250, 000 strings of cash annually. he wrote that the old method of hauling boats over limited the size of the cargo to 300 tan of rice per vessel ( roughly 21 tons / 21337 kg ), but after the pound locks were introduced, boats carrying 400 tan ( roughly 28 tons / 28449 kg ) could then be used. shen wrote that by his time ( c. 1080 ) government boats could carry cargo weights of up to 700 tan ( 49\u00bd tons / 50294 kg ), while private boats could hold as much as 800 bags, each weighing 2 tan ( i. e. a total of 113 tons / 114813 kg ). sea trade abroad to the south east, the hindu world, and the east african world brought merchants great fortune. although the massive amount of indigenous trade along the grand canal, river, its tributaries and lakes, and other canal systems trumped the commercial gains of overseas trade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5161403422536799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.476336"} {"text": "to the south east, the hindu world, and the east african world brought merchants great fortune. although the massive amount of indigenous trade along the grand canal, river, its tributaries and lakes, and other canal systems trumped the commercial gains of overseas trade, there were still many large seaports during the song period that bolstered the economy, such as quanzhou, fuzhou, guangzhou, and xiamen. these seaports, now heavily connected to the hinterland via canal, lake, and river traffic, acted as a long string of large market centers for the sale of cash crops produced in the interior. the high demand in china for foreign luxury goods and spices coming from the east facilitated the growth of chinese maritime trade abroad during the song period. along with the mining industry, the shipbuilding industry of fujian province during the song period increased its production exponentially as maritime trade was given more importance and as the province ' s population growth began to increase dramatically. the song capital at hangzhou had a large canal that connected its waterways directly to the seaport at mingzhou ( modern ningbo ), the center where many of the foreign imported goods were shipped out to the rest of the country. despite the installation of fire stations and a large fire fighting force, fires continued to threaten the city of hangzhou and the various businesses within it. in safeguarding stored supplies and providing rented space for merchants and shopkeepers to keep their surplus goods safe from city fires, the rich families of hangzhou, palace eunuchs, and empresses had large warehouses the northeast walls ; these warehouses were surrounded by channels of water on all sides and were heavily guarded by hired night watchmen. shipbuilders generated means of employment for many skilled craftsmen, while sailors for ship crews found many opportunities of employment as more families had enough capital to purchase boats and invest in commercial trading abroad. foreigners and merchants from abroad had an impact on the economy from within china as well. for example, many muslims went to song china not only to trade, but dominated the import and export industry and in some cases became officials of economic regulations. for chinese maritime merchants, however, there was risk involved in such long overseas ventures to foreign trade posts and seaports as far away as in order to reduce the risk of losing money instead of gaining it on maritime trade missions abroad : [ song era ] investors usually divided their investment among many ships, and each ship had many investors behind one observer thought eagerness to invest in overseas trade was leading to an outflow of copper cash. he wrote,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40516097479574875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.478551"} {"text": "it on maritime trade missions abroad : [ song era ] investors usually divided their investment among many ships, and each ship had many investors behind one observer thought eagerness to invest in overseas trade was leading to an outflow of copper cash. he wrote, \" people along the coast are on intimate terms with the merchants who engage in overseas trade, either because they are fellow - countrymen or personal acquaintances... [ they give the merchants ] money to take with them on their ships for purchase and return conveyance of foreign goods. they invest from ten to a hundred strings of cash, and regularly make profits of several hundred percent. \" wealthy landholders were still typically those who were able to educate their sons to the highest degree. hence small groups of prominent families in any given local county would gain national spotlight for having sons travel far off to be educated and appointed as ministers of the state. yet downward social mobility was always an issue with the matter of divided inheritance. suggesting ways to increase a family ' s property, yuan cai ( 1140 \u2013 1190 ) wrote in the late 12th century that those who obtained office with decent salaries shouldn ' t convert it to gold and silver, but instead could watch their values grow with investment : for instance, if he had 100, 000 strings worth of gold and silver and used this money to buy productive property, in a year he would gain 10, 000 strings ; after ten years or so, he would have regained the 100, 000 strings and what would be divided among the family would be interest. if it were invested in a pawn broking business, in three years the interest would equal the he would still have the 100, 000 strings, and the rest, being interest, could be divided. moreover, it could be doubled again in another three years, ad infinitum. ( 1031 \u2013 1095 ), a minister of finance, was of the same opinion ; in his understanding of the velocity of circulation, he stated in 1077 : the utility of money derives from circulation and loan - making. a village of ten households may have 100, 000 coins. if the cash is stored in the household of one individual, even after a century, the sum remains 100, 000. if the coins are circulated through business transactions so that every individual of the ten households can enjoy the utility of the 100, 000 coins, then the utility will amount to that of 1, 000, 000 cash. if circulation continues without stop, the utility of the cash will be beyond the author zhu yu wrote in his (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5232585775998073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.479531"} {"text": "ten households can enjoy the utility of the 100, 000 coins, then the utility will amount to that of 1, 000, 000 cash. if circulation continues without stop, the utility of the cash will be beyond the author zhu yu wrote in his ( ; pingzhou table talks ) of 1119 ad about the organization, maritime practices, and government standards of seagoing vessels, their merchants, and sailing crews. his book stated : according to government regulations concerning seagoing ships, the larger ones can carry several hundred men, and the smaller ones may have more than a hundred men on one of the most important merchants is chosen to be leader ( gang shou ), another is deputy leader ( fu gang shou ), and a third is business manager ( za shi ). the superintendent of merchant shipping gives them an unofficially sealed red certificate permitting them to use the light bamboo for punishing their company when should anyone die at sea, his property becomes forfeit to the government... the ship ' s pilots are acquainted with the configuration of the coasts ; at night they steer by the stars, and in the day - time by the sun. in dark weather they look at the south - pointing needle ( i. e. the magnetic compass ). they also use a line a hundred feet long with a hook at the end which they let down to take samples of mud from the sea - bottom ; by its ( appearance and ) smell they can determine their foreign travelers to china often made remarks on the economic strength of the country. the later muslim moroccan berber traveler ibn batutta ( 1304 \u2013 1377 ) wrote about many of his travel experiences in places across the eurasian world, including china at the farthest eastern extremity. describing lavish chinese ships holding palatial cabins and saloons, along with the life of chinese ship crews and captains, among the inhabitants of china there are those who own numerous ships, on which they send their agents to foreign for nowhere in the world are there to be found people richer than the chinese. steel and iron industries accompanying the widespread printing of paper money was the beginnings of what one might term an early chinese industrial revolution. for example the historian robert hartwell estimated that per capita iron sixfold between 806 and 1078, such that, by 1078 china was producing 127000000 kg ( 125, 000 t ) in weight of iron per year. however, historian donald wagner questions hartwell ' s method used to estimate these figures ( i. e. by using song tax and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.490754105635164, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.480484"} {"text": "by 1078 china was producing 127000000 kg ( 125, 000 t ) in weight of iron per year. however, historian donald wagner questions hartwell ' s method used to estimate these figures ( i. e. by using song tax and quota receipts ). in the smelting process of using huge bellows driven by waterwheels, massive amounts of charcoal were used in the production process, leading to a wide range of deforestation in northern china. however, by the end of the 11th century the chinese discovered that using could replace the role of charcoal, hence many acres of forested land in northern china were spared from the steel and iron industry with this switch of resources. iron and steel of this period were used to mass produce ploughs needles, pins, nails for ships, musical cymbals, chains for suspension bridges, buddhist statues, and other routine items for an indigenous mass market. iron was also a necessary manufacturing component for the production processes of salt and copper. many newly constructed canals linked the major iron and steel production centers to the capital city ' s main market. this was also extended to trade with the outside world, which greatly expanded with the high level of chinese maritime activity abroad during the southern song through many written petitions central government by regional administrators of the song empire, historical scholars can piece evidence together to appropriate the size and scope of the chinese iron during the song era. the famed magistrate bao qingtian ( 999 \u2013 1062 ) wrote of the iron industry at hancheng, tongzhou prefecture, along the yellow river in what is today eastern shaanxi province, with iron smelting households that were overseen by government regulators. he wrote that 700 such households were acting as iron smelters, with 200 having the most adequate amount of government support, such as charcoal supplies and skilled craftsmen ( the iron households hired local unskilled labor themselves ). bao ' s complaint to the throne was that government laws against private smelting in shaanxi hindered profits of the industry, so the government finally heeded his plea and lifted the ban on private smelting for shaanxi in 1055. the result of this was an increase in profit ( with lower prices for iron ) as well as production ; 100, 000 jin ) of iron was produced annually in shaanxi in the 1040s ad, increasing to 600, 000 jin produced annually by the 1110s, furbished by the revival of the industry in 1112. although the iron smelters of shaanxi were managed and supplied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4376026061987046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.481497"} {"text": "in shaanxi in the 1040s ad, increasing to 600, 000 jin produced annually by the 1110s, furbished by the revival of the industry in 1112. although the iron smelters of shaanxi were managed and supplied by the government, there were many independent smelters operated and owned by rich families. while acting as governor of xuzhou in 1078, the famous song poet and statesman su shi ( 1037 \u2013 1101 ) wrote that in the liguo industrial prefecture under his administered region, there were 36 iron smelters run by different local families, each employing a work force of several hundred people to mine ore, produce their own charcoal, and smelt during the song period, there was a great deal of organized labor and bureaucracy involved in the extraction of resources from the various provinces in china. the production of sulfur, which the chinese called ' vitriol liquid ', was extracted from pyrite and used for purposes as well as for the creation of gunpowder. this was done by roasting iron pyrites, converting the sulphide, as the ore was piled up with coal briquettes in an earthenware furnace with a type of still - head to send the sulphur over as vapour, after which it would solidify and crystallize historical text of the song shi ( history of the song, compiled in 1345 ad ) stated that the major producer of sulfur in the tang and song dynasties was the jin zhou sub - provincial administrative region ( modern linfen in southern bureaucrats appointed to the region managed the industrial processing and sale of it, and the amount created and distributed from the years 996 to 997 alone was 405, 000 jin ( roughly 200 tons ). it was recorded that in 1076 ad the song dynasty government held a strict commercial monopoly on sulfur production, and if dye houses and government workshops sold their products to private dealers in the black market they were subject to meted penalties by government authorities. before this point, in 1067 ad, the song government had issued an edict that the people living in shanxi and hebei were forbidden to sell foreigners any products containing saltpetre and sulfur. this act by the song government displayed their fears of the grave potential of gunpowder weapons being developed by song china ' s territorial enemies as well ( i. e. the tanguts zhou was in close proximity to the song capital at kaifeng, the latter became the largest producer of gunpowder during the northern song period. sulfur from pyrite instead of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4434378828467977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.482523"} {"text": "song china ' s territorial enemies as well ( i. e. the tanguts zhou was in close proximity to the song capital at kaifeng, the latter became the largest producer of gunpowder during the northern song period. sulfur from pyrite instead of natural sulfur ( along with ehanced ), the chinese were able to shift the use of gunpowder from an incendiary use into an explosive one for early. there were large manufacturing plants in the song dynasty for the purpose of making ' fire - weapons ' employing the use of gunpowder, such as fire and fire arrows. while engaged in a war with the mongols, in the year 1259 the official li zengbo wrote in his ko zhai za gao, xu gao hou that the city of qingzhou was manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron - cased bomb shells a month, dispatching to xiangyang and yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time. one of the main armories for the storage of gunpowder and weapons was located at weiyang, which accidentally caught fire and produced a massive explosion in 1280 ad. this arrangement of allowing competitive industry to flourish in some regions while setting up its opposite of strict government - regulated and monopolized production and trade in others was not exclusive to iron manufacturing. in the beginning of the song dynasty, the government supported competitive silk mill and brocade workshops in the eastern provinces and in the capital city of kaifeng. however, at the same time the government established strict legal prohibition on the merchant trade of privately produced silk in sichuan this prohibition dealt an economic blow to sichuan that caused a small rebellion ( which was subdued ), yet in the song dynasty sichuan was well - known for its independent industries and cultivated oranges. the reforms of the chancellor wang ( 1021 \u2013 1086 ) sparked heated debate amongst ministers of court when he nationalized industries manufacturing, processing, and distributing tea, and wine. the state monopoly on sichuan tea was the prime source of revenue for the state ' s purchase of horses in qinghai for the song army ' s cavalry forces. restrictions on the private manufacture and trade of salt were even criticized in a famous poem by su shi while the opposing politically - charged faction at court gained advantage and lost favor, wang anshi ' s reforms were continually abandoned and reinstated. despite this political quarrel, the song empire ' s main source of revenue continued to come from state - managed monopolies and indirect. as for private entrepreneurship, great profits could still be pursued by the merchants in the luxury item trades and specialized regional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4399352020994715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.483568"} {"text": ". despite this political quarrel, the song empire ' s main source of revenue continued to come from state - managed monopolies and indirect. as for private entrepreneurship, great profits could still be pursued by the merchants in the luxury item trades and specialized regional production. for example, the silk producers of raoyang county, shenzhou prefecture, southern hebei province were especially known for producing silken headwear for the song emperor and high court officials in the capital. copper resources and receipts of deposit the root of the development of the banknote goes back to the earlier tang dynasty ( 618 \u2013 907 ), when the government outlawed the use of bolts of as currency, which increased the use of coinage as money. by the year 1085 the output of copper currency was driven to a rate of 6 billion coins a year up from 5. 86 billion in 1080 ( compared to just 327 million coins minted annually in the tang dynasty ' s prosperous tianbao period of 742 \u2013 755, and only 220 million coins minted annually from 118 bc to 5 ad during the han dynasty ). the expansion of the economy was unprecedented in china : the output of coinage currency in the earlier year of 997 ad, which was only 800 million coins a year. in the year 1120 alone, the song government collected 18, 000, 000 ounces of silver in taxes. with many 9th century tang era merchants avoiding the weight and bulk of so many copper coins in each transaction, this led them to using trading receipts from deposit shops where goods or money were left previously. merchants would deposit copper currency into the stores of wealthy families and prominent, whereupon they would receive receipts that could be cashed in a number of nearby towns by accredited persons. since the 10th century, the early song government began issuing their own receipts of deposit, yet this was restricted mainly to their monopolized salt industry and trade. first official regional paper - printed money can be traced back to the year 1024, in sichuan robert temple says that the sichuan bills can be traced back to 1023 ; before that year, sixteen private businesses ' issued notes of exchange, but in that year the song government took over this enterprise under an although the output of copper currency had expanded immensely by 1085, some fifty copper mines were shut down between the years 1078 and 1085. ch ' en, 615. although there were on average more copper mines found in northern song china than in the previous tang dynasty, this case was reversed during the southern song with a sharp decline and de", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40751437444698335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.484554"} {"text": "between the years 1078 and 1085. ch ' en, 615. although there were on average more copper mines found in northern song china than in the previous tang dynasty, this case was reversed during the southern song with a sharp decline and depletion of mined copper deposits by 1165. ch ' en, 615 \u2013 616. even though copper cash was abundant in the late 11th century, chancellor wang anshi ' s tax substitution for corvee labor and government takeover of agricultural finance loans meant that people now had to find additional cash, driving up the price of copper money which would become scarce. ch ' en, 619. to make matters worse, large amounts of government - issued copper currency exited the country via international trade, while the liao and western xia pursued the exchange of their iron - minted coins for song copper coins. ch ' en, 621. as evidenced by an 1103 decree, the song government became cautious about its outflow of iron currency into the liao empire when it ordered that the iron was to be alloyed with tin in the smelting process, thus depriving the liao of a chance to melt down the currency to make iron weapons. government attempted to prohibit the use of copper currency in border regions and in seaports, but the song - issued copper coin became common in the liao, western xia, japanese, and southeast asian the song government would turn to other types of material for its currency in order to ease the demand on the government mint, including the issuing of iron coinage and paper banknotes. ch ' en, 620. in the year 976, the percentage of issued currency using copper coinage was 65 % ; after 1135, this had dropped significantly to 54 %, a government attempt to debase the copper the world ' s first paper money the central government soon observed the economic advantages of printing paper money, issuing a monopoly right of several of the deposit shops to the issuance of these certificates of deposit. by the early 12th century, the amount of banknotes issued in a single year amounted to an annual rate of 26 million strings of cash coins. by the 1120s the central government officially stepped in and produced their own state - issued paper money ( using woodblock printing even before this point, the song government was amassing large amounts of paper tribute. it was recorded that each year before 1101 ad, the prefecture of xinan ( modern xi - xian, anhui ) alone would send 1, 500, 000 sheets of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43400356252516037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.485576"} {"text": "point, the song government was amassing large amounts of paper tribute. it was recorded that each year before 1101 ad, the prefecture of xinan ( modern xi - xian, anhui ) alone would send 1, 500, 000 sheets of paper in seven different varieties to the capital at kaifeng. in that year of 1101, the emperor huizong of song lessen the amount of paper taken in the tribute quota, because it was causing detrimental effects and creating heavy burdens on the people of the region. however, the government still needed masses of paper product for the exchange certificates and the state ' s new issuing of paper money. for the printing of paper money alone, the song court established several government - run factories in the cities of huizhou, chengdu, hangzhou, and anqi. the size of the workforce employed in these paper money factories were quite large, as it was recorded in 1175 ad that the factory at hangzhou alone employed more than a thousand workers a day. however, the government issues of paper money were not yet nationwide standards of currency at that point ; issues of banknotes were limited to regional zones of the empire, and were valid for use only in a designated and temporary limit of 3 - year ' s time. the geographic limitation changed between the years 1265 and 1274, when the late southern song government finally produced a nationwide standard currency of paper money, once its widespread circulation was backed by gold or silver. the range of varying values for these banknotes was perhaps from one string of cash to one hundred at the most. ever since 1107, the government printed money in no less than six ink colors and printed notes with intricate designs and sometimes even with mixture of unique fiber in the paper to avoid counterfeiting subsequent yuan, ming, and qing dynasties would issue their own paper money as well. even the southern song ' s contemporary of the jin to the north caught on to this trend and issued their own paper money. at the archeological there was a printing plate found that dated to the year 1214, which produced notes that measured 10 cm by 19 cm in size and were worth a hundred strings of 80 cash coins. - jin issued paper money bore a, the number of the series, and a warning label that counterfeiters would be decapitated, and the denouncer rewarded with three hundred strings urban employment and businesses within the cities there were a multitude of professions and places of work to choose from, if one weren ' t strictly inheriting a profession of his paternal line.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43851735516729895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.486570"} {"text": "decapitated, and the denouncer rewarded with three hundred strings urban employment and businesses within the cities there were a multitude of professions and places of work to choose from, if one weren ' t strictly inheriting a profession of his paternal line. sinologist historians are fortunate enough to have a wide variety of written sources describing minute details about each location and the businesses within the cities of song china. for example, in the alleys and avenues around the east gate of the xiangguo temple in kaifeng, historian stephen h. west quotes one source : along the temple eastgate avenue... are to be found shops specializing in cloth caps with pointed tails, belts and waiststraps, books, caps and flowers as well as the vegetarian tea meal of the ding family... south of the temple are the brothels of manager ' s alley... the nuns and the brocade workers live in embroidery alley... on the north is small sweetwater alley... there are a particularly large number of southern restaurants inside the alley, as well as a plethora of brothels. similarly, in the \" pleasure district \" along the horse guild avenue, near a zoroastrian temple west quotes the same source, dongjing meng hua lu in addition to the household gates and shops that line the two sides of new fengqiu gate street... military encampments of the various brigades and columns [ of the imperial guard ] are situated in facing pairs along approximately ten li of the approach to the gate. other wards, alleys, and confined open spaces crisscross the area, numbering in the tens of thousands \u2014 none knows their real number. in every single place, the gates are squeezed up against each other, each with its own tea wards, wineshops, stages, and food and drink. normally the small business households of the marketplace simply purchase [ prepared ] food and drink at food stores ; they do not cook at home. for northern food there are the shi feng style dried meat cubes... made of various stewed items... for southern food, the house of jin at temple bridge... and the house of zhou at ninebends... are acknowledged to be the finest. the night markets close after the third watch only to reopen at the west points out that kaifeng shopkeepers rarely had time to eat at home, so they chose to go out and eat at a variety of places such as restaurants, temples, and food stalls. restaurant on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4142749359487233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.487521"} {"text": "the third watch only to reopen at the west points out that kaifeng shopkeepers rarely had time to eat at home, so they chose to go out and eat at a variety of places such as restaurants, temples, and food stalls. restaurant on this new clientele, while restaurants that catered to regional cooking targeted customers such as merchants and officials who came from regions of china where cuisine styles and flavors were drastically different than those commonly served in the capital. the pleasure district mentioned above \u2014 where stunts, games, theatrical stage performances, taverns and singing girl houses were located \u2014 was teeming with food stalls where business could be had virtually all night. west makes a direct connection between the success of the theatre industry and the food industry in the cities. of the fifty some theatres within the pleasure districts of kaifeng, four of these could entertain audiences of several thousand each, drawing huge crowds which would then give nearby businesses an enormous potential customer base. besides food, traders in eagles and hawks, precious paintings well as shops selling bolts of silk and cloth, jewelry of pearls, horn, gold and silver, hair ornaments, combs, caps, scarves, and aromatic incense thrived in the song dynasty actively promoted overseas trade. about fifty countries carried out overseas trade with the song dynasty, among them ceylon, langkasuka, mait, samboja, borneo, kelantan, champa, chenla, bengtrao, java, india, calicut, lambri, bengal, kurum, gujara, mecca, misr, bagdad, iraq, aman, almoravid dynasty, sicily, morroco, tanzania, somalia, ryukyu, korea, and pearls, ivory, rhinocero horns, frankincense, agalloch eaglewood, coral, agate, hawksbill turtle shell, gardenia, and rose were imported from the arabs and samboja, herbal medicine from java, costusroot from foloan ( kuala sungai berang ) cotton cloth, cotton yarn from mait, and ginseng, silver, copper, and quick silver from korea. promote overseas trade and maximize government profits in control of imported goods, in 971 the government established a maritine trade supervisorate at guangzhou, in 999 established a second one at hangzhou, a third at mingzhou ( now ningbo city ), followed by quanzhou ( zaitung ) in 1079, huating county ( now part of shanghai ) in 1113, and jiangyin in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44723418202914644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.488502"} {"text": "established a second one at hangzhou, a third at mingzhou ( now ningbo city ), followed by quanzhou ( zaitung ) in 1079, huating county ( now part of shanghai ) in 1113, and jiangyin in 1145. initially the maritime trade supervisorate was subordinate under the department of transportation or prefecture official, later made into a separate agency with its own supervisor. the roles of the maritime trade - taxation of imported goods, tax rate varied over the song dynasty, from 10 % to as high as 40 % ; however, during the reign of emperor shenzong ( 1048 \u2013 1085 ), the tax rate for imports was lowered to 6. 67 %. the tax was goods in kind, not money. - government purchase and sale of imported goods. in 976, all imported goods from overseas merchants had to be sold only to the government, private sales was prohibited, penalty for violation depended on the quantity of goods involved, and the highest penalty was tattooing of the face and forced labor. later the 100 % rule was relaxed somewhat. the maritime trade superisorate purchased a portion of the finest quality goods, for example 60 % for pearls, 40 % for rhinocero horn ; the low quality leftover goods were allowed to be traded in the market. the purchase rate applied to after tax goods, then paid in money, not according to market price, but according to a government - accessed \" fare value \". in the southern song dynasty, the maritime trade supervisorates were short of funds and were not paid on time, causing huge losses in profits for overseas merchants ; the volume of incoming ships also dropped. - issue foreign trade permits for local merchants. - ebrey, 156. - ebrey, 167. - qi xia, economy of the song dynasty, part i, chapter 1, page 65 isbn 7 - 80127 - 462 - 8 / f - qi xia, economy of the song dynasty, p86 - qi xia, economy of the song dynasty, p84 - 96 - robert temple, the genius of china, p19 - qi xia, p135 - qi xia, 156 - zhou qufei, p228 - ji xianlin, - qi xia 856 - xiong fan ( song dynasty ) xuanhe beiyuan dragon tea - qi xia, 180 - ebrey et al., 157. - embree, 339 - 340. - ebrey, cambridge illustrated history", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4253570326081658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.489373"} {"text": "856 - xiong fan ( song dynasty ) xuanhe beiyuan dragon tea - qi xia, 180 - ebrey et al., 157. - embree, 339 - 340. - ebrey, cambridge illustrated history of china, - needham, volume 4, part 2, 347. - needham, volume 4, part 3, 352. - rossabi, 77 \u2013 78. - fairbank, 89. - rossabi, 79. - fairbank, 92. - walton, 89. - gernet, 34 - 37. - gernet, 37. - ebrey, cambridge illustrated history of china, - bbc article about islam in china - needham, volume 4, part 3, 465. - shen, 158. - ebrey et al., 159. - ebrey et al., 162. - yang, 47. - needham, volume 4, part 1, 279. - needham, volume 4, part 3, 470. - ebrey et al., 158. - wagner ( 2001 ), 175 \u2013 197. - ebrey, cambridge illustrated history of china, - embree, 339. - wagner, 181. - wagner, 182. - wagner 182 - 183. - wagner, 178 - 179. - yunming, 487 - 489. - yunming, 489. - needham, volume 5, part 7, 126. - yunming, 489 - 490. - needham, volume 5, part 7, 173 - 174. - needham, volume 5, part 7, 209 - 210. - needham, volume 4, part 2, 23. - ebrey, 164. - smith, 77. - gernet, 18. - friedman et al., 3. - sadao, 588. - bowman, 105. - ebrey, cambridge illustrated history of china, - gernet, 80. - morton, 97. - benn, 55. - temple, 117. - bol ( 2001 ), p. 111. - ebrey et al., 156. - needham, volume 5, part 1, 47. - needham, volume 5, part 1, 48. - temple, 117 \u2013 118. - gernet, 80 - 81. - west, 71. - west, 72. - west, 72 \u2013 73. - west, 74. - gernet, 133. - west, 70. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4601487416169601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.490053"} {"text": ". - temple, 117 \u2013 118. - gernet, 80 - 81. - west, 71. - west, 72. - west, 72 \u2013 73. - west, 74. - gernet, 133. - west, 70. - gernet, 184. - west, 76. - west, 75 \u2013 76. - zhao rukua ( song dynasty ), zhufanzhi ( \u5fd7 ) - zhao yanwei ( song dynasty ) yun lu man chao ( ) p88 zhong hua book co isbn 7101012256 - qi xia, p1175 - 1178 - guan luqian, 140 - 142 - guan, p143 - benn, charles ( 2002 ). china ' s golden age : everyday life in the tang dynasty. oxford : oxford university press. isbn - bol, peter k. \" whither the emperor? emperor huizong, the new policies, and the tang - song transition, \" journal of song and yuan studies, vol. 31 ( 2001 ), pp. 103 - 34. - bowman, john s. ( 2000 ). columbia chronologies of asian history and culture. new york : columbia university press. - ch ' en, jerome. \" sung bronzes \u2014 an economic analysis, \" bulletin of the school of oriental and african studies ( volume 28, number 3, 1965 ) : 613 \u2013 626. - ebrey, walthall, palais, ( 2006 ). east asia : a cultural, social, and political history. boston : houghton mifflin - ebrey, patricia buckley ( 1999 ). the cambridge illustrated history of china. cambridge : cambridge university press. isbn 0 - 521 - 43519 - 6 ( hardback ) ; isbn 0 - 521 - 66991 - x ( paperback ). - embree, ainslie thomas ( 1997 ). asia in western and world history : a guide for teaching. armonk : me sharpe, inc. - fairbank, john king and merle goldman ( 1992 ). china : a new history ; second enlarged edition ( 2006 ). cambridge : ma ; london : the belknap press of harvard university press. isbn - friedman, edward, paul g. pickowicz, mark selden. ( 1991 ). chinese village, socialist state. new haven : yale university press. isbn - gernet, jacques ( 1962 ). daily life in china on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4724565236452909, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.490887"} {"text": "isbn - friedman, edward, paul g. pickowicz, mark selden. ( 1991 ). chinese village, socialist state. new haven : yale university press. isbn - gernet, jacques ( 1962 ). daily life in china on the eve of the mongol invasion, 1250 - 1276. stanford : stanford university press. isbn 0 - 8047 - 0720 - 0 - hartwell, robert ( 1966 ). markets, technology and the structure of enterprise in the development of the eleventh century chinese iron and steel industry. journal of economic history - ji xianlin, ( 1997 ) history of cane sugar in china, isbn 7 - 80127 - 284 - 6 / k - morton, scott and charlton lewis ( 2005 ). china : its history and culture : fourth edition. new york : mcgraw - hill, inc. - needham, joseph ( 1986 ). science and civilisation in china : volume 4, physics and physical technology, part 1, physics.. cambridge university press. - needham, joseph ( 1986 ). science and civilisation in china : volume 4, physics and physical technology, part 2, mechanical engineering. cambridge university press. - needham, joseph ( 1986 ). science and civilisation in china : volume 4, physics and physical technology, part 3, civil engineering and nautics. cambridge university press - needham, joseph ( 1986 ). science and civilisation in china : volume 5, part 1. cambridge university press - needham, joseph ( 1986 ). science and civilisation in china : volume 5, chemistry and chemical technology, part 7, military technology ; the gunpowder epic. cambridge university - qi xia ( 1999 ),, \u4e2d \u56fd \u53f2. \u4ee3 / zhongguo jing ji tong shi. song dai jing ji juan [ econony of the song dynasty ] vol i, ii isbn - rossabi, morris ( 1988 ). khubilai khan : his life and times. berkeley : university of california press. isbn - sadao, nishijima. ( 1986 ). \" the economic and social history of former han, \" in cambridge history of china : volume i : the ch ' in and han empires, 221 b. c. \u2013 a. d. 220, 545 - 607. edited by denis twitchett and michael loewe. cambridge : cambridge university press. isbn 0521243270. - shen, fuwei ( 1996 ). cultural flow between china and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49511301148001424, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.491851"} {"text": "a. d. 220, 545 - 607. edited by denis twitchett and michael loewe. cambridge : cambridge university press. isbn 0521243270. - shen, fuwei ( 1996 ). cultural flow between china and the outside world. beijing : foreign languages press. isbn - smith, paul j. ( 1993 ) \" state power and economic activism during the new policies, 1068 \u2013 1085 ' the tea and horse trade and the ' green sprouts ' loan policy, \" in ordering the world : approaches to state and society in sung dynasty china, ed. robert p. hymes, 76 \u2013 128. berkeley : berkeley university of california press. isbn - temple, robert. ( 1986 ). the genius of china : 3, 000 years of science, discovery, and invention. with a forward by joseph needham. new york : simon and schuster, inc. isbn 0671620282. - wagner, donald b. \" the administration of the iron industry in eleventh - century china, \" journal of the economic and social history of the orient ( volume 44 2001 ) : 175 - 197. - walton, linda ( 1999 ). academies and society in southern sung china. honolulu : university of hawaii press. - west, stephen h. \" playing with food : performance, food, and the aesthetics of artificiality in the sung and yuan, \" harvard journal of asiatic studies ( volume 57, number 1, 1997 ) : - yang, lien - sheng. \" economic justification for spending - an uncommon idea in traditional china, \" harvard journal of asiatic studies ( volume 20, number 1 / 2, 1957 ) : 36 \u2013 52. - yunming, zhang ( 1986 ). isis : the history of science society : ancient chinese sulfur manufacturing processes. chicago : university of chicago press. - zhou qufei, ( 1178 ) ling wai dai da ( report from lingnan ), zhong hua book co isbn7 - 101 - 01665 - 0 / k", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5121738114455381, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.492599"} {"text": "the maryland state department of education partnership with the reginald f. lewis museum of maryland african american history and culture the maryland state department of education has formed a partnership with the reginald f. lewis museum to write a k \u2013 12 state - wide curriculum. the objective of this unique partnership is to create a climate of understanding and appreciation supportive of maryland african american history, culture and art. through both museum - based and school - based interactive programs and in / outreach activities, the partnership curriculum will reach every maryland student, in every classroom, in every school. reginald f. lewis museum, 443 - 263 - 1800 830 e. pratt street, baltimore, md 21202 offsite teaching and learning resources an african american journey : a resource for learning the history of african americans in maryland and the united states welcome, maryland teachers here are examples of lessons created as a result of a partnership between the maryland state department of education and the reginald f. lewis museum of maryland african american history and culture. this high school curriculum is in the process of being written and piloted in order to communicate the historic and contemporary african american experience to all students and teachers in maryland schools. english language arts if you should teach any of these lessons, please send your completed lesson evaluation form to rose wiggins, the msde liaison to the reginald f. lewis museum of maryland african american history and culture at email @ example. com. high school lesson feedback form the reginald f. lewis museum of maryland african american history & culture ( website )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43555155389062017, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.494981"} {"text": "a new study released on thursday finds teachers are concerned that the amount and types of electronic media that children interact with at home may be harming their performance in the classroom. common sense media, a think tank focused on children ' s media use, polled 685 public and private elementary and high school classroom teachers on how children ' s increasing use of television, video games, texting, social networking, music and other forms of media is affecting their performance in school. the study found that 71 % of teachers polled said students ' media use hurts their attention spans in school, while 59 % said students ' use of entertainment media has also harmed their ability to communicate face to face. a slightly smaller amount, 58 %, said they believe it ' s had a negative impact on their writing skills, according to the study conducted by knowledge networks may 5 - 17. nearly half of the teachers surveyed also said their students ' use of media at home is hurting the quality of their homework. \" many teachers think students spend so much time with media that they neglect their homework and aren ' t prepared in class, \" according to the report, which noted that children between the ages of 8 and 18 spend more than seven - and - a - half hours a day using media for fun. elementary school teachers pointed to video games, television, and computer games as causing the most problems for their students, while teachers said middle and high school students are more negatively impacted by texting and social networking. two - thirds of teachers also said they believe that entertainment media has a \" very \" or \" somewhat \" negative impact on students ' sexualization. still, teachers did point to some benefits from students ' increased use of entertainment media at home with 63 % saying it has helped students find information more quickly and efficiently, while a minority, 34 %, said they believe it has improved students ' ability to multitask. \" we know that our children learn from the media they consume. this survey is yet another reminder of how critical it is to consistently guide our kids to make good media choices and balance the amount of time they spend with any media and all of their other activities, \" common sense media founder and ceo james steyer said in a statement. image courtesy of flickr, woodleywonderworks - congress demands to know if google glass will violate your privacy - how to get google fiber \u2014 without google - a staggering share of americans would use google glass if they could - what the ap subpoena scandal means for your electronic privacy this article originally published at national journal here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4253699184832551, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.497543"} {"text": "visualizing 1 + 1 / x date : 10 / 10 / 2003 at 21 : 25 : 38 from : mary subject : logic how can i show that the sum of a positive number and its reciprocal is at least two? date : 10 / 11 / 2003 at 06 : 06 : 27 from : doctor luis subject : re : logic hi mary, adding a positive number x > 0 and its reciprocal 1 / x gives you the function f ( x ) = x + 1 / x if you ' re familiar with calculus, you can see that solving for the extrema points gives you f ' ( x ) = 1 - 1 / x ^ 2 = 0 1 = 1 / x ^ 2 x ^ 2 = 1 x = 1 ( reject negative root since x > 0 ) since f \" ( x ) = 2 / x ^ 3 is positive for x > 0, we know that f ( x ) is concave upward. this means that the critical point x = 1 gives you a minimum. this minimum value is f ( 1 ) = 1 + 1 / 1 = 2. in the following diagram, i ' ve graphed the two functions y = x + 1 / x and y = 2. even if you are not familiar with calculus maybe you can follow the following chain of reasoning : the square of any nonzero real number is positive. as an inspired guess, pick x - 1 as the real number to be squared. then, ( x - 1 ) ^ 2 > = 0 ( true for all x. equality holds only for x = 1. ) x ^ 2 - 2x + 1 > = 0 x ^ 2 + 1 > = 2x now, let x > 0, since we are only interested in positive numbers. this means that 1 / x > 0 too. so, we can multiply by 1 / x without reversing the sign of our inequality : ( 1 / x ) * ( x ^ 2 + 1 ) > = ( 1 / x ) * ( 2x ) x + 1 / x > = 2 this proves that the sum of x > 0 and its reciprocal 1 / x adds up to at least 2. i hope this helped! let us know if you have any more questions. - doctor luis, the math forum http : / / mathforum. org / dr. math / search the dr. math library : ask dr. mathtm \u00a9 1994 - 2013 the math forum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5473457795115668, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.499565"} {"text": "heartburn - - overview ( gastroesophageal reflux disease ; gastro - oesophageal reflux disease [ gord ] ; gerd ; reflux, heartburn ) | copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. | - exercising or strenuous activity immediately after eating - lying down, bending over, or straining after eating - prior surgery for heartburn such as vagotomy - certain nervous system disorders - in - dwelling nasogastric tube - alcohol use, especially in excess - caffeine drinks such as coffee or carbonated soft drinks - citrus fruits - fried foods - spicy foods - foods made with tomatoes, such as pizza, chili, or spaghetti sauce - calcium channel blockers - theophylline, bronchial inhalers, and other asthma medications - burning feeling that starts in the lower chest and moves up the throat - feeling that food is coming back up - sour or bitter taste in the throat - sore throat - chronic cough - feeling of a lump in the throat - waking up with a sensation of choking - difficulty swallowing - bleeding and ulcers in the esophagus - vomiting blood - black or tarry stools - inflammation and scarring of the esophagus - barrett ' s esophagus \u2014 precancerous condition that can lead to esophageal cancer - dental problems, which may occur because of the effect of stomach acid on tooth enamel when should i call my doctor? when should i call for medical help immediately? - squeezing or chest pressure - pain in the left shoulder, left arm, or jaw - trouble breathing - sweating, clammy skin - pain that starts during activity or stress - 24 - hour ph ( acid ) monitoring - manometry to test muscle strength in the lower esophagus - keep a food diary of what you eat and what the reaction is. make gradual changes to your diet and record the results. - avoid foods that trigger heartburn symptoms. - eat smaller portions. - allow at least 2 - 3 hours between meals and lying down, and exercise. - lose weight. - quit smoking. - avoid belts and clothing that are too tight. this may increase pressure on the abdomen. - elevate head of bed 6 - 8 inches. - proton - pump inhibitors block acid production in the stomach - h - 2 blockers decrease the amount of acid secreted by the stomach - antacids neutralize stomach acid american gastroenterological association http : / / www.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4592469865408232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.503526"} {"text": "8 inches. - proton - pump inhibitors block acid production in the stomach - h - 2 blockers decrease the amount of acid secreted by the stomach - antacids neutralize stomach acid american gastroenterological association http : / / www. gastro. org national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases http : / / www. niddk. nih. gov canadian institute for health information http : / / www. cihi. ca health canada http : / / www. hc - sc. gc. ca gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ). ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php. updated april 25, 2013. accessed april 26, 2013. heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux ( ger ), and gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ). national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases website. available at : http : / / digestive. niddk. nih. gov / ddiseases / pubs / gerd /. updated april 30, 2012. accessed april 26, 2013. heartburn. american academy of family physicians family doctor website. available at : http : / / familydoctor. org / familydoctor / en / diseases - conditions / heartburn. html. updated july 2010. accessed april 26, 2013. understanding heartburn and reflux disease. american gastroenterological association website. available at : http : / / www. gastro. org / patient - center / digestive - conditions / heartburn - gerd. updated april 25, 2010. accessed april 26, 2013. warning signs of a heart attack. american heart association website. available at : http : / / www. heart. org / heartorg / conditions / heartattack / warningsignsofaheartattack / warning - signs - of - a - heart - attack % 5fucm % 5f002039 % 5farticle. jsp. updated march 22, 2013. accessed april 26. 2013. 9 / 30 / 2008 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php : jacobson bc, moy b, colditz ga, fuchs cs. postmenopausal hormone use and symptoms of gastroesop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41042998431275646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.504334"} {"text": "like other pulmonate land snails, most slugs have two pairs of ' feelers ' or tentacles on their head. the upper pair is light sensing, while the lower pair provides the sense of smell. both pairs are retractable, and can be regrown if lost. on top of the slug, behind the head, is the saddle - shaped mantle, and under this are the genital opening and anus. on one side ( almost always the right hand side ) of the mantle is a respiratory opening, which is easy to see when open, but difficult to see when closed. this opening is known as the pneumostome. within the mantle in some species is a very small, rather flat shell. like other snails, a slug moves by rhythmic waves of muscular contraction on the underside of its foot. it simultaneously secretes a layer of mucus on which it travels, which helps prevent damage to the foot tissues. some slug species hibernate underground during the winter in temperate climates, but in other species, the adults die in the autumn. in rural southern italy, the garden slug arion hortensis was used to treat gastritis, stomach ulcers or peptic ulcers by swallowing it whole and alive. given that it is now known that most peptic ulcers are caused by helicobacter pylori, the merit of swallowing a live slug is questionable. a clear mucus produced by the slug is also used to treat various skin conditions including dermatitis, warts, inflammations, calluses, acne and wounds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4600831041435394, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.505852"} {"text": "old devonian wikipedia | | this proposal has been rejected. this decision was taken by the language committee in accordance with the language proposal policy based on the discussion on this page. the closing committee member provided the following comment : only living languages are accepted old devonian is an emerging langauge which has begun to be revived after becoming extinct around the same time as old welsh and old cornish. arguments in favour - 1. almost nothing is known for sure about this language. any reconstruction is likely to differ from the real unknowable language more than the sister old welsh and old cornish languages do. - 2. it has no extant writings ( it may indeed never have been written down, and certainly never had its own orthographical tradition ). - 3. at the time it became extinct it likely differed from cornish no more than north and south colloquial welsh differ now. - 4. biddulph ' s reconstructions have little credibility amongst linguists and even he was no more than tentative about them. - 5. unlike cornish or manx, there is no recent speech community from whom some sense of continuity can be gained. - 6. in case it ' s raised, same points in spades refer to cumbric. - - 19 march 2009 220. 127. 116. 11 this is really a conlang based on one person ' s idea of what an extinct language might possibly have been like. it should be proposed and evaluated as a conlang. anonmoos 12 : 46, 9 september 2009 ( utc )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4341193582720329, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.507356"} {"text": "in the muted light of an open doorway and a rosette window, two jewish men are shown walking through the entry porch of the regensburg synagogue. altdorfer made two etchings of the temple just before it was destroyed on february 22, 1519 : this view and one of the interior nave. emperor maximilian had long been a protector of the jews in the imperial cities, extracting from them substantial taxes in exchange. within weeks of his death, however, the city of regensburg, which blamed its economic troubles on its prosperous jewish community, expelled the jews. altdorfer, a member of the outer council, was one of those chosen to inform the jews that they had two hours to empty out the synagogue and five days to leave the city. the date of the demolition inscribed at the top of the print suggests that altdorfer made the preparatory sketches, as well as the etchings themselves, with the knowledge that the building was to be destroyed. the prints appear to have been quickly produced, quite possibly during the five days prior to the temple ' s destruction : the plate was not evenly etched, particularly in the areas of dense hatching, where the individual lines lose clarity. in addition, the slightly tipsy vaults appear to have been traced freehand rather than with a compass. despite the seemingly sensitive portrayal, the print was not intended as a sympathetic rendering of an aspect of jewish culture, but rather as a much more dispassionate recording of the site. it is thus the first portrait of an actual architectural monument in european printmaking.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4054165936631894, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.508906"} {"text": "the wicked queen in the wicked queen, chantal thomas presents the history of the mythification of one of the most infamous queens in all history, whose execution still fascinates us today. almost as soon as marie - antoinette, archduchess of austria, was brought to france as the bride of louis xvi in 1771, she was smothered in images. in a monarchy increasingly under assault, the charm and horror of her feminine body and her political power as a foreign intruder turned marie - antoinette into an alien other. marie - antoinette ' s mythification, argues thomas, must be interpreted as the misogynist demonization of women ' s power and authority in revolutionary france. in a series of pamphlets written from the 1770s until her death in 1793, marie - antoinette is portrayed as a spendthrift, a libertine, an orgiastic lesbian, and a poisoner and infant murderess. in her analyses of these pamphlets, seven of which appear here in translation for the first time, thomas reconstructs how the mounting hallucinatory and libelous discourse culminated in the inevitable destruction of what had become the counterrevolutionary symbol par excellence. the wicked queen exposes the elaborate process by which the myth of marie - antoinette emerged as a crucial element in the successful staging of the french revolution. about the author chantal thomas is a researcher at centre national de la recherche scientifique. she is the author of marquis de sade : l \u2019 oeil de la lettre ( 1978 ) and casanova : un voyage libertin ( 1985 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44022244804205296, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.511216"} {"text": "| clark, james gardner ( 1922 - 2007 ) | a notorious foe of the african american freedom struggle, james clark served as sheriff of dallas county, alabama, from 1955 to 1967. after years of antagonizing local civil rights workers, clark clashed with martin luther king and the southern christian leadership conference ( sclc ) during 1965 voting rights protests in selma, alabama. clark \u2019 s brutality became a rallying point for king, who said : \u2018 \u2018 until sheriff clark is removed, the evils of selma will not be removed \u2019 \u2019 ( herbers, \u2018 \u2018 dr. king urges \u2019 \u2019 ). clark was born in alabama in 1922. prior to serving as sheriff, he worked as an assistant revenue commissioner for the state of alabama. in february 1963 the student nonviolent coordinating committee began a voter education and registration campaign in selma, the seat of dallas county, where a mere 242 of the 15, 000 eligible african american voters were registered. by october 1963 clark had arrested hundreds of civil rights activists. frustrated by their limited success, in december 1964 local black activists asked king and sclc to come to selma. aware of the violence that clark and his officers routinely employed, king believed that a confrontation in selma might attract the national attention necessary to pressure president lyndon b. johnson to call for voting rights legislation. on 2 january 1965, sclc sent staff members to begin a protest campaign. after initially refraining from violent confrontations, on 19 january clark pulled amelia boynton, a local black civil rights activist, out of a voter registration line and pushed her down the street into a waiting patrol car. king denounced clark : \u2018 \u2018 it is a tragedy when a man becomes so depraved and so sick that he will grab a woman and push and shove and all but kick her in the process as if he were dealing with some wayward dog \u2019 \u2019 ( king, 20 january 1965 ). a week later, clark \u2019 s violent behavior landed him on the front page of the new york times, when a cameraman captured him beating a 53 year - old woman over the head with his nightstick as two officers held her down. clark \u2019 s brutal tactics prompted a federal court to issue a restraining order prohibiting clark from employing intimidation and harassment. clark was fined later that year for violating the order by interfering with registration applicants. in the weeks following boynton \u2019 s arrest, king was also arrested, along with hundreds of black citizens seeking to exercise their constitutional rights. commenting on how effective clark \u2019 s racist aggression was at attracting popular attention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37037754027854314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.515161"} {"text": "the order by interfering with registration applicants. in the weeks following boynton \u2019 s arrest, king was also arrested, along with hundreds of black citizens seeking to exercise their constitutional rights. commenting on how effective clark \u2019 s racist aggression was at attracting popular attention, one sclc staff member reportedly said : \u2018 \u2018 we should put him on the staff \u2019 \u2019 ( garrow, bearing, 381 ). the showdown between clark and civil rights activists climaxed on 7 march 1965, when clark and his men brutally attacked civil rights demonstrators seeking to march from selma to montgomery. national television coverage of clark \u2019 s deputies using clubs, whips, and tear gas prompted johnson to submit legislation that became the voting rights act of 1965. the violent events of 1965 eventually turned clark \u2019 s constituency against him, and in 1966 he lost his bid for reelection to as county sheriff to selma \u2019 s public safety director, wilson baker, a moderate who had disapproved of clark \u2019 s tactics. after losing the election, clark became active with the john birch society, touring the country to speak about his experience in selma. fager, selma, 1965, 1974. garrow, bearing the cross, 1986. garrow, protest at selma, 1978. john herbers, \u2018 \u2018 dr. king urges selma negroes to wage a more militant drive, \u2019 \u2019 new york times, 18 february 1965. king, statement against sheriff clark, 20 january 1965, mlkjp - gamk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.371831850643039, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.515760"} {"text": "work continues on readying curiosity for surface operations on mars, with characterisation phase well underway. the week has seen the rover \u2019 s chemistry and camera system \u2013 chemcam \u2013 undergoing its calibration tests using a target system located towards the back of the rover, while scientists have been looking for candidates for the first full test firing of the system at a suitable surface target. chemcam is a complex system split between curiosity \u2019 s mast and body. the mast unit is the large box - like unit at the top of the mast. it contains a laser unit, a remote micro - imager ( rmi ) and a telescope for focusing both. the body unit carries three spectrographs for chemical analysis and has its own power supply and an electronic interface to the rover \u2019 s central computer system. chemcam has two main functions, split between the laser system ( the laser - induced breakdown spectroscopy ( libs ), to give it its proper name ) and the remote micro - imager ( rmi ). libs is designed to fire series of laser pulses at a target spot smaller than 1 millimetre on the surface of rocks and soils, vaporizing it. light from the resultant plasma is captured by the telescope and sent via fibre - optics to the on - board spectrographs for analysis, which should provide information in unprecedented detail about minerals and micro structures in martian rocks. additionally, the laser can be used to remove dust from the surfaces of rocks, allowing the drill on curiosity \u2019 s hand to obtain samples of the rock free from surface contaminants. the rmi provides black - and - white images at 1024\u00d71024 resolution in a 0. 02 radian ( 1. 1 degree ) field of view \u2013 approximately equivalent to a 1500mm lens on a 35mm camera. rmi has two functions. in the first, it will be used in conjunction with libs to identify suitable targets and target locations ( targets can be selected autonomously or via earth - based selection and command ). working independently of libs, it will be used to obtain close - up images in support of robot arm - mounted experiments or provide images of very distant objects. this week, chemcam was calibrated using a target system mounted on the rear section of the rover, mounted below the uhf antenna. as a result of this, chemcam was confirmed ready for operations, and is expected to make it first test - firing on an actual martian rock sample on saturday august 18th. the sample is provisionally designated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5298708800070333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.518311"} {"text": "by eleise jones in order to create linguistically and culturally competent speakers of chinese, we must have innovative and effective programs in the early grades. the opportunities and challenges of teaching chinese to early language learners are most clearly evident in language immersion programs, which offer the most intensive course of study available for early language learners. there are a number of pioneering schools and an active cohort of practitioners in this field, and clearly an ongoing need to develop and share models of excellence and best practices, and to create and disseminate resources for teachers, students, and leaders. earlier this month, asia society convened a meeting of language acquisition experts, practitioners, and program administrators from immersion and early language programs in oregon, utah, colorado, massachusetts, california, wyoming, washington, dc, and new york. this two - day intensive was chaired by vivien stewart and mimi met in preparation for a report on \u201c what \u2019 s working in chinese immersion, \u201d which will be released in 2012 and will address best practices and key strategies in early chinese language and immersion. the final report will be based on the recommendations of this working group, and will include a broader representation of schools and programs throughout the u. s. when starting an immersion program, school communities have many questions and considerations. some of the important issues identified by the task force include : what does immersion teaching look like? what is the fundamental mission of your program? how will you identify a model program that best meets the needs of your students? what are the qualifications of a chinese language teacher? what are the similarities and differences between chinese immersion and more commonly taught language immersion programs, such as spanish and french? all of these questions, and more, will be addressed in the report \u2013 stay tuned!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45228770132644625, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.520186"} {"text": "fried rabbit was a staple in the hill country of west virginia from the time the area became populated until the mid - twentieth century. the hills and hollers are filled with an abundance of game, but rabbits are especially plentiful. young boys learned to catch this game before the age of ten using simple snares and box - traps. these traps were simply constructed, and many times were the young boys first attempt at woodworking. game is lured into the trap by the scent of food [ usually apples or carrots for attempting to catch rabbits ]. as they enter, to reach the food, a prop is simply knocked out of place by the animal and the door to the trap slams shut, trapping the animal inside. an opening on the opposite end can allow for dispersing of the animal without even removing it, or it can be pulled out through the original trap opening and dispersed. the carcass was then brought to the kitchen door for \" mom \" of the house to clean and prepare for eating. i won ' t go into the proper method of cleaning and butchering a rabbit carcass at this time... although we may look at that at a later date! once the animal was butchered, mother was left to either \" put it up \" [ usually canning the cooked meat ], or fixing it right away. the animal would be allowed to soak for several hours in a salty brine to help take away some of the \" gamey \" flavor attached to it. [ believe it or not... if the rabbit has been eating wild onions... you ' ll know it when you bite into the meat! ] then mother will par boil this meat to make it tender. simply placing the meat in a large pot of boiling salt water and allowing it to boil for about 30 minutes will remove any remaining gaminess, and tenderizes the meat should it be tough. the pieces of meat [ which strangely enough resemble the carcass of a chicken! ] are then lightly disted with cornmeal or flour, dipped in egg and milk and rolled in flour. [ the first dip allows the remaining two to adhere well to the meat. ] next a large, heavy skillet is prepared with a generous amount of lard for cooking. when it is brought to a medium / hot heat, the pieces are then dropped into the fat and fried until golden brown. a delicious brown gravy is then made from the pan drippings. served with biscuits, this is a meal unto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46014284401301553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.522723"} {"text": "are you having back pain with any of the following? we understand that you are experiencing one or more of the health issues that might be impacting your back pain. we recommend that you discuss these health issues with your doctor before proceeding with this program. once you are cleared by your doctor to do this program, we hope it helps you find relief from your back pain. staying up to date on your important health screenings and immunizations can help protect your health. one of the best ways to keep your child healthy is to stay up to date with your child ' s recommended immunizations ( vaccinations ). immunizations are given to prevent diseases that are still common in our communities but are preventable with vaccination. timely immunizations prevent disease and keep your child, your family, and the community healthy. a vaccine is made from weakened or killed bacteria or viruses that cause a specific disease. when your child gets a vaccine, his or her immune system will make antibodies to fight the disease. when children are later exposed to that disease, their antibodies will help their immune systems to prevent the bacteria or viruses from causing an infection. immunizations help children stay healthy, and they are safe and effective. in fact, serious side effects are no more common than those from other types of medication. overall, it is more dangerous for a child to risk getting ill with the disease than it is to risk having a reaction to the vaccine. diseases like measles, whooping cough, and chickenpox are still common in our communities but are preventable with vaccination. kids who are not immunized can become very sick from these diseases and infect others. the single best way to prevent these and other illnesses, like the flu, is by keeping up with your child ' s immunizations. if you are kaiser permanente member, you can set up access to your child ' s immunizaton information online, making it easier to keep track of which shots your child has received and which may be due. we recommend a series of vaccines for children between birth and 6 months of age, to protect them from 8 serious diseases. children will also get at least one booster dose of most of these vaccines when they are older. we follow the centers for disease control and prevention \u2019 s ( cdc ) recommended schedule for vaccines. for more information and a complete schedule, please see www. vaccines. gov. young children need the following immunizations : it is important to keep a personal record of your child '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.485425841728541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.529201"} {"text": "control and prevention \u2019 s ( cdc ) recommended schedule for vaccines. for more information and a complete schedule, please see www. vaccines. gov. young children need the following immunizations : it is important to keep a personal record of your child ' s immunizations and remember to bring it with you to your child ' s next well check appointment with us. it helps us confirm the accuracy of your child ' s shot record. if you are a kaiser permanente member yourself, you can also keep track of your child ' s immunizations, once you sign up to manage your child ' s health care online using our act for a family member feature. if you are not a kaiser permanente member or aren ' t able to set up access on line, you can also contact our appointment and advice line for this information. many parents find it stressful to watch their child receive vaccination shots. babies often cry and may be fussy after receiving shots. talk to us about giving your baby acetaminophen to reduce pain and swelling from shots. our pediatric dosage guide can help you determine the right amount to give your child. most children do not experience any side effects from immunizations. around 2 percent of babies do have mild side effects, which will clear up without treatment. after receiving immunizations, there is a chance that your baby may have : to help with the side effects, you can : if your child has a fever or is uncomfortable after he or she receives shots, you can give your child acetaminophen drops once you return home. do not give aspirin to anyone under age 20. do not give ibuprofen to babies under 6 months. more serious side effects are rare. if your child experiences a reaction to any vaccination, such as a high fever, trouble breathing, or any other unusual symptoms, or if you are worried that your child seems sick, contact us right away. remember, it is much more dangerous for a child to risk getting the diseases than it is to risk having a reaction to the vaccine. many parents have questions about immunizations. are they safe and effective? why so many shots? vaccines are held to the highest standard of safety. the united states has the safest, most effective vaccine supply in history. years of testing are required by law before a vaccine can be licensed. once in use, vaccines are continually monitored for safety and efficacy. immunizations, like any medication, can cause reactions. however, a decision not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42490249508235955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.530485"} {"text": "effective vaccine supply in history. years of testing are required by law before a vaccine can be licensed. once in use, vaccines are continually monitored for safety and efficacy. immunizations, like any medication, can cause reactions. however, a decision not to immunize a child also involves risk. it is a decision to put the child and others who come into contact with him or her at risk of contracting a disease that could be dangerous or deadly. consider these key facts : with so much information easily accessible through the internet, it is difficult to know what sources to trust. i am here to answer your questions. send me a secure e - mail with your concerns or questions about immunizations. i encourage you to talk with me. also, check out the list of dependable resources about vaccines i have gathered at the end of this article. these resources have the latest and most accurate information about vaccine safety and the recommended immunization schedule. if you have an emergency medical condition, call 911 or go to the nearest hospital. an emergency medical condition is any of the following : ( 1 ) a medical condition that manifests itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity ( including severe pain ) such that you could reasonably expect the absence of immediate medical attention to result in serious jeopardy to your health or body functions or organs ; ( 2 ) active labor when there isn ' t enough time for safe transfer to a plan hospital ( or designated hospital ) before delivery, or if transfer poses a threat to your ( or your unborn child ' s ) health and safety, or ( 3 ) a mental disorder that manifests itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity such that either you are an immediate danger to yourself or others, or you are not immediately able to provide for, or use, food, shelter, or clothing, due to the mental disorder. this information is not intended to diagnose health problems or to take the place of specific medical advice or care you receive from your physician or other health care professional. if you have persistent health problems, or if you have additional questions, please consult with your doctor. if you have questions or need more information about your medication, please speak to your pharmacist. kaiser permanente does not endorse the medications or products mentioned. any trade names listed are for easy identification only.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47866808105199043, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.531452"} {"text": "the headlines are wreaking of investments in algae \u2013 yes that yukky stuff that can actually be very toxic to sea life. wouldn \u2019 t you know, the swamp thing is poised to have big value. according to an article by sciencedaily \u201c algae are tiny biological factories that use photosynthesis to transform carbon dioxide and sunlight into energy so efficiently that they can double their weight several times a day. as part of the photosynthesis process algae produce oil and can generate 15 times more oil per acre than other plants used for biofuels, such as corn and switchgrass. algae can grow in salt water, freshwater or even contaminated water, at sea or in ponds, and on land not suitable for food production. \u201d this oil can be used for gas, diesel, and jet fuels. algae biofuel is also compatible with existing engines, existing storage, distribution, and delivery infrastructure. however the most important aspect is that algae - based biofuels have a low carbon footprint as they do not require the use of forests or large areas of land for production. some other wonderful aspects of algae - based biofuels : - algae biofuel is carbon neutral ; only emits c02 that it absorbs. - algae reproduces very quickly, maximizing biofuel yields. - algae biofuel can scale to even possibly replace oil. - algae biofuel is commercially viable on an industrial scale. - algae biofuel can become price competitive with oil. - there are no soil requirements for algae biofuel. - algae can be produced locally for food and fuel. - algae biofuel does not damage food prices. - the algae biofuel industry is growing quickly with a bright future. - algae yields much more biofuel per acre than other fuels. - algae photo - bioreactors require very little land. - algal fuels do not impact fresh water resources. - algae biofuel can grow in salt water, freshwater or contaminated water. - human waste and sewage can be used to grow algae biofuel. - algae can be used to filter c02 from coal plants and create biofuel. - algae biofuel is more practical than solar power. - algae does not compete with food resources like other biofuels. pulled from the headlines \u2013 look whose investing in algae biofuels : \u201c one of the nation \u2019 s wealthiest american indian communities is a major investor in a start - up with the twin goals of making fuel from algae and reducing emissions. \u201d \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48958468384665554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.534755"} {"text": "new work : clock for an architect privately commissioned to create a gift for an architect, daniel weil created a one - of - a - kind clock that is both simple and complex. reducing objects to their component parts has long fascinated weil. the radio in a bag he created for his degree show at the royal college of art three decades ago is an icon of 20th century industrial design. this clock is the latest demonstration of his interest in investigating not just how objects look, but how they work. constructed in ash and nickel - plated brass and silver, the clock is built of five separate elements. the numbers, both hours and minutes, are inscribed on the face and interior of a 9 3 / 4 - inches diameter ring. the mechanism for setting the time connects with the central mechanism with visible rubber belts. a single aa battery provides power to the clock through visible power strips that are recessed in the assembly \u2019 s base. ( note the different screws that support the battery stand, keyed to the positive and negative poles of the power source. ) and, befitting the object \u2019 s recipient, the housing for the central mechanism takes the form of, literally, a house. \u201c objects like clocks are both prosaic and profound, \u201d says weil. \u201c prosiac because of their ubiquity in everyday life, profound because of the mysterious nature of time itself. time can be reduced to hours, minutes and seconds, just as a clock can be reduced to its component parts. this doesn \u2019 t explain time, but in a way simply exposes its mysterious essence. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4919339282040293, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.540093"} {"text": "examples of patterns of dyslexia in four different people. \u2018 you don \u2019 t hear what is said, you hear something else \u2019. this pattern causes sounds to be distorted in the ear.. a pattern contains sounds and noises and the way in which they are perceived. this causes sounds and noises to be perceived in a distorted way.. you can \u2019 t read.. not being able to distinguish letters, he perceives a group of letters as one block. he can \u2019 t clearly perceive the outlines of a separate letter. for example, the difference between \u2018 m \u2019 and \u2018 n \u2019, \u2018 b \u2019 and \u2018 p \u2019, \u2018 o \u2019 and \u2018 a \u2019 is difficult to see.. if he wants to read a letter, it \u2019 s as if there is a barrier on his forehead, so that the information can \u2019 t get through to the brain. the process of taking in information stops at the forehead.. \u2018 you can \u2019 t see letters \u2019. this activates a pattern in connection with the functioning of the brain whereby the letter he thinks he is reading is retrieved from the brain. this letter is stored as chemical data. this reacts with substances so that the letter is distorted. the information retrieved becomes something unfamiliar and creates an additional confusion, so that a totally different letter is read or written. when this happens for various subsequent letters, we get bizarre words.. he doesn \u2019 t see the space between the words. consequently he will link up the words. he loses words, he simple doesn \u2019 t see them. for example, he sees the first and the third word from a series of three words. he doesn \u2019 t see the second. this pattern isn \u2019 t in the form of a concept, like for example \u2018 you don \u2019 t see spaces between words \u2019, nor in the form of an image. however, when i sense the pattern, i do know the meaning of the contents.. an inclination to make two letters into one whole, for example \u2018 kk \u2019 in \u2018 bookkeeper \u2019 becomes \u2018 k \u2019, \u2018 nn \u2019 in \u2018 nanny \u2019 becomes \u2018 n \u2019.. you can \u2019 t write letters.. \u2018 you can \u2019 t write \u2019. this activates another pattern : the letters are not visible, the eyes don \u2019 t see how the letters are written. there is a signal from the brain that influences the movement of the hand during writing, so that a wrong letter is written.. you may not see letters ( the letters can be vaguely perceived ).. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5948385016669657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.552931"} {"text": "t see how the letters are written. there is a signal from the brain that influences the movement of the hand during writing, so that a wrong letter is written.. you may not see letters ( the letters can be vaguely perceived ).. the letters belong together ; everything is one block, there is no separation.. you may not see a word. a word can only be perceived vaguely or isn \u2019 t visible, not seeing a word that is there, skipping it.. when seeing a letter or a word, a signal is sent to the brain so that the eyes are influenced and perceive vaguely or perceive something else.. \u2018 you make mistakes, you can \u2019 t write without mistakes, there are always mistakes \u2019. this activates a pattern regarding the functioning of the brain that causes retrieved data from the brain to react with the substance, so that the data is distorted and a mistake is written.. \u2018 insecurity when reading or writing. a doubt crops up when reading or writing. not being sure of the letters or the words. no longer knowing how something is written \u2019. this activates a pattern regarding the functioning of the brain that causes the brain functions to stop when retrieving data, so that no information can be retrieved from the brain, so that he can \u2019 t know.. the letters dance, the eyes don \u2019 t see. this activates a pattern that causes a signal to be sent to the brain, so that the eyes don \u2019 t perceive perfectly.. a mistake occurs during the conversion of a letter into chemical data in the brain. distorted data are stored in the brain when learning about letters and words and the structure of language.. \u2018 you can \u2019 t remember words, you can \u2019 t remember spelling \u2019. this causes information to be lost in the brain.. \u2018 you can \u2019 t form words \u2019. this causes an absence of feeling for language and it prevents an automatism from coming after the rules concerning the construction of words have been learnt for some time.. you can \u2019 t distinguish letters ( in a word ), you see one whole.. everything is one block.. not being able to see a sharp outline. not being able to perceive a letter in a clearly defined way, perceiving vaguely.. the eyes don \u2019 t see, the eyes can \u2019 t distinguish.. you can \u2019 t read, you can \u2019 t see, you can \u2019 t write.. you can \u2019 t read, you don \u2019 t see the letters, it happens in a stumbling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5844825339856234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.553836"} {"text": "\u2019 t see, the eyes can \u2019 t distinguish.. you can \u2019 t read, you can \u2019 t see, you can \u2019 t write.. you can \u2019 t read, you don \u2019 t see the letters, it happens in a stumbling way. you skip parts, you don \u2019 t see the words.. the letters stand close together, you can \u2019 t see the difference between them.. not being able to see a word, not being able to see a text. when she sees a text, then she doesn \u2019 t see some words and she sees other words instead of the ones that are there. the text is formed in the brain, the signal picked up by the eyes is formed in the brain, so that she sees something else.. you may not be able to read, you have to be stupid, you may not read.. when she has read a sentence, then she immediately forgets it, and she rereads the sentence.. not being able to distinguish words ( or a sequence of letters ), like for example, the word \u2018 block \u2019 is seen by her as \u2018 bolck \u2019.. not wanting to make an effort when the level of reading becomes more difficult ( for example, she skips difficult words ).. \u2018 you can \u2019 t remember \u2019. this prevents her from knowing the words she reads and then she just reads something at random.. the brain can \u2019 t follow anymore. when a text is read, a signal is given to the brain as a result of which the brain functioning is briefly interrupted.. when processing information in connection with language, a wrong chemical process in the brain starts so that data are converted into chemical compounds in a wrong way.. misinterpreting a letter. when seeing a letter, a signal is sent to the brain, as a result of which the formula of the chemical encoding of the letter is changed, so that another letter is perceived.. the brain processes for converting data into chemicals are functioning randomly and don \u2019 t follow a fixed formula, so that mistakes occur.. not being able to remember a word. she keeps the word in mind and when she starts to write, she has forgotten the word.. you can \u2019 t write, you can \u2019 t form letters. this activates a pattern that blocks the motor system of the hands so that she starts to write slowly and consequently loses words, because the writing can \u2019 t keep up with the thinking.. there is a space of time between hearing and writing. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5703043080398136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.554734"} {"text": "this activates a pattern that blocks the motor system of the hands so that she starts to write slowly and consequently loses words, because the writing can \u2019 t keep up with the thinking.. there is a space of time between hearing and writing. in this space of time, the sound is changed in the brain, so that she writes something else or some letters aren \u2019 t heard correctly, hence writing wrong.. you don \u2019 t know how you write something, therefore you just write something. you don \u2019 t think, you can \u2019 t think. you act on impulse, you just write something at random.. when she reads something, there is a signal from the brain to the eyes, so that the view is interrupted for a moment, and she perceives another letter than the one that is there. the eyes perceive a letter in a distorted way.. hastily, quickly, quickly. thinking too little before she writes something down, writing something at random as a result of which there are mistakes.. you can \u2019 t learn a language, you can \u2019 t master a language.. you may not know letters, you may not be able to write.. you don \u2019 t have an insight in a language, you can \u2019 t remember spelling rules.. not being able to think when writing. the brain processes that normally occur when reasoning about language, stop.. \u2018 you may not write \u2019 combined with a signal to the brain as a result of which the processes for retrieving data are temporarily interrupted.. when she sees or has to write a letter, then a signal is sent to a wrong location in the brain ( where another letter is stored ) so that wrong data is retrieved.. not being able to remember words, not being able to remember the sequence of words. a wrong formula of how letters are interconnected is stored in the brain ( according to the rules of a language ).. not being able to assess words correctly. misunderstanding words, turning words around, hearing different words.. words in the sentences get lost. words that don \u2019 t succeed are linked together so that a word in between is omitted.. you can \u2019 t understand the words ( i. e. difficult words ).. not being able to understand special sounds ( \u0259\u026a, \u028a, \u0251\u028a, \u2026 ) s\u03c7, \u03c7, \u2026 or hear them correctly and therefore turning them into another sound or another spelling, namely writing them as you hear them.. when a sound is heard, then it is looked up in the brain,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5400610337141258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.555704"} {"text": "\u0251\u028a, \u2026 ) s\u03c7, \u03c7, \u2026 or hear them correctly and therefore turning them into another sound or another spelling, namely writing them as you hear them.. when a sound is heard, then it is looked up in the brain, but when it isn \u2019 t found, another sound is used.. not knowing what to do with long words. not being able to overlook the whole and therefore splitting up compulsively. not being able to understand a long word, not being able to understand too many letters linked together. hence, a word has to be split up.. when she sees or hears a word : doubting the meaning, not being able to place it immediately, and not being able to write it as a result.. not knowing how she has to write something, not being able to remember how she has to write something. this activates a pattern in connection with the functioning of the brain : the brain functions are interrupted briefly when retrieving data, as a result of which the information retrieved gets lost once more ( she has forgotten once again ) and hence she writes something different. or there is a mistake when addressing the location of a word and another word is retrieved from the brain.. \u2018 you can \u2019 t remember \u2019, activates a pattern in connection with the functioning of the brain that prevents letters, words and spelling rules from being stored in the brain. the brain processes are briefly interrupted so that the information doesn \u2019 t get lost.. data are normally converted into chemical information and these chemical compounds react with other chemicals and the end product is stored in the brain. a pattern causes the data to be converted into a wrong chemical form and hence these substances react with wrong chemical compounds for storage so that they are stored at a wrong location. when a word has to be remembered once again, then the word can \u2019 t be found anymore because it is stored at a wrong location. therefore words aren \u2019 t recognized when reading and she doesn \u2019 t know how to write words either, because she doesn \u2019 t remember. it \u2019 s as if it \u2019 s a new word and then she just writes something at random.. the letters are linked together. there is no distinction between two or more letters. the letters are perceived as one block. the letters aren \u2019 t perceived separately.. you can \u2019 t see.. the letters dance.. a pattern clouds the eyes : the eyes can \u2019 t perceive some letters sharply. there is a signal in the brain that causes the electrical signaling to the eyes by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5839063603216671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.556658"} {"text": "\u2019 t perceived separately.. you can \u2019 t see.. the letters dance.. a pattern clouds the eyes : the eyes can \u2019 t perceive some letters sharply. there is a signal in the brain that causes the electrical signaling to the eyes by the nervous system to pass in thrusts, so that the letters are otherwise perceived differently, since the eyes don \u2019 t perceive continuously, but with very small pauses. hence it \u2019 s difficult to distinguish letters that look alike.. there is a catch in the eyes when writing ( the transmission once again happens in thrusts, with interruptions ) and in the motor system : the muscles of the hand are blocked and contorted, hence writing slowly and with difficulty due to an altered functioning of the brain.. when writing, he can no longer see the letters that have already been written correctly due to the catch in the eyes. the letters that have already been written, become one block, so that he can \u2019 t trust this to write the next letters. he can \u2019 t perceive clearly what he has already written.. the knowledge of the form of the letters comes through from the brain too slowly : the brain slows down during the process of retrieving information from the brain, so that he writes more slowly.. yet another memory blockage : the letters don \u2019 t emerge from the brain during writing. hence doubting very much about the right letters.. a pattern makes him lose parts of what is dictated : he doesn \u2019 t hear some parts. he thinks he has already written parts that are not there yet. he hears things that aren \u2019 t there, so that he writes things that aren \u2019 t dictated ( this information is stored in the form of image in the pattern, not in concept form ).. you have to write mistakes.. \u2018 it \u2019 s not like this, it \u2019 s different \u2019. this makes him doubt about the spelling of a letter when writing.. he has to deform the letters, he has to write another letter than the one it has to be ( pattern in the form of an image ).. he can \u2019 t see the whole ( pattern in the form of an image ).. he can \u2019 t remember. he can \u2019 t remember the spelling of a word. he can \u2019 t remember the rules of spelling. it confuses him. he can \u2019 t think logically with regard to the rules of a language. hence he writes things as he hears them.. when he has to remember or apply the rules, there is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5678975515682485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.557622"} {"text": "t remember the rules of spelling. it confuses him. he can \u2019 t think logically with regard to the rules of a language. hence he writes things as he hears them.. when he has to remember or apply the rules, there is a very unpleasant feeling in his head and his thinking blocks. he simply writes what he hears in order to escape this.. \u2018 you can \u2019 t write \u2019 activates a pattern that blocks the brain when reasoning when he writes. the brain processes that normally take place when reasoning ( retrieving and comparing data very quickly ), are blocked. person 4 : patterns of dyslexia combined with poor language abilities.. letters belong together, letters are one whole. an image of letters that flow into one another. ( this pattern will cause letters to flow into each other when looking at it, so that it \u2019 s difficult to perceive the separate letters of a word ).. a pattern with an image of a horizontal beam. this beam has to represent a collection of letters ( a word ), but the individual letters can \u2019 t be distinguished.. \u2018 you can \u2019 t see \u2019. it \u2019 s fixed in the pattern that it \u2019 s about letters that have become faint. the outlining of a letter has become faint as a result, so that the form of a letter is difficult to distinguish.. the letters dance, you can \u2019 t see the letters.. \u2018 you don \u2019 t write \u2019 and the joint of the wrist going tense, so that it \u2019 s difficult to form letters.. \u2018 you can \u2019 t understand \u2019. it \u2019 s about writing, the writing of a language. \u2018 you can \u2019 t understand how the letters belong together \u2019.. a pattern with the formula of a chemical. this chemical has to do with the storage of letters in the brain. there is another variation of the chemical according to the kind of letter, so that it is stored at another address in the brain according to the kind of letter. the variant of the chemical isn \u2019 t present for some letters, so that some letters are understood with great difficulty.. an image of a sentence that consists of separate parts ( words ). there is confusion about the words and how they belong together. hence, he will split up the words the wrong way or link them the wrong way, or add or omit words.. the letters of a words are not clearly visible, hence letters at the end and in the middle of a word are omitted or added, it is difficult to perceive whether", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5446171480033362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.558575"} {"text": "wrong way or link them the wrong way, or add or omit words.. the letters of a words are not clearly visible, hence letters at the end and in the middle of a word are omitted or added, it is difficult to perceive whether there is an \u2018 i \u2019, \u2018 \u026a \u2019 of \u2018 \u025b \u2019, or, for example, he doesn \u2019 t see whether there is a single or a double \u2018 n \u2019 or \u2018 d \u2019 or whatever, and whether there is an \u2018 e \u2019 or \u2018 a \u2019 or whatever at the end of the word.. there is confusion about difficult combinations of letters. he can \u2019 t understand this, like for example, the sound \u2018 \u03c7t \u2019. so, he \u2019 ll write a sound he doesn \u2019 t understand in the way he hears it. for example, he can \u2019 t understand the sound \u2018 \u0259\u026a \u2019, and he \u2019 ll write something else.. there is confusion about difficult combinations of parts of words. he has difficulty distinguishing between the separate parts, like for example \u2018 responsible \u2019. so, he \u2019 ll write : \u2018 resonsile \u2019.. \u2018 you can \u2019 t learn a language \u2019. knowledge with regard to language is very poorly stored in the brain. hence when having to remember language ( when reading and writing ), the knowledge isn \u2019 t an automatism and he has to think hard how to read and write time and again.. when he sees or hears a word ( for example in a dictation ), it \u2019 s not immediately clear how he has to read or write this word. he has to analyze the word letter by letter, he has to think about it. little or no knowledge of words and combinations of letters is stored in his brain ( and in the energies around him ). he has to analyze a word letter by letter time and again.. you can \u2019 t understand the rules of a language. hence writing something at random.. you can \u2019 t learn a language, you don \u2019 t know how to write. together with this, there is a feeling of confusion.. in the same way he doesn \u2019 t see all the parts of a word, he doesn \u2019 t hear all parts of a word either. for example, he doesn \u2019 t see the ending, therefore he will write the word wrong.. he can in fact understand the rules about the endings of verbs in dutch ( the dt - rule ), but he has difficulty applying it because he has difficulty perceiving whether a \u2018 d \u2019 or a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5239001969699362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.559704"} {"text": "plants modified with protectant genes designed to kill resistant insects can extend the usefulness of currently used pest - control methods and delay the development of pesticide - resistant bugs, according to purdue university scientists and their collaborators from the university of wisconsin - madison, monsanto co., the university of illinois and the university of california, davis. the researchers ' findings appear in this month ' s issue of the journal of theoretical biology. \" we always thought that it would take a michael jordan of toxins - a superstar of toxins to effectively halt insect resistance to the current generation of insecticides, \" said barry pittendrigh, a purdue associate professor of entomology and lead author of the study. \" we found that moderately effective genetically engineered protectants used in plants in the buffer zone around the main crops can play a major role in insect control, and they should be easier to identify than highly effective protectants. \" you don ' t find a superstar very often, but it may not be difficult to find good players, or worthwhile insect - control agents. \" farmers who use bioengineered crop protectants also use a buffer, or refuge, around the outside of fields that contains plants lacking the high - toxicity genetic modification in the main field that kills most insects. the refuge, usually about 20 percent of the acreage planted, delays development of insects resistant to the main - field, high - toxicity protectants, but some individuals in the destructive insect group have genes that allow them to survive. using a computer model, the scientists determined that within a refuge, one could add a moderate plant protectant, or journeyman player, that kills 30 p contact : susan steeves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4905910116213974, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.561551"} {"text": "according to the international continence society, overactive bladder is a symptom - defined condition characterized by urinary urgency, with or without urgency incontinence, usually with urinary frequency and nocturia ( night - time urination ). the term overactive bladder is appropriate if there is no proven urinary tract infection or other obvious pathology. overactive bladder was identified in 6. 5 % of finnish men and 9. 3 % of women. in younger age groups the condition was more common among women, but among those over 60 years old it was more common among men. urinary frequency and nocturia were generally more common than usual among those with an overactive bladder. however, most reported urinary frequency and nocturia was not overactive bladder. the research is based on a questionnaire conducted 2003 - 2004 among 3, 000 finnish women and 3, 000 finnish men. their ages ranged from 18 to 79. the subjects were taken from the population register. professor teuvo tammela and professor anssi auvinen are in charge of the research group, whose members are from the university of tampere, tampere university hospital, helsinki university central hospital and the south karelian central hospital in lappeenranta.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5085250752114938, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.562824"} {"text": "this comment has been deleted images courtesy peter vrsansky, slovak academy of sciences published august 30, 2012 a glowing green cockroach would seem much easier to kill than our more familiar kitchen pests, but this particular insect evolved its own set of lights to avoid exactly such predatory attention, according to a new study. luchihormetica luckae glows to mimic the bioluminescent click beetle, whose glow warns predators of its toxicity. for one thing, while many life - forms have evolved their own flashiness, most are found in the deep - sea \u2014 making bioluminescence a relatively rare trait on land. but l. luckae is particularly rare, in that it glows to mimic another insect. other uses of bioluminescence in the insect world, as in the case of the common firefly, are more attuned to attracting mates \u2014 lighting up to find love in the dark simply saves time. unfortunately, it also makes one much more visible to predators. \" bioluminescence is like any evolutionary tool \u2014 there is no single use for it. it can attract, deter, or even be used as an invisibility cloak of sorts, \" said olivia judson, an evolutionary biologist and author of dr. tatiana ' s sex advice to all creation. land animals glowed later than thought? the scientists studied an l. luckae cockroach collected in 1939 and housed at the national museum of natural history in washington, d. c. the team employed new technology to scan and analyze the biological mechanism responsible for the luminescence. they determined that the wavelengths of light released from both the click beetle and l. luckae \u2014 though developed via distinct evolutionary processes \u2014 are precisely the same. the new research may also provide evidence for a much later evolution of land - based bioluminescence, according to the study authors. that ' s because click beetles evolved their predator - deterring glow only 65 million years ago \u2014 recently compared with the 400 - million - year - old development of underwater bioluminescence. ( see a prehistoric time line. ) glowing roach a flash in the pan? l. luckae could prove to be a flash in the evolutionary - science pan. the one specimen analyzed in the study had been collected from a very specific region recently decimated by volcanic eruption. scientists now consider the creature so rare that collecting further specimens could cause its extinction. so chances are you won ' t be finding these little glowing pests raiding your cabinets. the glowing - cockroach study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5150404879201392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.565526"} {"text": "what is freedom? i did not understand president bush \u2019 s inauguration speech. he used the word \u201c freedom \u201d twenty - seven times, but what freedom means to him was not clear. words can mean different things to different people and freedom is an example of that. to some people freedom means no responsibility. to others it means having power and ability to assume responsibility. is it freedom to be taken care of, or does freedom mean to be able to take care of oneself? is a baby free before it is born when it has no responsibility for its own physical needs, or is it free when it has been released from the confinement of the womb and must begin to do for itself? does freedom mean we are free to use the bible as a guide to our behavior? or does it mean freedom from god? \" freedom \" is a good word, but it cannot stand alone. it needs an implied or stated explanation and that was not evident in president bush \u2019 s speech. when a prisoner is allowed to leave his place of confinement, he gains his freedom from jail. those who knew that he was imprisoned would understand his new situation if they were told he gained his freedom, because jail is implied. a recently divorced man or woman might say, \" i ' m free! \", but only those who knew the situation would understand that they meant free of the obligations of marriage. on the last day of school in spring the children shout that they are free. they mean they are free from the necessity of going to school. they are free to play and have fun. if a merchant gives you a gift with no strings attached you might say it was free of cost or obligation. if you no longer hurt, you have freedom from pain. when our country was born its first citizens said they were free. they meant their country was free from the political domination of england. people use the words, \" free \" and \u201c freedom \u201d to mean many things. \u201c free \u201d is even heard at funerals, especially when a person has suffered in his lifetime : \" at last he is free! \" in this case \" free \" means freedom from pain and suffering, but it also means dead. what about freedom from want and fear? couldn \u2019 t that mean the same thing as freedom from pain and suffering? couldn \u2019 t it also mean dead? what about being free to have an abortion? that certainly does mean freedom to make someone dead. in the western world we often speak of personal freedom, but here, too, the meaning is vague. the idea of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5641792348287524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.571481"} {"text": "\u2019 t it also mean dead? what about being free to have an abortion? that certainly does mean freedom to make someone dead. in the western world we often speak of personal freedom, but here, too, the meaning is vague. the idea of personal freedom is a subjective concept. a situation of freedom to one person can seem like unbearable bondage to another. i have two relatives from one family whose ideas on personal freedom are totally different. the sister likes to travel, meet new people, participate in group activities, and face new challenges. she is married to a man whose work provides many such opportunities. she is happy and emotionally comfortable with her choice. if she had to live all her life on the farm where she was born, and see mostly the people she had known in her own community she would be miserable. her brother, no less intelligent, owns a farm and loves farming. he enjoys being in surroundings familiar to him since childhood. even a single day ' s journey away from his beloved land is a chore and a burden to him. his idea of freedom is staying close to home. both of my relatives live lives of freedom because they were able to choose the type of life they wanted to live. their concepts of freedom involved choices, and those choices were personal and emotional. how far does personal freedom go? does personal freedom mean believing, doing, and saying whatever we wish to believe, do, or say, whenever or wherever we wish - - having no obligations to anyone? some would claim their right to total release from all laws, rules, and obligations. living with those who have this total concept of freedom could be extremely unpleasant and perhaps dangerous. president bush seems to believe that democracy means freedom. he said it is the policy of the united states to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world. does this leave united states citizens in a state of freedom? or has the president placed a perpetual burden on citizens of his own country? does freedom mean we must accept every burden we are told to bear and every restriction that this all - encompassing concept of freedom demands? in the bush speech we were also told that there now is a broader definition of liberty. that also troubles me. what it seems to mean is that the government is always at liberty to give away, rather than sell public lands and public goods, as was done following the homestead act. it means that the government is at liberty to control citizens \u2019 retirement savings since the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5549163688881357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.572593"} {"text": "what it seems to mean is that the government is always at liberty to give away, rather than sell public lands and public goods, as was done following the homestead act. it means that the government is at liberty to control citizens \u2019 retirement savings since the passage of the social security act. it means the government was at liberty to give veterans extra compensation for their service only if they used that compensation for education, as was the case with the gi bill of rights. and i do not understand what president bush meant when he said, \u201c we will widen ownership of homes and businesses, retirement savings and health insurance. \u201d did he mean more individuals would own homes and businesses? or did he mean that individual ownership would be widened and eventually give way to communal ownership? i don \u2019 t know. do you? the concept of self government was discussed in the speech, but not clarified. i know that there are philosophers and writers who sincerely believe there is no such thing as individual self government or human freedom because humans are merely biological automata or robots who have no real control over their own thoughts, feelings, and actions. these materialist thinkers believe that everything we do can be explained by material causes. heredity and environment account for everything. they deny the directing and controlling power of the will. this materialist concept is used to justify the notion that environmental influences should be set up for the masses and controlled by social, psychological, political, and economic \u201c scientists. \u201d president bush used the word freedom twenty seven times and the word liberty more than a dozen. i have heard it said that he made a wonderful speech, but to me it seemed to be full of contradictions. i do not really know what freedom and liberty mean to our president, and it worries me. \u00a9 2005 erica carle - all rights reserved e - mails are used strictly for nwvs alerts, not for sale erica carle is an independent researcher and writer. she has a b. s. degree from the university of wisconsin. she has been involved in radio and television writing and production, and has also taught math and composition at the private school her children attended in brookfield, wisconsin. for ten years she wrote a weekly column, \" truth in education \" for wisconsin report, and served as education editor for that publication. her books are give us the young - - $ 5 plus $ 2. 00 p & h why things are the way they are - - $ 16 plus $ 4. 00 p & h both books - - $ 25 total. a loose leaf collection of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.537298646155018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.573578"} {"text": "( latin septuagesima, the seventieth ). septuagesima is the ninth sunday before easter, the third before lent known among the greeks as \" sunday of the prodigal \" from the gospel, luke 15, which they read on this day, called also dominica circumdederunt by the latins, from the first word of the introit of the mass. in liturgical literature the name \" septuagesima \" occurs for the first time in the gelasian sacramentary. why the day ( or the week, or the period ) has the name septuagesima, and the next sunday sexagesima, etc., is a matter of dispute among writers. it is certainly not the seventieth day before easter, still less is the next sunday the sixtieth, fiftieth, etc. amularius, \" de eccl. off. \", i, i, would make the septuagesima mystically represent the babylonian captivity of seventy years, would have it begin with this sunday on which the sacramentaries and antiphonaries give the introit \" circumdederunt me undique \" and end with the saturday after easter, when the church sings \" eduxit dominus populum suum. \" perhaps the word is only one of a numerical series : quadragesima, quinquagesima, etc. again, it may simply denote the earliest day on which some christians began the forty days of lent, excluding thursday, saturday, and sunday from the observance of the fast. septuagesima is today inaugurated in the roman martyrology by the words : \" septuagesima sunday, on which the canticle of the lord, alleluja, ceases to be said \". on the saturday preceding, the roman breviary notes that after the \" benedicamus \" of vespers two alleluias are to be added, that thenceforth it is to be omitted till easter, and in its place \" laus tibi domine \" is to be said at the beginning of the office. formerly the farewell to the alleluia was quite solemn. in an antiphonary of the church of st. cornelius at compiegne we find two special antiphons. spain had a short office consisting of a hymn, chapter, antiphon, and sequence. missals in germany up to the fifteenth century had a beautiful sequence. in french churches they sang the hymn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40375591200553185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.577501"} {"text": "compiegne we find two special antiphons. spain had a short office consisting of a hymn, chapter, antiphon, and sequence. missals in germany up to the fifteenth century had a beautiful sequence. in french churches they sang the hymn \" alleluia, dulce carmen \" ( gueranger, iv, 14 ) which was well - known among the anglo - saxons ( rock, iv, 69 ). the \" te deum \" is not recited at matins, except on feasts. the lessons of the first nocturn are taken from genesis, relating the fall and subsequent misery of man and thus giving a fit preparation for the lenten season. in the mass of sunday and ferias the gloria in excelsis is entirely omitted. in all masses a tract is added to the gradual. apa citation. ( 1912 ). septuagesima. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 13721b. htm mla citation. \" septuagesima. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 13. new york : robert appleton company, 1912. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 13721b. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by paul soffing. in memory of frederick geiger. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. february 1, 1912. remy lafort, d. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback \u2014 especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4233438226601743, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.578297"} {"text": "licensing and regulatory boards and commissions nevada dairy commission dairy commission administrative history the nevada dairy commission was established by the nevada legislature in 1955 for the purpose of ensuring that an adequate and continuous supply of nutritious, wholesome, fluid milk and dairy products is available to nevada consumers. laws and regulations allow the dairy commission to monitor the dairy industry through auditing and investigative activities. the dairy commission is dedicated to promoting a business climate that is economically viable for those who produce and process dairy products in nevada. the original legislation established that it is the policy of the state of nevada to promote, foster and encourage intelligent production and orderly marketing of commodities necessary to its citizens, including milk ; and to eliminate speculation, waste, improper marketing, unfair and destructive trade practices and improper accounting for milk purchased from producers. the purpose of the act to establish the dairy commission was : - to provide funds for administration and enforcement of the act, by assessments to be paid by producers of fluid mild and fluid cream or both, and from licenses issued to distributors. - to authorize and enable the commission to prescribe marketing areas which are necessary due to varying factors of costs or production, health regulations, transportation and other factors in said marketing areas. - to authorize and enable the commission to formulate stabilization and marketing plans. - to enable the dairy industry with the aid of the state to correct existing evils, develop and maintain satisfactory marketing conditions and bring about a reasonable amount of stability and prosperity in the production and marketing of fluid milk and fluid cream. the original legislation in 1955 established a commission of five members : one producer, one distributor, one producer - distributor, one operator of a retail store, and one member a representative of the consuming public. the commission appointed employees necessary to carry out the provisions of the legislation. the dairy commission is funded from fees collected through licenses, permits, and assessments on regulated dairy products. it does not receive funds from the state general fund. the 1955 legislation classified fluid milk into three classes with class one being milk marketed as milk, class two being ice cream and class three being butter and cheese. it also directed the commission to hold public hearings in the state marketing areas to determine stabilization and marketing plans for these areas. the legislation did not provide adequate funds for the commission to operate so it returned to the legislature in 1957 and received supplemental legislation. this included increasing the commission to nine members. the new dairy commission had its first meeting on may 22, 1957 and employed as its first secretary - administrator clarence j. cassady. the commission established three marketing areas for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.417261983006743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.583664"} {"text": "in 1957 and received supplemental legislation. this included increasing the commission to nine members. the new dairy commission had its first meeting on may 22, 1957 and employed as its first secretary - administrator clarence j. cassady. the commission established three marketing areas for nevada which were the western marketing area based in reno, the eastern marketing area based in ely, and the southern marketing area based in las vegas. public hearings were held in these marketing areas in 1956 and 1957 to establish area stabilization and marketing plans which set minimum prices necessary to accomplish the purpose of the legislation. the categories of these minimum prices established were producer, wholesaler, and retailer. this price fixing on the producer, wholesale, and retail levels became the most controversial of all the duties of the dairy commission. the commission always emphasized that these were floor prices and it was very rare for a retailer to sell milk anywhere near the floor and that high milk prices could not be blamed on the nevada dairy commission. over the years the nine member commission which was made up of members of the dairy industry was thought to be an inadequate regulator of the industry as too many of the members had conflicts of interest. a climax came in the mid - 1970s when scandal ran through the nevada dairy industry involving illegal rebates and kick back payments. in 1976 a nevada legislative bulletin recommended a large overhaul of the dairy commission ; the 1977 legislature followed through with the interim study recommendations to change the makeup and the purpose of the nevada dairy commission. the 1977 legislation reduced the number of the members of the dairy commission to three and decreed that one member shall be a public accountant or a certified public account, one member shall be an agricultural economist, and one member shall be experienced in banking or finance. the legislation for the management of the commission was greatly rewritten and the way that the dairy commission did its business greatly changed. public hearings and commission meetings became much less contentious and the number of applications that were rejected dropped. the price fixing powers of the commission were greatly reduced as minimum retail prices could no longer be set by the commission. this legislation and restructuring of the commission led to only minimum wholesale prices being set by the commission through a formula established by the staff and members of the dairy commission for each of the classes of fluid milk. the nevada dairy commission when established in 1955 was placed administratively under the governor \u2019 s office as one of the boards and commissions whose members were appointed by the governor. in 1993 the commission became a unit of the new department of business and industry. the members of the commission continue to be appointed by the governor and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4128747032929121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.584848"} {"text": "the governor \u2019 s office as one of the boards and commissions whose members were appointed by the governor. in 1993 the commission became a unit of the new department of business and industry. the members of the commission continue to be appointed by the governor and the executive director of the commission continues to function as the secretary of the commission. sources for further information : dairy commission website biennial reports of the dairy commission, available at the nevada state library 29 - d14 / 1 : -. reports available for 1957 - 1976 problems confronting the dairy commission. bulletin no. 77 - 12, legislative commission of the legislative counsel bureau, state of nevada, november 1976. available as a pdf file. records 1956 - 2001 23. 0 cubic feet commission meetings 1976 - 2001 13. 0 cubic feet meetings of the dairy commission are held monthly in each of the three marketing areas. the marketing areas are the eastern, western and southern areas. public hearings 1957 - 1996 8. 0 cubic feet public hearings are held in each of the three marketing areas, usually on the same day as commission meetings. the purpose of hearings is to amend the stabilization and marketing plans of the marketing areas, and in recent years for amending the nevada administrative code. license files 1957 - 1972 1. 0 cubic feet regulation files 1966 - 1986 0. 5 cubic feet correspondence files 1956 - 1979 0. 5 cubic feet top : dairy cattle at reno, nevada, ca 1911. from agricultural nevada by c. a. norcross, commissioner, industry, agriculture, and irrigation. san francisco : sunset magazine homeseekers bureau,. bottom : governor paul laxalt promoting the dairy industry, ca 1967 - 1971. courtesy of the nevada state archives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4354036774753388, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.585646"} {"text": "senate committee passes bill to end shark finning in u. s. all press releases \u2026 november 19, 2009 contact : dustin cranor ( firstname. lastname @ example. org | 954 - 348 - 1314, 954 - 348 - 1314 ( cell ) ) oceana commends the senate commerce, science and transportation committee today for passing the shark conservation act of 2009. \u201c shark management in the u. s. has suffered for long enough, \u201d said beth lowell, federal policy director at oceana. \u201c it \u2019 s time to enact this shark finning bill into law. \u201d the act would require all sharks caught in u. s. waters to be landed whole with their fins still attached. this would put an end to shark finning, the wasteful process of cutting off the fins and discarding the carcass at sea. landing sharks with their fins still attached allows for better enforcement and data collection for stock assessments and quota monitoring. the act would also close a loophole that allows the transfer of fins at sea as a way to get around current law. additionally, the bill would allow the united states to take action against countries whose shark finning restrictions are not as strenuous. \u201c finning is threatening shark populations worldwide, \u201d said elizabeth griffin, marine scientist at oceana. \u201c the u. s. should be a leader in helping to solve the problem of shark finning. \u201d the act was introduced by senator john kerry ( d - ma ) in april. similar legislation ( h. r. 81 ), introduced by congresswoman madeleine bordallo ( d - guam ), passed the house of representatives in march. sharks have been swimming the world \u2019 s oceans since before the age of the dinosaur, but today some species face extinction. each year, commercial fishing kills more than 100 million sharks worldwide \u2013 including tens of millions for just their fins. sharks are especially vulnerable to pressure from human activities because of their slow growth and low reproductive potential. sharks can be found in almost every ocean and play a vital role in maintaining the health of the oceans. many shark populations have declined to levels where they are unable to perform their roles as top predators in the ecosystem, causing drastic and possibly irreversible damage to the oceans. according to the u. n. food and agriculture organization, more than half of the highly migratory shark species are now considered overexploited or depleted. for more information about oceana \u2019 s campaign to safeguard sharks, please visit www. oceana", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41075330751442846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.588312"} {"text": "our main goal here is to give a quick visual summary that is at once convincing and data rich. these employ some of the most basic tools of visual data analysis and should probably become form part of the basic vocabulary of an experimental mathematician. note that traditionally one would run a test such as the anderson - darling test ( which we have done ) for the continuous uniform distribution and associate a particular probability with each of our sets of probability, but unless the probability values are extremely high or low it is difficult to interpret these statistics. experimentally, we want to test graphically the hypothesis of normality and randomness ( or non - periodicity ) for our numbers. because the statistics themselves do not fall into the nicest of distributions, we have chosen to plot only the associated probabilities. we include two different types of graphs here. a quantile - quantile plot is used to examine the distribution of our data and scatter plots are used to check for correlations between statistics. the first is a quantile - quantile plot of the chi square base 10 probability values versus a a discrete uniform distribution. for this graph we have placed the probabilities obtained from our square roots and plotted them against a perfectly uniform distribution. finding nothing here is equivalent to seeing that the graph is a straight line with slope 1. this is a crude but effective way of seeing the data. the disadvantage is that the data are really plotted along a one dimensional curve and as such it may be impossible to see more subtle patterns. the other graphs are examples of scatter plots. the first scatter plot shows that nothing interesting is occurring. we are again looking at probability values this time derived from the discrete cramer - von mises ( cvm ) test base 10, 000. for each cube root we have plotted the point, where is the cvm base 10, 000 probability associated with the first 2500 digits of the cube root of i and is the probability associated with the next 2500 digits. a look at the graph reveals that we have now plotted our data on a two dimensional surface and there is a lot more ` structure ' to be seen. still, it is not hard to convince oneself that there is little or no relationship between the probabilities of the first 2500 digits and the second 2500 digits. the last graph is similar to the second. here we have plotted the probabilities associated with the anderson - stephens statistic of the first 10, 000 digits versus the first 20, 000 digits. we expect to find a correlation between these tests since there is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5782893013857106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.591349"} {"text": "q : what does it mean if my cat has a cold? a : when i was in veterinary school, i was taught to not call upper respiratory infections in cats a \u201c cold. \u201d the argument was that it gives the impression that they get the same disease we get. throughout years of practice, however, i have learned that the easiest way to describe the upper respiratory complex to a client is to indeed call it a \u201c cold. \u201d the cat cold is akin to most aspects of feline living, though ; cats are not humans in cat - suits and truly make up their own rules. feline upper respiratory disease is made up of a complex network of bacteria and viruses that are commonly found in the environment. most, if not all cats, have been exposed to these pathogens at birth. feline herpes virus is the biggest culprit for the development of chronic sinusitis and conjunctivitis in cats, with acute outbreaks commonly occurring during periods of developmental stress or transition ( for example, during the first week of being placed in a new home ). in this sense, the cat cold behaves very similarly to the human cold, but the bugs are different. it is important to remember that cat colds are usually self - limiting, just like human colds. if you give a bright and alert sneezing kitten some time, the sneezing will likely go away. veterinary advice or treatment should be sought, however, if any thick or yellow / green discharge appears from the eyes or nose, or if the cat or kitten stops eating or is lethargic. it is possible for more severe cases to develop fevers and / or pneumonia, but this is rare. some cats need antibiotics if secondary bacterial infections are suspected. however, it is important to note that oral anti - virals in cats are reserved for refractory or severe cases due to expense and the potential for side effects. ocular anti - viral therapy for concurrent conjunctivitis is much more commonly used but must be administered multiple times per day. finally, another form of treatment is l - lysine, an important amino acid, which has been shown to decrease viral dna replication thereby speeding up healing time and reducing the ability for cats to shed the virus in a multi - cat household. overall, prevention is the key. regular visits to your veterinarian and completion of the core vaccination protocol in kittens and adult cats will lessen the severity of clinical signs associated with the cat cold for the life of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4571836254467211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.596263"} {"text": "[ en ] hydrothermal vent environments, particularly those associated with the vestimentiferan riftia pachyptila, are believed to be among the highest chitin - producing systems. in order to elucidate the chitin cycle in these environments, we estimate the in situ chitin degradation rates of tube - worm exoskeletons. our in situ experiments show that the tubes of riftia are highly stable structures. comparative measurements of the degradation rates of riftia tubes and crab shells immersed at deep - sea vents show that the tubes would be degraded within 2. 5 years, whereas the time for the total degradation of the vent crab ( bythograea thermydron ) carapaces would not exceed 36 days. the importance of the microbial participation in this degradation was estimated for riftia tubes. based on previous work, we calculated chitin production by a population of riftia tubes of about 750 g m ( - 2 ) year ( - 1 ) ( 763 ). from our in situ experiments, we estimated a microbial chitinolysis rate of about 500 g m ( - 2 ) year ( - 1 ) ( 496 ) ( 65 % of the chitin produced ). exoskeletons containing beta - chitin appear more stable in natural environments than those containing alpha - chitin and would thus be less available as carbon and nitrogen sources. in contrast, isolated beta - chitin was hydrolysed faster than alpha - chitin during in vitro degradation experiments ; for instance, riftia beta - chitin was degraded about 3 - to 4 - fold faster than bythograea alpha - chitin. a stabilization process by disulfide bonds of the proteins - chitin link, rather than the crystalline form of the chitin ( alpha / beta ), accounts for the resistance of riftia tubes to enzymatic attacks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5168408240364051, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.599165"} {"text": "when the joint surfaces of an elbow are separated, the elbow is dislocated. elbow dislocations can be complete or partial. in a complete dislocation, the joint surfaces are completely separated. in a partial dislocation, the joint surfaces are only partly separated. a partial dislocation is also called a subluxation. the elbow is both a hinge joint and a ball and socket joint. as muscles contract and relax, two unique motions occur at the elbow. - bending occurs through a hinge joint that allows the elbow to bend and straighten. this is called flexion and extension, respectively. - rotation occurs though a ball and socket joint that allows the hand to be rotated palm up and palm down. this is called pronation and supination, respectively. injuries and dislocations to the elbow can affect either of these motions. elbow dislocations are not common. elbow dislocations typically occur when a person falls onto an outstretched hand. when the hand hits the ground, the force is sent to the elbow. usually, there is a turning motion in this force. this can drive and rotate the elbow out of its socket. elbow dislocations can also happen in car accidents when the passengers reach forward to cushion the impact. the force that is sent through the arm can dislocate the elbow, just as in a fall. the elbow is stable because of the combined stabilizing effects of bone surfaces, ligaments, and muscles. when an elbow dislocates, any or all of these structures can be injured to different degrees. a complex dislocation can have severe bone and ligament injuries. in the most severe dislocations, the blood vessels and nerves that travel across the elbow may be injured. if this happens, there is a risk of losing the arm. some people are born with greater laxity or looseness in their ligaments. these people are at greater risk for dislocating their elbows. some people are born with an ulna bone that has a shallow groove for the elbow hinge joint. they have a slightly higher risk for dislocation. a complete elbow dislocation is extremely painful and very obvious. the arm will look deformed and may have an odd twist at the elbow. the doctor will examine the arm. he will check for tenderness, swelling, and deformity. he will evaluate the skin and circulation to the arm. pulses at the wrist will be checked. if the artery is injured at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46320450573069427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.604496"} {"text": "at the elbow. the doctor will examine the arm. he will check for tenderness, swelling, and deformity. he will evaluate the skin and circulation to the arm. pulses at the wrist will be checked. if the artery is injured at the time of dislocation, the hand will be cool to touch and may have a white or purple hue. this is caused by the lack of warm blood reaching the hand. it is also important to check the nerve supply to the hand. if nerves have been injured during the dislocation, some or all of the hand may be numb and not able to move. an x - ray is necessary to determine if there is a bone injury. x - rays can also help show the direction of the dislocation. x - rays are the best way to confirm that the elbow is dislocated. if bone detail is difficult to identify on an x - ray, a computed tomography ( ct ) scan may be done. if it is important to evaluate the ligaments, a magnetic resonance image ( mri ) can be helpful. first, however, the doctor will set the elbow, without waiting for the ct scan or mri. these studies are usually taken after the dislocated elbow has been put back in place. an elbow dislocation should be considered an emergency injury. the goal of immediate treatment of a dislocated elbow is to return the elbow to its normal alignment. the long - term goal is to restore function to the arm. simple elbow dislocations are treated by keeping the elbow immobile in a splint or sling for two to three weeks, followed by early motion exercises. if the elbow is kept immobile for a long time, the ability to move the elbow fully ( range of motion ) may be affected. physical therapy can be helpful during this period of recovery. some people will never be able to fully open ( extend ) the arm, even after physical therapy. fortunately, the elbow can work very well even without full range of motion. once the elbow ' s range of motion improves, the doctor or physical therapist may add a strengthening program. x - rays may be taken periodically while the elbow recovers to ensure that the bones of the elbow joint remains well aligned. after surgery, the elbow may be protected with an external hinge. this device protects the elbow from dislocating again. if blood vessel or nerve injuries are associated with the elbow dislocation, additional surgery may be needed to repair the blood vessels and nerves and repair bone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45932113257850193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.605607"} {"text": "may be protected with an external hinge. this device protects the elbow from dislocating again. if blood vessel or nerve injuries are associated with the elbow dislocation, additional surgery may be needed to repair the blood vessels and nerves and repair bone and ligament injuries. late reconstructive surgery can successfully restore motion to some stiff elbows. this surgery removes scar tissue and extra bone growth. it also removes obstacles to movement. over time, there is an increased risk for arthritis in the elbow joint if the alignment of the bones is not good ; the elbow does not move and rotate normally ; or the elbow continues to dislocate. treatment for simple dislocations is usually straightforward and the results are usually good. some people with complex dislocations still have some type of permanent disability at the elbow. treatment is evolving to improve results for these people. one of the areas being researched is the best time to schedule surgery for the treatment of a complex dislocation. for some patients with complex dislocations, it seems that a slight delay for final surgery may improve results by allowing swelling to decrease. the dislocation still needs to be reduced right away, but then a brace, splint, or external fixation frame may rest the elbow for about a week before a specialist surgeon attempts major reconstructive surgery. moving the elbow early appears to be good for recovery for both kinds of dislocations. early movement with complex dislocations can be difficult, however. pain management techniques encourage early movement. improved therapy and rehabilitation techniques, such as continuous motion machines, dynamic splinting ( spring - loaded assist devices ), and progressive static splinting can improve results. the american academy of orthopaedic surgeons 6300 n. river road rosemont, il 60018", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4321958288729925, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.606378"} {"text": "charles w. gilmore was a prolific scientist. he was employed by the u. s. national museum in 1903 where he worked until his death in 1945. originally hired as a preparator to work on the extensive o. c. marsh dinosaur collection that was transferred from yale university to the u. s. national museum in the late 19th century, gilmore later became curator of fossil reptiles. he was in charge of mounting the world ' s first triceratops skeleton for exhibition at the smithsonian institution, as well as 23 other mounts on exhibit. he published 170 scientific papers including monographic studies on the osteology of apatosaurus and camptosaurus and the osteology of the carnivorous and armored dinosaurs. the illustration on this page is a beautiful pen and ink line drawing of the usnm type specimen of the dinosaur, ceratosaurus nasicornis marsh, drawn by rudolph weber under the direction of charles gilmore. size of original illustration : 24. 6 x 61. 6 cm. gilmore, charles w. 1920. osteology of the carniverous dinosauria in the united states national museum with special reference to the genera antrodemus ( allosaurus ) and ceratosaurus. smithsonian institution, united states national museum, bulletin 110. government printing office, washington, 159 pp. this illustration appears in plate 30 and the skeletal reconstruction is discussed on text pages 114 - 115 of the publication.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4578761043395307, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.607769"} {"text": "the second industrial revolution, 1870 - 1914 immigration and the american industrial revolution from 1880 to 1920q science, institutions, and the industrial revolution from industrial revolution to electronic revolution : the postmodern challenge to catholic social thought in the catholic university lesson 1 : what is the industrial revolution the industrial revolution and the netherlands : why did it not happen? immigration, industrial revolution and urban growth in the united states, 1820 - 1920 : factor endowments, technology and geography fx game changer designed to pull cash from the forex market like an atm on crack. pdf strategic hr - understanding the emerging players in the global economy from an hr perspective the radicals of the industrial revolution use coupon below to get discount at ecampus. com! $ 3 off textbook orders over $ 75 $ 4 off textbook orders over $ 90 $ 5 off textbook orders over $ 100 copy the coupon code before clicking the button! | amazon us | | paperback | | $ 18. 01 - $ 54. 00 | childhood and child labour in the british industrial revolution computer revolution : an economic perspective bengal industries and the british industrial revolution ( 1757 - 1857 ) outlines & highlights for childhood and child labour in the british industrial revolution by jane humphries private choices and public health : the aids epidemic in an economic perspective in this book the author approaches fundamental issues of contract law from an economic perspective, though the book is far from being overly technical and will appeal equally to economists,... the dignity of man : an islamic perspective provides the most detailed study to date on the subject of the dignity of man from the perspective of islam. m h kamali sets out the proclamations on... this book offers vivid insights into the islands ' people, culture, history, and geography. from the bvi ' s national parks, to its beaches, activities, and wildlife, this lively and informative guide... the interrelation among race, schooling, and labor market opportunities of american blacks can help us make sense of the relatively poor economic status of blacks in contemporary society. the role of... social change in the industrial revolution : an application of theory to the british cotton industry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4608162474388997, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.612002"} {"text": "one sauropod deserves another. after briefly profiling the as - yet - little - known qiaowanlong last week, it \u2019 s only natural to follow up with rapetosaurus krausei \u2013 another recently - named mesozoic herbivore that altered our understanding of the forms some sauropod lineages took. paleontologists kristina curry rogers and catherine forster named rapetosaurus in 2001. as the researchers dubbed the dinosaur in the paper \u2019 s title, the sauropod was among \u201c the last of the dinosaur titans. \u201d at somewhere between 66 and 70 million years old, rapetosaurus roamed madagascar during what we can look back at and call the waning days of the cretaceous. and the record of this dinosaur is particularly rich among its kind \u2013 scattered remains of multiple individuals, including articulated specimens, have been found within a ten square kilometers of madagascar \u2019 s cretaceous exposures. among the various sauropod lineages, curry rogers and forster concluded, rapetosaurus belonged to the titanosaur branch. this widespread group of long - necked leaf - munchers included some of the largest dinosaurs of all time, including the 100 foot plus argentinosaurus, although adult rapetosaurus stretched a more modest 50 feet or so. and unlike other titanosaurs, rapetosaurus had a peculiar skull that superficially resembled those of diplodocid dinosaurs such as apatosaurus and diplodocus itself. in a 2004 follow - up focused on the head of rapetosaurus, curry rogers and forster drew from two partial skulls to fill out the dinosaur \u2019 s anatomy and compare the sauropod to other titanosaurs. while closely - related dinosaur had relatively deep, stocky skulls, rapetosaurus had a longer, more slender cranium with the nasal opening up between the eyes. not all titanosaurs followed the same anatomical rules. given the number of titanosaurs paleontologists have named, and how few skulls have been found, there may have been even more skeletal diversity than we presently understand. despite being some of the largest and most impressive dinosaurs, titanosaurs are still prehistoric enigmas. previous entries in the dinosaur alphabet series : q is for qiaowanlong p is for pelecanimimus o is for ojoceratops n is for nqwebasaurus m is for montanoceratops l is for leaellynasaura k is for kileskus j is for juravenator a - i at dinosaur tracking. curry rogers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45262817707651665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.617704"} {"text": "deep within the labyrinth of monash university ' s clayton campus in melbourne is a metallurgy laboratory so significant in what it is doing that it has attracted some of the biggest companies in the global aerospace industry from the other side of the world. they are keeping close to the technology that could make this laboratory the genesis of the next generation of aerospace manufacturing. they are also keeping close to a scientist in whose hands their futures may well sit. when professor xinhua wu, recognised internationally as a leader in advanced light metals research, agreed to head the australian research council ' s ( arc ) centre of excellence for design in light metals, her research moved with her from the uk to melbourne. such is the importance placed on her work that the giants of european aerospace \u2013 bombardier, airbus, european space agency and safran - microturbo \u2013 followed. at stake for these european aircraft manufacturers is finding the technological means to ward off increasingly aggressive competition from new manufacturers in brazil, canada, china, india and russia, while concurrently meeting stringent greenhouse reduction targets imposed by the european union. manufacturers are looking for new materials that are lighter yet stronger, cheaper to manufacture, reliably safe and which will also help them halve aviation ' s overall carbon emissions by 2050. for professor wu and her centre it means changing the very nature of metals such as titanium, aluminium and magnesium, modifying their fine - scale structures to give them new and improved characteristics. it requires advanced industrial research underpinned by fundamental science that is exploring new paradigms in metals and their properties. a spokesperson for safran - microturbo said the company followed professor wu to australia because of her focus on the industrial applicability of fundamental research. this is a critical industry \u2013 academia link and for the european union companies, an essential relationship through which to keep ahead of rivals. one of the centre ' s projects is a new aluminium alloy that will make an aircraft 30 to 40 per cent lighter, twice as fuel - efficient and still structurally as strong. it is already known this can be achieved by adding a tiny amount of a rare element such as scandium to the aluminium when it is alloyed. just a fraction of a per cent of scandium or other rare earth element is enough to make aluminium stronger, less prone to corrosion and easier to weld. russia used such an aluminium - scandium alloy for its mig fighter planes during the cold war era. but from a commercial perspective, the alloy is prohibitively expensive. the scientific challenge that professor wu ' s centre has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5146897016925227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.624639"} {"text": "corrosion and easier to weld. russia used such an aluminium - scandium alloy for its mig fighter planes during the cold war era. but from a commercial perspective, the alloy is prohibitively expensive. the scientific challenge that professor wu ' s centre has taken on is to determine how scandium works when added to aluminium alloys, and to then find a cheaper substitute. \" we are working at the atomic level. in metallurgy, just a few atoms in a million added to an alloy can influence engineering at the macro - scale ; how we control the homogeneity of metal sheeting when it is rolled, or the integrity of the metal when it is fabricated into a component. \" however, professor wu says the key factor with such industrial research is achieving this economically. \" from just a materials research perspective, without worrying about costs, we can make the most wonderful metal and alloy materials. but the goal is not just to develop stronger, lighter, more durable and more stable metals. they must also be produced through more efficient and cheaper manufacturing with lower energy consumption, both during construction and during the aircraft ' s operational life over 25 or more years. we have to create new materials that not only have the best performance but are also the cheapest. \" this is what makes industrial science exciting. yes, the fundamental science must be good, but it is the industrial science that has to deliver this material, functionally and cost - effectively, to industry. and it doesn ' t stop with developing the material ; new manufacturing processes have to be designed for each new material developed. \" professor wu ' s approach to science has been strongly influenced by the 20 years she worked with the rolls - royce aerospace division \u2013 \" a technology - driven company and world leader in materials technology and manufacturing \". it has imbued her with a robust ' can - do ' attitude, which is why other major european companies have set up collaborations with her and her centre. \" it is because we deliver on the promise, \" professor wu says. her own special field of interest is titanium metallurgy. aside from the offer by monash to replicate her research facilities in melbourne, the other attraction of moving from the uk was that australia has 51 per cent of the world ' s known titanium ore deposits. she was keen to apply her metals science closer to its raw materials. professor wu has been involved extensively in developing titanium and titanium aluminide ( tial ) alloys, and in advanced powder processing for titanium and nickel alloy powders. her most recent research has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5192540401831873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.625586"} {"text": "to apply her metals science closer to its raw materials. professor wu has been involved extensively in developing titanium and titanium aluminide ( tial ) alloys, and in advanced powder processing for titanium and nickel alloy powders. her most recent research has been into the development of innovative manufacturing technologies such as ' laser additive ' manufacturing and net - shape hot isostatic pressing ( hipping ), which are able to produce complex 3 - d components from computer designs in a single step. it is anticipated that this alone will reduce material wastage by 90 per cent, cut overall manufacturing costs by 30 to 50 per cent, and reduce the lead time from 24 to three months for titanium, nickel, aluminium and steel components. this is the advanced technology that professor wu has brought to the arc centre of excellence for design in light metals, which is a collaboration of six universities and more than 100 researchers. professor wu wants to build an australian aerospace industry from this core research. \" it is a global industry. it doesn ' t matter where you are, \" she says. \" industry will follow the delivery of innovation and science. \" already her team has developed several new engine components for one of the european aerospace companies, and these are undergoing early evaluation trials. \" if they pass \u2013 if they are lighter, equally durable and cheaper to manufacture \u2013 this company is prepared to offer an exclusive six - year manufacturing deal for an australian company to manufacture these components. this demonstrates the incentives on offer to encourage australian manufacturers to take up the challenge, noting the preference for new technology manufacturing to be close to the innovation and science. \" we are delivering on the science and innovation, but so far haven ' t found a manufacturing partner. we realise there are no existing companies with the expertise, but that is what we are providing \u2026 in abundance. we need a far - sighted company willing to invest in this. \" it is an interesting challenge, coming at a time when the traditional manufacturing sectors in many of the world ' s so - called rich countries are suffering a crisis of confidence. professor wu is trying to overcome this by articulating her belief in the ' third industrial revolution ' : the discovery of new materials and engineering these materials at the molecular or ' nano - structural ' level. coupled with this is the emergence of laser additive manufacturing and net - shape hipping technologies, which she says set free the production of complex 3 - d components from the shackles of dated manufacturing practice and can bring manufacturing from low - cost economies to the innovative, high - technology ones. in her own", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5111367377076786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.626971"} {"text": "and net - shape hipping technologies, which she says set free the production of complex 3 - d components from the shackles of dated manufacturing practice and can bring manufacturing from low - cost economies to the innovative, high - technology ones. in her own work professor wu believes she has a two - year edge on rival researchers elsewhere. \" if in this time we cannot establish manufacturing capability in australia, the science will move on \u2026 and with it the industry that australia could have had. \" this is an industry, she points out, that globally generates us $ 539 billion of gdp per year and desperately needs revitalising. it was estimated by the industry ' s umbrella body, the air transport action group, that to reach the target of improving average fleet fuel efficiency by 1. 5 per cent per annum from 2010 to 2020, the world ' s airlines would have to buy 12, 000 new - generation aircraft at a cost of us $ 1. 3 trillion. further, it would take an investment of billion to deliver the technology required to meet the 2050 advisory council for aeronautics research in europe target to cut carbon dioxide emissions by 75 per cent and nitrous oxide emissions by 90 per cent. \" these are the stark realities that these companies are facing, \" professor wu says. \" and from these realities are the massive opportunities being presented to us. \" explore further : research paves the way for accurate manufacturing of complex parts for aerospace and car industries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48715847321523637, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.628515"} {"text": "reading shakespeare has dramatic effect on human braindecember 18th, 2006 in medicine & health / medical research research at the university of liverpool has found that shakespearean language excites positive brain activity, adding further drama to the bard ' s plays and poetry. shakespeare uses a linguistic technique known as functional shift that involves, for example using a noun to serve as a verb. researchers found that this technique allows the brain to understand what a word means before it understands the function of the word within a sentence. this process causes a sudden peak in brain activity and forces the brain to work backwards in order to fully understand what shakespeare is trying to say. professor philip davis, from the university ' s school of english, said : \" the brain reacts to reading a phrase such as \u2018 he godded me ' from the tragedy of coriolanus, in a similar way to putting a jigsaw puzzle together. if it is easy to see which pieces slot together you become bored of the game, but if the pieces don ' t appear to fit, when we know they should, the brain becomes excited. by throwing odd words into seemingly normal sentences, shakespeare surprises the brain and catches it off guard in a manner that produces a sudden burst of activity - a sense of drama created out of the simplest of things. \" experts believe that this heightened brain activity may be one of the reasons why shakespeare ' s plays have such a dramatic impact on their readers. professor neil roberts, from the university ' s magnetic resonance and image analysis research centre, ( mariarc ), explains : \" the effect on the brain is a bit like a magic trick ; we know what the trick means but not how it happened. instead of being confused by this in a negative sense, the brain is positively excited. the brain signature is relatively uneventful when we understand the meaning of a word but when the word changes the grammar of the whole sentence, brain readings suddenly peak. the brain is then forced to retrace its thinking process in order to understand what it is supposed to make of this unusual word. \" professor roberts and professor davis together with dr guillaune thierry, from the university of wales, bangor, monitored 20 participants using an electroencephalogram ( eeg ) as they read selected lines from shakespeare ' s plays. in this initial test electrodes were placed on the subject ' s scalp to measure brain responses. professor roberts said : \" eeg gives graph - like measurements and when the brain reads a sentence that does not make semantic sense it registers what we call", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5252009036515257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.631940"} {"text": ". in this initial test electrodes were placed on the subject ' s scalp to measure brain responses. professor roberts said : \" eeg gives graph - like measurements and when the brain reads a sentence that does not make semantic sense it registers what we call a n400 effect \u2013 a negative wave modulation. when the brain reads a grammatically incorrect sentence it registers a p600 effect \u2013 an effect which continues to last after the word that triggered it was first read. \" researchers also found that when participants read the word producing the functional shift there was no n400 effect indicating that the meaning was accepted but a p600 effect was observed which indicates a positive re - evaluation of the word. the team is now using magnetoencephalography ( meg ) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmi ) to test which areas of the brain are most affected and the kind of impact it could have in maintaining healthy brain activity. professor davis added : \" this interdisciplinary work is good for brain science because it offers permanent scripts of the human mind working moment - to - moment. it is good for literature as it illustrates primary human thinking. through the two disciplines, we may discover new insights into the very motions of the mind. \" source : university of liverpool \" reading shakespeare has dramatic effect on human brain. \" december 18th, 2006. http : / / phys. org / news85664210. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6023846964145965, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.632516"} {"text": "vol. 17 issue 6 one - legged ( single limb ) stance test the one - legged stance test ( olst ) 1, 2 is a simple, easy and effective method to screen for balance impairments in the older adult population. you may be asking yourself, \" how can standing on one leg provide you with any information about balance, after all, we do not go around for extended periods of time standing on one leg? \" true, as a rule we are a dynamic people, always moving, our world always in motion, but there are instances were we do need to maintain single limb support. the most obvious times are when we are performing our everyday functional activities. stepping into a bath tub or up onto a curb would be difficult, if not impossible to do without the ability to maintain single limb support for a given amount of time. the ability to switch from two - to one - leg standing is required to perform turns, climb stairs and dress. as we know, the gait cycle requires a certain amount of single limb support in order to be able to progress ourselves along in a normal pattern. when the dynamics of the cycle are disrupted, loss of balance leading to falls may occur. this is especially true in older individuals whose gait cycle is altered due to normal and potentially abnormal changes that occur as a result of aging. the one - legged stance test measures postural stability ( i. e., balance ) and is more difficult to perform due to the narrow base of support required to do the test. along with five other tests of balance and mobility, reliability of the one - legged stance test was examined for 45 healthy females 55 to 71 years old and found to have \" good \" intraclass correlations coefficients ( icc range =. 95 to. 099 ). within raters icc ranged from 0. 73 to 0. 93. 3 to perform the test, the patient is instructed to stand on one leg without support of the upper extremities or bracing of the unweighted leg against the stance leg. the patient begins the test with the eyes open, practicing once or twice on each side with his gaze fixed straight ahead. the patient is then instructed to close his eyes and maintain balance for up to 30 seconds. 1 the number of seconds that the patient / client is able to maintain this position is recorded. termination or a fail test is recorded if 1 ) the foot touches the support leg ; 2 ) hopping occurs ; 3 ) the foot touches the floor, or 4 ) the arms touch something for support. normal ranges", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4885302957612385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.640333"} {"text": "able to maintain this position is recorded. termination or a fail test is recorded if 1 ) the foot touches the support leg ; 2 ) hopping occurs ; 3 ) the foot touches the floor, or 4 ) the arms touch something for support. normal ranges with eyes open are : 60 - 69 yrs / 22. 5 \u00b1 8. 6s, 70 - 79 yrs / 14. 2 \u00b1 9. 3s. normal ranges for eyes closed are : 60 - 69 yrs / 10. 2 \u00b1 8. 6s, 70 - 79 yrs / 4. 3 \u00b1 3. 0s. 4 briggs and colleagues reported balance times on the one - legged stance test in females age 60 to 86 years for dominant and nondominant legs. given the results of this data, there appears to be some difference in whether individuals use their dominant versus their nondominant leg in the youngest and oldest age groups. when using this test, having patients choose what leg they would like to stand on would be appropriate as you want to record their \" best \" performance. it has been reported in the literature that individuals increase their chances of sustaining an injury due to a fall by two times if they are unable to perform a one - legged stance test for five seconds. 5 other studies utilizing the one - legged stance test have been conducted in older adults to assess static balance after strength training, 6 performance of activities of daily living and platform sway tests. 7 interestingly, subscales of other balance measures such as the tinetti performance oriented mobility assessment8 and berg balance scale9 utilize unsupported single limb stance times of 10 seconds and 5 seconds respectively, for older individuals to be considered to have \" normal \" balance. thirty percent to 60 percent of community - dwelling elderly individuals fall each year, with many experiencing multiple falls. 10 because falls are the leading cause of injury - related deaths in older adults and a significant cause of disability in this population, prevention of falls and subsequent injuries is a worthwhile endeavor. 11 the one - legged stance test can be used as a quick, reliable and easy way for clinicians to screen their patients / clients for fall risks and is easily incorporated into a comprehensive functional evaluation for older adults. 1. briggs, r., gossman, m., birch, r., drews, j., & shaddeau, s. ( 1989 ). balance performance among noninstitutionalized elderly women. physical therapy, 69 ( 9 ), 748 - 756. 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4545702451754196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.641331"} {"text": "birch, r., drews, j., & shaddeau, s. ( 1989 ). balance performance among noninstitutionalized elderly women. physical therapy, 69 ( 9 ), 748 - 756. 2. anemaet, w., & moffa - trotter, m. ( 1999 ). functional tools for assessing balance and gait impairments. topics in geriatric rehab, 15 ( 1 ), 66 - 83. 3. franchignoni, f., tesio, l., martino, m., & ricupero, c. ( 1998 ). reliability of four simple, quantitative tests of balance and mobility in healthy elderly females. aging ( milan ), 10 ( 1 ), 26 - 31. 4. bohannon, r., larkin, p., cook, a., & singer, j. ( 1984 ). decrease in timed balance test scores with aging. physical therapy, 64, 1067 - 1070. 5. vellas, b., wayne, s., romero, l., baumgartner, r., et al. ( 1997 ). one - leg balance is an important predictor of injurious falls in older persons. journal of the american geriatric society, 45, 735 - 738. 6. schlicht, j., camaione, d., & owen, s. ( 2001 ). effect of intense strength training on standing balance, walking speed, and sit - to - stand performance in older adults. journal of gerontological medicine and science, 56a ( 5 ), m281 - m286. 7. frandin, k., sonn, u., svantesson, u., & grimby, g. ( 1996 ). functional balance tests in 76 - year - olds in relation to performance, activities of daily living and platform tests. scandinavian journal of rehabilitative medicine, 27 ( 4 ), 231 - 241. 8. tinetti, m., williams, t., & mayewski, r. ( 1986 ). fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. american journal of medicine, 80, 429 - 434. 9. berg, k., et al. ( 1989 ). measuring balance in the elderly : preliminary development of an instrument. physio therapy canada, 41 ( 6 ), 304 - 311. 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4880346616599062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.642216"} {"text": "80, 429 - 434. 9. berg, k., et al. ( 1989 ). measuring balance in the elderly : preliminary development of an instrument. physio therapy canada, 41 ( 6 ), 304 - 311. 10. rubenstein, l., & josephson, k. ( 2002 ). the epidemiology of falls and syncope. clinical geriatric medicine, 18, 141 - 158. 11. national safety council. ( 2004 ). injury facts. itasca, il : author. dr. lewis is a physical therapist in private practice and president of premier physical therapy of washington, dc. she lectures exclusively for great seminars and books, inc. dr. lewis is also the author of numerous textbooks. her website address is www. greatseminarsandbooks. com. dr. shaw is an assistant professor in the physical therapy program at the university of south florida dedicated to the area of geriatric rehabilitation. she lectures exclusively for great seminars and books in the area of geriatric function. apta encouraged by cap exceptions new process grants automatic exceptions to beneficiaries needing care the most calling it \" a good first step toward ensuring that medicare beneficiaries continue to have coverage for the physical therapy they need, \" ben f massey, jr, pt, ma, president of the american physical therapy association ( apta ), expressed optimism that the new exceptions process will allow a significant number of medicare patients to receive services exceeding the $ 1, 740 annual financial cap on medicare therapy coverage. the new procedure, authorized by congress in the recently enacted deficit reduction act ( pl 109 - 171 ), will be available to medicare beneficiaries on march 13 under rules released this week by the centers for medicare and medicaid services ( cms ). \" apta is encouraged by the new therapy cap exceptions process, \" massey said. \" cms has made a good effort to ensure that medicare beneficiaries who need the most care are not harmed by an arbitrary cap. \" as apta recommended, the process includes automatic exceptions and also grants exceptions to beneficiaries who are receiving both physical therapy and speech language pathology ( the services are currently combined under one $ 1, 740 cap ). \" we have yet to see how well medicare contractors will be able to implement and apply this process. even if it works well, congress only authorized this new process through 2006. congress must address this issue again this year, and we are confident that this experience will demonstrate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5021900255003886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.644441"} {"text": "yet to see how well medicare contractors will be able to implement and apply this process. even if it works well, congress only authorized this new process through 2006. congress must address this issue again this year, and we are confident that this experience will demonstrate to legislators that they must completely repeal the caps and provide a more permanent solution for medicare beneficiaries needing physical therapy, \" massey continued. the therapy caps went into effect on jan. 1, 2006, limiting medicare coverage on outpatient rehabilitation services to $ 1, 740 for physical therapy and speech therapy combined and $ 1, 740 for occupational therapy. the american physical therapy association is a national professional organization representing more than 65, 000 members. its goal is to foster advancements in physical therapy practice, research and education. new mouthwash helps with pain doctors in italy are studying whether a new type of mouthwash will help alleviate pain for patients suffering from head and neck cancer who were treated with radiation therapy, according to a new study ( international journal of radiation oncology * biology * physics, feb. 1, 2006 ). fifty patients, suffering from various forms of head and neck cancer and who received radiation therapy, were observed during the course of their radiation treatment. mucositis, or inflammation of the mucous membrane in the mouth, is the most common side effect yet no additional therapy has been identified that successfully reduces the pain. this study sought to discover if a mouthwash made from the local anesthetic tetracaine was able to alleviate the discomfort associated with head and neck cancer and if there would be any negative side effects of the mouthwash. the doctors chose to concoct a tetracaine - based mouthwash instead of a lidocaine - based version because it was found to be four times more effective, worked faster and produced a prolonged relief. the tetracaine was administered by a mouthwash approximately 30 minutes before and after meals, or roughly six times a day. relief of oral pain was reported in 48 of the 50 patients. sixteen patients reported that the mouthwash had an unpleasant taste or altered the taste of their food.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46047225603078745, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.645328"} {"text": "no for \" dry \", yes for \" wet \". for \" dry friction \", such as a box on a floor, it is relatively constant. why is this? most objects are microscopically rough with \" peaks \" that move against each - other. as more pressing force is applied, the peaks deform more and the true contact area is increases proportionally. the surfaces adhere forming a bond that will take a certain amount of shear force to break. since the molecules are moving much faster ~ 300m / s than the box they have plenty of time to adhere ( so velocity is not an issue ). however, static friction is sometimes be higher, in one explanation because the peaks have time to settle and interlock with each - other. neglecting static friction, force is constant. the simplest case in wet friction is two objects separated by a film of water. in this case there is zero static friction, as the thermal energy is sufficient to disrupt any static, shear - bearing water molecule structure. however, water molecules still push and pull on each - other, transferring momentum from the top to the bottom. the rate of momentum transfer i. e. \" friction \" grows in proportion to how much momentum is available, which in turn grows with velocity. thus, force is linear with velocity. however, interesting things happen when the bulk mass of the water gets important. in this case, bumps, etc on the surface push on the water creating currents that can ram into bumps on the other surface. if you double the velocity, your bumps will push twice as much water twice as fast for 4 times the force ; force is quadratic to velocity. you can plug in formulas for the linear case ( which depends on viscosity ) and quadratic case ( which depends on density ) to see which one \" wins \" ( this is roughly the reynolds number ), if there is no clear winner the answer is complex ( see the moody diagram ). nevertheless these are approximations and the real answer could fail to follow these \" rules \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5387397372336991, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.647250"} {"text": "major section : history example forms : acl2! > : puff * : max acl2! > : puff * : x acl2! > : puff * 15 acl2! > : puff * \" book \" where general form : : puff * cd cdis a command descriptor ( see command - descriptor ) for a ` ` puffable ' ' command. see puff for the definition of ` ` puffable ' ' and for a description of the basic act of ` ` puffing ' ' a command. puff * is just the recursive application of puff. puff * prints the region puffed, using to puff a command is to replace it by its immediate subevents, each of which is executed as a command. to puff * a command is to replace the command by each of its immediate subevents and then to each of the puffable commands among the newly introduced ones. for example, suppose \" ab \" is a book containing the following ( in - package \" acl2 \" ) ( include - book \" a \" ) ( include - book \" b \" ) suppose that book defuns for the functions now consider an acl2 state in which only two commands have been executed, the first being ( include - book \" ab \" ) and the second being ( include - book \" c \" ). thus, the relevant part of the display pbt 1 would be : 1 ( include - book \" ab \" ) 2 ( include - book \" c \" ) call this state the ` ` starting state ' ' in this example, because we will refer to it several times. : puff 1 is executed in the starting state. then the first command is replaced by its immediate subevents and : pbt 1 would 1 ( include - book \" a \" ) 2 ( include - book \" b \" ) 3 ( include - book \" c \" ) contrast this with the execution of : puff * 1in the starting state. puff * would first puff ( include - book \" ab \" ) to get the state shown above. but then it would recursively puff * the puffable commands introduced by the first puff. this continues recursively as long as any puff introduced a puffable command. the end result of : puff * 1in the starting state is 1 ( defun a1... ) 2 ( defun a2... ) 3 ( defun b1... ) 4 ( defun b2... ) 5 ( include - book \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5116207396615147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.649639"} {"text": "c + + is the canonical example of a language that combines low - level and high - level features1. it doesn ' t simulate anything, it provides native support for almost every high - level construct you ' ll usually find in a common high - level language and almost every low - level construct you ' ll find in c. but of course the terms are highly relative, there was a point in time ( not that long ago2 ) where c was considered a very high level language. and there are quite a few other languages that offer considerable low - level functionalities while still commonly regarded as high - level, and vice versa, the lines are kind of fuzzy. as for the syntax, that ' s something that naturally affected by the language ' s level of abstraction. low - level generally means : in computer science, a low - level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer ' s instruction set architecture. generally this refers to either machine code or assembly language. the word \" low \" refers to the small or nonexistent amount of abstraction between the language and machine language ; because of this, low - level languages are sometimes described as being \" close to the hardware. \" so naturally a low - level language adopts a syntax that ' s closer to machine code, which is inherently non human friendly. quite a few languages, like c + +, have adopted a wide variety of syntactic sugar, as a mechanism to make things easier to read or to express. but syntactic sugar is something that almost every high level language has opted for, c + + ' s sugar alone doesn ' t make it a low - level language. as for the complexity of a low & high - level language, it ' s also natural : it ' s a tool with multiple goals, every single goal adds to its complexity. that ' s unavoidable regardless of the goal. high - level languages are not \" better \" than low - level one, they are just more concentrated on one goal. languages that are designed with ease of use as a primary goal tend to be high - level, but that ' s only important if the necessary trade - offs to achieve the goal don ' t affect your applications. low or high level doesn ' t really matter, languages are primarily tools. you should choose the one that best fits whatever you ' re building in combination with what skills you have. most popular languages are multi - purpose and turing complete, in theory they are valid choices for building almost anything.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5554808366467594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.653338"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | in psychology, biological psychology, also known as biopsychology and psychobiology, is the application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior. a psychobiologist, for instance, may compare the imprinting behavior in goslings to the early attachment behavior in human infants and construct theory around these two phenomena. biological psychologists may often be interested in measuring some biological variable, e. g. an anatomical, physiological, or genetic variable, in an attempt to relate it quantitatively or qualitatively to a psychological or behavioral variable, and thus contribute to evidence based practice. the study of biological psychology dates back to avicenna ( 980 - 1037 ), a persian psychologist and physician who in the canon of medicine, recognized physiological psychology in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the word association test. avicenna also gave psychological explanations for certain somatic illnesses, and he always linked the physical and psychological illnesses together. he explained that humidity inside the head can contribute to mood disorders, and he recognized that this occurs when the amount of breath changes : happiness increases the breath, which leads to increased moisture inside the brain, but if this moisture goes beyond its limits, the brain would lose control over its rationality and lead to mental disorders. biological psychology as a scientific discipline later emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18th and 19th centuries. in philosophy, men like rene descartes proposed physical models to explain animal and human behavior. descartes, for example, suggested that the pineal gland, a midline unpaired structure in the brain of many organisms, was the point of contact between mind and body. descartes also elaborated on a theory in which the pneumatics of bodily fluids could explain reflexes and other motor behavior. this theory was inspired by moving statues in a garden in paris. other philosophers also helped give birth to psychology. one of the earliest textbooks in the new field, the principles of psychology by william james ( 1890 ), argues that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology : | \u201c | | bodily experiences, therefore, and more particularly brain - experiences, must take a place amongst those conditions of the mental life of which psychology need take account. the spiritualist and the associationist must both be ' cerebralists,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5559153697885628, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.664243"} {"text": "biology : | \u201c | | bodily experiences, therefore, and more particularly brain - experiences, must take a place amongst those conditions of the mental life of which psychology need take account. the spiritualist and the associationist must both be ' cerebralists, ' to the extent at least of admitting that certain peculiarities in the way of working of their own favorite principles are explicable only by the fact that the brain laws are a codeterminant of their result. our first conclusion, then, is that a certain amount of brain - physiology must be presupposed or included in psychology. james, like many early psychologists, had considerable training in physiology. the emergence of both psychology and biological psychology as legitimate sciences can be traced from the emergence of physiology from anatomy, particularly neuroanatomy. physiologists conducted experiments on living organisms, a practice that was distrusted by the dominant anatomists of the 18th and 19th centuries. the influential work of claude bernard, charles bell, and william harvey helped to convince the scientific community that reliable data could be obtained from living subjects. the term \" psychobiology \" has been used in a variety of contexts, but was likely first used in its modern sense by knight dunlap in his book an outline of psychobiology ( 1914 ). dunlap also founded the journal psychobiology. in the announcement of that journal, dunlap writes that the journal will publish research \"... bearing on the interconnection of mental and physiological functions \", which describes the field of biological psychology even in its modern sense. relationship to other fields of psychology and biologyedit in many cases, humans may serve as experimental subjects in biological psychology experiments ; however, a great deal of the experimental literature in biological psychology comes from the study of non - human species, most frequently rats, mice, and monkeys. as a result, a critical assumption in biological psychology is that organisms share biological and behavioral similarities, enough to permit extrapolations across species. this allies biological psychology closely with comparative psychology, evolutionary psychology, and evolutionary biology. biological psychology also has paradigmatic and methodological similarities to neuropsychology, which relies heavily on the study of the behavior of humans with nervous system dysfunction ( i. e., a non - experimentally based biological manipulation ). synonyms for biological psychology include biopsychology, behavioral neuroscience, and psychobiology. physiological psychology is another term often used synonymously with biological psychology, though some authors would make physiological psychology a subfield of biological", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5377831448385731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.665284"} {"text": "experimentally based biological manipulation ). synonyms for biological psychology include biopsychology, behavioral neuroscience, and psychobiology. physiological psychology is another term often used synonymously with biological psychology, though some authors would make physiological psychology a subfield of biological psychology, with an appropriately more narrow definition. research methods edit the distinguishing characteristic of a biological psychology experiment is that either the independent variable of the experiment is biological, or some dependent variable is biological. in other words, the nervous system of the organism under study is permanently or temporarily altered, or some aspect of the nervous system is measured ( usually to be related to a behavioral variable ). disabling or decreasing neural functionedit - lesions - a classic method in which a brain - region of interest is enabled. lesions can be placed with relatively high accuracy thanks to a variety of brain ' atlases ' which provide a map of brain regions in 3 - dimensional stereotactic coordinates. - electrolytic lesions - neural tissue is destroyed by the use of electric run through. - chemical lesions - neural tissue is destroyed by the infusion of a neurotoxin. - temporary lesions - neural tissue is temporarily disabled by cooling or by the use of anesthetics such as tetrodotoxin. - transcranial magnetic stimulation - a new technique usually used with human subjects in which a magnetic coil applied to the scalp causes unsystematic electrical activity in nearby cortical neurons which can be experimentally analyzed as a functional lesion. - psychopharmacological manipulations - a chemical receptor antagonist enduces neural activity by interfering with neurotransmission. antagonists can be delivered systemically ( such as by intravenous injection ) or locally ( intracebrally ) during a surgical procedure. enhancing neural function edit - electrical stimulation - a classic method in which neural activity is enhanced by application of a small electrical current ( too small to cause significant cell death ). - psychopharmacological manipulations - a chemical receptor agonist facilitates neural activity by enhancing or replacing endogenous neurotransmitters. agonists can be delivered systemically ( such as by intravenous injection ) or locally ( intracebrally ) during a surgical procedure. - transcranial magnetic stimulation - in some cases ( for example, studies of motor cortex ), this technique can be analyzed as having a stimulatory effect ( rather than as a functional lesion ). measuring neural activity edit - single unit recording - the measurement of the electrical activity of one ne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5697962843856401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.666294"} {"text": "for example, studies of motor cortex ), this technique can be analyzed as having a stimulatory effect ( rather than as a functional lesion ). measuring neural activity edit - single unit recording - the measurement of the electrical activity of one neuron, often in the context of an ongoing behavioral ( psychological ) task. - multielectrode recording - the use of a bundle of fine electrodes to record the simultaneous activity of up to hundreds of neurons. - fmri - functional magnetic resonance imaging, a technique most frequently applied on human subjects, in which changes in cerebral blood flow can be detected in an mri apparatus and are taken to indicate relative activity of larger scale brain regions ( i. e., on the order of hundreds of thousands of neurons ). - electroencephalography - or eeg ; and the derivative technique of event - related potentials, in which scalp electrodes monitor the average activity of neurons in the cortex ( again, used most frequently with human subjects ). - functional neuroanatomy - in which the expression of some anatomical marker is taken to reflect neural activity. for example, the expression of immediate early genes is thought to be caused by vigorous neural activity. likewise, the injection of 2 - deoxyglucose prior to some behavioral task can be followed by anatomical localization of that chemical ; it is taken up by neurons that are electrically active. genetic manipulations edit - qtl mapping - the influence of a gene in some behavior can be statistically inferred by studying inbred strains of some species, most commonly mice. the recent sequencing of the genome of many species, most notably mice, has facilitated this technique. - selective breeding - organisms, often mice, may be bred selectively among inbred strains to create a recombinant congenic strain. this might be done to isolate an experimentally interesting stretch of dna derived from one strain on the background genome of another strain to allow stronger inferences about the role of that stretch of dna. - genetic engineering - the genome may also be experimentally - manipulated ; for example, knockout mice can be engineered to lack a particular gene, or a gene may be expressed in a strain which does not normally do so ( the ' knock in ' ). advanced techniques may also permit the expression or suppression of a gene to occur by injection of some regulating chemical. topic areas in biological psychology edit in general, biological psychologists study the same issues as academic psychologists, though limited by the need to use nonhuman species", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6065778769586356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.667270"} {"text": "techniques may also permit the expression or suppression of a gene to occur by injection of some regulating chemical. topic areas in biological psychology edit in general, biological psychologists study the same issues as academic psychologists, though limited by the need to use nonhuman species. as a result, the bulk of literature in biological psychology deals with mental processes and behaviors that are shared across mammalian species, such as : - sensation and perception - motivated behavior ( hunger, thirst, sex ) - control of movement - learning and memory - sleep and biological rhythms however, with increasing technical sophistication and with the development of more precise noninvasive methods that can be applied to human subjects, biological psychologists are beginning to contribute to other classical topic areas of psychology, such as : - reasoning and decision making biological psychology has also had a strong history of contributing to the understanding of medical disorders, including those that fall under the purview of clinical psychology and psychopathology ( also known as abnormal psychology ). although animal models for all mental illnesses do not exist, the field has contributed important therapeutic data on a variety of conditions, including : - parkinson ' s disease, a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer ' s motor skills and speech. - huntington ' s disease, a rare inherited neurological disorder whose most obvious symptoms are abnormal body movements and a lack of coordination. it also affects a number of mental abilities and some aspects of personality. - alzheimer ' s disease, a neurodegenerative disease that, in its most common form, is found in people over the age of 65 and is characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration, together with declining activities of daily living and by neuropsychiatric symptoms or behavioral changes. - clinical depression, a common psychiatric disorder, characterized by a persistent lowering of mood, loss of interest in usual activities and diminished ability to experience pleasure. - schizophrenia, a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a mental illness characterized by impairments in the perception or expression of reality, most commonly manifesting as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions or disorganized speech and thinking in the context of significant social or occupational dysfunction. - autism, a brain development disorder that impairs social interaction and communication, and causes restricted and repetitive behavior, all starting before a child is three years old. - anxiety, a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. these components combine to create the feelings that are typically recognized as fear, apprehension, or worry. - drug abuse, including", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5526778826326133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.668303"} {"text": "a child is three years old. - anxiety, a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. these components combine to create the feelings that are typically recognized as fear, apprehension, or worry. - drug abuse, including alcoholism nobel laureates edit the following nobel prize winners could reasonably be considered biological psychologists. ( this list omits winners who were almost exclusively neuroanatomists or neurophysiologists ; i. e., those that did not measure behavioral or psychological variables. ) - charles sherrington ( 1932 ) - edgar adrian ( 1932 ) - walter hess ( 1949 ) - egas moniz ( 1949 ) - georg von bekesy ( 1961 ) - george wald ( 1967 ) - ragnar granit ( 1967 ) - konrad lorenz ( 1973 ) - niko tinbergen ( 1973 ) - karl von frisch ( 1973 ) - roger w. sperry ( 1981 ) - david h. hubel ( 1981 ) - torsten n. wiesel ( 1981 ) - eric r. kandel ( 2000 ) - arvid carlsson ( 2000 ) - richard axel ( 2004 ) - linda b. buck ( 2004 ) - behavioural genetics - behavioral neuroscience - biological psychiatry - biopsychcosocial approach - cognitive neuroscience - developmental psychobiology - embodied philosophy - evolutionary psychology references & bibliographyedit | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). | < ref > tags exist, but no < references / > tag was found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5719160839587514, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.668869"} {"text": "underfloor heating is a form of central heating that uses heat conductivity and radiant heat for indoor climate control. it can be used with concrete and wooden floors and with all types of flooring. it warms the lower part of both the room and the body giving off a feeling of natural warmth. most systems are either warm water systems or electric systems. systems can be a poured floor system, in which the system is encapsulated in a masonry mix, or it can be a sub floor system in which it is attached directly to the subfloor. while there are differences and similarities between the two systems, both are energy efficient, space saving, and fitter than conventional heating systems. water underfloor heating consists of warm water being circulated through pipes or tubes that are set into the floor. since this system allows water to circulate by thermosiphon, it is prostrate to blockage by air bubbles that accumulate in the high spots and block the flow of water. a ticker will need to be used for purging to allow the water to circulate through the tubing fast enough to dislodge the air bubble. the heart will activate when the system stable and will shut off when circulation is restored. with the electric alternative, the heat is spread throughout cables placed in the floor. there is no need to be implicated about blockage or purging with an electric heating system. with hot water heating, you will need a pressure reduction valve to reduce the city water pressure to the lowest point needed for the heating system, an air centrifuge to take the air out of fresh water, and an expansion tank to accommodate the change in water volume in the system as the water heats up and cools down. electric underfloor heating does not require such advanced equipment. you will need cable or a cable mat, insulation, tile adhesive, and a thermostat to install the system. water underfloor heating systems can also be used in reverse with cold water being placed in the system to take the heat out of a building. when using this method, the surface temperatures mustiness remain above the air \u2019 s dew point temperature to prevent mold growth and slithering hazards. electric heating systems ar not intentional to take the heat out of a building or room. however, if the sun is shining on an area that is heated by electric cables, the heat will turn off and allow the sun to naturally heat the area. with water systems, soil can influence downward heat loss.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5481105896612631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.672940"} {"text": "out of a building or room. however, if the sun is shining on an area that is heated by electric cables, the heat will turn off and allow the sun to naturally heat the area. with water systems, soil can influence downward heat loss. heated and cooled surfaces need to be isolated from vents, cold plumbing lines, and appliances. dew point control is a major concern for wet systems. another concern is control and expansion of the floor joints and crack suppression in concrete and tiled surfaces. with the electric heating systems, floor buildup is non a trouble because the electric cables are installed onto an insulation board or directly onto the subfloor with the floor covering placed directly over the heating system. adhesive is applied between the layers and prevents cracks from forming in the floor. water systems are expensive to install but increase energy efficiency in the home from ten to forty percent. the piping can have a lifespan of up to one hundred years and is almost maintenance free. the central heating equipment, pumps, and controls will require periodic maintenance and replacement. electric underfloor heating systems have a very low installation cost because they are easy to install and have a low start up cost. all that is required is a thermostat. all you need to do is start astatine your thermostat and roll the heating cable or heating cable mat out over the floor. they also need no maintenance and can be more easy controlled to run when they are needed. both hot water and electric heating systems can heat an entire room or heat particular zones in the room. for a hot water underfloor heating system to control specific zones, you will need zone valves on the heart to divide the hot water flow to each zone that requires heat. with an electric system, you will simply use more than one thermostat for zone control heating. both hot water and electric underfloor heating allows the lower part of the room and body to be warmed by heat. since the heating is installed close to the floor surface, warming up a room is faster than conventional heating. the heat spreads over the entire area which reduces heat loss without overheating the surrounding area. since both hot water electric heating are buried under the floor, the floor is like one giant radiator. there are no hot spots creating large air currents that carry dust particles around the room. since both underfloor heating systems cause less air movement, they reduce the circulation of pollution, dust, and allergens. both systems make it possible to lower the thermostat without any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5272094712708626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.673921"} {"text": "fundamental principles and objectives of renaissance artists and writers association ( rawa ) rawa has been established for genuine artists and writers to inspire the society. it proclaims that all genuine artists and writers should unite and expand the consciousness of the public and move the society forward through their sympathetic endeavours. the word ' renaissance ' has not been used merely in the sense of revival of learning but in a wider context. a true renaissance is a renaissance in all fields, in all spheres of life : physical, mental, and spiritual. a spiritual renaissance without a renaissance in the mental and physical worlds would be one - sided and would retard the development of the physical and intellectual side of life. spiritual development still requires the proper development of intellect and the provision of the physical necessities of life. rawa provides an outlet for our artists and writers to realize their innate spiritual potentialities. the supreme trait in art or literature is its spiritualizing quality. whether art or literature is discursive, imitative, mechanical, organic, conceptual, anti - conceptual, representative or non - representative in nature, the touchstone of great works of art and literature resolves the psychic crisis of a particular civilization, nation or the whole world through its aesthetic creed. in the world of today, we find the artist and writer driven more and more into isolation from the society. in the commercialized society, the mechanization of life has almost submerged the individual ' s talent. with the passing of the patronage of art and literatur into the hands of the business classes, the standards of artistic and literary excellence have come down. a commercialized society demands commercialized entertainments, and this has led to a degeneration and decadence of art and literature. rawa has the following objectives : 1 ) to promote the ideal of \" service and blessedness \" in art and writing. when one ' s motives of expression are directed towards the upliftment of society, there is, in return, a sense of fulfillment in the person that cannot be equaled by any level of meaningless creation. that sense of fulfillment is termed here as ' blessedness ', and the sense of selflessness is termed here ' service '. rawa rejects the idea of \u201c art for art ' s sake \u201d. 2 ) to improve the psycho - spiritual development of society through art and literature. 3 ) to suggest solutions to the outstanding problems of human society through art and literature. 4 ) to inculcate the ethical and spiritual values of life in the human society. 5 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4890329092998879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.676911"} {"text": "a boeing plant ii primer ramp that these three historic airplanes roll across, and the building they leave is one of the most historic aviation sites in the world. first produced here are the boeing 307 stratoliner and the douglas db - 7 bomber ( under license. ) but plant ii became the home of the b - 17. here, in april 1944, are the 16 b - 17 flying fortress bombers produced in this building - that day, and every day! click here for a personal note about those b - 17s. october 1944, the first boeing xc - 97 rolled out of these doors - later to become the c - 97 transport, kc - 97 tanker, and b - 377 commercial stratocruiser. ( see the camouflage on the roof? ) ww ii, the plant was completely camouflaged to look like a residential area as protection against possible japanese air attack. in the late 1940s and early 1950s, myriad b - 50 bombers and c - 97 transports are being produced in this factory. on 12 sept 1947, a radical new airplane - the boeing b - 47 six - jet bomber prototype is rolled out. this airplane is the direct lineal matriarch for all the jet airplanes boeing has produced since. on 29 nov 1951, in the darkness and wet of a seattle night, the prototype boeing b - 52 8 - engine bomber is rolled out and across east marginal way. she ' s shrouded in secrecy and covered by canvas and tarps. this amazing airplane is still in front - line combat to this day. here 277 b - 52s are being produced where the earlier airplanes once were assembled. in 1966, the first prototype boeing twin - jet 737 was manufactured in this building and rolled out of these doors on to this ramp. this airplane ( which i worked on - then, and which i still work on - now, ) is in the museum ' s collection. she ' s the first of more than 8000 737s built or ordered since then. this first 737, and 44 years later, the super connie, are my bit of plant ii experience. and so, today - history meets history as the last three airplanes roll out of these doors. plant ii is truly aviation hallowed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4471842754460314, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.679058"} {"text": "when faced with the possibility of cooperating for mutual gain, states that feel insecure must ask how the gain will be divided.. a state worries about a division of possible gains that may favor others more than itself. that is the first way in which the structure of international politics limits the cooperation of states. a state also worries lest it become dependent on others through cooperative endeavors and exchanges of goods and services... the world ' s well - being would be increased if an ever more elaborate divisions of labor were developed, but states would thereby place themselves in situations of ever closer interdependence... in an unorganized realm each unit ' s incentive is to put itself in a position to be able to take care of itself since no one can be counted on to do so. the international imperative is \" take care of yourself \"! some leaders of nations may understand that the well - being of all of them would increase in their participation in a fuller division of labor. but to act on the idea would be to act on a domestic imperative, an imperative that does not run internationally... waltz ' s argument may not apply perfectly to the eu, since he claims that the fundamental impediment to cooperation is the threat of conflict. the era of european wars is long over, but there may nonetheless be something to waltz ' s argument. in the midst of economic crisis, tensions between european countries have hardened, and the crisis has caused bickering among eu member nations. on another note, a recent ft / harris poll of the british public found that only one in three brits wants to remain in the eu.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.524796841594958, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.680695"} {"text": "| noah webster ' s dictionary | 1. ( n. ) a change of place from higher to lower ; as, a descent from a mountaintop. 2. ( n. ) incursion ; sudden attack ; especially, hostile invasion from sea ; - - often followed by upon or on ; as, to make a descent upon the enemy. 3. ( n. ) progress downward, as in station, virtue, as in station, virtue, and the like, from a higher to a lower state, from a higher to a lower state, from the more to the less important, from the better to the worse, etc. 4. ( n. ) derivation, as from an ancestor ; procedure by generation ; lineage ; birth ; extraction. 5. ( n. ) transmission of an estate by inheritance, usually, but not necessarily, in the descending line ; title to inherit an estate by reason of consanguinity. 6. ( n. ) inclination downward ; a descending way ; inclined or sloping surface ; declivity ; slope ; as, a steep descent. 7. ( n. ) that which is descended ; descendants ; issue. 8. ( n. ) a step or remove downward in any scale of gradation ; a degree in the scale of genealogy ; a generation. 9. ( n. ) lowest place ; extreme downward place. 10. ( n. ) a passing from a higher to a lower tone. int. standard bible encyclopedia de - send ', de - sent ' ( yaradh ; katabaino, \" go down \" ) ; ( katabasis ) : of yahweh ( exodus 34 : 5 ) ; of the spirit ( matthew 3 : 16 ) ; of angels ( genesis 28 : 12 matthew 28 : 2 john 1 : 51 ) ; of christ ( 1 thessalonians 4 : 16 ephesians 4 : 9 ). \" he also descended into the lower parts of the earth \" is variously interpreted, the two chief interpretations being the one of the incarnation, and the other of the \" descent into hell \" ( 1 peter 3 : 19 ). the former regards the clause \" of the earth, \" an appositive genitive, as when we speak of \" the city of rome, \" namely, \" the lower parts, i. e. the earth. \" the other regards the genitive as possessive, or, with meyer, as governed by the comparative, i. e. \" parts lower than the earth. \" for the former view,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5599468476576204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.685880"} {"text": "\" the lower parts, i. e. the earth. \" the other regards the genitive as possessive, or, with meyer, as governed by the comparative, i. e. \" parts lower than the earth. \" for the former view, see full discussion in eadie ; for the latter, ellicott and especially meyer, in commentaries on eph. h. e. jacobs descent, of jesus see apocryphal gospels. descent ( 22 occurrences ) luke 19 : 37 as he was now getting near, at the descent of the mount of olives, the whole multitude of the disciples began to rejoice and praise god with a loud voice for all the mighty works which they had seen, ( web kjv asv dby wbs ylt nas rsv ) john 1 : 13 who were begotten as such not by human descent, nor through an impulse of their own nature, nor through the will of a human father, but from god. ( wey niv ) acts 4 : 6 annas the high priest was there, with caiaphas, john, alexander, and as many as were relatives of the high priest. ( see nas ) romans 1 : 3 who, as regards his human descent, belonged to the posterity of david, ( wey ) romans 9 : 8 in other words, it is not the children by natural descent who count as god ' s children, but the children made such by the promise are regarded as abraham ' s posterity. ( wey ) hebrews 7 : 3 without father, without mother, without descent, having neither beginning of days, nor end of life ; but made like unto the son of god ; abideth a priest continually. ( kjv wbs ) hebrews 7 : 6 but he whose descent is not counted from them received tithes of abraham, and blessed him that had the promises. ( kjv wbs niv ) hebrews 7 : 16 and hold his office not in obedience to any temporary law, but by virtue of an indestructible life. ( see rsv ) genesis 10 : 32 these are the families of the sons of noah, after their generations, in their nations. of these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood. ( see niv ) joshua 7 : 5 the men of ai struck about thirty - six men of them, and they chased them from before the gate even to shebarim, and struck them at the descent. the hearts of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47602101586585105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.686751"} {"text": "the flood. ( see niv ) joshua 7 : 5 the men of ai struck about thirty - six men of them, and they chased them from before the gate even to shebarim, and struck them at the descent. the hearts of the people melted, and became like water. ( web jps asv dby nas rsv ) joshua 8 : 14 it happened, when the king of ai saw it, that they hurried and rose up early, and the men of the city went out against israel to battle, he and all his people, at the time appointed, before the arabah ; but he didn ' t know that there was an ambush against him behind the city. ( see rsv ) joshua 10 : 11 it happened, as they fled from before israel, while they were at the descent of beth horon, that yahweh cast down great stones from the sky on them to azekah, and they died. there were more who died from the hailstones than who the children of israel killed with the sword. ( web jps asv dby wbs ylt nas ) 2 kings 12 : 20 and his servants rose up and made a conspiracy, and smote joash in the house of millo, at the descent of silla. ( dby ) ezra 2 : 59 these were those who went up from tel melah, tel harsha, cherub, addan, and immer ; but they could not show their fathers ' houses, and their seed, whether they were of israel : ( see rsv ) nehemiah 7 : 61 these were those who went up from tel melah, tel harsha, cherub, addon, and immer ; but they could not show their fathers ' houses, nor their seed, whether they were of israel : ( see rsv ) nehemiah 9 : 2 the seed of israel separated themselves from all foreigners, and stood and confessed their sins, and the iniquities of their fathers. ( see niv ) nehemiah 13 : 3 it came to pass, when they had heard the law, that they separated from israel all the mixed multitude. ( see rsv niv ) esther 6 : 13 haman recounted to zeresh his wife and all his friends everything that had happened to him. then his wise men and zeresh his wife said to him, \" if mordecai, before whom you have begun to fall, is of jewish descent, you will not prevail against him,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43563767607133325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.687770"} {"text": "friends everything that had happened to him. then his wise men and zeresh his wife said to him, \" if mordecai, before whom you have begun to fall, is of jewish descent, you will not prevail against him, but you will surely fall before him. \" ( web ) isaiah 30 : 30 yahweh will cause his glorious voice to be heard, and will show the descent of his arm, with the indignation of his anger, and the flame of a devouring fire, with a blast, storm, and hailstones. ( web ) jeremiah 48 : 5 for by the ascent of luhith with continual weeping shall they go up ; for at the descent of horonaim they have heard the distress of the cry of destruction. ( web asv dby wbs ylt nas rsv ) ezekiel 44 : 22 neither shall they take for their wives a widow, nor her who is put away ; but they shall take virgins of the seed of the house of israel, or a widow who is the widow of a priest. ( see niv ) daniel 9 : 1 in the first year of darius, son of ahasuerus, of the seed of the medes, who hath been made king over the kingdom of the chaldeans, ( see nas niv )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4224764823526783, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.688222"} {"text": "faculdade de ciencias e tecnologia ( fct ) > fct departamentos > fct : departamento de ciencias da terra > fct : dct - ciencias da terra > please use this identifier to cite or link to this item : | title : | | dinossaurios eocretacicos de lagosteiros | | authors : | | antunes, m. t. | | issue date : | | 10 - jul - 2008 | | abstract : | | according to an ancient folkloric legend, our lady, stepping down from the sea, would have rided on a mule to the platform above the cliffs named pedra da mua at lagosteiros ' bay, near espichel cape. mule ' s footprints, regarded by fishermen as evidence, would be clearly recognizable on exposed surfaces of the rocks. indeed there are footprints but from dinosaurs of latest jurassic, portlandian age, this spectacular locality being specially rich in giant sauropod tracks ( that have seldom been found elsewhere in europe ). as we proceeded to its study, another locality with dinosaur footprints, lower cretaceous ( hauterivian ) in age, was found on the northern cliffs at lagosteiros. it is probably the richest one in european lower cretaceous and the only of this age known in portugal, so we decided to give priority to its study. dinosaur tracks have been printed on calciclastic sands in a lagoonal environment protected by fringing coral reefs. there have been emersion episodes ; beaches were frequented by dinosaurs. later on, the marine barremian ingression restablished a gulf and such animals could not come here any more. under a paleogeographical viewpoint, the evidence of a marine regression near the end of hauterivian is to be remarked. five types of tracks and footprints have been recognized : - neosauropus lagosteirensis, new morphogenus and species, tracks from a giant sauropod, perhaps from camarasaurus ; with its proportions the total length of the author would be about 15, 5 m. these are the only sauropod tracks known till now in europe ' s lower cretaceous. - tracks from a not so big quadruped, maybe a sauropod ( young individual? ) ; however it is not impossible that they were produced by stegosaurians or ankylosaurians. - megalosauropus (? eutynichnium ) go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5053558897478136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.692474"} {"text": "big quadruped, maybe a sauropod ( young individual? ) ; however it is not impossible that they were produced by stegosaurians or ankylosaurians. - megalosauropus (? eutynichnium ) gomesi new morphospecies, four theropod tracks most probably produced by megalosaurs. - iguanodon sp., represented by some footprints and specially by a set corresponding to the feet and tail from an individual standing in a rest position. - problematical, quite small - sized biped ( maybe an ornithopod related to camptosaurus ). evidence points to a richer fauna than that known in barremian \" dinosaur sandstones \" from a nearby locality, boca do chapim. lagosteiros ' association clearly indicates the predominance of herbivores, which required large amounts of vegetable food in the neighbourhood. this is an indirect evidence of the vegetal wealth, also suggested by associations of plant macrofossils, polen and spores found in early cretaceous sediments at the same region. the relatively high proportion of theropoda is related to the wealth of the whole fauna, which comprised a lot of the prey needed by such powerful flesh - eaters. the evidence, as a whole, points out to a warm and moist climate. all the tracks whose direction could be measured are directed to the southern quadrants, this being confirmed by the approximative direction of other footprints. massive displacements ( migration? ) could take place during a brief emersion episode. this may result from the ingression of barremian seas, flooding the region and restablishing here a small gulf. even if the arrival of the waters damaged certain footprints it has not destroyed them completely, thus allowing the preservation of such evidence from a remote past. | | appears in collections : | | fct : dct - ciencias da terra | items in dspace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4600133616933476, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.693273"} {"text": "a look at why william gibson ' s vision of a washed - up computer hacker navigating his way through a dystopian future is a vital piece of literature... there are few books that have been published in my lifetime that have had such a profound influence on not only literature, but on the world at large, as william gibson \u2019 s 1984 novel neuromancer. in simple terms, neuromancer, at its core, is a detective noir story set in a dystopian future. but this isn \u2019 t a novel that can be accounted for in simple terms. neuromancer is told from the perspective of our narrator, henry dorsett case. case is the novel \u2019 s reluctant anti - hero : a suicidal, drug - addled ex - hacker residing without work in chiba city, japan. almost from the outset, we see case as a world - weary cynic who bums around in bars trying not to let his past catch up with him. the last time he was caught, his captors destroyed his nervous system, making it impossible for case to access cyberspace, \u2013 a term coined by gibson that has become part of our common lexicon : \u201c cyberspace. a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts \u2026 a graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system. unthinkable complexity. lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data. like city lights, receding. \u201d though gibson saw this through dystopian eyes, the word and the concept of cyberspace is now an inescapable part of modern life. i \u2019 m not sure how true this is, but author jack womack argued that gibson \u2019 s conception of cyberspace inspired the structure of the world wide web, asking \u201c what if the act of writing it down, in fact, brought it about? \u201d if there is even a shred of truth to this assertion, then this alone surely secures gibson \u2019 s legacy as one of the most important creative imaginations of the last century, and i say this without exaggeration. the drama of the story begins when case is tracked down by molly, a \u201c street samurai \u201d who works as a mercenary for an ex - army officer who goes by the name of armitage. through case \u2019 s drug - fuelled paranoia, he convinces himself that molly works for his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5420651719551054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.701426"} {"text": "is tracked down by molly, a \u201c street samurai \u201d who works as a mercenary for an ex - army officer who goes by the name of armitage. through case \u2019 s drug - fuelled paranoia, he convinces himself that molly works for his ex - employer ; he outruns her through the sprawl of neon lined streets, only to be accosted by her in his hotel room, which is barely larger than a coffin. molly had modified her body with all manner of cybernetic enhancements : a tweaked nervous system ; retractable four - centimetre long razors that are hidden beneath her fingernails ; and lenses implanted into her eye sockets which give her enhanced sight and allow her to be fed information about what she is looking at. prior to being a razor girl, molly worked as a prostitute. of course, this is the dystopian future, so she wasn \u2019 t your usual prostitute. sex workers were given neural implants that turned off their memories and limited their ability to control and reason their actions. thus prostitutes were nothing more than hired meat - puppets who acted upon the whims of their employers \u2013 no matter how dark or depraved. it was only when molly began to experience and remember what she otherwise couldn \u2019 t that she was able to get out of prostitution by blackmailing a sadistic senator with a penchant for murdering women. the idea of women being turned into sex zombies i found very disturbing, mainly because it isn \u2019 t that far from the realms of possibility. molly takes case to armitage and a deal is struck : case \u2019 s services in exchange for his neural problems to be fixed. suffice to say, case jumps at the opportunity. armitage is an incredibly complex and ambiguous character : his identity, both physically and metaphorically, is merely of his own creation. indeed, it seems as though the more case gets to know armitage, the more detached armitage seems from not only reality, but his own personality. it is never made clear whether armitage is the main man running the operation, or whether he is acting as another middleman ( there are subtle suggestions of both possibilities throughout the book, but they are always in the guise of speculation and conjecture ). beyond the techno - fetishism and the cybernetic - dystopia of neuromancer, there is also oodles of charm and humour. neuromancer is not a funny book : it takes itself", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47611625839265626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.702458"} {"text": "conjecture ). beyond the techno - fetishism and the cybernetic - dystopia of neuromancer, there is also oodles of charm and humour. neuromancer is not a funny book : it takes itself quite seriously, but with this seriousness, the wit and personality of some of its characters can \u2019 t help but add an extra dimension to the proceedings. for example, when armitage arranges for the repair of case \u2019 s nervous system he says, \u201c you needed a new pancreas. the one we bought for you frees you from a dangerous dependency. \u201d to which case responds, \u201c thanks, but i was enjoying that dependency. \u201d beyond the techno - fetishism and the cybernetic - dystopia of neuromancer, there is also oodles of charm and humour. neuromancer is not a funny book : it takes itself quite seriously, but with this seriousness, the wit and personality of some of its characters can \u2019 t help but add an extra dimension to the proceedings though the novel is set in the future, there are many points in the story that give a direct nod to popular culture of the early 1980s. indeed, the concept of cyberspace is simply gibson \u2019 s speculative extrapolation of early video games. but it \u2019 s not just technology and science that gibson draws on in his vision of the future. with the proliferation of rastafarianism in the late 1970s, it is perhaps of little wonder that a band of rastafarian outlaws are key to the development of neuromancer \u2019 s narrative. gibson draws on the imagery of the dreadlocked, dub - loving pot - smoker adorned with bright colours, and combines it with a space ship ( called zion, no less ). case spends much of the latter part of the novel hooked up to the matrix ( sound familiar? ). sometimes he experiences the real - world, but from the perspective of molly \u2019 s cybernetic lenses, at others, he \u2019 s interacting with artificial intelligence constructs, that end up forming a key part of the plot. one such construct is wintermute, who spends much of the novel attempting to break its programme and develop a personality. it \u2019 s difficult to outline wintermute without spoiling some key elements of the plot, but all i \u2019 ll say is that wintermute adds a great sense of mystery and intrigue to the novel. indeed, the inclusion of wintermute ( and other ai constructs )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5380542387084015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.703410"} {"text": "outline wintermute without spoiling some key elements of the plot, but all i \u2019 ll say is that wintermute adds a great sense of mystery and intrigue to the novel. indeed, the inclusion of wintermute ( and other ai constructs ) has a similar uncanny effect that asimov and dick capture, in that it raises questions about the nature of consciousness, intelligences, determinism and freewill \u2013 essentially, you empathise with wintermute. the novel is full of incredibly vivid descriptions that manage to capture a real sense of the world and its characters with a few well - chosen turns of phrase. \u201c the sky above the port was the colour of television, tuned to a dead channel \u201d, as an opening line couldn \u2019 t be more perfect in conveying a feeling of the world. or the description of a speed - freak \u2019 s eyes as \u201c eggs of unstable crystal, vibrating with a frequency whose name was rain and the sound of trains, suddenly sprouting a humming forest of hair - fine glass spines. \u201d the importance and influence of neuromancer cannot be underestimated, even if we dismiss completely the idea that gibson \u2019 s creative imagination was the catalyst for the invention of the world wide web. the term cyberpunk was coined by a critic in reaction to this novel. the imagery, ideas and concepts associated with cyberpunk have become a frequently visited well for creative people from fashion designers to tv writers, from game designers to musicians. i am in absolute awe that the residue of one creative mind has left such indelible marks on our world. it is a humble man, indeed, who can create such an important work of literature, and resist the urge to shout arrogantly from the rooftops : \u201c i created this! \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5250063424843374, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.704073"} {"text": "chroniclers of the game have rarely been kind to andrew freedman, principal owner of the new york giants from january 1895 to september 1902. according to one team historian, freedman was \u201c naturally arrogant ( with ) a bad temper at the end of a very short fuse. \u201d in much the same vein, bill james memorably described him as \u201c george steinbrenner on quaaludes with a touch of al capone \u201d and \u201c just this side of a madman \u201d while another commentator has awarded freedman the distinction of being \u201c the most loathsome team owner in baseball history. \u201d but andrew freedman \u2019 s stormy tenure as giants owner was, in fact, only a chapter in the life of one of new york city \u2019 s most prominent turn of the century figures. to freedman, ownership of the giants was little more than a pastime, a diversion from the weighty business and political affairs that dominated his life. as a consequence, his stewardship of the team was mercurial, with frequent managerial changes, angry ultimatums to fellow magnates and battles with the sporting press alternating with periods of complete indifference by freedman to his baseball interests. in short, team ownership did not show andrew freedman at his best. the future giants boss was born into a manhattan family of middle - class german - jewish immigrants on september 1, 1860. father joseph freedman ( 1829 - 1903 ) was a prosperous grocer while his mother, elizabeth davies freedman ( 1836 - 1916 ), tended to the children, of whom andrew was the second of four. a precocious grammar school graduate, andrew was enrolled in pre - admission courses at the college of the city of new york at the age of 14 but proved an indifferent scholar, dropping out of ccny at the end of his freshman year. freedman began his working life in the employ of a dry - goods house but soon gravitated to real estate, the field where he would make his first fortune. to enhance his prospects, 21 - year - old andrew freedman joined tammany hall, the corrupt political machine that controlled the democratic party in new york city. there he attached himself to richard croker, a rising tammany star. in time, freedman would become a financial adviser, business associate and lifelong friend of croker. in 1886 croker assumed control of the wigwam and installed his protege freedman on the finance committee, tammany \u2019 s all - powerful policy - making board. combined with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40037051800656703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.728597"} {"text": "adviser, business associate and lifelong friend of croker. in 1886 croker assumed control of the wigwam and installed his protege freedman on the finance committee, tammany \u2019 s all - powerful policy - making board. combined with his native intelligence and a fierce energy, freedman \u2019 s association with croker all but guaranteed success in the real - estate world. dealing extensively in tony fifth avenue properties and acquiring vast tracts of land in the then sparsely populated bronx, freedman quickly amassed a fortune via sale of property at inflated prices to local businessmen, city contractors, and others requiring the favor of his patron, boss croker. by the time he reached the age of 30, freedman had become a very wealthy man. freedman \u2019 s interest in baseball is usually traced to his appointment as receiver of the bankrupt manhattan athletic club in 1893. his administration of club affairs included management of manhattan field, the pre - polo grounds home of the giants and still an important new york sporting venue. freedman began taking in giants games ( manhattan field and the polo grounds sat on adjoining sites ) and soon developed a liking for the game. with time on his hands following tammany \u2019 s defeat in the city elections of 1894 and awash in money, freedman quietly began acquiring blocks of giants stock, at times using circus impresario james a. bailey as a front. then in january 1895, freedman made his move, capturing majority control of the franchise by buying out de facto giants boss e. b. talcott and his allies. wealthy, politically connected, and a native son, the young ( age 34 ) freedman \u2019 s acquisition of the team was initially well received by the new york sporting press and the giants faithful. baseball luminaries joined in the well wishes for the new owner. a. g. spalding, having only recently divested himself of his own ownership share of the giants, stated, \u201c \u2026 from what i hear, mr. freedman is a clever businessman and will prove successful. i hope he makes a lot of money. \u201d just retired star john montgomery ward, a minority giants owner whose sale of his stock had made freedman \u2019 s control of the team possible, also applauded the new magnate, particularly after freedman ratified talcott \u2019 s appointment of ward favorite george davis as giants playing manager for the upcoming season. overlooked in the glow of good feeling was a dubious opening move by the giants \u2019 novice owner : elimination of the post of managing director of the team.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3916358282206651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.729820"} {"text": "ratified talcott \u2019 s appointment of ward favorite george davis as giants playing manager for the upcoming season. overlooked in the glow of good feeling was a dubious opening move by the giants \u2019 novice owner : elimination of the post of managing director of the team. despite limited prior contact with and understanding of the game, freedman would exercise the duties of franchise commander personally as giants president. with the nucleus of the 1894 temple cup champions returning, great things were expected of the giants, but the team started the new season sluggishly. impatient new york scribes were quick to assign blame as did giants fans, and the new team owner was not exempted from their censure. although he was in many ways an able man, freedman \u2019 s background had not conditioned him to public criticism. combative and surprisingly thin - skinned, freedman reacted badly. he began by firing his managers. davis, jack doyle, and harvey watkins would all be relieved of duty during the 1895 season. freedman also had trouble with his players, particularly star hurler amos rusie, who chafed under the owner \u2019 s disciplinary measures. nor did freedman enjoy cordial relations with his fellow magnates, most of whom found freedman abrasive and impossible to get along with. unwiser still, freedman got into fights \u2013 at times, literally \u2013 with the writers on the giants beat. in short order, freedman managed to alienate most of the baseball world. in the meantime, his giants team staggered home a disappointing ninth - place finisher ( out of the 12 - team national league ). but if freedman had gotten off to a rocky start as giants owner, his troubles in that role paled in comparison to his disastrous turn as a minor - league mogul the following year. asserting territorial rights under the national agreement, freedman muscled his way into the newly formed class a atlantic league, gaining control of the jersey city franchise, which he promptly relocated to manhattan. in emulation of john t. brush \u2019 s operation in cincinnati, freedman envisioned the team, renamed the metropolitan of new york and installed in the polo grounds, as a developmental squad for the giants. stocked with the likes of cy seymour, ed doheny, shorty fuller, and other major - league - caliber players, the mets were expected to dominate the atlantic league but managed only middling play. the team also proved a financial dud, often drawing no more than 200 paying customers to home games. frustrated by the franchise \u2019 s failings,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39722144869562986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.730903"} {"text": "- caliber players, the mets were expected to dominate the atlantic league but managed only middling play. the team also proved a financial dud, often drawing no more than 200 paying customers to home games. frustrated by the franchise \u2019 s failings, freedman turned soon petulant. team assessments went unpaid, fines imposed on mets players were ignored, and desired league expansion was blocked by freedman. tensions between freedman and fellow team owners reached the breaking point in early july. with the giants on the road, freedman took a seat on the bench for a mets home game against the wilmington peaches. when freedman strode onto the diamond to insert himself into a fifth - inning dispute with the umpire, peaches captain bob berryhill yelled, \u201c go put on a uniform if you want to get into this game. \u201d finding such insolence from a player intolerable, freedman thereupon had the police remove berryhill from the park. the following day, berryhill was barred from entering the polo grounds, resulting in forfeiture of the game to wilmington. this proved the final straw for the other team owners. at an emergency meeting convened on july 10, the metropolitan of new york team was expelled from the atlantic league. freedman departed the meeting room in a huff, vowing to sue, but soon thereafter he pronounced himself just as glad to be rid of the mets operation. unhappily for freedman, his fortunes fared little better with the giants that season. crippled by the absence of rusie, who sat out the entire year rather than capitulate to tight - fisted salary terms, the giants finished the 1896 season a distant seventh, 27 games behind pennant - winning baltimore. in the offseason, the freedman / rusie impasse was finally resolved via the unsolicited intervention of fellow n. l. team owners who \u2013 without freedman \u2019 s knowledge or approval \u2013 quietly induced rusie to return to the giants for the 1897 season by settling $ 5, 000 on him. indignant when he found out, freedman refused to contribute to the settlement and fumed at the magnates \u2019 intrusion into his running of the giants. buoyed by rusie \u2019 s return, the giants surged to third place in 1897. the team also benefited from the inattention of its owner, now largely preoccupied with political matters. with richard croker returned from europe and re - installed as tammany chief, freedman threw himself into the successful mayoral campaign of tam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41097940952781387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.731867"} {"text": ". the team also benefited from the inattention of its owner, now largely preoccupied with political matters. with richard croker returned from europe and re - installed as tammany chief, freedman threw himself into the successful mayoral campaign of tammany candidate robert van wyck. after van wyck \u2019 s inauguration, freedman declined appointment to office, choosing instead to remain a backroom power - broker in the new administration. at croker \u2019 s urging, however, freedman did accept the position of treasurer of the national democratic party. in 1898, freedman expanded his business empire by becoming a principal of the maryland fidelity and guarantee company, a municipal insurance and bonding operation that proved a lucrative new source of income for freedman. but as freedman \u2019 s commercial interests flourished, his reign as a major - league team owner was about to enter a malevolent period that would beget serious repercussions for the game. in late july 1898, freedman paid a now infrequent visit to the polo grounds to take in a game against baltimore. in the fourth inning, ducky holmes, a former giant, struck out. on his way back to the bench, holmes responded to the gibes of new york fans by referring to freedman as a sheeny, an anti - semitic putdown. when umpire tom lynch refused an enraged freedman \u2019 s demand that holmes be ejected from the grounds, freedman ordered the giants off the field. lynch thereupon forfeited the game to the orioles. in the aftermath, freedman insisted upon league action against holmes, branding his remark not only personally offensive but \u201c an insult to the jewish people and the hebrew patrons of the game. \u201d the season - long suspension of holmes thereafter imposed by the league provoked an ugly reaction. boston players circulated a petition denouncing freedman \u2019 s \u201c spirit of intolerance, of arrogance and prejudice toward players, a spirit inimical to the best interests of the game, \u201d while sporting life decried punishment of holmes for the \u201c trifling offense \u201d of \u201c insulting the hebrew race. \u201d holmes \u2019 lawyer, meanwhile, obtained injunctive relief from a friendly local judge and holmes ended up spending only a few days on the sidelines. needless to say, freedman bristled over the outcome, playing every giants game versus baltimore under protest for the remainder of the season. but what truly incensed freedman was not so much the resolution of the ducky holmes affair but the position taken", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4084169231779533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.733098"} {"text": "to say, freedman bristled over the outcome, playing every giants game versus baltimore under protest for the remainder of the season. but what truly incensed freedman was not so much the resolution of the ducky holmes affair but the position taken by his fellow owners. branding the suspension illegal ( because it had been imposed without a hearing ), the other national league magnates had sided with holmes and urged the league board of directors to lift the suspension. to freedman, a proud man sensitive to slights, this stance and holmes \u2019 s reinstatement represented nothing less than league countenance of a gross personal insult. and andrew freedman would not abide it. freedman \u2019 s revenge would take the form of a punishing financial lesson for the other n. l. owners. although freedman adversaries like cincinnati owner john t. brush, a clothing store magnate, and baltimore boss harry von der horst, a brewery owner, were genuine sportsmen, their team ownership was essentially another business proposition and could not be conducted at a loss indefinitely. andrew freedman was different. while not in the plutocrat class of a vanderbilt, rockefeller, or carnegie, freedman was truly wealthy with a personal fortune that was likely the equal of those of his fellow magnates put together. in his eyes, owning a baseball team, like opera patronage and collecting french landscape paintings, was a pastime, not a livelihood. thus, freedman could well absorb the injury that would accompany his singular plan for retribution \u2013 ruination of the league \u2019 s most important financial asset, namely, freedman \u2019 s own new york giants franchise. by whatever methods required, freedman would ensure that the giants began fielding noncompetitive teams. immediately thereafter, giants fortunes nosedived. the 1899 season would see the giants plummet to 60 - 90, a full 42 games behind pennant - winning brooklyn. repelled by the situation and with no end in sight, fans began avoiding giants games in droves. as intended, the attendance falloff delivered a crippling blow to the finances of the league, particularly hurting the smaller market teams that had come to rely on healthy receipts from giants contests. the league \u2019 s distress gave freedman no end of satisfaction. as the giants \u2019 dismal season drew to a close, freedman declared, \u201c base ball affairs in new york have been going just as i wished and expected them to go. i have given the club little attention and i would not give five cents for the best base ball player", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4226347132074143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.734258"} {"text": "season drew to a close, freedman declared, \u201c base ball affairs in new york have been going just as i wished and expected them to go. i have given the club little attention and i would not give five cents for the best base ball player in the world to strengthen it. \u201d and as even his detractors knew, freedman meant it. with their horizons bleak and certain of freedman \u2019 s ruthlessness, the owners soon entreated for peace. but reconciliation with freedman would come at a high price. first and foremost was submission to freedman \u2019 s demand for reduction of the league to an eight - club circuit and the elimination of syndicate team ownership \u2013 the twin policy prescriptions that fig - leafed the deeply personal nature of freedman \u2019 s bitterness toward the league. the owners also acceded to freedman \u2019 s demand that the giants receive the pick of the players available from the liquidated teams. in addition, the league agreed to reimburse freedman the $ 15, 000 that the annual rent of manhattan field cost him, lest the grounds be available for use by some future competitor. last, but an important matter of principle to freedman, the league refunded the $ 1, 000 fine imposed on the giants for forfeiting the ducky holmes game \u2013 with 6 percent interest. another ramification of the mollification process was the emergence of a wholly unexpected alliance between freedman and principal antagonist john t. brush, the league \u2019 s most influential magnate and heretofore leader of the freedman opposition in national league owners \u2019 ranks. little immediate benefit from the freedman / brush collaboration accrued to their respective franchises, as the giants and reds alternated as the league \u2019 s cellar - dwellers for the 1900 and 1901 seasons. but both men had larger endeavors on their mind than the immediate pennant races. freedman, in fact, had taken to almost entirely ignoring the giants, his energies consumed by the task that would yield his most enduring legacy : construction of the interborough rapid transit line, new york city \u2019 s first true underground railway system. brush, meanwhile, was busy at work on a longtime pet project, a scheme to convert the independent franchises of the national league into a jointly held trust. as brush envisioned it, the national league \u2019 s assets would be pooled into a holding company managed by a board of regents. players and managers would be licensed by the board and assigned to various teams consistent with establishing competitive parity. costs would be controlled by means of stringent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4762817878318943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.735317"} {"text": "national league \u2019 s assets would be pooled into a holding company managed by a board of regents. players and managers would be licensed by the board and assigned to various teams consistent with establishing competitive parity. costs would be controlled by means of stringent salary caps and by the manufacture of baseball equipment by a trust subsidiary. apportioned profits to trust shareholders would be meted out at season \u2019 s end. when brush broached the trust proposal to him, freedman, anticipating adverse press and public reaction, was skeptical, but in time agreed to bankroll the scheme. the fine details of the trust were later hammered out by brush, freedman, and fellow owners arthur soden ( boston ) and frank de haas robison ( st. louis ) during private meetings held at tower hill, freedman \u2019 s secluded estate in red bank, new jersey. failure to secure a fifth magnate \u2019 s vote, however, proved fatal to the scheme as the trust forces were stalemated during contentious n. l. owners meetings in december 1901. legal proceedings pitting freedman against anti - trust champion a. g. spalding ensued, with freedman taking a battering on the public relations front even as his lawyers prevailed in court. the rejection of the trust was not the only setback being suffered by freedman. of far graver consequence was the ouster of the scandal - plagued van wyck regime in the new york city elections of november 1901. shortly thereafter, richard croker resigned his post as tammany chief and took up residence in the british isles, far beyond the subpoena power of the incoming reform administration. as happily noted by most all, croker \u2019 s departure drastically reduced the political power of andrew freedman, an insider sans electoral constituency whose influence was derived solely from his close personal ties to the fallen tammany chief. taking particular heart from this situation were those in the baseball world anxious to see a team from the new american league installed in new york. the most likely candidate for transplant to gotham was the reincarnated baltimore orioles, then under the direction of player / manager / part - owner john mcgraw. at least temporarily, however, american league moving plans were frustrated by an audacious counterstroke masterminded by brush, now effectively in charge of the national league as chairman of a three - owner governing committee. taking advantage of mcgraw \u2019 s restiveness under the disciplinary yoke of american league president ban johnson and with the connivance of freedman, brush induced mcgraw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4336574584444787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.736318"} {"text": "effectively in charge of the national league as chairman of a three - owner governing committee. taking advantage of mcgraw \u2019 s restiveness under the disciplinary yoke of american league president ban johnson and with the connivance of freedman, brush induced mcgraw to force his release by the orioles. immediately thereafter, mcgraw signed a four - year contract to manage the giants. with major assistance from maryland politico john \u201c sonny \u201d mahon, brush then covertly maneuvered majority control of the stock in the cash - strapped baltimore franchise into freedman \u2019 s hands. under its new ownership, the orioles immediately set about releasing the team \u2019 s best players, all of whom then signed with the giants ( joe mcginnity, dan mcgann, roger bresnahan, jack cronin ) or the reds ( joe kelley, cy seymour ). only quick action by johnson saved the franchise for the american league. taking advantage of league charter provisions activated by an ensuing baltimore game forfeiture ( for lack of players ), johnson promptly stripped freedman of title to the franchise and placed the club under direct presidential control for the remainder of the season. the following spring, the american league, with new team ownership procured by johnson, would transfer the orioles to new york. but andrew freedman would not be there waiting to join battle. on august 12, 1902, freedman, his interest in baseball near extinguished and besieged by the myriad demands of the subway project, announced that he had appointed john t. brush managing director of the giants and transferred day - to - day control of club operations to him ( while freedman retained the title of team president ). a month later, freedman severed his connection with the club, selling his controlling interest in the new york franchise to brush for approximately $ 200, 000, a purchase that brush financed largely through the sale of his own cincinnati team to local interests. apart from an occasional day at the polo grounds, andrew freedman \u2019 s contact with baseball had come to an end. the eight years of freedman stewardship are generally adjudged the darkest in new york giants history. the team had been a contender only once ( 1897 ) during that span and had reached bottom ( a 44 - 88 last - place finish ) by the time freedman abandoned the game. but perhaps more enervating than the giants prolonged poor play was the atmosphere created by freedman. essentially a dilettante when it came to baseball, freedman periodically left the giants directionless. but team fortunes routinely sank", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3934842787556223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.737302"} {"text": "a livestock operation situated on his red bank estate. he also spent considerable time on golf courses near his properties in rural new hampshire. in late 1914, freedman served as best man when richard croker, his long estranged first wife having finally died, married his mistress. the following year, freedman \u2019 s tautly strung constitution began to unravel. he suffered from bouts of exhaustion before suffering a complete nervous breakdown in november 1915. confined to his manhattan apartment suite and attended by 24 - hour medical care, freedman suffered a stroke and died on the morning of december 4, 1915. he was only 55. a glowing new york times obituary extolled his business and civic accomplishments, describing freedman as the person \u201c who did more than perhaps any other man to make possible the subway system in this city. \u201d freedman \u2019 s tenure as owner of the new york giants was noted in passing. a bachelor, freedman bequeathed lifetime incomes to his aged mother and spinster sister, both of whom were comfortable in their own right, while personal mementos were left to croker, belmont, and other friends. the bulk of the $ 7 million freedman estate, however, was designated for the erection and maintenance of a nonsectarian residence for the affluent fallen on hard times. first opened in 1925 and expanded six years thereafter, the andrew freedman house, an exquisite four - story limestone palazzo sited on the bronx \u2019 s grand concourse, was declared a new york city landmark in 1992 and currently hosts civic and cultural events. sadly, few entering the premises today are familiar with the mansion \u2019 s namesake. as reflected above, andrew freedman was not the one - dimensional ogre portrayed by the game \u2019 s writers. he was an astute businessman and political operative but lacked the temperament and baseball expertise required for success as a team owner. in the final analysis, both baseball and andrew freedman would have been better off if they had never made acquaintance. this profile is largely adapted from an article on freedman and john t. brush by the writer that was published in base ball, a journal of the early game, vol. iii, no. 2, fall 2009, by mcfarland & company, publishers. hardy, j., 1995, the new york giants base ball club, 1870 to 1900, jefferson, nc, p. 158. james, b., 2001, the new bill james historical baseball abstract, new york, p. 61, and 1994, the politics of glory, new york, p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4008640556807441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.739491"} {"text": "base ball club, 1870 to 1900, jefferson, nc, p. 158. james, b., 2001, the new bill james historical baseball abstract, new york, p. 61, and 1994, the politics of glory, new york, p. 197. disalvatore, b., 1999, a clever base - ballist : the life and times of john montgomery ward, new york, p. 362. little is known of an elder brother named jacob ( born 1854 ). andrew was followed by isabella ( 1862 - 1927 ) and daniel ( 1864 - 1944 ), per the davies family tree chart provided to the writer by the isabella freedman jewish retreat center, falls village, conn. per e - mail of ccny archivist samuel sanchez, transmitted to the writer on nov. 8, 2008. when he left ccny, freedman ranked 166th out of a class of 200. according to the freedman obituary published in the new york times, dec. 5, 1915. see hynd, n., 1988, the giants of the polo grounds, new york, p. 69 ; alvarez, m., \u201c the abominable owner, \u201d sports heritage / nov. 1987, p. 44. see sporting life, jan. 26, 1895, and hardy, n. 1, p. 226. a majority stake in the franchise cost freedman $ 48, 000 ( reach official base ball guide, 1895 ) or $ 54, 000 ( hardy ). the sporting news, feb. 5, 1895. see stevens, d., 1998, baseball \u2019 s radical for all seasons : a biography of john montgomery ward, lanham, md., p. 183. late in the 1895 season, freedman imposed a $ 200 fine on rusie for being out of condition. although the sporting press and giants fans lined up solidly behind the pitcher \u2019 s refusal to pay, allegations made by rusie \u2019 s wife during acrimonious 1900 divorce proceedings suggest that the grounds for the fine may not have been as capricious as originally supposed. according to a. g. spalding \u2013 a suspect source when it comes to freedman \u2013 the giants owner was \u201c so obnoxious to most of those concerned with the game that nobody outside his own following could endure his eccentricities of speech or action. he would apply to other members of the league, in ordinary conversation, terms so coarse and offensive as to be unprintable. \u201d spalding, a., 1991 reprint,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.416562824305533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.740362"} {"text": "outside his own following could endure his eccentricities of speech or action. he would apply to other members of the league, in ordinary conversation, terms so coarse and offensive as to be unprintable. \u201d spalding, a., 1991 reprint, america \u2019 s national game, san francisco, p. 192. on october 12, 1896, freedman was convicted of assault and given a suspended sentence for punching edward hurst, a critical sports columnist for the new york evening world, per an unidentified newspaper clipping in the andrew freedman file at the giamatti research center, cooperstown, n. y. freedman, however, did not confine his aggressions to local sportswriters. he also had physical altercations with political correspondent paul theman, retired umpire watch burnham, theatrical agent bert dasher, fellow team owners john t. brush and harry von der horst, and any number of tammany adversaries. in addition to the n. l. reds, brush also owned the indianapolis hoosiers, the premier team in the western league and a useful proving ground for major - league prospects. affable in the company of political and business peers, freedman condescended when it came to baseball acquaintances, haughtily insisting upon deference and the use of formal address ( mr. or president freedman only ) from those in the game. taking its lead from the new york american \u2019 s charles dryden, the sporting press responded by referring to freedman as andy, a familiarity that freedman detested. a railway club - car brawl was once triggered by former manager / umpire watch burnham \u2019 s friendly, if thoughtless, invitation to andy to join the burnham party for a drink ( as recounted in the sporting news, july 20, 1900 ). for a more thorough rendition of freedman \u2019 s travails as an atlantic league team owner, see sporting life, july 18, 1896. within a week, the mets \u2019 place in the circuit was assumed by the philadelphia athletics of the pennsylvania state league. reportedly $ 100, 000 per year. see voigt, d. q., 1998, the league that failed, lanham, md., p. 219. the sporting news, july 30, 1898. as subsequently published in the boston globe, aug. 20, 1898. see sporting life editorial, aug. 20, 1898. in keeping with the times, press criticism of freedman was frequently expressed in repugnant jewish stereotypes, with new york sun sportswriter joe vila", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38963174582265403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.741249"} {"text": "the boston globe, aug. 20, 1898. see sporting life editorial, aug. 20, 1898. in keeping with the times, press criticism of freedman was frequently expressed in repugnant jewish stereotypes, with new york sun sportswriter joe vila being the foremost exponent. freedman responded by filing a blizzard of defamation - based lawsuits against the paper, all of which he lost. see stevens, p. 184 - 185. see also, boxerman, burton & boxerman, benita, jews and baseball, vol. i, jefferson, n. c., p. 19 - 26. for more detailed accounts of the ducky holmes affair, see solomon, b., 1999, where they ain \u2019 t, new york, p. 227 - 229, and hynd, p. 129 - 130. according to mcgraw, mrs. j., 1953, the real mcgraw, new york, p. 171. giants home attendance shrank from a league leading 390, 340 in 1897 to 121, 384 in 1899, per http. / / www. baseballchronology. com / baseball / teams background / attendance. as reported in sporting life, sept. 30, 1899. see seymour, h., 1960, baseball : the early game, new york, p. 304 - 306. said freedman, \u201c i have patched up the differences i had with john t. brush and acknowledge it with pleasure. we will now work on the most friendly terms and will work in harmony for the best interests of the sport. \u201d sporting life, oct. 14, 1899. for more on the freedman / brush rapprochement, see lamb, w., \u201c a fearsome collaboration : the alliance of andrew freedman and john t. brush, \u201d base ball, a journal of the early game, vol. iii, no. 2, fall 2009. initially, freedman acted as liaison between john d. mcdonald, the subway \u2019 s general contractor, and the bankers who financed the project. thereafter, freedman was active in virtually every phase \u2013 property acquisition, tunnel construction, railway car manufacture, etc. \u2013 necessary to make the subway system operational. although often ascribed to freedman, the national base ball trust was almost entirely the brainchild of brush, who as early as the 1892 season had proposed to chicago president james hart that the minor western league be operated as a trust. see unidentified jan. 30, 1892, newspaper clipping in the john t. brush file at the giamatti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4323258000500635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.742145"} {"text": "brush, who as early as the 1892 season had proposed to chicago president james hart that the minor western league be operated as a trust. see unidentified jan. 30, 1892, newspaper clipping in the john t. brush file at the giamatti research center. as outlined by brush in a letter to freedman, later obtained and published in the new york press, dec. 11, 1901. for a comprehensive exposition of the trust, see hardy, p. 171 - 191. in march 1902, new york state supreme court justice charles truax sustained freedman \u2019 s position on virtually every issue during preliminary proceedings. shortly thereafter, spalding resigned his putative position as national league president. see durso, j., 1986, baseball and the american dream, st. louis, p. 64 - 67 ; solomon, p. 227 - 231. from his manor in england, croker attempted to maintain control of tammany via trans - atlantic direction to freedman and other finance committee loyalists. after new tammany boss lewis nixon resigned in protest, his successor, the astute charles murphy, cut off this back channel through the simple expedient of abolishing the finance committee and redistributing its responsibilities to tammany organs under murphy \u2019 s control. with croker \u2019 s influence now stifled, freedman was reduced to ceremonial posts and attending tammany banquets. see the new york times, may 22 - 23, 1902, for more details on the abolition of the finance committee. notwithstanding the substantial fees charged by freedman, his administration of the trusts assigned to him was exemplary. the estate of freedman \u2019 s most prominent charge, the mentally disturbed millionairess ida flagler, posted substantial revenue increases annually under freedman \u2019 s care, drawing the commendation of both mrs. flagler \u2019 s legal guardian and the court. see the new york times, july. 14, 1914. as per an andrew freedman foundation pamphlet, c. 1965, provided to the writer by ccny archivist sanchez. as noted in the new york times, feb. 15, 1915, and various freedman obituaries. essentially a high - handicap hacker, freedman once managed to win an 18 - hole tourney at white mountain golf club posting a 100 - 30 = 70 net score, as per the new york times, sept. 13, 1913. new york times, dec. 5, 1915. similar sentiments were later expressed by prominent new york lawyer and freedman friend samuel unter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4019213065118947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.743567"} {"text": "posting a 100 - 30 = 70 net score, as per the new york times, sept. 13, 1913. new york times, dec. 5, 1915. similar sentiments were later expressed by prominent new york lawyer and freedman friend samuel untermeyer, who stated, \u201c it is due more to the courage and enterprise of andrew freedman than to anyone else that the first subway was built. \u201d los angeles times, june 18, 1924. a brief 1905 engagement to elsie rothschild fell through. like andrew, neither isabella, a benefactress of various jewish causes, nor daniel freedman, a wealthy realtor and minor tammany functionary, ever married. shadowy elder brother jacob, however, may have been survived by an heir named adelaide. see surrogate \u2019 s notice published in the new york times, jan. 27, 1916. jacob predeceased andrew and no connection of his ever came forward to challenge the will. thus, nothing more is known of adelaide gwendolyn freedman, aka adelaide archer. for more on the freedman will, see the new york times, dec. 9, 1915. once known derisively in the neighborhood as the home for poor millionaires, the andrew freedman house is featured periodically in the real - estate section of the new york times, see e. g., july1, 2008.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4258571704279791, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.745331"} {"text": "beautiful, pious and virtuous daughter of the 5th century welsh king, brychan of brecknock. a certain maelon fell in love with her, and wished to marry her. though dwynwen returned his love, her heart was set on becoming a nun, and she rejected him. she dreamt she was given a sweet drink which saved her from his attentions, but which turned the poor young man to ice. realising that maelon couldn \u2019 t help his love for her, she prayed that he be restored to life, that all lovers should find happiness, and that she never have the desire for marriage. dwynwen became a nun and lived on llanddwyn island on the western coast of ynys mon ( anglesey ), an area accessible only at low tide. her well, a fresh - water spring called ffynnon dwynwen, became a wishing well and place of pilgrimage, particularly for lovers because of the story above. the tradition grew that the eel in the well could foretell the future for lovers \u2013 ask questions and watch which way they turn. women would scatter breadcrumbs on the surface, then lay her handkerchief on water \u2019 s surface ; if the eel disturbed it, her lover would be faithful. all this led to her connection with animals, which eventually led to the tradition that her intercession could heal injured animals. there are churches dedicated to her in wales and cornwall. in recent years, her feast day has become increasingly popular among the welsh with cards being sent just as on valentine \u2018 s day, and her well continues to be a place of pilgrimage. - c. 460 of natural causes - book of saints, by the monks of ramsgate - happy saint dwynwen \u2019 s day, oxford dictionary of saints - our sunday visitor \u2019 s encyclopedia of saints - wales online : church of saint dwynwen restored nothing wins hearts like cheerfulness. - saint dwynwen - \u201c saint dwynwen \u201c. saints. sqpn. com. 24 january 2013. web. 24 may 2013. < >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41014973684717393, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.747704"} {"text": "caecilians are amphibians that lack limbs. they look a bit like earthworms or snakes and can grow up to 1. 5 m ( 5 ft ) in length. as they generally live underground, they are the most under - studied group of amphibians. no. some caecilians give birth to live young and some salamanders have larvae that essentially resemble the adult stage, but with external gills. there are many terrestrial frog species that emerge as froglets directly from the egg, bypassing the tadpole stage altogether. this adaptation allows them to live far from water bodies ( on mountain tops for instance ), and provides the parents with an increased ability to guard their eggs, which are laid on land. it also removes a serious risk that aquatic larvae must face : predation by fish or dragonfly larvae. many terrestrial salamanders employ this strategy as well. ( photo credit : fogden ). amphibians are the oldest land vertebrates. ichthyostega was an amphibian species that lived in greenland 362 million years ago. the northern & southern gastric brooding frogs rheobatrachus vitellinus and r. silus lived in eastern australia. these amazing frogs could actually shut down their gastric juices while rearing their young inside their stomachs! they therefore held great promise for advances in human medicine, as research on these frogs may have resulted in a cure for ulcers. unfortunately, the gastric - brooding frogs vanished within a few years of being discovered by scientists - - the health of humans and frogs is clearly intertwined. on the right you can see a tiny r. silus froglet emerging from its mother ' s mouth. ( photo by d. sarille ; top photo of r. vitellinus is by m. davies ) the smallest frogs are the paedophryne dekot and paedophryne verrucosa from papua new guinea, sizing in at only only 9 mm in length. next up is the critically endangered cuban frog eleutherodactylus iberia. these frogs measure only 10 mm ( 0. 4 in ) when fully grown. they are threatened by pesticides, and by large - scale mining operations that destroy their habitat ( photo of e. iberia by m. lammertink ) izecksohn ' s toad brachycephalus didactylus from southeastern brazil reaches full size at only 10mm ( 0. 4 in ). it is known in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4277914451569794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.758592"} {"text": "of e. iberia by m. lammertink ) izecksohn ' s toad brachycephalus didactylus from southeastern brazil reaches full size at only 10mm ( 0. 4 in ). it is known in brazil as \" sapo - pulga \" - - the flea toad. the world ' s largest frog is the goliath frog conraua goliath, which lives in western africa. they can grow to be over 30 cm ( 1 ft ) long, and weigh over 3 kg ( 6. 6 lbs ). this species is endangered, due to conversion of rainforests into farmland, and due to their being used as a local food source. the strawberry poison dart frog dendrobates pumilio has an extraordinary reproductive strategy. females lay their eggs in the leaf - litter or on plants. when the tadpoles hatch, they climb onto the mother ' s back. she then transports them to small pockets of water in bromeliads or other vegetation, often high in the trees. she returns intermittently through their development to lay unfertilized eggs in the water. these eggs serve as the tadpoles ' primary food source. dendrobates pumilio occurs throughout the caribbean coast of central america. other poison - dart frog species carry their tadpoles around as well. note the tadpoles in the photo to the right. ( top photo of d. pumilio taken at red frog beach, bocas del toro, panama. bottom photo is the gulfo dulce poison dart frog phyllobates vittatus on costa rica ' s osa peninsula ) assa darlingtoni, commonly called the marsupial frog, lives in the rainforests of eastern australia, where it lays its eggs in moist leaf - litter. both parents guard the nest of about 30 eggs, and when the froglets emerge, they crawl into the father ' s two hip - pockets, where they hang out for several weeks. the adult in the picture is about the size of a thumbnail, imagine how small the froglets are! the word amphibian is derived from greek and means ' two lives ', referring to the fact that most amphibians spend their larval stage as aquatic, herbivorous tadpole, and their adult stage as terrestrial carnivore. however, some amphibians spend virtually their entire lives in the water ( i. e. african clawed frogs xenopus laevis, and mudpupp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40633586262648536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.759535"} {"text": "herbivorous tadpole, and their adult stage as terrestrial carnivore. however, some amphibians spend virtually their entire lives in the water ( i. e. african clawed frogs xenopus laevis, and mudpuppies necturus ). others, like the puerto rican coqui eleutherodactylus coqui or dunn ' s salamander plethodon dunni from oregon, spend their entire lives on land : they lay their eggs in moist leaf - litter, bypass the tadpole stage and may never enter a water body. ( photo is of whistling treefrog litoria verreauxii ) tadpoles have gills like fish, and most adult frogs have lungs like yours. however, amphibians have permeable skin that allows them to absorb both water and oxygen directly from the environment, right through their skin. plethodontid salamanders have no lungs : they breathe solely through their skin and through the tissues lining their mouths. the world ' s first known lungless frog, barbourula kalimantanensis, was recently found in the jungles of borneo. the largest lungless amphibian is an 80 cm ( 2. 5 ft ) caecilian atretochoana eiselti from brazil. ( photo by d. bickford of the evolutionary ecology and conservation lab ). the australian stony creek frogs litoria wilcoxii and litoria jungguy occasionally build a sand nest for their eggs. in the photo at right, eggs are in the center of the nest, which is immediately beside a stream. thus the eggs are kept in a moist environment, safe from fish for the time being. the next large rain will wash them into the stream and they will emerge as tadpoles. not much. true toads ( bufonids ) tend to have short legs and dry ' warty ' skin, though there are plenty of frog species that fit this description as well. toads tend to have toxic secretions, but so do poison dart frogs. however, toads do have significantly higher chances of resembling that alien who lives down the street from you. ( photo of american toad bufo americanus, our national toad ). those are the paratoid glands, which hold a cocktail of toxic secretions. since toads are pretty slow they need to defend themselves from predators. the cane toad bufo marinus has 20 bufotoxins, some of which are potent enough to kill a snake", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39577140257427423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.760592"} {"text": "glands, which hold a cocktail of toxic secretions. since toads are pretty slow they need to defend themselves from predators. the cane toad bufo marinus has 20 bufotoxins, some of which are potent enough to kill a snake many times its size. contrary to urban legend, if you lick one, you ' ll probably just throw up. the sonoran desert toad bufo alvareus has secretions that can cause hallucinations. most toxic amphibians ( like cane toads or poison dart frogs ) accumulate their toxins from the insects they eat. but australia ' s critically endangered corroboree frogs pseudophryne corroboree and p. pengilleyi manufacture their own toxins. they may be the only vertebrates capable of such a feat. ( photo credit unknown ) a batrachologist is a person who studies amphibians. while \" batracho \" has been used in science for over 150 years to denote amphibians, the term batrachologist has only come into recent usage. formerly, the term herpetologist was used, but this name encompassed those who studied amphibians and / or reptiles. frog deformities have caused alarm since the early 1990 ' s, when high numbers of frogs in the midwest were found with missing limbs, extra limbs or other developmental abnormalities. many of these deformations are caused by a trematode parasite ribeiroia ondatrae that burrows into tadpoles ' hind limbs. why did the malformation rate increase so dramatically in the last two decades? this is unknown, but it may be due to increased levels of eutrophication ( an un - natural state caused by excessive amounts of fertilizer entering a water body ), which allowed snails that are used by the trematode as an intermediary host to increase in numbers, thus providing optimal breeding conditions for the trematode. furthermore, pesticides have been shown to weaken frogs ' immune systems and make them more vulnerable to trematode infections. the photo on the right is a 6 - legged spotted grass frog limnodynastes tasmaniensis. kind of cool, but in a not - so - cool kind of way. ( photo credits unknown ). some frogs breed in ephemeral pools that form after heavy rains. to ensure that their tadpoles do not die when their puddle dries, the tadpoles are often adapted to metamorphose quickly, perhaps within a week or two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3996531773698542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.761857"} {"text": "frogs breed in ephemeral pools that form after heavy rains. to ensure that their tadpoles do not die when their puddle dries, the tadpoles are often adapted to metamorphose quickly, perhaps within a week or two. other frogs, however, like the tailed frog ascaphus truei from the pacific northwest or australia ' s barred frog mixophyes live in permanent ponds or streams and can remain in the tadpole stage for 2 or 3 years. speaking of barred frogs, the eyes of fleay ' s barred frog mixophyes fleayi actually change color as they get older. juveniles have partially red eyes, but in adults, the red has changed to blue. wood frogs rana sylvatica are the only north american frog that lives above the arctic circle. frogs are ectotherms ( cold - blooded ) meaning they cannot internally control their body temperatures. wood frogs are adapted to cold winters being able to survive a deep freeze : their breathing, blood flow, and heartbeat stop, and ice crystals form beneath their skin. while ice crystals in human skin would result in serious problems ( frostbite ), wood frogs are safe because high glycogen levels in their cells act like anti - freeze, restricting the frozen areas to the extra - cellular fluid, where no tissue damage will occur. cool frogs! some species only live a few years, but many live 6 or 7 years. the african clawed frog xenopus laevis and the green tree frog litoria caerulea can live about 30 years in captivity. determining their life span in the wild is difficult, but if anybody wants to follow some frogs around for a couple decades, please let us know. frogs inhabit some of the driest regions on earth. as frogs need to remain moist to survive, some frogs burrow underground to avoid the hot dry weather up above. they have specialized shovel - like pads on their arms or legs that let them to go up to 1. 5 m ( 5 ft ) down. if no rains come, that ' s fine. these frogs slow down their metabolism and enter a state called aestivation, which is similar to hibernation. and they shed layers of skin that surround them like a protective cocoon to retain moisture. some frogs remain underground for 10 months. when the rains come, these frogs appear en masse on the surface for the biggest party of the year. ( photo : ornate burrowing frog limnodynastes ornatus in new south wales )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44657616151711677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.762791"} {"text": "some frogs remain underground for 10 months. when the rains come, these frogs appear en masse on the surface for the biggest party of the year. ( photo : ornate burrowing frog limnodynastes ornatus in new south wales ) check out this excellent video about burrowing frogs in africa : skin secretions from at least three species of australian frogs ( the green treefrog litoria caerulea, the southern orange - eyed treefrog litoria chloris, and the green - eyed treefrog litoria genimaculata ) can completely inhibit hiv, the virus that causes aids. ok, so now that we know southern orange - eyed treefrogs probably aren ' t going to get aids, this seems like the appropriate time to show the following video. this one ' s for the people who ' ve gotten this far down the web page but still aren ' t sure if they think frogs are cool or not. make sure your speakers are on... please embed this video on your web page if you like it. note that frogs only party when the temperature and recent rainfall are just right. climate change therefore would act a bit like the cops did when you were in high school and held that party at your parents ' place. most frogs and toads have external fertilization ( eggs are laid outside of the female ' s body and then fertilized by the male ), but the tailed frog ascaphus truei, which lives in the us pacific northwest, has internal fertilization. many salamanders have internal fertilization as well. males drop a spermatophore ( a gelatinous mass of sperm, more or less ) in their favorite location. the lucky female then comes along and pick up this spermatophore with her cloaca to fertilize the eggs inside her body. caecilians are the only group of amphibians in which all species utilize internal fertilization. frogs have both a common name and a scientific name, which is in latin. thus the african clawed frog is also known as xenopus laevis. the scientific name consists of a frog ' s genus followed by its species ( this is called binomial nomenclature ). carl linnaeus devised this system in the 18th century so that scientists could be certain they were always referring to the correct species. for instance, there is a ' green treefrog ' in europe, america and australia, but they are all different species : hyla arbor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46450269322417814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.763737"} {"text": "this system in the 18th century so that scientists could be certain they were always referring to the correct species. for instance, there is a ' green treefrog ' in europe, america and australia, but they are all different species : hyla arborea, hyla cinerea and litoria caerulea. they do, and they also have a clear nictitating membrane, which allows them to protect their eyes without obstructing their vision. you can see the nictitating membrane on this partially submerged gray treefrog hyla versicolor from northern virginia. australia ' s striped rocket frog litoria nasuta can jump a distance equivalent to 55 times its body length! that would be like you jumping a football field! how do they do that? their legs are twice as long as the rest of their body, and their leg muscles are 1 / 3 of their overall weight. these frogs are so cool we had to put a picture of one on our frogs of australia poster! ( photo taken at the booyal crossing, west of bundaberg, queensland ) the cave - dwelling salamander proteus anguinus ( known as the olm ) has a body mass of just 15 - 20 g, but a predicted maximum lifespan of over a century. a new paper by voituron et al. ( 2010 ) has analyzed years ' worth of weekly records from a 400 - animal captive breeding colony in the french pyrenees. the average adult olm lifespan was 68. 5 years ; sexual maturity was attained at 15. 6 years, on average. in contrast, the next longest - lived amphibian is the japanese giant salamander ( andrias japonicus ), weighing over 30 kg but with a maximum lifespan of only 52 years in captivity. this cool frog fact is courtesy of amphibiaweb. darwin ' s frogs are characterized by a nasal prolongation and their unique brood system, named neomelia, in which males breed their offspring in their vocal pouch. in rhinoderma darwinii the offspring leave the mouth as metamorphosed froglets. on the other hand, r. rufum has their tadpoles only for two weeks, after which they are released into water in a relatively early tadpole stage. unfortunately, rhinoderma populations have declines and r. rufum is no longer found in the wild. contributed by johara bourke. technically, yes! amphibians are ectotherms, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4720120093697059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.764650"} {"text": "relatively early tadpole stage. unfortunately, rhinoderma populations have declines and r. rufum is no longer found in the wild. contributed by johara bourke. technically, yes! amphibians are ectotherms, which means they rely on the environment to regulate their own body heat. however, the term \" cold - blooded \" has a negative connotation and sometimes amphibians are perceived to not have concern for other members of their own species. yet it should be known that there are some incredibly dedicated \" cold - blooded \" mothers and fathers in the wild world of frogs! in ephemeral marshes and ponds in panama, the neo - tropical frog leptodactylus insularum actively defends her eggs and tadpoles from predators. here she is seen guarding her recently hatched tadpoles. there are about 3, 000 of them! she will stay with them until the tadpoles metamorphose into little froglets. what a good mom! frogs in trees, frogs in ponds. frogs on the ground, frogs all around. little prcious creatures helping nature in so many ways. just want to sit back and enjoy warm sunny days. save the frogs! - - frog poetry by haley summer ford if you have some amphibian expertise, feel free to submit a cool frog fact below! be sure to hit the submit button!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47899135699039963, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.765157"} {"text": "the photo above shows common monkey flower as seen on moist cliffs near sherar ' s bridge on the deschutes river....... april 18, 2004. note the large red spot on the lower lip of the corolla. this plant might at first sight pass for chickweed monkeyflower, but when one looks at the calyx, one can note that the upper tooth is much longer than the other calyx teeth, a characteristic of common monkey flower. note also the palmately veined leaves and the angular stems. common monkey flower is a fibrous - rooted annual or perennial with stout stolons. depending on moisture content of its habitat, it may be small to large in its stature. at its largest, its lax stems may arise as high as 1 meter. the stems are succulent and range from glabrous to lightly pubescent. the large leaves are palmately veined with 3 - 7 veins. the lower leaves are petiolate while those of the upper stem become reduced in size and sessile. individual leaf blades are variable in shape, which range from kidney - shaped to ovate or rounded. the margins are irregularly toothed and the larger leaves may be up to 10 cm long. the inflorescence is a terminal raceme of several to 2 dozen flowers. smaller flowers may have only one terminal flower. the calyx is tubular with 5 short lobes, the uppermost being the longest. the tubular corolla is strongly 2 - lipped with a wide flaring throat. coloration is yellow with multiple reddish dots or marks in the hairy throat. corollas range from 1 - 4 cm long. common monkey flower is a plant of moist seeps, springs, and ditches. common monkey flower is a widespread native species of western north america. it may be found from alaska south to california and east to the yukon and hence south through the rocky mts. to new mexico. in the columbia river gorge, it may be found between the elevations of 0 ' - 4000 ' throughout the length of the gorge.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4362041252443278, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.767120"} {"text": "waves and hemispheres in numerous studies, researchers have compared the physical \" body signs \" of hypnotic subjects with those of unhypnotized people. in most of these studies, the researchers found no significant physical change associated with the trance state of hypnosis. the subject ' s heart rate and respiration may slow down, but this is due to the relaxation involved in the hypnotism process, not the hypnotic state itself. do it yourself! you don ' t necessarily need a highly - trained hypnotist to induce hypnosis. with the proper relaxation and focusing techniques, almost everyone can enter a hypnotic state themselves and make their own suggestions to the unconscious mind ( check out selfhypnosis. com to find out how ). some hypnotism experts hold that all hypnosis is self - hypnosis. whether a trance state is brought on by a long, boring drive down the highway or by a skilled psychiatrist, the subject is always the one who initiates the trance. in this view, the hypnotist is only a guide who facilitates the process. there does seem to be changed activity in the brain, however. the most notable data comes from electroencephalographs ( eegs ), measurements of the electrical activity of the brain. extensive eeg research has demonstrated that brains produce different brain waves, rhythms of electrical voltage, depending on their mental state. deep sleep has a different rhythm than dreaming, for example, and full alertness has a different rhythm than relaxation. in some studies, eegs from subjects under hypnosis showed a boost in the lower frequency waves associated with dreaming and sleep, and a drop in the higher frequency waves associated with full wakefulness. brain - wave information is not a definitive indicator of how the mind is operating, but this pattern does fit the hypothesis that the conscious mind backs off during hypnosis and the subconscious mind takes a more active role. researchers have also studied patterns in the brain ' s cerebral cortex that occur during hypnosis. in these studies, hypnotic subjects showed reduced activity in the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, while activity in the right hemisphere often increased. neurologists believe that the left hemisphere of the cortex is the logical control center of the brain ; it operates on deduction, reasoning and convention. the right hemisphere, in contrast, controls imagination and creativity. a decrease in left - hemisphere activity fits with the hypothesis that hypnosis subdues the conscious mind ' s inhibitory influence. conversely, an increase in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5626247221933814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.769647"} {"text": "in an increasingly wired and interconnected world, you may be tempted to access your online banking from public wi - fi, accept files from people you know only through social - media connections, try out numerous freeware smartphone apps and assume that password protection offers sufficient security for your wireless home network. in the real world of online crooks, scams and fraud, however, these practices can make you a sitting duck for keystroke logger scams. how keylogging works keystroke loggers act as data recorders that compile a record of every keystroke you type on your computer. they can be used to obtain illicit access to usernames, passwords, social security numbers and other personally identifiable information, financial data, proprietary technical or business secrets, and formal or casual communications between individuals who use chat or text methods. some keyloggers run as software programs in the background of your regular computer operations. others hook directly into your operating system and take over the functions of keystroke interpretation. finally, some run from hardware devices plugged in to your computer. these virtual or physical pieces of malware can store captured data for physical retrieval or transmit it through your internet connection to a remote a location. a scammer with physical access to your desktop computer can attach a device that contains a keylogging payload to one of the ports on your system. designed to look like a dongle, plug or cable, these gadgets work most effectively when they attach to the back of your computer, minimizing the likelihood that you recognize their presence. the size and shape of a laptop computer reduces the chances of a keylogger attachment escaping your view, but a keylogger delivered through a usb flash drive could escape your notice. alternatively, however, one of these devices plugged in to a public computer can bypass the awareness of everyone who used an unfamiliar system. avoid flash drives of unknown origin and remain alert to changes in your computer ' s configuration. at the same time, restrict your use of public wi - fi to activities that don ' t disclose your personal and financial information. phishing email scams often include either an attachment that a message encourages you to activate by clicking on it or a link to a site you ' re encouraged to visit. these messages and their directly attached or indirectly acquired malware payloads can serve as an effective means of introducing software - based keyloggers onto your computer. if you ' ve educated yourself about phishing scams and carefully resist the temptation to click on attachments in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5486760257123312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.773491"} {"text": "their directly attached or indirectly acquired malware payloads can serve as an effective means of introducing software - based keyloggers onto your computer. if you ' ve educated yourself about phishing scams and carefully resist the temptation to click on attachments in suspicious messages or those from unknown senders, you can limit your vulnerability to keyloggers, but maintaining an up - to - date anti - malware program in addition can halt an attack that comes from a dubious file or website destination. smartphones can act as pocket computers, providing unparalleled mobile access to your personal data and files as well as online destinations. their power, flexibility and mobility also make them ideal targets for phishing scams that can install malware. free apps can consist entirely of keylogging routines, activated when you install a product only to find that it lacks any business or entertainment value, and become infected in the process. some freeware products incorporate keyloggers into routines that offer some actual value - - entertainment or otherwise - - but that also record the websites you visit or other aspects of your online behavior, reporting these details to a company that sells consumer - behavior information. - tompkins trust company : trojans and keystroke logging - dark reading : fbi warns of scams targeting financial industry - symantec : introduction to spyware keyloggers - securelist : keyloggers : how they work and how to detect them ( part 1 ) - nedbank : keystroke logging - eweek : police foil $ 420 million keylogger scam - the register : hardware keyloggers found in manchester library pcs - the register : police cuff us student keystroke logger - securityfocus : guilty plea in kinko ' s keystroke caper - msn money : your smartphone may be spying on you - cnet : faq : demystifying id fraud - identity guard resource center : keylogging : identity theft threat or useful tool for employers? - western australia police : what are keystroke loggers? - community financial services bank : fraud security : protecting yourself from online banking fraud - msn money : financial privacy : be wary of these 9 credit card scams - visa data security alert : key logger malware : key stroke and screen capture - nerdwallet : beware of scams during the holidays - the register : mission impossible at the sumitomo bank - jupiterimages / comstock / getty images", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5127123515266032, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.774408"} {"text": "* nitl - pict. * rasas - pict. the church of st. sergius of nitl a centre of the christian arabs in the steppe at the doors of madaba director : - michele piccirillo equipe : - basema hamarneh, stefano de luca, vincent michel. sections, prospects, plans : - eugenio alliata photographers : - max mandel, fr. michele piccirillo from the contemporary literature of the byzantine period, written in greek and syriac, we know that the steppe to the east of the cultivated land was inhabited by the semi - nomadic tribes at the service of the empire. this stretch of land, which we improperly call desert, is known to the arabs as badiah or barriyah. in 502, at the time of emperor anastasius, the group of the banu ghassan and the roman empire of the east signed a treaty, successively reconfirmed at the time of justin and justinian, with which the christianised bedouin tribes were entrusted with the defence of the immense territory which extended to the euphrates river, border with the persian empire. all the sixth century was characterised by the feats of jabala ben harith ben jabala ( known to us by the name of arethas ), of al - mundir ( known by us with his greek name alamundaros ) and those of his son numan. with their mobile troops, mostly on camel back, they defended the limes stretching from palmira to aila on the red sea against the trespassing by the tribes of the banu lakhm who on their part were at the service of the persian empire on the west bank of the euphrates. the weakening of the christianised bedouin tribes at the time of emperor mauritius, towards the end of the century, made possible the persian invasion of syria - palestine in 613. this was an anticipation of the definitive loss of the southern provinces to the invading islamic armies in 636 who found unguarded the southern flank of the boundary. the relationship of the tribal group with the empire started with jabala ben harith who died in battle in 528. they reached their apogee with his son arethas phylarchos, or head of the tribe, who in 529 was honoured by justinian with the title of king of all the arabs. he was also given the title of patritius thus becoming the first among the arabs to receive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39478466732479267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.781248"} {"text": "in summer 1984. the short sounding limited to the apsed area of a church was sufficient to make us understand that the building formed part of a complex built during the sixth century and remained in use for at least three centuries. civil use of the area resulted during the mameluk and ummayyad periods. the patronal character of the edifice has been outcoming since the resumption of the excavations in 1996 and the last two campaigns carried out by the studium biblicum franciscanum in ' 97 and ' 98. it is clear that the complex is made up of two large parallel churches. they were intercommunicating and each had only one nave which was covered by arches and stone slabs. a chapel and a diaconicon where later added to the south. a linking narthex in the facade, in relation to the main entrance, gave the possibility to enter in the two churches and in the south - west chapel. to date the chapel, the diaconicon and the southern church have been completely excavated. all these had mosaic floorings. the mosaics have been sufficiently preserved. this notwithstanding the prolonged use of the buildings with their flooring before the definitive fall of the roof. this took place quite recently judging from the pottery found under the stones of the fall which was found under a thick layer of ashes. the ashes came from various fireplaces and tawabin used to bake bread which were present both on the mosaic and on the intermediate and definitive fall. the remains of the mosaic permits us to affirm that the decorative pattern was carried out by ammonis, a name which can be read in an inscription written in one of the vine shoots scrolls. these vine shoots spring forth from four handled jars placed in the corners of the eastern panel of the mosaic carpet, a carpet laid down keeping in mind a stone slab opening for a hypogeum multiple tomb. this tomb lied in the central nave of the church slightly off centre towards the south thus resulting in a privileged prominence. the reading of the other preserved inscriptions permits us to formulate a first hypothesis regarding the persons buried in the tomb whose remains we could see by opening the stone trap door or \" pellaikon \" which still had the two metal hooks. in one of the inscriptions we read the name of the presbyter saola during whose time the holy place was built and finished. a name which we had already read in 1984 in an inscription in the south service room of the church. in a second inscription partially tampered by an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44796420854283564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.783302"} {"text": "name of the presbyter saola during whose time the holy place was built and finished. a name which we had already read in 1984 in an inscription in the south service room of the church. in a second inscription partially tampered by an ancient restoration we could read, after the title of \" illustrious \", the beginning of the arabic name of a high ranking personage ( thalaaba, the fox ) followed by the closing title of \" phylarchos \", head of the tribe, a title which the byzantine administration conferred on the nomad leaders subjected to the empire. we have ample witness of these in the sources and epigraphy of syria - palestine. in another inscription the contribution of a high ranking officer, john the adiutor, is remembered with the latin term which had entered the greek of the imperial administration. three other inscriptions had been completely destroyed. the main surprise came from a one line inscription which accompanies a geometric motif decorating the space between two pillars of the arches on the southern wall : \" arethas son of al - arethas \". a name rendered famous in the byzantine world by arethas king of all arabs. a name which was carried by two inhabitants of nitl which we are tempted to place in relation with the arab auxiliary troops who were stationed in the steppe. the inscriptions give us also the name of the saint for whom the church was dedicated : saint sergius, the martyred soldier during the persecution of deocletian and whose tomb was particularly venerated at the sanctuary church of the holy cross at resafa on the eastern limes by the nomad christians and by alamundaros - al - mundir their king, son and successor of arethas. after three excavation campaigns we are only half way through the exploration. the continuation might clarify the interpretations given to date to a monument which in the region finds parallels of equal importance only in the big ecclesiastic complexes of the memorial of moses on mount nebo and st. stephen complex at umm al - rasas. keeping in mind the practically isolated location of the vast complex on a hill of the steppe at the doors of madaba, i believe that the pointing to a patronal church of an influential family of \" phylarchoi \" / christian tribe leaders of the region is only a possibility which awaits only further confirmation from the excavation of the other nearby church.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40063940945805565, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.784215"} {"text": "| born | | charles john huffam dickens 7 february 1812 landport, portsmouth, england | died | | 9 june 1870 ( aged 58 ) gad ' s hill place, higham, kent, england | resting place | | poet ' s corner, westminster abbey | | notable work ( s ) | | sketches by boz, the old curiosity shop, oliver twist, nicholas nickleby, barnaby rudge, a christmas carol, martin chuzzlewit, a tale of two cities, david copperfield, great expectations, bleak house, little dorrit, hard times, our mutual friend, the pickwick papers | early life [ change ] at age five, charles moved to chatham. when charles was ten years old, his family moved to camden, london. he worked in a blacking factory there while his father went to prison for debt. dickens ' s hard times in this blackening factory served as the base of ideas for many of his novels. many like oliver twist soon became famous. when his uncle died and transmitted money, charles ' s father paid off his debts and was released from prison. charles did not like working and wished to stop working after his father was released. however, his mother said that the family needed the money so charles was forced to continue working. charles then finished his schooling, and got a job as an office boy for an attorney. after finding that job dull, he taught himself shorthand and became a journalist that reported on the government. his first book was sketches by boz in 1836, a collection of the short pieces he had been writing for the monthly magazine and the evening chronicle. this was followed by the the posthumous papers of the pickwick club in 1837. both these books became popular as soon as they were printed. charles dickens ' books include : - sketches by boz ( 1836 ) - the pickwick papers ( 1837 ) - oliver twist ( 1838 ) - nicholas nickelby ( 1838 ) - the old curiosity shop ( 1840 ) - barnaby rudge ( 1841 ) - martin chuzzlewit ( 1843 ) - dombey and son ( 1846 \u2014 1848 ) - david copperfield ( 1849 \u2014 1850 ) - bleak house ( 1851 \u2014 1853 ) - hard times ( 1854 ) - little dorritt ( 1855 \u2014 1857 ) - a tale of two cities ( 1859 ) - great expectations ( 1861 ) - our mutual friend ( 1865 ) - the mystery of edwin drood ( 1869 \u2014 1870 ), not finished. he also wrote a number of christmas books including : - a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3716916226386796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.786750"} {"text": "a v12 engine often just called a v12 is an internal combustion engine with 12 cylinders. the engine has six cylinders on each side called banks. the two banks form a \" v \" shaped angle. in most engines, the two banks are at a 60\u00b0 angle to each other. all twelve pistons turn a common crankshaft. it can be powered by different types of fuels, including gasoline, diesel and natural gas. each cylinder bank is basically a straight - 6. this set - up has perfect balance no matter which v angle is used. a v12 engine does not need balance shafts. a v12 angled at 45\u00b0, 60\u00b0, 120\u00b0, or 180\u00b0 from each other has even firing and is smoother than a straight - 6. this provides a smooth running engine for a luxury car. in a racing car, the engine can be made much lighter. this makes the engine more responsive and smoother. in a large heavy - duty engine, a v12 can run slower, and prolonging engine life. the rolls - royce merlin v12 powered the hawker hurricane and supermarine spitfire fighters that played a vital role in britain ' s victory in the battle of britain. the long, narrow configuration of the v12 contributed to good aerodynamics, while its exceptional smoothness allowed its use with relatively light and fragile airframes. road cars [ change ] in cars, v12 engines are not common because of their complexity and cost. they are normally found only in high - end sports cars and luxury cars. for these cars, they are desired for their power, low vibration, and distinctive sound. before world war ii, v12 engines were found in many luxury cars. in the 1930s, v8 engines started to replace the v12s. the v8 engine design was improved to make it lighter and produce more power than the v12. since world war ii, only a few car manufactures have used v12 engines. in 1997, toyota equipped their century limousine with a 5. 0 l v12, making it the first japanese production passenger car with a v12. in 2009, china faw group corporation equipped their hongqi hqe with a 6. 0 l v12, making it the first chinese production passenger car so equipped. auto racing [ change ] in the past, v12 engines were common in formula one and endurance racing. ferrari used v12 engines in 1950, the first year of formula one. several factors made teams stop using the v12 engine. improvements to the v8 engine, in particular ford co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5235376044979914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.790957"} {"text": "analog input channels temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter expressed in units of degrees on a standard scale. you can measure temperature in many different ways that vary in equipment cost and accuracy. the most common types of sensors are thermocouples, rtds, and thermistors. figure 1. thermocouples are inexpensive and can operate over a wide range of temperatures. thermocouples are the most commonly used temperature sensors because they are relatively inexpensive yet accurate sensors that can operate over a wide range of temperatures. a thermocouple is created when two dissimilar metals touch and the contact point produces a small open - circuit voltage as a function of temperature. you can use this thermoelectric voltage, known as seebeck voltage, to calculate temperature. for small changes in temperature, the voltage is approximately linear. you can choose from different types of thermocouples designated by capital letters that indicate their compositions according to american national standards institute ( ansi ) conventions. the most common types of thermocouples include b, e, k, n, r, s, and t. for more information on thermocouples, read the engineer ' s toolbox for thermocouples. figure 2. rtds are made of metal coils and can measure temperatures up to 850 \u00b0c. a platinum rtd is a device made of coils or films of metal ( usually platinum ). when heated, the resistance of the metal increases ; when cooled, the resistance decreases. passing current through an rtd generates a voltage across the rtd. by measuring this voltage, you can determine its resistance and, thus, its temperature. the relationship between resistance and temperature is relatively linear. typically, rtds have a resistance of 100 \u03c9 at 0 \u00b0c and can measure temperatures up to 850 \u00b0c. for more information on rtds, read the engineer ' s toolbox for rtds. figure 3. passing current through a thermistor generates a voltage proportional to temperature. a thermistor is a piece of semiconductor made from metal oxides that are pressed into a small bead, disk, wafer, or other shape and sintered at high temperatures. lastly, they are coated with epoxy or glass. as with rtds, you can pass a current through a thermistor to read the voltage across the thermistor and determine its temperature. however, unlike rtds, thermistors have a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6130548365502275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.793614"} {"text": "salone special : welcome, guardians of biodiversity 24 sep 12 almost 2 million of the world \u2019 s plant and animal species have been formally described, probably just a fraction of the total number. the health of our environments and the quality of our lives depends on this incredible wealth of biodiversity, yet in recent decades the rate at which species are becoming extinct has risen rapidly. according to entomologist edward o. wilson, who coined the term \u201c biodiversity, \u201d an estimated 27, 000 species disappear every year. since 2003, the slow food foundation for biodiversity has been protecting and promoting agricultural varieties and food products at risk of extinction, working with 10, 000 farmers, fishers and food artisans in over 50 countries. slow food is working to fix the problem of poor coordination between various protective initiatives, often too narrowly focused and unable to properly promote the role of small - scale producers. one of the association \u2019 s new projects is the narrative label, which is currently being tried out on selected presidia. this new type of label gives consumers more exhaustive information than regular labels and highlights the choices made by producers, the ones that truly make the difference between a mediocre and a quality product. the presidia involved include monreale white plums in sicily and mondovi cornmeal biscuits in piedmont, italy ; fadiouth island salted millet couscous in senegal ; pozegaca plum slatko in bosnia and wild palm oil in guinea - bissau. the narrative labels will be presented at the \u201c say it on the label \u201d events organized at the biodiversity house in the oval on thursday, saturday and sunday at 2. 30 pm. in addition, a number of new international presidia will be presented at the 2012 salone del gusto and terra madre. here is a taster from around the world \u2026 guinea bissau - wild palm oil. throughout guinea - bissau, and especially in the northern region of cacheu where the climate is humid and the soil is sandy, the fruits of wild palm trees are pressed into a dense, orangish - red oil with scents of tomato, fruit and spice. the large bunches of red fruits are harvested by the men, while the women make the oil following a process that can take up to four days. guinea bissau - farim salt. around farim, along the cacheu river, local communities catch fish, grow a few vegetables and harvest salt. the river is actually a marine inlet over 100 kilometers long ; when the water retreats", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4535753793685393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.802334"} {"text": "days. guinea bissau - farim salt. around farim, along the cacheu river, local communities catch fish, grow a few vegetables and harvest salt. the river is actually a marine inlet over 100 kilometers long ; when the water retreats at low tide and the wind blows from the east, a crust of salt forms on the surface of the ground. the women who collect the salt spread it out on cloths, wash it with salt water and filter it, then dry it in rectangular pans set over a fire. mali - timbuktu and gao katta pasta. women in timbuktu and gao prepare a sophisticated dish for important guests and ceremonies : katta, thin, short threads of pasta made from wheat flour. to make these traditional noodles, the women mix flour and water into a dough then form it into a ball. they tear off small pieces of dough and roll them between two fingers, almost like spinning wool. the pasta threads are left to dry for a day, then toasted in a frying pan until they turn golden brown. traditionally katta is cooked for a few minutes in a sauce of dried fish, tomato, meat and spices, diluted with water. senegal - fadiouth island salted millet couscous. the serer people, the indigenous community that lives on fadiouth island, have long been the main growers of the local sunna variety of millet. the women use the millet to make an unusual salted couscous. they husk the grain, sift it and wash it in the sea, then grind it and use the flour to make couscous. the couscous is stored in traditional gourds and left to ferment overnight. in the morning they add powdered baobab leaves, which serve as a thickener. the couscous is then cooked and typically served with a sauce made from mangrove flowers, peanuts and meat or shellfish. sierra leone - kenema kola nut. native to the tropical forests of west africa, kola belongs to the same family as cacao and still grows wild in sierra leone and guinea - bissau. the nuts, white or dark red in color, contain oblong fruits, which are cut in two and opened with a machete. they are eaten during ceremonies or to welcome guests. a piece of kola chewed after a meal helps digestion, while the caffeine contained in the fruit improves concentration and reduces hunger. presidium kenema kola", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4344439562217425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.803493"} {"text": "with a machete. they are eaten during ceremonies or to welcome guests. a piece of kola chewed after a meal helps digestion, while the caffeine contained in the fruit improves concentration and reduces hunger. presidium kenema kola nuts are now being used as an ingredient in a natural cola, a \u201c virtuous \u201d version of the world \u2019 s most globalized beverage. tunisia - lansarin and gaffaya ancient durum wheat varieties. in northern tunisia, two ancient varieties of wheat, mahmoudi and schili, are still grown at altitudes between 500 and 800 meters in the lansarin and gaffaya hills. the wheat is characterized by long straw and glassy amber grains. the wheat is ground into semolina for use in couscous and bread and the dried, crushed grains are steamed to make burghul. threatened by the introduction of more productive hybrids, these two varieties, grown using traditional techniques and without the use of chemicals, are now at risk of extinction. uganda - luwero robusta coffee. uganda is africa \u2019 s second - largest coffee producer, after ethiopia. while the ethiopian highlands are the birthplace of coffea arabica, central - east africa \u2019 s equatorial forests are home to coffea canephora, known as robusta. this species is appreciated around the world in espresso blends, and it represents 85 percent of the coffee produced in uganda. at altitudes of 1, 200 meters, not far from the banks of lake victoria, the ancient robusta varieties of kisansa and nganga are grown under shade trees, like the banana. in the local culture, coffee has a strong symbolic value : the coffee cherries are not just toasted, but also eaten fresh, in soups or simply chewed for their stimulating properties. brazil - licuri. with its bunches containing thousands of green fruits and imposing presence, the licuri palm is an integral part of the landscape of the caatinga, the characteristic ecosystem of northeastern brazil. birds love to eat the outer flesh of the fruit, which surrounds a shell which in turn hides a kernel with a very intense coconut - like flavor. the fruits can be eaten unripe or ripe, raw or toasted, or they can be pressed into milk or oil. they are an essential ingredient in traditional easter dishes, served with fish or chicken, while the milk is used to flavor rice. honduras - camapara mountain coffee. the copan area, in the west of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4455974073253569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.804444"} {"text": "can be pressed into milk or oil. they are an essential ingredient in traditional easter dishes, served with fish or chicken, while the milk is used to flavor rice. honduras - camapara mountain coffee. the copan area, in the west of the country near the border with guatemala and el salvador, is known for the quality of its mountain coffee. today the mountain is home to around 500 small - scale coffee growers organized into cooperatives who traditionally cultivate arabica plants of the typica, bourbon and caturra varieties in the shade of native trees at altitudes between 1, 200 and 1, 600 meters above sea level. they produce a washed coffee that produces a brew with strong aromas of peach and amaretto and notes of fruit and chocolate. mexico - puebla sierra norte native bees honey. the sierra norte is a mountain chain reaching heights of 2, 300 meters, stretching across the northern part of the state of puebla. the indigenous nahuat and totonaca people who live here have developed the \u201c productive forest \u201d system. this centuries - old method allows them to live off wild and domesticated species without cutting down the forest. the native bee scaptotrigona mexicana has a fundamental role within this system as a pollinator and protector of biodiversity. the collected honey is left to ferment and then used by families not only as a food but also as an essential ingredient for traditional medicine. turkey - siyez wheat bulgur. in the farms of kastamonu ( a province in northern turkey ), amongst large forests and the smell of the black sea, farmers continue to cultivate the oldest existing type of wheat, triticum monococcum, or seyez in turkish. it is grain that differs both from common and durum wheat as it is high in protein and free from gluten, so is tolerated by celiac sufferers. the whole grains are immersed in boiling water for about twenty minutes, then cooled with cold water and spread out to dry in the sun. once dried, they are ground in a millstone to clean and split the grains. the bulgur is used for many pilaf recipes, cooked in broth and flavoured with butter and chopped onion. bulgaria \u2013 meurche. meurche is one of the rare unsmoked cured meats from the balkans. in gorno draglishte, a small town in the valley that separates the vidin mountains, the highest in bulgaria, from the rila massif, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46640150132320407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.805344"} {"text": "meurche is one of the rare unsmoked cured meats from the balkans. in gorno draglishte, a small town in the valley that separates the vidin mountains, the highest in bulgaria, from the rila massif, the women would traditionally mix the more noble cuts of the pig \u2014 fat, leg and shoulder \u2014 with salt, pepper and spices ( cumin, dried dill seeds and leaves, coriander ). the mixture would be packed into the pig \u2019 s bladder and stomach and the resulting sausage would be hung up to dry in the attics of the traditional wooden houses, then aged for up to 16 months in a special wooden container, completely buried in ashes. today only one producer still regularly prepares meurche. switzerland - furmagin da cion. despite its name, furmagin, which means cheese, is actually a pork pate typical of the val poschiavo. it is made from liver, fresh pork and a number of seasonings including cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, marjoram, onion and wine flavored with fresh garlic. the mixture is wrapped in caul fat and baked in the oven for around 40 minutes. the presidium has revived a small production chain involving a local organic pig farmer, a charcuterie maker who makes the furmagin, and a butcher in the valley. switzerland - alpziger. produced in the fribourg, bern and obwalden alps, alpziger is a cow \u2019 s milk ricotta made from the whey left over after the production of raw milk butter, cream and sbrinz. eaten fresh, aged or smoked ( especially in bern ), it is also used to fill cakes and breads such as the delicious zigerkrapfen, little fried pastries filled with alpziger. the presidium wants to bring together producers in the historic area and protect the production of this ricotta. details of the program and entrance tickets are available here. follow us on facebook and twitter # salonedelgusto photo : timbuktu and gao katta pasta presidium, by paola viesi the salone internazionale del gusto and terra madre 2012 app is available free. download it here. search the slow stories archive latest slow stories italy | 21 / 05 / 2013 | carlo petrini and journalist stefano liberti talk about land grabbing in the african continent... italy | 20 / 05 / 2013 | buzzword", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4280764146150075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.806199"} {"text": "anguispira alternata angulata from mnra. both shells were from an area about 40 m x 10 m. one of the abundant species in monocacy natural resources area where i did a land snail survey was what pilsbry1 called anguispira alternata angulata, a keeled or carinated morph of anguispira alternata. according to pilsbry ' s synonymy, this morph was first described by ferussac in 1822 as helix alternata var. carinata. in 1896, pilsbry & rhoads changed the name to pyramidula alternata carinata and then in 1948, pilsbry came up with the new name anguispira alternata form angulata. figure from pilsbry1. according to pilsbry1, the shell of angulata differs from the typical a. alternata \" by the distinctly to strongly angular periphery \". although he makes the point that the periphery is \" hardly to be called keeled \", to me \" carinated \", \" angular \" and \" keeled \" all mean more or less the same thing, especially when the degree of carination is variable. pilsbry also notes that the prominent ribs on the upper surface of the shell \" are much reduced ( or sometimes subobsolete ) \" below the periphery, that is on the bottom of the shell. leaving aside the question of what he might have possibly meant by \" subobsolete \", i will point out that the prominence of the ribs on the bottom of my shells are indeed quite variable even in specimens collected from the same location. for example, the photo below shows the bottoms of the 2 shells from mnra shown in the first picture. the one on the left in the first picture is the one on the bottom in the picture below. its bottom is smoother than that of the other shell. and these shells were from an area about 40 m x 10 m. so speculating that there may have been differences in their habitats is not justified in this case. i don ' t know if shell size is a factor that contributes to shell sculpture ( the shell with the smoother bottom is smaller ). bottoms of the shells in the first photo. the one on the left in the first picture is the one on the bottom here. pilsbry gave records of angulata from several eastern states including, kentucky, pennsylvania, tennessee, virginia and maryland. earlier, f. c. baker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5026890747248796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.809610"} {"text": "photo. the one on the left in the first picture is the one on the bottom here. pilsbry gave records of angulata from several eastern states including, kentucky, pennsylvania, tennessee, virginia and maryland. earlier, f. c. baker2 had noted that in several counties of illinois \" a form of anguispira alternata occurs which has a carinated periphery and a low spire... it is not so abundant as the typical form. in the southern part of illinois there is a tendency for the shell of alternata to become carinated on the periphery, even when the spire is high \". the drawing on the left, from baker, shows a. a. alternata ( a ) and a. a. angulata ( b ). it appears that a. a. angulata is a widespread morph whose exact relationship with a. a. alternata is not yet clear. angulata is also the dominant, if not the only morph of anguispira alternata, in wooded lots along the maryland side of the potomac river at least up to harpers ferry in west virginia from where pilsbry gives a record. ( there is also anguispira fergusoni, which is indeed a separate and easy to distinguish species. ) i have several alcohol specimens of angulata collected during my survey of mnra. their internal anatomy \u2014 if and when i get a chance to dissect them \u2014 will hopefully offer some clues as to whether a. a. angulata is distinct enough to be considered a separate taxon. 1pilsbry, h. a. 1948. land mollusca of north america. volume 2, part 2, p. 573. 2baker, f. c. 1939. fieldbook of illinois land snails. p. 85.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46159227450514684, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.811288"} {"text": "scientific linux 6. 0 ( 2011 / x86 / x64 ) | 5. 05 gb scientific linux ( sl ) - distribution of the operating system linux, which was created jointly by fermilab and cern, with support from various laboratories and universities from around the world. its original purpose was to reduce duplication of laboratories and have a total installed base for the various experiments and other research projects. the base sl distribution is based on red hat enterprise linux, recompiled from source. the main purpose of the base distribution - to provide full binary compatibility with red hat enterprise linux with a few to make minor additions or changes. examples of such additions are pine, and openafs. scientific linux uses ' yum to download and install updates from the repository, such as fedora, unlike red hat enterprise linux, which receives updates from the servers, red hat network. scientific linux can be used to create a working environment of the user, developer, administrator. the distribution package includes components to support virtualization xen. the distribution includes a complete set of software components for server infrastructure for both internal network and the internet. on its base can be created a file and print server, mail server, web server, database server ( mysql, postgresql ), or metadirectory ldap, etc. the kit includes components to create a cluster infrastructure for various purposes : computing clusters, clusters of high reliability and clusters with load balancing. the main differences from rhel 6. 0 : * added icewm ; * supported by openafs - distributed file system ; * there is yum - autoupdate, allowing every day automatically update distribution ; * supplied revisor, livecd - tools, liveusb - creator - the tools to create livecd / liveusb ; * available for additional yum - repository.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5360517597732923, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.813282"} {"text": "i always hear the \u201c nuclear power is very dangerous \u201d argument, and i realize whenever people hear the scary word \u201c nuclear \u201d, the think big bad explosions. did you know that the biggest nuclear meltdown in american history ( there have only been two ), the three mile island incident, happened very close to a crowded city. number of deaths \u2026 \u2026. zero. number of injuries \u2026 \u2026. one. now consider how many thousands of people die annually from coal mining, drilling, hell there are fatalities from setting up solar panels and falling off the roof. power plants are safe, pollute much less ( and none if they properly dispose of the waste ), and can power the hell out of out country ( nearly 30 % of the u. s \u2019 s power already comes from nuclear power ). so why do most people have a such an ignorant stigma against this method of energy production? - solar producer : why not supporting the nuclear energy? ( 7 / 26 / 2011 ) - are nuclear power plant considered \u201c green energy \u201d? - solar producer : when will america use nuclear energy to produce needed electricity? ( 7 / 14 / 2011 ) - solar power : do we realize that when we gear up to build the next generation of power plants we will be short of skills? ( 7 / 22 / 2011 ) - solar power : what are some differences and similarities in solar power and nuclear power? ( 7 / 29 / 2011 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4566468000745888, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.814753"} {"text": "| project overview > introduction solar muri is a collaborative project studying magnetic eruptions on the sun and their effects on the earth ' s space environment. ( \" muri \" stands for multidisciplinary university research initiative, a research program funded by dod. ) the aim of the project is to improve our ability to predict space weather from solar observations. the project will construct a series of physically connected, observationally tested models of the sun and its interplanetary environment. these models will allow us to use observations of the sun ' s atmosphere and magnetic configuration to determine : | a solar prominence observed by the eit instrument on soho ultimately, our goal is to provide several extra days of notice prior to an sep event or geomagnetic storm. - when a magnetic eruption is imminent - if that magnetic eruption will impact the earth ' s space environment - whether this will result in a solar energetic particle ( sep ) bombardment and / or a geomagnetic storm a number of intermediate goals must be achieved to complete the solar muri project. these are summarized below : - measure the solar magnetic field with sufficient accuracy and coverage to discern which magnetic properties are the key to determining whether eruptions will occur - understand the physics governing magnetic eruptions on the sun sufficiently well to construct realistic numerical simulations - simulate the interplanetary propagation of coronal mass ejections ( cmes ) out to 1. 0 au with sufficient accuracy to construct accurate models of conditions upstream of the earth - couple models of the sun ' s magnetic lower atmosphere, lower corona, upper corona, and solar wind in such a way that a model of an unstable magnetic configuration on the sun can be propagated out to the earth - verify the performance of these coupled models with test cases based on observed magnetic eruptions, their interplanetary disturbances ( interplanetary coronal mass ejections - icmes ), the sep events, and the general levels of geomagnetic response - years 1 - 3 : collect the necessary observations. develop the numerical modelling codes and the interfaces between these codes. - years 4 - 5 : apply the coupled simulation codes to a set of observed cmes. evaluate their performance in determining the consequences of solar observations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5056851921800537, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.817026"} {"text": "17 december 2012 the do : the principle of full and empty space the following is an excerpt from the book taekwondo : the spirit of korea ( 2000 ) by steven d. carpener, jae sik suh and edward h. kim, from the chapter \" the technical philosophy of taekwondo \" ( p. 23 - 25 ). i ' m sharing this excerpt as it very effectively explains the very important princple of full and empty space. interestingly, while this book was published by korea ' s ministry of culture and tourism as a type of glossy coffee table book rather than an official reference book, this is one of the few english sources that so succinctly explains this core principle in taekwondo.... taekwondo ' s taoist philosophy is expressed in the tao ( or do in korean ) character found in taekwondo ' s name. the do is generally understood as a way, path, or process one follows in anything one attempts. do, as an eastern philosophical concept is difficult to express in words. however, in describing taekwondo training it is possible to demonstrate how the do elevates taekwondo from merely a spirited combat sport or self - defense technique to a way of expressing harmony between one ' s mental and physical states, and with one ' s environment. the way the do operates in taekwondo training must be understood in asian philosophical terms. the general understanding of the do is that it is a proper way to do something. in physical terms, this means when the body moves there is a proper way or path which that movement should follow to be most efficient, graceful, or appropriate. in taekwondo training, especially in sparring, this means that there is one most correct way to execute techniques in any given situation. this is the stage of skill. when one teaches a point where the body moves naturally according to the proper way or path, we say that one has mastered a particular skill. in taekwondo sparring, when one ' s movements are performed correctly according to the demands of the situation, one has experienced a moment of harmony between oneself and the opponent. one of the key principles of the do that makes this harmony possible is the principle of empty and full space. according to this principle, when two bodies interacts, the relative positions of those bodies in space and time create a continuous flowing exchange of full and empty space. due to the limited number of ways the legs and arms can be used within the restrictions ( rules ) of sparring there are a fixed number of possible techniques. the result of this is that for every attack there are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5692537117467587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.821858"} {"text": "exchange of full and empty space. due to the limited number of ways the legs and arms can be used within the restrictions ( rules ) of sparring there are a fixed number of possible techniques. the result of this is that for every attack there are one or more perfectly complimentary counterattacks. and for every counterattack, there are one or more perfectly complimentary re - counterattacks. this means that each person knows what the likely responses to any given attack or counterattack will be. therefore, the superior player is the one who can take advantage of the empty space created in the opponent ' s position by using speed, timing, and strategy. the strategic aspect of taekwondo is especially fascinating. no other martial art uses kicking techniques with such finesse and accuracy. the superior player ' s body is able to predict or sense the moment when his or her opponent will surrender an instant of empty space which, if \u201c filled \u201d with the appropriate technique, results in a scoring strike that has the symmetry of two perfectly meshing gears. this moment, when a point is achieved by manipulating the principle of full and empty space, is not only the goal of sparring and competition, but can also be a moment of physical and mental harmony : the harmony of one ' s own spirit and body resulting in right action, and the harmony of one ' s fullness with the opponent ' s emptiness. when approached in this way, taekwondo sparring is ripe with the potential for philosophical ( educational ) value. the moment of right action is very important not only in the sense that one ' s technique and spirit are correct but also because this is the instant when one has entered the level of the do. it is the ultimate moment when one ' s body has found the way to fill the opponent ' s emptiness in the midst of fierce resistance. when one repeatedly experiences this harmony, the doors to higher understanding can be flung open. in fact, it may seem as if the secrets of the universe are being revealed through these quick, precise movements. the taekwondo practitioner then comes to see the opponent not as an adversary but rather, as the potential medium for creating a work of art, much as the sculptor does not merely see a piece of stone but, rather the creation waiting to be liberated. just as there is a technical or physical aesthetic in taekwondo, so also is there a spiritual aesthetic. in order to teach the level where one ' s techniques and movements approach the ideal, a great deal of training is needed. this training is a process which brings about mental and spiritual change..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5578985792353457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.823463"} {"text": "us ( 11 / 11 / 2012 ) - when temperatures drop, humans are not the only ones who feel the chill. cold weather also can take its toll on animals, including dogs, cats and birds. protecting pets when winter arrives involves modifying care tactics. a major winter snowfall or simply a snap of cold weather can cause many problems for pets. much like humans, dogs and cats can experience frostbite on extremities when subjected to cold temperatures. ears, noses and paws all may bear the brunt of cold weather, increasing the risk of injury. provide warm shelter although it may appear that pets are well insulated against cold temperatures, fur or feathers do not make pets impervious to the cold. according to the aspca, fur wetted by snow may not dry quickly, putting animals at risk for a chill or even hypothermia. as a precautionary measure, keep companion animals inside when temperatures drop below 30 * f. if yours is an outside dog, be sure that he or she is equipped with dry, draft - free shelter. a dog house that is too large will not retain heat, so keep this in mind. reduce wind chill by placing the dog house where it will not be in the direct line of wind. you may want to think about keeping the dog in an insulated shed or garage if you prefer not to move the pet inside. cats can easily freeze while outdoors ; therefore, it is safer to keep them inside. also, outdoors a cat may seek unsafe shelter, such as under the hoods of cars where they can be injured or killed if the car is started. a mammal ' s system for regulating heat can be compromised when there is excessive cold. no matter its type of fur, a dog or cat may not be able to tolerate long periods of cold weather, unless it is a breed that was specifically bred for remaining outdoors in the cold, like a malamute or husky. when venturing outside, consider the use of a sweater or vest on short - haired dogs, but keep an eye on the pet. wearing a coat doesn ' t mean he should be left outdoors unattended. cats probably will not tolerate any type of clothing. if going outdoors to a vet appointment, use a carrier that is insulated from the cold with thick blankets. address drafts around the house, which will increase your comfort and that of your companion animals. dogs and cats lie on the ground, where colder air tends to collect. it may be several degrees cooler near the floor where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4779220589324695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.828732"} {"text": "from the cold with thick blankets. address drafts around the house, which will increase your comfort and that of your companion animals. dogs and cats lie on the ground, where colder air tends to collect. it may be several degrees cooler near the floor where they reside. check windows and doors for drafts. if repairs or replacements aren ' t financially possible, consider the use of draft guards or insulating curtains. these measures also will protect pet birds. most birds that are kept as pets are from tropical climates and cannot tolerate severe colder temperatures. reduce risk of illness by keeping birds away from drafty windows and doors that open and close frequently during the winter. keep them leashed many dogs like to frolic in the snow, but snow can cause a pooch to lose his scent on the ground and get lost. a dog also may run off and get smothered by tall snowdrifts or slip through thin ice when not being able to gauge its surroundings. it is best to keep dogs on leashes during any type of inclement weather. be mindful of pets young and old puppies and kittens as well as older dogs and cats may be less tolerant of colder weather. young animals are lacking the fat stores and thick coats of their adult counterparts that can help protect them against the cold. housebreaking a puppy during the cold weather could be challenging. senior dogs may feel aches and pains from the cold, which can irritate existing conditions like arthritis. limit their time outdoors to bathroom breaks. remove chemical poisons antifreeze and specialized nonicing window cleaners used in automobiles are commonly used in winter. these chemicals are often sweet to the smell and taste and very attractive to curious pets. but only a few laps of antifreeze can be deadly. keep any dangerous winterizing chemicals - - even salt used to melt snow - - away from pets to avoid accidental ingestion. provide extra food and water pets need extra calories in order to keep their bodies warm in the cold weather. you may need to feed them a little extra during the winter. extra water may also be necessary when the pet ' s metabolism is working harder. if a pet is kept outdoors, be sure to check if its water has frozen and replace it frequently. watch for symptoms of hypothermia even well - meaning pet owners may be unaware if their pet is suffering from the effects of too much cold. here are some symptoms of hypothermia. * violent shivering, followed by listlessness * weak pulse * muscle stiff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4997068353949198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.829687"} {"text": "there is a book called \" the statistics problem solver \" for $ 4 ( used ) on amazon. buy it! these problem - solver books are great for math & science classes. with thousands of solved problems and the steps for solving them shown, its like having a grad student tutor at your elbow. you have to use the book correctly, though. the wrong way is to look at your homework problem, thumb thru the book until you see a similar one, then apply it blindly to your hw. a 5th grader could do that. instead, use the book as a way to get practice until you understand the concepts. go to the chapter matching your current classwork, cover up the answers and start working problems. if you get it wrong, read the correct steps, cover them up, do it again. keep working problems until you get it. when you get midterms in class you ' ll almost be laughing because you know you can do them all. keep in mind that a standard expectation for a college class is 2 - 3 hours outside of the class for every hour in it. your class will meet 3x a week for an hour, which means you ought to be putting in 6 - 9 hours outside of class for it. do this, and use your time effectively, you ' ll do well in the class.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5207977824054909, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.830922"} {"text": "mystery strategy for elementary students using the premise of a mystery to solve, elementary students act as history detectives as they explore a historical question and analyze carefully chosen clues to formulate and test hypotheses. this strategy depends on our need to solve mysteries. students are given an opportunity to be active learners as they solve a historical mystery. this strategy relates to what historians do and the process of historical inquiry. students must work with evidence, form hypotheses, test those hypotheses, and report their findings. the goals of the mystery strategy are to learn to : 1. gather, organize, and process information ; 2. formulate and test hypotheses ; 3. think creatively and analytically to solve problems ; and 4. develop, defend, and present solutions to problems. 1. choose an topic that contains a mystery such as \u201c why did the american beaver almost become extinct in the 1840s? \u201d other examples of appropriate historical mysteries include : \u201c how did flooding in mississippi in 1931 hinder the civil rights movement? \u201d ; \u201c who really invented the cotton gin? \u201d ; and \u201c was the boston massacre really a massacre? \u201d 2. gather primary and secondary sources that will serve as clues for students such as letters, diary entries, maps, statistical tables, political cartoons, images, artifacts for students to touch ( in this case beaver fur or felt ), and web articles. these sources should pique students \u2019 interest and provide them with clues that will help them generate theories. for example, if students are given a clue regarding the habitat and species characteristics of the beaver and then also told john jacob astor was the wealthiest man in america in 1848 it is hoped they conclude that astor \u2019 s wealth had something to do with the beaver. maps indicating trade routes should confirm this conclusion. though they may be encountering names in the clues for the first time, making educated guesses is an essential ingredient to the mystery strategy. students should not be afraid of making guesses or presenting ideas to the larger group. the learning goal is about what it takes to arrive at a hypothesis rather than ending up with a right answer. 3. decide student grouping. if using small groups, keep individual needs in mind such as reading levels, ability to work with others, and individual education plans ( ieps ). 4. decide how to present the clues to students ( strips of paper within envelopes at stations, single sheets of paper for them to cut apart, etc. ). see examples of clues for additional clues. teachers should read through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49344711718792567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.836161"} {"text": "ieps ). 4. decide how to present the clues to students ( strips of paper within envelopes at stations, single sheets of paper for them to cut apart, etc. ). see examples of clues for additional clues. teachers should read through materials to pull clues that fit students \u2019 needs and abilities. 1. students read through clues and sort them according to common elements. once the clues are sorted, students begin to work on their hypothesis. 2. as students analyze the clues and arrive at a hypothesis, use guiding questions such as, \u201c tell me how the two things relate \u201d and \u201c what \u2019 s your reason for thinking that? \u201d to keep students focused on solving the mystery. avoid guiding them in a direction. the goal is for students to work with the clues and arrive at their own hypothesis. students can use the mystery writing guide worksheet to record ideas. 3. in a whole group, have small groups share their hypotheses and evaluate them. are they logical based on the clues? do they make sense? write group responses on the board so students can track their findings as they move through the evidence. the goal is to test each group hypothesis and arrive at the best conclusion. for example, if one group understands there is a connection between the mountain men and the beaver yet they also think the railroads had a role in the problem, do the clues support or refute these ideas? remind students they are like historians looking at information to form a hypothesis, test it, and arrive at a conclusion. 4. assign each student a written reflection piece on the content learned and the process used to uncover the mystery. this is the most important part of the mystery strategy and should go beyond merely reporting content. prompt students with questions such as : what happened in the activity? what things did you do well? most importantly, ask, which hypothesis best answers the mystery question? why? - data should tease the student without revealing too much. - data should hone inference skills. - clues should provide information not an explanation ( see mystery strategy clues worksheet ). students are presented with the following problem : why did the american beaver almost become extinct in 1840? write the question on the board so it is visible throughout the activity. anticipatory set : begin by employing a student \u2019 s knowledge of science and ecosystems learned earlier. give a short presentation about the american beaver. this would include the fact that beavers maintain dams that create ponds. the water level in these ponds is constant, encouraging the growth of vegetation that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5357168819434293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.837101"} {"text": "a student \u2019 s knowledge of science and ecosystems learned earlier. give a short presentation about the american beaver. this would include the fact that beavers maintain dams that create ponds. the water level in these ponds is constant, encouraging the growth of vegetation that supports many other types of animals. the dams also keep summer rains and resulting erosion in check. the presentation could end with figures about the number of beavers estimated to be in north america from european settlement to today ( see links below ). students would see a significant decline in the population during exploration and settlement. this decline leads students to the essential question and they can begin working with the clues to make hypotheses. clues : clues can be obtained from \u2026. - facts on the american beaver species \u2013 including habitat and life cycle ; - maps indicating beaver habitats and population centers in the 1840s. scroll down through the page for a fur trading route map ; - images from fashion catalogs from the mid - 1800s ; - real beaver pelt and / or beaver trap, scraps of commercial felt, or images of beaver fur and hats ; - short biographical sketches of mountain men such as kit carson, john liver - eating johnston, and william sublette ; - advertisements for beaver products such as top hats and ads from trading companies seeking hunters. scroll down through each page for the aforementioned images. - newspaper accounts regarding skirmishes / battles between the iroquois confederation / other tribes in the great lakes region in the beaver wars ; - quotes from all parties involved in the fur trade ( native american chiefs, trading company owners such as manuel lisa, mountain men, etc. ) - pictures of people wearing beaver hats ; - john jacob astor. be sure to use some visuals! reflection : students reflect on the original question by presenting their hypotheses in written form. along with their response about the disappearance of the beaver, students are asked to think about the process of historical inquiry and how it relates to the steps they followed to arrive at a hypothesis. osborne russell and aubrey l. haines, journal of a trapper and maps of his travels in the rocky mountains fred r. gowans, rocky mountain rendezvous : a history of the fur trade, 1825 - 1840 silver, harvey. f., et. al. teaching styles & strategies. trenton, nj : the thoughtful education press, 1996.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4748655749438644, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.837976"} {"text": "telnet server overview applies to : windows server 2008 telnet is an internet - standard utility and protocol based on request for comments ( rfc ) 854. this rfc specifies a method for transmitting and receiving unencrypted ascii characters ( plaintext ) across a network. you can use a telnet client running on one computer to connect to a command line - based session to run applications. only character - based interfaces and applications are supported. there is no graphics capability in the telnet environment. the rfc documents that define telnet can be found at the internet engineering task force web site ( http : / / go. microsoft. com / fwlink /? linkid = 121 ). on that page, click rfc pages, and then type 854 in the rfc number text box and click go. telnet consists of two components : telnet client and telnet server. telnet server hosts the remote sessions for telnet clients. when telnet server is running on a computer, users can connect to the server with a telnet client from a remote computer. telnet server is implemented in windows as a service that can be configured to always run, even when no one is logged on to the server. when a telnet client connects to a computer running telnet server, the remote user is asked to enter a user name and password. the user name and password combination must be one that is valid on the telnet server. telnet server on windows supports two types of authentication : ntlm and password ( or plaintext ). once logged on, a user is presented with a command prompt that can be used as if it had been started locally on the server console. commands that you type at the telnet client command prompt are sent to the telnet server and executed there, as though you were locally logged on to a command prompt session at the server. output from the commands you run are sent back to the telnet client where they are displayed for you to view. telnet does not support applications that require a graphical user interface. however, telnet server and telnet client understand special character sequences that provide some level of formatting and cursor positioning within the telnet client window. telnet server and telnet client support the emulation of four types of terminals : ansi, vt - 100, vt - 52, and vt - nt. installing telnet server telnet server is a feature included with microsoft\u00ae windows server\u00ae 2008 and windows vista\u00ae. on windows server 2008, you can install tel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5349853696799669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.840664"} {"text": "the white house immediate release \u2014 august 6, 1945 statement by the president of the united states sixteen hours ago an american airplane dropped one bomb on hiroshima, an important japanese army base. that bomb had more power than 20, 000 tons of t. n. t. it had more than two thousand times the blast power of the british \u201c grand slam \u201d which is the largest bomb ever yet used in the history of warfare. the japanese began the war from the air at pearl harbor. they have been repaid many fold. and the end is not yet. with this bomb we have now added a new and revolutionary increase in destruction to supplement the growing power of our armed forces. in their present form these bombs are now in production and even more powerful forms are in development. it is an atomic bomb. it is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. the force from which the sun draws its power has been loosed against those who brought war to the far east. before 1939, it was the accepted belief of scientists that it was theoretically possible to release atomic energy. but no one knew any practical method of doing it. by 1942, however, we knew that the germans were working feverishly to find a way to add atomic energy to the other engines of war with which they hoped to enslave the world. but they failed. we may be grateful to providence that the germans got the v - 1 \u2032 s and the v - 2 \u2032 s late and in limited quantities and even more grateful that they did not get the atomic bomb at all. the battle of the laboratories held fateful risks for us as well as the battles of the air, land, and sea, and we have now won the battle of the laboratories as we have won the other battles. beginning in 1940, before pearl harbor, scientific knowledge useful in war was pooled between the united states and great britain, and many priceless helps to our victories have come from that arrangement. under that general policy the research on the atomic bomb was begun. with american and british scientists working together we entered the race of discovery against the germans. the united states had available the large number of scientists of distinction in the many needed areas of knowledge. it had the tremendous industrial and financial resources necessary for the project and they could be devoted to it without undue impairment of other vital war work. in the united states the laboratory work and the production plants, on which a substantial start had already been made, would be out of reach of enemy bombing, while at that time britain was exposed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.511441646673038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.847070"} {"text": "it without undue impairment of other vital war work. in the united states the laboratory work and the production plants, on which a substantial start had already been made, would be out of reach of enemy bombing, while at that time britain was exposed to constant air attack and was still threatened with the possibility of invasion. for these reasons prime minister churchill and president roosevelt agreed that it was wise to carry on the project here. we now have two great plants and many lesser works devoted to the production of atomic power. employment during peak construction numbered 125, 000 and over 65, 000 individuals are even now engaged in operating the plants. many have worked there for two and a half years. few know what they have been producing. they see great quantities of material going in and they see nothing coming out of those plants, for the physical size of the explosive charge is exceedingly small. we have spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history \u2013 and won. but the greatest marvel is not the size of the enterprise, its secrecy, nor its cost, but the achievement of scientific brains in putting together infinitely complex pieces of knowledge held by many men in different fields of science into a workable plan. and hardly less marvelous has been the capacity of industry to design, and of labor to operate, the machines and methods to do things never done before so that the brain child of many minds came forth in physical shape and performed as it was supposed to do. both science and industry worked under the direction of the united states army, which achieved a unique success in managing so diverse a problem in the advancement of knowledge in an amazingly short time. it is doubtful if such another combination could be got together in the world. what has been done is the greatest achievement of organized science in history. it was done under high pressure and without failure. we are now prepared to obliterate more rapidly and completely every productive enterprise the japanese have above ground in any city. we shall destroy their docks, their factories, and their communications. let there be no mistake ; we shall completely destroy japan \u2019 s power to make war. it was to spare the japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of july 26 was issued at potsdam. their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum. if they do not now accept our terms they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5175249956490537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.848088"} {"text": "of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware. the secretary of war, who has kept in personal touch with all phases of the project, will immediately make public a statement giving further details. his statement will give facts concerning the sites at oak ridge near knoxville, tennessee, and at richland near pasco, washington, and an installation near santa fe, new mexico. although the workers at the sites have been making materials to be used in producing the greatest destructive force in history they have not themselves been in danger beyond that of many other occupations, for the utmost care has been taken of their safety. the fact that we can release atomic energy ushers in a new era in man \u2019 s understanding of nature \u2019 s forces. atomic energy may in the future supplement the power that now comes from coal, oil, and falling water, but at present it cannot be produced on a basis to compete with them commercially. before that comes there must be a long period of intensive research. it has never been the habit of the scientists of this country or the policy of this government to withhold from the world scientific knowledge. normally, therefore, everything about the work with atomic energy would be made public. but under present circumstances it is not intended to divulge the technical processes of production or all the military applications, pending further examination of possible methods of protecting us and the rest of the world from the danger of sudden destruction. i shall recommend that the congress of the united states consider promptly the establishment of an appropriate commission to control the production and use of atomic power within the united states. i shall give further consideration and make further recommendations to the congress as to how atomic power can become a powerful and forceful influence towards the maintenance of world peace. [ cross - posted at redstate ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5055101956291601, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.849029"} {"text": "co - founder of the national speleological society bill stephenson once said of the stunning environment found in the caverns of sonora that \u201c \u2026 its beauty cannot be exaggerated, even by texans \u201d. it \u2019 s a wry comment on our propensity to make everything seem bigger in texas but in this national natural landmark \u2019 s case, the statement happens to be true. the caverns of sonora formed approximately two million years ago when underground sulfuric gases rose through faults in limestone. water percolated into the caverns over millennia creating some of the most beautiful, known cave formations in the country. a two - mile interpretive tour takes visitors 155 feet deep into the earth through narrow passageways layered with stalagmites and stalactites of innumerable shapes and sizes. the caverns remain seventy - one degrees year - round and 95 % of the formations are considered active, meaning the processes that created the formations continue to add to existing forms as well as creating new ones. the caverns of sonora site, located on private ranchlands, was first discovered when a dog chased a raccoon into a twenty - inch opening in the ground. the site offers group and specialty tours of the caverns as well as other activities like gemstone panning, orienteering, and rope techniques. camping, both tent and rv, are also available \u2026 above ground, of course.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4389400039647747, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.850623"} {"text": "question by alexis : chemistry reaction problem?? about mass? please help! thanks!? an experiment that led to the formation of the new field of organic chemistry involved the synthesis of urea, cn2h4o, by the controlled reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide. 2 nh3 ( g ) + co2 ( g ) cn2h4o ( s ) + h2o ( l ) what is the mass of urea when ammonia is reacted with 100. g of carbon dioxide? answer by jreut use dimensional analysis and stoichiometry : 100 g co2 x 1 mole co2 / 44 g co2 x 1 mol urea / 1 mole co2 x 60 g urea / 1 mole urea = 100 / 44 * 60 = 136. grams of urea produced. the first term, 100 g co2, is your starting amount. the second fraction, 1 mol co2 / 44 g co2, is a conversion factor that equals 1, since there are 44 g co2 in a mole of co2. the third fraction is the stoichiometric ratio in the chemical equation : for every one mole of co2 consumed, 1 mol of urea is formed. the fourth fraction is the conversion factor back to grams. add your own answer in the comments! - installing virtue oled board & laser eyes in dye dm9 paintball gun - bridging digital and physical worlds with sixthsense - official angry birds 3 star walkthrough theme 3 levels 1 - 5 - htc schubert - sketching out a future for the stylus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5029731370070838, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.852163"} {"text": "congress of the odd charles tripp \u2013 the armless wonder during his time, charles tripp was not only the most well known armless wonder, he was also one of the most famous canadian entertainers of his era. born in woodstock, ontario on july 6, 1855 charles tripp owed much of his fame to his performance partner and dear friend eli bowen. charles tripp was born without arms. but, as a young boy, he quickly adapted and became phenomenally adept at using his legs and feet as competently as a fully formed man would use their arms and hands. he was never exhibited during his youth but was well known locally for performing rather mundane daily tasks in extraordinary ways. as a young man, charles tripp grew restless in his small hometown. as fortune would have it, at the age of seventeen, charles heard of a showman in new york who exhibited special people with unusual talents. seeing this as his opportunity for fame and fortune charles tripp packed his bags and headed to new york determined to meet the showman. all he had was a name, but that proved to be more than enough. the showman was p. t. barnum. upon his arrival in new york, tripp located barnum \u2019 s office and marched in unannounced. barefoot, he demonstrated his morning routine by combing his hair, folding his clothes and putting his socks on. barnum hired tripp immediately. his career would last more than fifty years. tripp performed many feats during his various exhibitions. initially, most were of the daily mundane variety. his daily shave was always a crowd pleaser. but as tripp grew into a learned and well traveled man his repertoire reflected his maturity. eventually tripp became well known for his elegant penmanship, woodcarving, paper crafts, painting and photography. charles tripp spent the bulk of his career touring with barnum and eventually ringling bros and barnum & bailey shows. tripp was able to command as much as $ 200 a week during these tours, a figure supplemented by sales of his autographed cabinet cards. it was during his partnership with eli bowen that charles tripp was truly able to attract public attention. pairing an armless man with a legless one was surely a stroke of showman brilliance but it was a moment of jovial playfulness that would cement tripp and bowen into history. while the pair posed for promotional photographs one of them spotted a tandem bicycle. in no time at all the two gents not only mounted the bicycle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4301162286279066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.855353"} {"text": "brilliance but it was a moment of jovial playfulness that would cement tripp and bowen into history. while the pair posed for promotional photographs one of them spotted a tandem bicycle. in no time at all the two gents not only mounted the bicycle - built - for - two, but rode off together laughing as boys would. the photographer quickly snapped the pair mid - ride and the resulting surreal photograph still draws perplexed smiles. tripp married late in life, in his early seventies. following the marriage he limited his touring to north american dates. aided by his wife, charles tripp toured until the day he died. in january of 1930 tripp passed away due to asthma in salisbury, north carolina. he was seventy - four years old. image : photo of charles tripp circa early 1890 \u2032 s by eisenmann. signature on reverse. image : eli bowen and charles tripp \u2019 s famous tandem bicycle photograph. \u00a9 2008 \u2013 2012, j tithonus pednaud. all rights reserved. j tithonus pednaud has dedicated this site to highlighting the remarkable lives of those born exceedingly different. these so - called freaks and human oddities stand as uplifting testaments to human spirit and serve as inspiring examples of human tenacity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42622779181648157, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.855870"} {"text": "the pew research center has recently come out with its \u201c internet \u2019 s broader role in campaign 2008 \u201d report. this report \u2019 s findings are based on the results of a survey the center conducted in december 2007 amongst 1430 american adults. the data is fascinating and i wanted to share of its most intriguing findings with you. summary of findings : 1 ) the internet is becoming one of the leading sources for news about the presidential campaign for all americans. 24 % of americans say they regularly learn something about the campaign from the internet, almost double the percentage from respondents in the 2004 campaign ( 13 % ) and almost triple the percentage found in the 2000 campaign ( 9 % ). 2 ) the internet has become a leading source of campaign news for young americans. 42 % of those ages 18 to 29 say they regularly learn about the campaign from the internet. in 2004, only 20 % of this demographic group said that they got such news from the internet. an interesting side note, since young americans find their campaign news online as opposed to older americans who are more likely to receive their news from traditional sources, it \u2019 s definitely worth examining how these trends may affect the different age groups \u2019 voting decisions and opinions. 3 ) amongst those americans who rely on the internet for their news, msnbc, cnn, and yahoo news are the most popular sites. however, it \u2019 s interesting to note that 3 % turn to myspace and 2 % turn to youtube. roughly four - in - ten people under age 30 ( 41 % ) have watched at least one campaign video online, compared with 20 % of those ages 30 and older. 4 ) 27 % of americans younger than age 30 \u2013 including 37 % of those ages 18 - 24 \u2013 have said that they received campaign news from social networking sites. this fact is true only when we look at the young demographic ; 4 % of americans in their 30s, and 1 % of those ages 40 and older, have received information about the campaign in this manner. tv still # 1 information source but slipping 26 % of americans mention the internet either first or second as their main source of election news. among young americans, the internet is gaining popularity as a main source for election news while television is losing its popularity. in 2004, 75 % of those ages 18 to 29 cited television and only 21 % cited the internet as their main source for campaign news. today those numbers have changed. 60 % of this age group cite television and 46 % cite the internet as their primary source for election news. top three election news sites and the long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43970909916845463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.862554"} {"text": "only 21 % cited the internet as their main source for campaign news. today those numbers have changed. 60 % of this age group cite television and 46 % cite the internet as their primary source for election news. top three election news sites and the long tail while 54 % of american users get their campaign news from msnbc, cnn and yahoo, there is also a very long tail of other such online sources. while only 13 individual websites were named by 1 % or more of the people who get campaign news online, hundreds of individual websites were named by fewer than 1 %. 29 % of those americans who get news online cite one of these smaller websites as a source of campaign information. this means that for every person getting campaign news from a site like msnbc, there is a person getting campaign news from one of these long tail websites. such websites may represent local newspapers, tv stations and radio stations sites. however, according to the findings, a large percentage of these sites are internet news sites \u2013 politically oriented or otherwise. perhaps many of these sites are political blogs written by citizens. it would be interesting to examine how the emergence of such blogs has changed the way we view politics and what kind of effect this has had on our political opinions and voting decisions. younger americans cite more election information sources than older americans. myspace is cited by 8 % of the 18 - 29 age group, less than 1 % of those ages 30 and over, and the pattern for youtube is almost identical. online campaign activities as we have seen, all the candidates used the web in order to communicate their political messages to the public. about one - in - six americans ( 16 % ) have sent or received emails with friends and family regarding candidates and the campaign, and 14 % have received email messages from political groups or organizations about the campaign. most candidates also used social networks to communicate with their audiences. social networking sites since about one - in - five americans ( 22 % ) ( and two - thirds of americans ages 18 - 29 ) is a member in an online social networking site such as myspace or facebook, candidates needed to use such networks to deliver their messages to the public. these findings emphasize the relevance and strength of such online communities. 27 % of younger americans ( including 37 % of those ages 18 - 24 ) say that they have received information about candidates and the campaign from them on social networking sites. nearly one - in - ten of people under age 30 ( 8 % ) say that they have become a friend of one of the candidates on a site. the numbers are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4474339541848791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.863538"} {"text": "they have received information about candidates and the campaign from them on social networking sites. nearly one - in - ten of people under age 30 ( 8 % ) say that they have become a friend of one of the candidates on a site. the numbers are even higher for each of these activities amongst young registered voters. older voters have been found to be less politically active on social networks. about one - in - five americans ages 30 - 39 ( 21 % ) use social networking sites, but just 4 % in this age group say that they have received campaign information from those sites ; 3 % have become friends with a candidate. the strength of online videos online videos have played a huge part in this election campaign. 24 % of americans say they have seen either a speech, interview, commercial, or debate online. 41 % of those under age 30 have viewed some sort of video online. the percentage goes down as the age groups get older, but even amongst those ages 65 and older, 7 % have seen an election video online. views of political bias on the web 13 % of web users say there are more news websites and blogs that favor the democrats, while 6 % of users say more sites favor the republicans. however the general view ( 45 % ) is that there about equal numbers of news and opinion websites on both sides. since 36 % of web users didn \u2019 t even respond to the question, it seems that about 81 % don \u2019 t perceive of any general political tilt on the internet. these same findings were found amongst those respondents who get most of their campaign news online. it \u2019 s good to see that people, especially those who use the internet as their main news source, feel that they get an equal amount of information on the web regarding both sides. this presents the web as an increasingly relevant source of news. overall i think these findings show the increasing importance of the web as a news source and the significance of social sites as a tool for politicians to deliver their messages to the public. there is incredible power vested within sites such as facebook, myspace, and youtube. when making voting decisions, people will take into account how the candidates are represented on each of these platforms. to illustrate this point, the findings even tell the story of senator george allen who had lost the the 2006 race for the u. s. senate seat in virginia due to a youtube video which circulated at the time showing him mocking an indian - american campaign worker. today we are able to receive more news from more sources than ever before and hopefully this should also allow us to make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43471959556325035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.864489"} {"text": "the countries of northern europe have agreed to build a huge network of renewables that will connect offshore wind farms in northern scotland to solar panels in germany to wave power and hydroelectricity in scandinavia. offshore wind projects in europe are expected to generate more than 100 gigawatts of energy, about ten percent of the continent \u2019 s demands, in coming years, roughly equivalent to a hundred large coal plants. but unpredictable weather patterns can hamper their ability to deliver reliable energy, and national power grids are too weak to overcome fluctuations in production and demand. nine nations, including france, germany, the netherlands, denmark, sweden, and the uk, have joined forces to lay undersea cables beneath the north sea in the coming decade. the grid will act as a gigantic battery, storing electricity when demand is reduced. the north sea grid could connect to a much larger renewable plan that was launched in germany last year. the desertec industrial initiative is a $ 400 billion scheme that aims to deliver 15 percent of europe \u2019 s electricity by 2050 from southern europe and north africa. concentrated solar power will be delivered by power lines that stretch across the sahara and the mediterranean. scientists in the european commission estimate that just 0. 3 percent of the light falling on the deserts of the sahara and middle east would be enough to meet all of europe \u2019 s energy needs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4926888406584564, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.865827"} {"text": "this is the century of the economic boom. india itself has seen a growth rate of 9 per cent in the previous fiscal. there is a hurry to reap as many benefits in as little time as possible. we want our production capacity to escalate and our profits to skyrocket in the industrial sector, infrastructural sector, manufacturing sector, etc. we want the fastest, most efficient and convenient sources of transport to facilitate our development. we want the best machines to churn out goods at the speed of sound. we require the best communication facilities, the best buildings, the best bridges. growth, development and profit \u2013 these are the motivational forces in today \u2019 s fast paced world. all the demands of developing and developed nations require the manipulation of natural resources. no economy can survive without coal, petroleum, electricity, wood and steel. industries cannot run until they are fed these precious and stealthily depleting resources. it is in demanding times like the present that the world has become aware of how these resources are fast depleting. if these resources are not utilized efficiently, soon a day will come when our future generations will not even have drinking water, let alone all the other facilities we take for granted. fossil fuels, which satiate the hunger for resources in most economically progressing nations, are non - renewable and unsustainable. already, their production has declined and they are moving towards exhaustion. although fossil fuels are being generated continuously, we are using them at a rate 100, 000 faster than they are renewed. mother nature can definitely not enhance her production capacity to meet our ever - increasing need of these elixirs of industrial era. in the twentieth century, the use of fossil fuels saw a twenty - fold increase. countries like usa, germany, japan, china, canada etc consume the maximum energy from these resources. the energy consumption of the usa is approximately 11. 4kw per person, and that of japan and germany is 6kw per person, while that of a country like india is a megre 0. 5kw per person. the world is now confronted with the challenge of optimizing the use of the currently available resources in a way to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising on the requirements of the future generation. to add to this, now it is also imperative that our fragile environment suffers the least damage possible. in more technical terms, sustainable development is the need of the hour. sustainable development is the only way we can keep mother nature, our growth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49288640913693804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.870956"} {"text": "generation. to add to this, now it is also imperative that our fragile environment suffers the least damage possible. in more technical terms, sustainable development is the need of the hour. sustainable development is the only way we can keep mother nature, our growth hungry economies and our very demanding present generation and future lineage happy and smiling. sustainable development is defined by the brundtland commission as \u201c development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs \u201d. the field of sustainable development is broadly categorized into the following dimensions : social, economic, environmental and institutional. the future of our planet depends on our use of the available resources. this does not mean that we stall all progress to save the resources for our future generation. this calls for efficient use of non - renewable resources. wastage of such resources must be minimized and alternative sources should be made more feasible for even the common man. by shifting the energy burden from non - renewable to renewable resources, we can stand up to the challenges of the future. a lot can be done using biomass, biofuels, hydroelectric energy, tidal energy, nuclear energy, fusion power, wind power, solar power, and geothermal energy. these are welcome options to ease the burden on our over pressed fossil fuels. these very inviting options are, infact, keeping our scientists busy as they try to find out different ways in which we can use these inexhaustible powerhouses of energy to our advantage. hydroelectric energy serves as an alternative way of generating electricity. the gravitational descant of a river is compressed to a dam or flume. at high pressure, this is used to turn gigantic turbines which in turn produce electricity. this way we can spare some of the coal which would have otherwise been used for this very process. who would have thought that that stinky, disgusting garbage would be such an amazing friend to us in the time of need? biomass involves using garbage, vegetable matter to produce electricity. on decomposing, garbage releases methane ( the root cause of all the stench ) which is captured in pipes and can later on be used to produce electricity. garbage can aptly be called a blessing in disguise! nuclear energy is the king of all alternate sources of energy. by using nuclear fission, electricity can be generated. in fact, by using 1kg of uranium or thorium energy, equivalent to 3. 5 million kg of coal can be produced. this is an area in which extensive research and development is being carried out. since", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5071399578116922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.871925"} {"text": ", electricity can be generated. in fact, by using 1kg of uranium or thorium energy, equivalent to 3. 5 million kg of coal can be produced. this is an area in which extensive research and development is being carried out. since nuclear energy does not release any polluting gases like carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide, hence no acid rain or global warming. the limiting factor, which is keeping nuclear energy from being the mother of all energy sources, is that setting up a nuclear plant which meets the safety norms requires huge capital investments. disposing off the toxic nuclear waste is also a problem. it will still be some time before the world can confidently rely on nuclear energy. wind energy is also being harnessed to produce electricity. but this form also has its shortfalls. the wind is rather unpredictable. also, a large land area is required to set up the windmills. the location and type of turbines used in this process can adversely affect bird migration patterns. the sun god has also not stayed behind. its power is also being used to generate electricity and on a smaller scale, to cook food, heat water etc. the development of photovoltaic and solar cells is quite an expensive operation. yet, solar energy is being seen as a very attractive source of energy. there are many other sources which are contributing in their own way to save us from the day of doom. in addition, many new experiments are being carried out to minimize the use of fossil fuels and save the environment from degradation. battery powered vehicles are being created. in fact in agra, only battery powered locomotives are allowed in the vicinity of the tag mahal. these vehicles use a battery which is charged from a grid when the vehicle is not in use. many more such innovations are under way every hour of the day. man, the sublime being, will not give up so easily. he plans to face the threat of depleting resources which looms large by innovating, experimenting and manipulating alternative energy sources so that we don \u2019 t have to halt either our progress or compromise on that of our progeny.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5200786101053902, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.872904"} {"text": "the following treatment approaches are often effective for treating social anxiety disorder. you can learn these techniques during counseling or treatment by a mental health provider. cognitive - behavior therapy is very useful in treating social anxiety disorder. the central component of this treatment is exposure therapy or systematic desensitization, which involves helping you to gradually become more comfortable with situations that frighten you. the exposure process often involves three stages. - the first stage involves introducing you to the feared situation. - the second stage is to increase the risk for disapproval in that situation. this builds your confidence that you can handle rejection or criticism. - the third stage involves learning techniques to cope with disapproval. in this stage, you imagine your worst fears and are encouraged to develop constructive responses to those fears. cognitive - behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder also includes anxiety management training \u2014 teaching you techniques such as deep breathing, relaxation exercises, or meditation to help control your level of anxiety. another important aspect of treatment is called cognitive restructuring, which will help you to identify unrealistic thoughts and develop more realistic expectations about the likelihood of danger in social situations. the duration of this treatment varies from one to four months. approximately 50 % of the patients show symptomatic improvement. other types of therapy you can also benefit from supportive therapy, such as group therapy, which helps you learn how to interact comfortably with other people. couples or family therapy can help to educate your significant others about the disorder. you may also benefit from social skills training. the idea behind this type of psychotherapy is that symptoms of social anxiety disorder may be the result of mental processes which the patient is not aware of. the psychiatrist or clinical psychologist could help the patient clarify these mental processes, thus relieving their symptoms. the duration of treatment is approximately 12 weeks. any program to relieve stress and anxiety ( such as yoga, meditation, exercise, hypnosis, learning to delegate work ) and assertiveness training will help to relieve the anxiety that is felt in various social situations. these stressing relief techniques could be added to cognitive behavioral therapy. - reviewer : michael woods, md - review date : 11 / 2012 - - update date : 11 / 26 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4931528086221584, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.875493"} {"text": "april 29, 2011 > there be fossils here there be fossils here by william marshak yes, there really is a natural history museum in fremont. although it exists on the periphery of consciousness of many tri - city area residents, each year the museum attracts thousands of visitors including children from a wide swath of northern california school systems. the children ' s natural history museum is a testament to the perseverance of its director, dr. joyce blueford and houses the efforts of a group of \" boy paleontologists \" who helped make fossils found in the fremont area famous. in fact, a geologic \" stage \" of about 1. 8 million - 300, 000 years bp ( before present ) is named for irvington... the irvingtonian north american stage ( era ). for over a million years, fossils of mammoths, sabertooth cats, mastodons, sloths and other large mammals lay buried in the fremont foothills. a group of \" boy paleontologists \" under the direction of a science teacher, wesley gordon, created a national sensation in the 1940s as they uncovered bones from the beginning of the ice age ( pleistocene epoch ) near the community of irvington. these \" finds \" eventually found their way to the museum within a few miles of their discovery. managed by math / science nucleus, the children ' s natural history museum has recently expanded in size and includes exhibits that display fossils, a \" stardome \" and \" walk though time, \" shells, rocks and tools of early humans. and in the \" hall of small wonders, \" visitors can peek into a micro world of sea creatures. a museum shop allows visitors to expand their experience with mementos of their visit and continue exploration of the natural world through books, games, gadgets and experiments. leadership fremont is a \" class \" formed annually by the fremont chamber of commerce to learn more about their community and take an active role in its progress. speaking for this year ' s group, dr. vera packard noted, \" it ' s been an amazing ride! \" each class picks a project to \" engage and enhance \" the community. a brainstorming discussion, moderated by team manager kathy hunt, resulted in a desire to work on something that involved children, education and created a legacy for future generations. this year ' s leadership fremont class selected the children ' s natural history museum as its work project, designing and supporting the construction of a patio adjacent to the museum building for lunch / snack breaks and outdoor activities. blueford said that attendance at the museum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4390918657514594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.883962"} {"text": "this year ' s leadership fremont class selected the children ' s natural history museum as its work project, designing and supporting the construction of a patio adjacent to the museum building for lunch / snack breaks and outdoor activities. blueford said that attendance at the museum could double if a safe and comfortable place for snacks and lunch could be found on the museum grounds. that was all that the leadership group needed to hear ; they got to work planning, organizing, fundraising and finding a construction partner. amazed at the community ' s response to appeals for assistance, packard was overwhelmed by the generosity of local companies and individuals proving the adage, \" the first attitude we need in life is the attitude of gratitude. \" some of those who supported the project were acknowledged at a ribbon cutting event wednesday, april 20. they include : cargill salt, leadership members, washington hospital healthcare, fremont police association, kaiser permanente, allied waste of alameda county, advanced micro devices, fremont firefighters association, kevin & ellen woods, william jennings, corbin willits systems, inc., royal ambulance, wesley liu and stahl companies. a special \" thank you \" was extended to greg robillard of robillard construction for his generous assistance building the patio. additional funds are still needed to install a floor of recycled material for the patio. one of the boy paleontologists, phil gordon interrupted a trip to southern california, driving all night to attend the ceremonies marking completion of the project. blueford noted, \" this is the first time i have allowed an outside group to do everything. \" although hesitant at first, standing under the trellis of the new area, she concluded \" i am totally convinced that the community is ready to help the math / science nucleus provide even more services ; i want to applaud the leadership fremont class of 2011. \" california assemblyman bob wieckowski was present to issue a proclamation recognizing the accomplishments of the math / science nucleus. other dignitaries in attendance included fremont unified school district boardmember lara york and superintendent dr. jim morris, chamber of commerce ceo cindy bonoir and chamber representatives nina moore and k. k. kaneshiro. bonoir spoke of the commitment of the business community, especially members of leadership fremont classes, to reach out and help make their community successful. she summarized class efforts saying, \" all individuals in leadership fremont make a big commitment - a nine month commitment - to this program. this year, they have put a lot of time and effort into what has created an environment where kids can learn, expand their knowledge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43590655285047475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:34.887234"} {"text": "| home / headlines / why a water crisis exists in gaza | why a water crisis exists in gaza \" with current, desperate conditions and the violence that has caused severe damage to palestinian infrastructure why should palestinians have to pay for a natural resource that should already be available to them? \" gaza has a water crisis. most people in the international community do not know the details as to why it exists and the root causes of the resource deficiency. for the more than 1. 4 million palestinians who live in gaza water shortages and water deterioration affects their health. moreover, the water crisis creates agricultural, economic, social, and political instabilities that have regional ramifications. most of the existing problems are a direct and indirect result of israeli policy. if the resource inequalities are not rectified soon, the middle east will be facing an irreversible human and environmental disaster. water resources, consumption and distribution \u2013 facts and figures gaza has a sub - aquifer, which is a part of the coastal aquifer ( that lies along \u201c \u2026 the mediterranean coastline of israel and the gaza strip. ) \u201d one estimate shows the people of gaza over abstract ( over - pump ) between 120 \u2013 140 million cubic meters ( mcm ) of water from the coastal aquifer per year, but the sustainable yield of the gaza sub - aquifer is between 50 \u2013 60 mcm / yr. one way to interpret sustainable yield is that it is the amount of water that can be extracted from the aquifer annually, while still maintaining ground water levels and chemical composition ( quality ). scientists such as hydrographers, hydrogeologists, hydrologists, and ecologists perform volumetric and qualitative measurements of water resources to not only make scientific determinations but future projections. another estimate states that the water exploitation ( over - pumping ) is around 155 mcm / yr, but the natural ( such as rainwater ) and anthropogenic ( agricultural return flow and waste water ) replenishments total 87 mcm / yr. all of these scientific figures reveal that gaza has a current water deficit of approximately 68 \u2013 90 mcm / yr. in addition, population density determines how much water is needed within a geopolitical area, even if the hydrogeological and topographical landscape does not have the natural resource capacity to satisfy the number of people living there. \u201c the gaza strip is also one of the most densely populated areas in the world \u2026 \u201d and there are approximately 3, 500 people per square", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.403696318321927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.063255"} {"text": "and sanitation hygiene monitoring project where people conducted field surveys from over 640 palestinian communities. their reports reveal that mekorot \u201c \u2026 has seriously reduced the quantities. in many cases mekorot has completely stopped the provision of water to them altogether. many of the surveyed palestinian communities that still get some water from mekorot receive insufficient quantity, and have expressed their fear that mekorot will completely stop providing water to them. \u201d when these communities cannot rely on mekorot water service, they depend on other options, such as rainfall in community water cisterns - if they are available and accessible. in gaza, palestinians consume roughly 150 mcm / yr of which around 85 mcm is due to over abstraction of the gaza aquifer. how are palestinians over - pumping the aquifer? attili reports there are over 4, 200 wells within gaza. although most of the wells are used for agricultural purposes, there are 2, 400 illegal wells. moreover, illegal welling drains the already stressed aquifer. how is the exploitation of the water table affecting the coastal aquifer? it is increasing the rate at which saline ground water naturally flows from the eastern part of the coastal aquifer toward gaza, which is salinizing the freshwater in the western part of the aquifer at an accelerated pace. moreover the study concluded : \u201c if pumping continues at these unsustainable rates, it will destroy the aquifer \u2019 s capacity to resist sea water intrusion from the west and saline ground water from the east, thereby making it totally unsuitable for human consumption or for irrigated agriculture with the next few decades. \u201d the exploitation of the aquifer has damaged the water \u2019 s quality already. attili reports 70 per cent of the aquifer \u2019 s water is brackish water : saline water due to over - abstraction. unfortunately, as there is no alternative, palestinians are drinking this water and they are experiencing health problems. water chemical composition and how it impacts human health who established international standards for salt levels of chemical compounds in water, such as nitrate and chloride. for safe and healthy human consumption of drinking water these salt compounds cannot exceed the who guidelines. for nitrate, the who standard is 50 mg / l and for chloride it is 250 mg / l. the gaza aquifer has nitrate levels over 100 mg / l and chloride levels averaging 1000 mg / l. how are these unsafe levels affecting the health of palestinians? the following are some of the findings by an author who compiled health problems from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47399958758643235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.072498"} {"text": "l. the gaza aquifer has nitrate levels over 100 mg / l and chloride levels averaging 1000 mg / l. how are these unsafe levels affecting the health of palestinians? the following are some of the findings by an author who compiled health problems from numerous publications. the health problems are : 50 per cent of gaza \u2019 s children have a parasitic infection ; children and adults suffer from diarrhea ; high chloride levels causes kidney disease ; consumption of saline water leads to salt levels in humans that causes kidney dysfunction, heart failure, neurological symptoms, lethargy, and high blood pressure ; excessive levels of fluoride are toxic, causing gastritis, ulcers, kidney failure, bone fluorisis ( bone fractures and crippling ), and teeth fluorsis ( black lines around gums and tooth decay ) ; and high nitrate levels causes \u201c blue baby \u201d syndrome, also know as methaemoglobinaemia and gastric cancer. since people do not have other water alternatives they consume the brackish water for daily survival. palestinians have no other options currently and the current numerical figures show the demand for water exceeds the water supply. as long as the middle east and the international community does not address the root causes of the water crisis and the impact it is having on the health of 1. 4 m people ; then the israelis and palestinians, as well as the people living in neighboring arab states who share co - riparian rights to natural water resources in the region will continue experiencing escalating geopolitical instability. when the shared aquifers can no longer meet the future needs of the israelis and palestinians using it, then regional civil war is inevitable. before exploring the expert \u2019 s solutions that could prevent future civil war a brief examination into the effects of military occupation on palestinians \u2019 access to water will help readers understand the obstacles palestinians face for this vital, life need. how occupation affects palestinians access to water palestinians access water from wells, but they also have water springs, tankers, roof tanks, cisterns, and reservoirs. unfortunately, over 70 per cent of the people in gaza live in poverty, so most people cannot afford to replace damaged tankers, let alone have money to pay water bills. in fact, \u201c numerous families suffer from a lack of funds to pay for wastewater evacuation tankers. the resulting pollution is having a direct negative effect on the state of sanitation and hygiene. \u201d how much waste water is in the aquifer? more than 30 mcm returns to the aquifer without any prior", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4580517037054792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.074613"} {"text": "pay for wastewater evacuation tankers. the resulting pollution is having a direct negative effect on the state of sanitation and hygiene. \u201d how much waste water is in the aquifer? more than 30 mcm returns to the aquifer without any prior treatment, therefore polluting it. when open waste water and water containing fertilizer for irrigating crops and pesticides has not been subjected to purification it drains into the ground water. hence, it contaminates the existing water supply. as a sidebar to the health ailments discussed in the previous section, human consumption of water with \u201c \u2026 pesticides can lead to paralysis, heart failure, and gradual damage to the nervous system. \u201d these problems illustrate the importance of ground, roof and wastewater tankers to people living with an archaic water network in the mediterranean region. moreover, what compounds palestinian health problems is the violence they are subjected to by israeli forces and israeli settlers. for example in december 2004, the khan younis and rafah governorates experienced an israeli incursion that resulted in : \u201c destruction of rainwater harvesting ponds and agricultural well near morag settlement. this includes eight green houses and 24 dunums that were damaged \u2026 \u201d and throughout the incursion \u201c \u2026 four wells located near gosh katif settlement compound were maintained with difficulties by the maintenance team \u2026. were risking their lives since the israeli forces were prohibiting any one from reaching the area. \u201d this violence is not isolated to incursions because the field survey went on to explain that a municipal well in al naser that served two communities with a population of 13, 000 had been closed for three months. as a result, \u201c \u2026 the communities are forced to buy water from the nearby agricultural wells. \u201d when palestinians approached israeli forces to arrange for access to the well \u201c \u2026 israeli forces forced them to go back after firing on them. \u201d since israel transferred the israeli settlers out of gaza and into the west bank during the gaza withdrawal in august 2005 some people may think that problems with violence between israelis and palestinians no longer exist in gaza. however, palestinians still live under occupation because israeli forces still control all entry points ( checkpoints ), borders and border crossings, as well as sea and air space. in essence, israeli soldiers decide who and what flows in and out of gaza. the other dimension of occupation that may not come to mind immediately is the fact that 38 years of occupation left a path of destruction in gaza. a recent survey by a well - known palestinian political figure and doctor explains there are \u201c \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4089962401606037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.078726"} {"text": "out of gaza. the other dimension of occupation that may not come to mind immediately is the fact that 38 years of occupation left a path of destruction in gaza. a recent survey by a well - known palestinian political figure and doctor explains there are \u201c \u2026 charred and uprooted palm and fruit trees, acres of fields and dozens of kilometers of roads and infrastructure bulldozed, water mains ploughed out and electric lines torn down. \u201d in addition, the tons of sand israelis removed before leaving the settlements will intensify the sea water intrusion of the aquifer already taking place. therefore the gaza withdrawal caused considerable environmental damage that palestinians have to take into account when rebuilding the area. by the way, the 7. 9 mcm / yr of water the former israeli settlers of gaza were consuming consisted of 4. 1 mcm from the aquifer and another 3. 8 mcm transported by mekorot at a subsidized price. palestinians have the opportunity to purchase the 3. 8 mcm at 3 nis (. 67 u. s. cents ) per cubic meter. how much is the annual cost? the palestinian water authority would have to spend nis $ 11. 4 m or u. s. $ 2. 6 m for the transport of mekorot water to gaza \u2019 s borders. with current, desperate conditions and the violence that has caused severe damage to palestinian infrastructure why should palestinians have to pay for a natural resource that should already be available to them? the next and final section will explore briefly other, viable solutions to gaza \u2019 s water crisis. water solutions from the experts when internecine, political entities are trying to reestablish diplomatic relations, financial compensation acknowledges committed crimes and demonstrates a commitment to peace building. the facts illustrate that israeli policy has caused severe damage to palestinian infrastructure and palestinians should receive reparations for this destruction. payment for these damages is sine qua non if there is going to be resolution to the israeli - palestinian conflict. with regards to equipment relating to palestinian water networks the israeli government should pay the p. a. to replace what damage has been done to water sources. if an israeli military base dumped its sewerage onto palestinian farmland, then israel is responsible for clean - up costs. regardless of where they live now if settlers destroyed wells and cisterns then the israeli government should pay for the repairs. if an israeli soldier fired gunshots that destroyed a palestinian family \u2019 s water tanks, then the israeli government should give them compensation for damages to their personal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4501166533643697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.086541"} {"text": "live now if settlers destroyed wells and cisterns then the israeli government should pay for the repairs. if an israeli soldier fired gunshots that destroyed a palestinian family \u2019 s water tanks, then the israeli government should give them compensation for damages to their personal property. with regards to water solutions, an article published recently that i quoted earlier states that the coastal aquifer \u201c \u2026 could serve as a source of environmental peacemaking \u201d since israel is the upstream user of this aquifer and the p. a. is the downstream user. their proposal is that israel continues pumping the groundwater because it will decrease the salinization in the western part of the aquifer : gaza. moreover, they explain that palestinians should cease pumping the aquifer because over - pumping it causes sea water intrusion. they suggest desalination plants as alternative water sources. according to attili this is not the shortcut way to solve the problem. water rights should be solved based on international standards. gaza is not part of the moon ; it is the integral portion of the palestinian state that is composed of the west bank and gaza strip. reallocation of the available resources including the jordan river basin is the solution. this will enable both israelis and palestinians to sustainable management of these shared resources. it will then enable the palestinians themselves to proper of water between the west bank and the gaza strip. attili further explained that it is inevitable that the gaza water crisis solution on the medium term consists of transferring part of the palestinian rightful share from the jordan river to gaza. the united states agency for international development ( usaid ) began building a regional desalination facility in gaza costing us $ 70 m and the project allocated another $ 60 m for a future north - south carrier, which would run throughout gaza. in 2003, the project halted because three american personnel were killed. yet attili emphasizes \u201c \u2026 they ( the plant and carrier ) are critically required and construction must be recommenced without delay. \u201d he explains that the proposed water carrier for construction will address the 60 per cent network loss of water they are experiencing presently. for instance, water leakages in conduits and pipes. moreover, the p. a. \u2019 s ministry of planning map, which is a summary of the coastal aquifer management program ( camp ), a project funded by the usaid, the camp project is proposing the construction of three wastewater treatment plants that will address water consumption for agricultural and industrial purposes. although there are nine existing ground tanks the camp sees the need for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43410316354991185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.087772"} {"text": "management program ( camp ), a project funded by the usaid, the camp project is proposing the construction of three wastewater treatment plants that will address water consumption for agricultural and industrial purposes. although there are nine existing ground tanks the camp sees the need for an additional 16 ground tanks. the construction of the water carrier will connect all ground tanks, booster pump stations and cities throughout the gaza strip. however, without funding from the international donor community, construction is at a standstill. the end result is that the postponed projects prevent viable solutions from resolving a dire situation. one major water source in the region is the jordan river basin. the co - riparians of the jordan river are : israel, jordan, lebanon, palestine, and syria. according to attili, palestinians have not had access to the jordan river since 1967 and they are the most stressed co - riparians in the region. jordanians are not far behind. he further explained that \u201c \u2026 israel violates the international law by diverting the river through the national water carrier. \u201d some experts agree that joint management of the water in the region will enable government leadership to meet the needs of their people. moreover, they concluded that international law with regards to water distribution should be based on \u201c \u2026 the equitable and reasonable allocation of share watercourses ; the avoidance of significant harm ; and the need of prior notification of any development plans which could affect shared watercourses. \u201d it is in the best interests of the riparian parties to manage water resources through a cooperative approach. if political entities work together then they can develop the most innovative, efficient and effective strategies to meet the needs of people while avoiding water exploitation and deterioration of water resources. the probability of environmental damage increases when a co - riparian user has no outside controls in place to balance its usage. israel is an example of this real - life scenario. when co - riparians manage water together then they have shared responsibility and liability for what happens to the region \u2019 s society and environment. by 2010, the palestinian water authority ( pwa ) predicts the demand for water in gaza will be a minimum of 300 mcm / yr, but the sustainable yield is 50 \u2013 60 mcm / yr. the math reveals there is a 75 per cent gap of water to be had. what will people drink? whether the middle east will survive this impending human and environmental disaster is up to the political entities involved and the international community who can provide the much - needed funding to rectify this water crisis. some people say", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45670313425893033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.089897"} {"text": "fri august 17, 2012 when pronouncing a case is harder than ' roe v. wade ' originally published on fri august 17, 2012 4 : 03 pm melissa block, host : this is all things considered from npr news. i ' m melissa block. now, a story about supreme court cases and how you pronounce their names. some are easy enough, like roe v. wade, but others aren ' t so clear cut. is it bachy or bachy, padilla or padilla? many a case name has been mangled, so as we hear from npr legal affairs correspondent nina totenberg, law professor eugene fidell set out to set the record straight. nina totenberg, byline : fidell and his students at yale law school have published a pronunciation dictionary of supreme court cases. they ' ve examined all of the case names going back to the beginning of the republic and they ' ve figured out - or tried to figure out - the correct pronunciations. eugene fidell : it ' s been a marvelous sort of cook ' s tour of american legal history and also very reaffirming of the melting pot nature of our country because you see cases arise with american indian names and every single ethnic group that ' s immigrated to our country. totenberg : in addition to fidell, the project included six yale law students and two linguistic experts. their task combined all kinds of research skills. take, for example, the 1916 case of straus versus a company that spelled its name n - o - t - a - s - e - m - e. notaseme, maybe? italian? no. it was a hosiery company and the name was notaseme, as in there are no seams in this hosiery. or how about n - o - f - i - r - e versus united states? no. it ' s not spanish. it ' s nofire versus united states. mr. nofire was a cherokee indian. the guiding principle for the yale dictionary was the pronunciation used by the litigant if he or she were still alive. if not, in addition to other source material, the researchers would call up five people with the same name in the same region. take the name b - l - o - u - n - t. was it blount or blount? three pronounced it blount, two blount, so both pronunciations are listed. if the case was argued in the last half century, there '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4669510199614494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.099059"} {"text": "o - u - n - t. was it blount or blount? three pronounced it blount, two blount, so both pronunciations are listed. if the case was argued in the last half century, there ' s tape of the oral argument. the supreme court actually has forms that litigants are asked to fill out giving guidance as to how their name should be pronounced in court, but the forms are routinely destroyed and, in any event, the justices seemed to follow the guidance - shall we say - irregularly. here, for example, is chief justice rehnquist introducing a major affirmative action case in 2003. william rehnquist : we ' ll hear argument now in number 02241, barbara grutter versus lee bollinger. totenberg : that ' s barbara g - r - u - t - t - e - r. she actually pronounces it grutter, but has long since accepted that the case name is known in the legal world as grutter. and then there ' s the rare litigant who changes the pronunciation of his name. accused terrorist jose padilla fit into that category. as far as can be determined, he was originally padilla, then said his name should be pronounced padilla and, by the end of his litigation, was back to padilla. nina totenberg - no, that ' s wrong. nina totenberg, npr news, washington. transcript provided by npr, copyright npr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3961370458915405, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.100370"} {"text": "jackson, tenn. \u2013 dec. 3, 2002 \u2013 in a classroom on union \u2019 s campus, a biology professor is teaching students on the various types of insects found in the west tennessee region. down the hall, another class is learning about the different forms of bacteria that exist in the area. still another class is learning how to put it all together in the form of genetic engineering \u2013 learning how to control insect populations with various bacterial methods while conserving the resources around us. research biologists are being born. science, seen and unseen, plays a huge part in how we eat, work, travel, the clothes we wear, and even the furniture we sit on. in an increasing technological age that demands our dependence on the sciences, union university is building for the future \u2013 designing a high - tech new science building that will serve the needs of future research chemists, pharmacists, nurses, doctors and engineers for decades to come and in turn, serve the west tennessee community and beyond. in a recent meeting in november with the university \u2019 s newly formed board of regents and science building advisors, the university announced the projected design of the new building which is the final piece of the first phase of union \u2019 s campus master plan set in motion back in 1997. the groundbreaking, which will occur friday, dec. 6 across from the new performing arts building, jennings hall, is a significant event representing two years of hard work and thought which went into the initial planning of this important building. made initially possible by a $ 2 million gift from roy white, $ 500, 000 from jackson - general hospital and an anonymous pledge of $ 1. 4 million, the two - story science building will house biology on the first floor and chemistry on the second \u2013 with other science areas such as physics, engineering and computer science to be added later. project completion is scheduled for 2005 with classes to begin in the new building in august of that year. \u201c the sciences as much as anything else we do at union symbolize the university \u2019 s commitment to excellence, \u201d said union president david s. dockery at the meeting. \u201c we are very excited about where this process is going and we are very hopeful for the next two years. \u201d according to tlm associates, who were awarded the architectural and engineering aspects of the campus master plan, a science building is one of the more difficult buildings to design due to the complexity of the laboratories and the ventilation challenges. union science faculty and administrators have spent many hours visiting other science facilities on other university campuses, and a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4620293064859724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.123328"} {"text": "of the campus master plan, a science building is one of the more difficult buildings to design due to the complexity of the laboratories and the ventilation challenges. union science faculty and administrators have spent many hours visiting other science facilities on other university campuses, and a nationally known consultant was hired who specializes in designing science buildings. \u201c we want to provide a space where serious learning can take place among science majors as well as an appropriate place for union students who are taking the required science core classes, \u201d said union provost carla sanderson. barbara mcmillin, dean of union \u2019 s college of arts and sciences, spoke highly of the work that the science faculty in particular has done so far in planning the building to meet class and curriculum specifications \u201c i cannot estimate the number of hours that this faculty has invested in getting us to this point, \u201d said mcmillin. thinking ahead for the future has also been an important part of the process, examining what equipment will be needed both now and later. \u201c if it \u2019 s a piece of equipment that sits on a counter, we need to know so that we will have the counter space for later down the road when we finally obtain that particular piece of equipment, \u201d explained mcmillin, pointing out the complicated details that must each be thought through one by one. special features of the 42, 000 square foot building include a green house for the biology area, bulk storage areas for hazardous chemicals, large state - of - the - art lecture rooms, a microbiology / immunology lab, as well as lab areas for physiology and human gross anatomy, with storage for human cadavers that are used by the human gross anatomy class in the summer. the roof also has unique features for the special ventilation needs of the chemistry labs. \u201c union has always been good as an academic resource and as an important part of this community, \u201d said madison county mayor jerry gist. \u201c any addition can only serve to benefit west tennessee. the latest figures, particularly showing the university \u2019 s economic impact on this region rang loud and clear \u2013 we \u2019 re looking forward to great things. \u201d sara b. horn,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46576401812137536, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.131855"} {"text": "a calf muscle strain is a partial or complete tear of the small fibers of the muscles. the calf muscles are located in the back of your lower leg. a calf muscle strain can be caused by : - stretching the calf muscles beyond the amount of tension they can withstand - suddenly putting stress on the calf muscles when they are not ready for the stress - using the calf muscles too much on a certain day - a direct blow to the calf muscles factors that increase your chance of developing a calf muscle strain : - participation in sports that require bursts of speed. this includes track sports like running, hurdles, or long jump. other sports include basketball, soccer, football, or rugby. - previous strain or injury to the area. - muscle fatigue. - tight calf muscles. symptoms may include : - pain and tenderness in the calf - stiffness in the calf muscles - weakness of the calf muscles - pain when pushing off the foot or standing on tiptoe - bruising on the calf - popping sensation as the muscle tears the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. muscle strains are graded according to their severity : - grade 1 \u2014 some stretching with micro - tearing of muscle fibers. - grade 2 \u2014 partial tearing of muscle fibers. - grade 3 \u2014 complete tearing of muscle fibers. this may also be called a rupture or avulsion. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. recovery time ranges depending on the grade of your injury. treatment steps may include : your muscle will need time to heal. avoid activities that place extra stress on these muscles : - do not do activities that cause pain. this includes running, jumping, and weight lifting using the leg muscles. - if normal walking hurts, shorten your stride. - do not play sports until your doctor has said it is safe to do so. apply an ice or a cold pack to the area for 15 - 20 minutes, four times a day, for several days after the injury. do not apply the ice directly to your skin. wrap the ice or cold pack in a towel. to manage pain, your doctor may recommend : - over - the - counter medication, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or acetaminophen - topical pain medication \u2014 creams or patches that are applied to the skin - prescription pain relievers compression can help prevent more swelling. your doctor may recommend an elastic compression bandage around your calf. be careful not to wrap the bandage too tight. elevation can also help keep swelling down", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45389405846526276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.140317"} {"text": "as a boy, joe like many kids of his age wanted to be a fighter pilot and at age 22 joe was doing just that, storming through the skies of germany with the 86th fighter bomber squadron. it wasn \u2019 t long though before joe was called upon to bigger things. even before there was a space program he was planning for it, volunteering himself for experiments which would make even bruce banner wince with fear, most notably the human decelerator where he went from over 600 mph to zero in just a few feet, blistering his body and making his eyes bleed from the 41g he pulled in breaking. thankfully not all the experiments were as life threatening as the human decelerator. one of joe \u2019 s early tests for example was investigating zero gravity which involved him swooping and diving in his plane with a golf ball attached to a piece of string \u201c when the golf ball floated, that was zero gravity \u201d. some of course were far more grand in scale and with \u2018 project man high \u2019 joe took a balloon up to the dizzying heights of 96, 000ft paving the way for the nasa \u2019 s human space flight program \u2018 project mercury \u2019. not bad for a 29 year old but his real challenge was still to come. on aug. 16, 1960, joe, now air force captain joseph kittinger, rode a helium balloon to the edge of space, 102, 800 feet ( 32 km ) above the earth. wearing just a thin pressure suit and breathing supplemental oxygen, joe jumped from his gondola into the 110 - degree - below - zero, near - vacuum of space. within seconds his body accelerated to 714 mph in the thin air, breaking the sound barrier. after free - falling for more than four and a half minutes, his descent finally began to slow due to the friction of the heavier air below. he felt his parachute open at 14, 000 feet, and he floated gently down to the new mexico desert floor. joe \u2019 s feat proved to scientists that astronauts would be able to survive the harshness of space with just a pressure suit and that man could eject from aircraft at extreme altitudes and survive if properly equipped. more than four decades later, joe \u2019 s two world records, the highest parachute jump, and the only man to break the sound barrier without a craft and live, still stand, and the retired colonel and aviation hall of famer, now 75, still rides the sky above altamonte springs in florida as often as he can.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4664116672778881, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.146451"} {"text": "mit professor \u2019 s book digs into the eclectic, textually linked reading choices of people in medieval london. the glitter of gold may hold more than just beauty, or so says a team of mit researchers that is working on ways to use tiny gold rods to fight cancer, deliver drugs and more. but before gold nanorods can live up to their potential, scientists must figure out how to overcome one major difficulty : the surfaces of the tiny particles are coated with an uncooperative molecule ( a byproduct of the synthesis process ) that prevents researchers from creating nanorods with the features they want. \" the surface chemistry is really key to everything, \" said kimberly hamad - schifferli, assistant professor of biological and mechanical engineering at mit. \" for all of these nifty applications to work, someone ' s got to sit down and do the dirty work of understanding the surface. \" hamad - schifferli and her colleagues published two papers this month describing ways to manipulate the nanorods ' surface, which could allow researchers to design nanorods with specific useful functions. as their name implies, gold nanorods are tiny cylinders of gold, about 10 billionths of a meter wide and 40 billionths of a meter long. they differ from traditional, spherical gold nanoparticles in one very important respect - - they can absorb infrared light. that means they can theoretically be activated by infrared laser without damaging surrounding cells, which do not absorb infrared light. before that can happen, scientists must figure out how to deal with an organic molecule known as ctab that coats the outer surface of gold nanorods and tends to detach from and reattach itself to the surface. the molecule, a byproduct of the synthesis reaction that produces the nanorods, makes it difficult to attach other molecules for delivery, such as drugs or dna. the team ' s two recent papers describe how the ctab influences heat dissipation and how to remove the ctab and replace it with another organic molecule. in the first paper, published online aug. 12 in the journal of physical chemistry c, they found that a low concentration of the ctab in the surrounding solution accelerates heat dissipation after the nanorod is hit with infrared light. when the concentration of ctab is high, heat is dissipated more slowly. that information could help scientists design nanorods that fight cancer agents by burning away tumor cells when activated with infrared light. in the second paper, published online aug", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5708102820701764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.151957"} {"text": "infrared light. when the concentration of ctab is high, heat is dissipated more slowly. that information could help scientists design nanorods that fight cancer agents by burning away tumor cells when activated with infrared light. in the second paper, published online aug. 22 in the journal langmuir, the team demonstrated how to replace ctab with a more useful molecule - - a sulfur - containing group known as a thiol. this molecule binds more strongly to the nanorod, so it doesn ' t detach and reattach like ctab. in addition, other molecules, such as dna, can be easily attached to the end of the thiol. these surface chemistry studies are critical to lay the groundwork for development of gold nanorods, according to hamad - schifferli. \" people have dreamed up all of these cool applications for nanorods, but one of the biggest bottlenecks to making this a reality is this interface, \" she said. in the future, hamad - schifferli and her colleagues hope to build gold nanorods that carry dna designed for a specific function in the target cell. for example, the dna could shut down production of a protein that is being overexpressed. lead author of the langmuir paper is andy wijaya, a graduate student in chemical engineering. lead authors of the jpcc paper are aaron schmidt, a postdoctoral associate in mechanical engineering, and joshua alper, a graduate student in mechanical engineering. other authors are matteo chiesa, a visiting scholar in the technology and development program, gang chen, the rohsenow professor of mechanical engineering, and sarit das, a visiting professor in mechanical engineering. the work was funded by the norwegian research council, the ford - mit alliance and the national science foundation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5736369913386477, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.152632"} {"text": "i hold onto heredity. genes must be present in order to be passed along. this is true. randomness ignores heredity, claiming that changes come by chance. hmm, no, not really. the changes do come by chance, but the random mutation aspect of it does not ignore heredity at all. in fact, its an integral part of the process. you see, we know random mutations happen. they are errors in the copying process. how do we know they happen? because of genetic disorders and how they present. there are lots of them to chose from. but let me show a little bit about how it works. lets say we have a strand of dna that looks like this.... there are a few ways we can get things to happen here. first, we can have a single letter change... for example the third letter somehow ( randomly, by chance. as an error in the copying process ) is changed to a t. now, when that dna strand codes for a protein, ( or is part of the on / off sequencing of the coding ), that random mutation gives a certain characteristic that is different than it would have been previously. ( for the sake of understanding, lets say it is... fur pigmentation in a rabbit or something ). if that particular difference makes a change that is beneficial to the individual ( for our rabbit, if they live in the arctic, lets assume that maybe the fur is a bit more white than that of his neighbors ), then that particular individual will be more likely to pass on its dna ( new and improved ) to the next generation simply by being better adapted to survive in that particular environment. you ' ve already agreed to heredity, so that ' s not up for discussion. another way it can happen is to have an additional letter added in. maybe add a t in between the first 2 g ' s up there. in that respect, everything on down the line is going to be effected ( pushed down one ), and depending on where this addition is, this can have massive effects on the dna sequence. if the addition is late in the dna strand, the effects might be less noticeable than if it were early in the sequence pushing everything on down the line. there are a few other ways that i can ' t remember off hand right now, but you get the point here. these random changes ( errors in the copying process for whatever reason ) can be either good, bad or completely benign to the organism. do you see that now?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5765979820912266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.157915"} {"text": "that i can ' t remember off hand right now, but you get the point here. these random changes ( errors in the copying process for whatever reason ) can be either good, bad or completely benign to the organism. do you see that now? which ignores natural selection, which claims that whis is is better than that which was. really? so with our rabbit in the previous example... if his random mutation gives him fur that is a bit more white than other individuals of his species... and he ' s living in the arctic ; does that offer him it a better chance at survival? of course it does. that one tiny copying error just happened to give the rabbit less fur pigmentation, and therefore an increased chance of survival over its neighbors. what is the deciding factor between passing the genes on or not? it ' s whether the rabbit gets killed ( maybe by a wolf with good eyesight ) before it mates. in the arctic, does a white rabbit or an off white rabbit have a better chance to pass on it ' s genes? the white rabbit does, obviously. now that one tiny error might have given the rabbit increased muscle length, or better vision, or better hearing.. or it might have made it slower, or darker in color, or decreased it ' s sense of smell. natural selection determines whether or not it was beneficial simply by whether or not the new trait helps the individual live or die. that ' s it. it ' s as simple as that, really. which ignores heredity which claims that the genes of a progeny must be passed by the parent. which ignores randomness through the claim that what is has been passed by one who has it already no, and no. evolution has taken these thrown them in the soup of the past, and said it is how we were made. because it offers the very best explanation as to how all life came to be. not because we like it, or because it ' s super cool and all we want to do is mash any silly creationist nonsense. it ' s because it explains in great detail how all the facts fit together. really, its not a conspiracy against you. even if evolution wasn ' t true, creationism or id would still be utter bullshit. it just so happens that evolution is true. it would be true regardless of what invisible sky man you or anyone else thinks exists. not scientific. not rational, not logical. you ' re absolutely wrong here. it ' s all 3. very much all 3.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5545388447926581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.158922"} {"text": "viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. the hilgard project and the future the hilgard project : web - based, automated wine fermentations at uc davis winery. scott professor of enology and chemical engineering the university of california is in the design and construction phases of a building complex that will be known as the robert mondavi institute for wine and food ( rmi ). the generous gift of $ 20m by robert and margrit mondavi and the matching funds from the state of california, will establish a unique centre that is home to the departments of viticulture and enology and of food science ( see : http : / / robertmondaviinstitute. ucdavis. edu / ). some of the greatest limitations to small - scale research winemaking are irreprod...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5269948537815536, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.163164"} {"text": "most active stories - poll shows major support for medical marijuana in kentucky - boating accident on kentucky lake kills fisherman - msu ' s dunn selected to be youngstown state ' s next president - recurring trials for an iranian family \u2013 a microcosm of the persecution of the baha \u2019 is in iran - tva eyes closing power units at shawnee fossil plant, other coal facilities thu august 9, 2012 uncovering secrets buried at a neglected cemetery originally published on thu august 9, 2012 10 : 07 am at most cemeteries, hearing weed cutters and lawn mowers trimming grass around graves would seem normal enough. but at lincoln cemetery in montgomery, ala., these are the sounds of progress. lincoln cemetery was established in 1907 for african - americans. but with no one in charge of the cemetery or keeping up with burial records, abuse, vandalism and neglect became rampant and the cemetery is in disrepair. grass and weeds grew three feet high. people picked apart old, crumbling graves and took bones of the deceased. and no one is quite where people are actually buried. \" when somebody would be buried here, they were burying people on top of people. see these two markers? they laid them up on this grave. so we ' re not sure which one of these spaces that person is in, \" says phyllis armstrong, a volunteer helping to clean up lincoln. lincoln was designed for 700 graves. so far, volunteers have recorded more than nine times that amount \u2014 a total of 6, 700 graves, some of which are actually under nearby roads. phillip taunton heads the local group overseeing the cleanup. \" it ' s immoral and it ' s unethical for anything like this to be taking place, especially here in the city of montgomery, \" taunton says. city leaders agreed. two years ago, officials created an authority to restore the cemetery. now, volunteers like armstrong come out almost every day to cut grass, rake leaves and pick up litter. but the problems underscore a darker part of southern history. lee anne wofford of the alabama historical commission says lincoln is a direct result of segregation. \" what people don ' t understand is that it also applied in death. not just at bus stations or restaurants or bathrooms, but in death also. so, you have separate cemeteries for whites and blacks, \" wofford says. wofford walks to the grave marker of a woman who was key in the civil rights movement. aurelia browder - coleman was a friend of rosa parks and was lead plaintiff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39416645576735676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.167852"} {"text": "december 3, 2012 | politics and leadership the dilma effect : how brazil \u2019 s groundbreaking president is inspiring other women to run by maya popa \u201c in portuguese, the term presidente applies to both men and women, and presidenta to women only. when dilma was elected, people asked her which term she preferred to use and she said presidenta, with the feminine ending. \u201d \u201c dilma, \u201d it almost goes without saying, is dilma rousseff, voted into office in 2010 as the first woman to lead powerhouse brazil, the world \u2019 s sixth largest economy. for the woman telling that anecdote, thirtysomething veronica marques of rio, it illustrates one of rousseff \u2019 s greatest accomplishments in office : her ability to motivate other women to succeed, especially in public life. \u201c for me, this simple gesture shows how having a woman as a presidenta can inspire other women not only to seek more space in the political arena, but also through their daily lives, \u201d says marques, an executive at elas, the women ' s social investment fund, a nonprofit that invests in women \u2019 s empowerment and education. the dilma effect starts at the top : after promising in her inaugural speech \u201c to open doors, so that in the future many other women can also be president, \u201d rousseff put together a cabinet with three times as many women as the previous administration, giving women nine of the 24 minister - level positions - - including such key jobs as ministers of planning, social development and the environment. and in this macho, macho country, thanks to rousseff, more women are getting into politics than ever before. \" dilma took several high - profile media opportunities to encourage women to run in the last elections, \u201d says heather arnet, ceo of the women and girls foundation of pennsylvania, which is partnering with elas to study the effect of governmental policies on the lives of brazilian women. the result : a record 48 women sought the chance to head brazil \u2019 s 26 states, a 60 percent increase over the previous contest. but the fight for gender equality is hardly won. although brazil has a 30 percent rule \u2014 requiring that 30 percent of candidates for elective office be women \u2014 females hold only nine percent of positions in the lower house of parliament and only 36 percent of lawmaker, senior official and managerial jobs, according to a 2011 report by the world economic forum. \u201c there is a long way to go to have more women in politics,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42881661417202366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.178520"} {"text": "nine percent of positions in the lower house of parliament and only 36 percent of lawmaker, senior official and managerial jobs, according to a 2011 report by the world economic forum. \u201c there is a long way to go to have more women in politics, but we are building step by step, \u201d says marques. \u201c maybe, in some years we will have at least 50 percent of women in political positions in brazil. \u201d politics, though, isn \u2019 t the only area where brazilian women are breaking glass ceilings. earlier this year maria das gracas silva foster was named ceo of petrobras - petroleo brasil - - the first woman in the world to head a major oil - and - gas company. according to a recent survey, 80 percent of brazilian women now aspire to top jobs ( compared to 52 percent in the u. s ), while 59 percent consider themselves \u201c very ambitious \u201d ( compared to 36 percent in the u. s. ) arnet praises government - funded social programs for providing the right conditions for women to succeed : inexpensive, over - the - counter birth control, six months paid maternity leave, efforts to connect rural women to education and healthcare, and the bolsa familia program, compensation for poor women to keeping their children in school. \" all of these policies and cultural practices together are creating an environment where women can be more economically sufficient and can take on increasing corporate and political leadership, \" says arnet. marques, though, has the most personal take on her country \u2019 s leader : \u201c when i see myself represented by a woman as presidenta, i see that things are changing. i see that our generation of women and the next generation of women will have more space in the political arena because of her. achieving in the political arena is not simple. brazil has to give us \u2014 the new generation of women \u2014 the space and the opportunity for it. we want to do it, we can do it, we will do it. \u201d solutions for brazil : let \u2019 s go girls! the women and girls foundation of pennsylvania, led by heather arnet, is partnering with veronica marques at elas, on a project called vamos meninas! ( let ' s go girls! ) to \" explore the role that brazilian voting practices, economic policies, and policies regarding family planning and child care have in fostering a culture for female advancement. \" in january 2013, arnet and elas will visit rio, sao paulo, brasilia and other cities, to better understand the changes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43670628694111824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.180404"} {"text": ", economic policies, and policies regarding family planning and child care have in fostering a culture for female advancement. \" in january 2013, arnet and elas will visit rio, sao paulo, brasilia and other cities, to better understand the changes occurring in brazil and their impact on women \u2019 s leadership. as arnet explains : \" together we hope to capture stories of transformation that provide americans insight into this emerging world economic leader, and inspiration to continue our own pursuit towards gender equity. \" explaining what seems an unlikely pairing, arnet says that \u201c brazil and pennsylvania, historically, have a surprising amount in common. we are both economies which used to rely mainly on coal mining. we are traditionally macho cultures where women stayed home, and had children, and men went to work in the factories. we have had significant racial and class segregation and gender segregation in the workplace. and yet look at brazil now. from an economic revitalization perspective and gender leadership perspective things are changing in brazil dynamically. \u201d a documentary about vamos meninas! will premiere on pbs station wqed / pittsburgh later in 2013. says arnet, \" we have a lot to learn from brazil, its people and its leaders, regarding how to transform our culture and our economies for a new century. \" maya catherine popa is a writer for the women in the world foundation. she is currently completing a master ' s in creative writing at oxford university under a clarendon scholarship, as well as an mfa in poetry from nyu. she co - leads a weekly writing workshop for veterans of iraq & afghanistan. her writing appears in the huffington post, locustpoint, and elsewhere.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4503692113004389, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.181095"} {"text": "key : \" s : \" = show synset ( semantic ) relations, \" w : \" = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) \" an example sentence \" - s : ( n ) abscission, cutting off ( the act of cutting something off ) - s : ( n ) cut, cutting, cutting off ( the act of shortening something by chopping off the ends ) \" the barber gave him a good cut \" - s : ( v ) interrupt, disrupt, break up, cut off ( make a break in ) \" we interrupt the program for the following messages \" - s : ( v ) cut, cut off ( cease, stop ) \" cut the noise \" ; \" we had to cut short the conversation \" - s : ( v ) cut off, chop off, lop off ( remove by or as if by cutting ) \" cut off the ear \" ; \" lop off the dead branch \" - s : ( v ) cut off, cut out ( cut off and stop ) \" the bicyclist was cut out by the van \" - s : ( v ) chip, knap, cut off, break off ( break a small piece off from ) \" chip the glass \" ; \" chip a tooth \" - s : ( v ) amputate, cut off ( remove surgically ) \" amputate limbs \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5985092545937034, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.182280"} {"text": "key : \" s : \" = show synset ( semantic ) relations, \" w : \" = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) \" an example sentence \" - s : ( n ) guard ( a person who keeps watch over something or someone ) - s : ( n ) guard ( the person who plays that position on a football team ) \" the left guard was injured on the play \" - s : ( n ) guard, safety, safety device ( a device designed to prevent injury or accidents ) - s : ( n ) guard ( a posture of defence in boxing or fencing ) \" keep your guard up \" - s : ( n ) guard ( the person who plays the position of guard on a basketball team ) - s : ( n ) guard ( a military unit serving to protect some place or person ) - s : ( n ) precaution, safeguard, guard ( a precautionary measure warding off impending danger or damage or injury etc. ) \" he put an ice pack on the injury as a precaution \" ; \" an insurance policy is a good safeguard \" ; \" we let our guard down \" - s : ( n ) guard duty, guard, sentry duty, sentry go ( the duty of serving as a sentry ) \" he was on guard that night \" - s : ( n ) guard ( ( american football ) a position on the line of scrimmage ) \" guards must be good blockers \" - s : ( n ) guard ( a position on a basketball team ) - s : ( v ) guard ( to keep watch over ) \" there would be men guarding the horses \" - s : ( v ) guard, ward ( watch over or shield from danger or harm ; protect ) \" guard my possessions while i ' m away \" - s : ( v ) defend, guard, hold ( protect against a challenge or attack ) \" hold that position behind the trees! \" ; \" hold the bridge against the enemy ' s attacks \" - s : ( v ) guard ( take precautions in order to avoid some unwanted consequence ) \" guard against becoming too friendly with the staff \" ; \" guard against infection \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6007549896693509, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.184175"} {"text": "situated at the mouth of the mississippi river on the coast of the gulf of mexico, louisiana and its people have long been influenced by the intersection of these two major water features. the physical geography of louisiana can be examined in terms of its five natural regions : the coastal marsh ; the mississippi flood plain ; the red river valley ; the terraces ; and the hills. each has played an important role in the history of the state. the southernmost of these regions is the coastal marsh, which serves as a transitional area between land and sea. characterized by fresh and saltmarsh vegetation as well as peat soils, this natural region serves to provide rich fishing grounds that support the second - largest seafood industry in the united states today. heading northward away from the coastal areas, rivers dominate not only the physical landscape but also the economic geography of louisiana. the red and mississippi rivers are distinguished as separate natural regions because of soil and drainage differences, however, they are inherently interconnected and provide an extensive waterway transportation system upon which the louisiana economy has been built. combined with five deepwater ports and proximity of the gulf of mexico, the river system of louisiana serves as natural gateway for the exchange of not only goods produced in the state but much of the u. s. midwest as well. while the petrochemical and mineral resource industries are most often associated with the importance of waterway transportation today, the fertile flood plains of the mississippi river have long been a source of agricultural wealth for the state by producing large quantities of cotton, soybeans, and rice. rising above the river floodplains into the terraces and hills, the forest industry prevails because of the availability over 13 million acres ( 5. 2 million hectares ) of hardwood and pine forests. natural resources alone do not provide all of the state \u2019 s economic foundations. louisiana has also developed a strong tourism industry premised upon its unique cultural heritage. the idea of \u201c cultural gumbo \u201d is often used to describe the people of louisiana, as they are like the famous gumbo dish created out of many separate ingredients that blend together to create a delightful experience. throughout its history, the territory that now encompasses louisiana has been governed under 10 different flags. although originally claimed by hernando de soto for spain in the early 1540s, louisiana remained largely ignored by europeans until robert de la salle claimed the territory for france in 1682. the first permanent settlement was finally established in 1714. despite the strong french and spanish presence in the territory, other europeans, including germans farmers, began to arrive, each adding their own influences to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4448575016094396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.187784"} {"text": "robert de la salle claimed the territory for france in 1682. the first permanent settlement was finally established in 1714. despite the strong french and spanish presence in the territory, other europeans, including germans farmers, began to arrive, each adding their own influences to the louisiana culture and landscape. with a military victory over france and spain in 1763, great britain also laid claim to the portion of louisiana east of the mississippi river basin. while european nations struggled with each other for control of louisiana, other cultural groups continued to arrive. the rich soils of the river lands fostered the growth of a plantation economy that depended upon the importation of african and afro - caribbean slaves who contributed to the formation of the culture in south louisiana. this area was also settled by creoles, the french - speaking acadians who fled british control of nova scotia and made their way into south - central louisiana and are today recognized by the name cajuns. even after the louisiana purchase in 1803 and its incorporation into the united states in 1812, portions of louisiana would be governed under a foreign flag. in 1810, a controversy arose between the united states and spain over the control of portions of eastern louisiana, resulting in the declaration of the shortlived independent republic of west florida. finally, in 1861, louisiana seceded from the union and after only a six - week period as an independent republic joined the confederacy and its efforts in the civil war. after the conclusion of the war, louisiana was readmitted to the union in 1868. despite the passage of over 130 years of continual u. s. control, the people of louisiana have seldom forgotten their past and continue to draw upon it today to create a diverse cultural experience blended from a unique history and environment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3769337560819467, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.188583"} {"text": "| the surprising appearance of nanotubular fullerene d5h ( 1 ) - c90 | the previously undetected fullerene d5h ( 1 ) - c90 \u2014 with a distinct nanotubular shape \u2014 has been isolated as the major c90 isomer produced from sm2o3 - doped graphite rods and structurally identified by single - crystal x - ray diffraction. fullerenes are well - defined molecules that consist of closed cages of carbon atoms and distinct inside and outside surfaces. they tend to form very small crystals ; consequently, high - resolution data was collected using small - molecule crystallography at als beamline 11. 3. 1. the discovery of nanotubular d5h ( 1 ) - c90, which is a fullerene with 90 carbon atoms and d5h symmetry, opens a bridge between molecular fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. in recent years, the well - known solid allotropes diamond and graphite have been joined by new allotropes : fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. diamond consists of four - coordinate carbon atoms with tetrahedral geometry, while the other allotropes involve three - coordinate carbon atoms. in graphite, these carbon atoms are arranged in hexagonal sheets that are stacked upon one another. graphene is simply a single hexagonal graphitic sheet with a thickness of only one atom. carbon nanotubes can be conceived as hexagonal graphene sheets rolled into cylindrical shapes. these tubes may consist of a single wall of carbon atoms ( single - walled carbon nanotubes ) or may consist of multiple layers of tubes nested inside one another ( multi - wall carbon nanotubes ). carbon nanotubes are produced as mixtures in which the individual tubes can vary in length, width, precise alignment of the component hexagons, and the chemical nature of the unique carbon atoms at the two ends of the tube. graphene is likewise produced as sheets of varying size with generally less well - defined structures for those carbon atoms at the outer edges. fullerenes of varying sizes ( from 60 to more than 500 carbon atoms ) have also been observed, and individual molecules such as c60 and c70 have been isolated in pure form. each fullerene is constructed of 12 pentagonal rings of carbon atoms and a number of hexagonal rings. for example, the prototypical c60, the most readily prepared fullerene, has 20 hexagonal rings in addition to the 12 pentagons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.570345724479725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.194243"} {"text": "fullerene is constructed of 12 pentagonal rings of carbon atoms and a number of hexagonal rings. for example, the prototypical c60, the most readily prepared fullerene, has 20 hexagonal rings in addition to the 12 pentagons. isolating higher fullerenes in an isomerically pure form is challenging, especially since the number of isomers increases as the size of the fullerene cage expands, as per the isolated pentagon rule ( ipr ). the ipr requires that each pentagon be surrounded by five hexagons to avoid strain - inducing pentagon \u2013 pentagon contact. there are 46 isomers of c90 that obey the ipr, but none of these isomers had previously been obtained in pure form. indeed, in the absence of sm2o3, no d5h ( 1 ) - c90 has ever been detected. the oblong fullerene d5h ( 1 ) - c90 belongs to a set of nanotube - like fullerenes with the formula c60 + 10n, which have alternating d5h symmetry ( when n is odd and the end caps are eclipsed ) or d5d symmetry ( when n is even and the end caps are staggered ). the structure of d5h ( 1 ) - c90 ( n = 3 ) is thus closely related to that of c70 ( n = 1 ). however, within this family only c60, c70, and d5h ( 1 ) - c90 have been isolated in pure form and characterized crystallographically. the isolation of d5h ( 1 ) - c90 provides a unique molecular model for carbon nanotubes that will allow scientists to explore the chemical and physical properties of a distinctly cylindrical fullerene. the armchair - style belts that are found at the waist of d5h ( 1 ) - c90 are a unique feature of this particular fullerene, but are the fundamental building block of carbon nanotubes. research conducted by h. yang, a. jiang, z. wang, and z. liu ( zhejiang university, p. r. china ) ; h. jin ( jiliang university, p. r. china ) ; b. q. mercado, m. m. olmstead, and a. l. balch ( university of california, davis ) ; and c. m. beavers ( berkeley lab ). research funding : national science foundation and the natural science foundation of china. operation of the als is supported by the u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5732374257658727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.195592"} {"text": "luetzen, memorial, frank ellmerich from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia l tzen is a town in the burgenlandkreis district, in saxony - anhalt, germany. it is situated approx. 14 km northeast of wei enfels, and 18 km southwest of leipzig. the town was the scene of two famous battles : the battle of lutzen ( 1632 ) in the thirty years ' war, in which gustavus adolphus of sweden defeated albrecht von wallenstein. however, gustavus adolphus himself died on the battlefield, resulting in the battle being a pyrrhic victory for sweden. there is a statue in l tzen in his memory. also, there is a stone, called schwedenstein ( swedenstone ), covered by a gothic - style monument on the spot on the battlefield where he died. close to this there is a memorial church in his honour. the battle of l tzen ( 1813 ) in the napoleonic wars, in which napoleon defeated combined russian and prussian forces in nearby grossgoerschen. from wikipedia, the free encyclopedial tzen is a town in the burgenlandkreis district, in saxony - anha... from wikipedia, the free encyclopedialutzen is a town in the burgenlandkreis district, in saxony - anha... unterstand im sudlichen teil des kuhrparks in bad durrenbergdie stadt bad durrenberg liegt an der saa... sudlicher kuhrpark in bad durrenbergdie stadt bad durrenberg liegt an der saale zwischen leipzig, mer... der borlachturm mit witzleben - turm an der schonen saale zu bad durrenberg. johann gottfried borlach ( *... nova eventis in gunthersdorf. hdr 6 x 3 bilder ( 4 portrait l 1 zenith l 2 nadir ) l photomatix l ptgui... sand - design weltmeisterschaft in nova eventis 1. platz, rechts 3. platz 4m pole eine einsame schleuse des alten saale - elster kanals in wusteneutzsch. study tour to waterways in bohemia and saxony, april 2011. street around the settlement. some properties are still undeveloped so that the settlement isn ' t comp... germany? before the beginning there was ginnungagap, an empty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42450342855018575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.200111"} {"text": "yoga has been recognized for some time as being effective in reducing high blood pressure, particularly the diastolic ( lower ) number, which is the most crucial. you can experience the relaxing effects of yoga by committing to a short daily routine of breathing, exercise, and meditation. yoga techniques improve your body \u2019 s strength and flexibility, teach you how to relax mentally and physically, and show you how to better manage stress reactions such as muscle tension ( most commonly in the face, stomach, neck, shoulders, and breath ), rapid heart rate, constricted breathing, and anxiety. the fastest and most effective way to reduce reaction to stress is to change your breath, and an immediate way to improve your breathing is to improve your posture. in yoga, you learn to strengthen your back and stomach muscles so that you can sit and stand straighter ; this releases pressure on your heart and lungs and allows you to breathe easier. yoga breathing exercises teach you how to breathe more deeply and rhythmically ; this has many effects, both physical and mental. your respiratory muscles become stronger, and more oxygen reaches your bloodstream. regular practice of breathing exercises will give you greater concentration, willpower, and steadiness. you \u2019 ll feel calmer, too, as you breathe, because your mind can \u2019 t think about upsetting things when it is focused on the breath. you can learn to use the breathing techniques whenever you feel stressed, fatigued, or anxious for immediate relief. yoga exercise benefits your entire circulatory system, beginning with the production of blood, which takes place in the marrow of the long bones in the thighs. improving circulation in the legs with daily yoga stretching exercises helps to rejuvenate the blood. yoga exercises stretch the body ' s major blood vessels, keeping them free - flowing and elastic ; yoga oxygenates the blood and pushes fresh nutrients to all peripheral vessels and capillaries. improved circulation means that your brain will receive more oxygen, improving alertness, memory, and mood ; vital organs receive a steady supply of the nutrients they need for optimal functioning. yoga relaxation and meditation training teach you how to relax at will, allowing your body to release muscle tension almost as it occurs. meditation training shows you how to access your inner source of strength and personal power, creating a support system that builds confidence and self - esteem, helps you learn to enjoy the present - moment, and increases self - awareness. the choice to practice yoga will help you control your high blood pressure as it contributes to greater general health and well - being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5278145199550341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.204616"} {"text": "freeway noise can be much louder than expected over 300m in some atmospheric conditions ovenden, shaffer, frenando. impact of meteorological conditions on noise propagation from freeway corridors. j. acous. soc. am. 126 ( 1 ), july 2009, 25 - 35. this study combined field recordings and new acoustic modeling to describe the effects of wind shear and temperature differentials on the distance over which road noise exceeds regulatory limits. the particular concern here is whether reducing the height of barrier walls ( which is sometimes allowed when quiet road surfaces are used ) will lead to increased noise at a distance. this study could offer important additional information for use in recent us national park service efforts to understand the ways that road noise affects the \" effective listening distance \" of animals nearby. the results may also have applicability to some wind farm noise issues, though extrapolation from these results must be made with extreme caution. the essence of this study ' s results is that sound may bounce off a layer boundary that is caused by wind shear or temperature layers at 30 - 50 meters high ( a wind shear is a situation in which wind speed increases substantially with height, especially when there is a relatively sharp boundary between low and higher wind speeds ). most sound propagation models assume relative uniformity in the atmosphere ; this study aimed to see how propagation differs from traditional models when the atmosphere is more varied. in some conditions, the researchers here found that while sound levels remain close to what traditional sound models would suggest at ranges of 200 - 300 meters, noise levels can actually increase at ranges of 300 meters and beyond, creating conditions in which regulatory limits are exceeded at these greater distances. in some conditions, increases occur in chaotic patterns at closer ranges, as well. the difference between traditonal sound models and the results here were as high as 15 - 20db, and quite commonly occurred at 5 - 10db. while there is much interest in what may be causing reports of excessive noise from wind farms, and this work may inform these inquiries, it should be noted that the wind shears studied here may not apply to many industrial wind farms. most notably, the hub heights of turbines may well be above the level of the wind shears addressed here ( especially in problematic situations in which night time wind shears trigger turbines into action ), so that the noise is not reflected downward in patterns similar to those of ground - based noise such as traffic. however, there clearly are some atmospheric conditions in which wind farm noise is higher than expected, sometimes at surprisingly large distances,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5041368106983968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.316348"} {"text": "into action ), so that the noise is not reflected downward in patterns similar to those of ground - based noise such as traffic. however, there clearly are some atmospheric conditions in which wind farm noise is higher than expected, sometimes at surprisingly large distances, so consideration of these effects would be a very useful topic for further study. it is quite possible that the turbine sound that does project down toward the ground during wind shear conditions is subject to the same factors that create chaotic and at times surprisingly high levels at larger distances ; this could partially account for unusually high noise levels reported by some neighbors at certain times. exciting new models for assessing and visualizing extent of noise impacts in the ocean clark, ellison, southall, hatch, van parijs, frankel, ponirakis. acoustic masking in marine ecosystems : intuitions, analysis, and implication. mar ecol prog ser, vol. 395 : 201 - 222, 2009. [ download ( pdf ) ] this has to be one of the most exciting papers i ' ve seen this year ; reading it was downright joyous, especially in contrast to decidedly unsatisfying previous attempts to address cumulative impacts of ocean noise ( mostly undertaken by large committees and resulting in vague and complex conceptual approaches that are nearly impossible to implement ). by contrast, here we have, at last, a clear and strikingly rigorous approach to assessing the impacts of ocean noise sources on the communication of whales. as promised in the introduction, the authors \" present an analytical paradigm to quantify changes in an animal ' s acoustic communication space \" and \" a metric to quantify the potential for communication masking. \" while of course, much uncertainty remains, both in some of the specific terms used in these metrics and in assessing the biological impact of reduced communication space, the tools provided here will open a vast and exceedingly useful new doorway for biologists and ocean managers. researchers will find much to work with in the suite of new metrics and relatively simple functions used to calculate them, including factors that reflect \" ancient ambient \" conditions as well as \" present ambient \" and \" present noise sources \", a more nuanced twist on signal - to - noise ration called the \" recognition differential \", acknowledgement of subtle biological inputs such as \" signal processing gain \", and \" potential communication space \" for a sender, and for a receiver hearing multiple other animal senders \u2026. this is just a hint of the power of these combined metrics, and surprisingly, most of the functions are really quite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5582865039008285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.317537"} {"text": "gain \", and \" potential communication space \" for a sender, and for a receiver hearing multiple other animal senders \u2026. this is just a hint of the power of these combined metrics, and surprisingly, most of the functions are really quite simple, though they do of course interact in complex ways. the present examples focus on the effects of low - frequency shipping noise on low - frequency communication by large whales, and incorporate differences in the specific frequency ranges used by the three species addressed ; the model can easily be used to address mid - or high - frequency noise sources and higher frequency animal sounds such as those used for echolocation. for the rest of us who are not designing new studies, though, the power of this approach is equally clear, and can readily inform both public awareness and policy - making. extending the nascent idea of \" communication space \" ( which has recently been introduced in terrestrial ecosystems by researchers at the national park service and colorado state ) into ocean habitats, we are presented with an intuitively obvious way to both imagine and assess the effects of ocean noise \u2013 measuring the area in which an animal can hear or be heard by others of its species. as its first application, this paper presents data from ongoing work at stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary offshore from boston harbor. there, a network of hydrophones is collecting soundscape data that allows researchers to both pinpoint and track the locations of whales and ships, along with the actual received sound levels throughout an extended area. by plugging this data into their new equations, the researchers are able to, for the first time, quantify the effects of shipping noise on local populations of fin, humpback, and right whales. the results are both fascinating and sobering. thanks to slightly different frequency bands used by each species, and the lower source level of right whale calls, the impacts of shipping noise on these three species vary substantially. on the day used for this initial analysis, two ships passed through the region ( an average of six ships has been noted here ). on a low - traffic day with two ships, the communication space for humpbacks were reduced by an average of 11 %, fins by 33 %, and right whales by a staggering 84 %. for most of the day ( from 5am until 5pm ), right whale communication space was diminished by 88 - 98 %. while we do not know how this vastly shrunken communication range affected the whales, the authors note that \" we do know that these whales counter - call and use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5434147262727536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.318710"} {"text": "until 5pm ), right whale communication space was diminished by 88 - 98 %. while we do not know how this vastly shrunken communication range affected the whales, the authors note that \" we do know that these whales counter - call and use these episodes of calling to find each other and to aggregate, so one immediate cost is the loss of opportunities to form social groups. right whales form aggregations during mating and during feeding, so one likely cost is the loss of mating and feeding opportunities. \" back to the science - advancement side of things, the authors stress that this metric provides \" a critical missing link to the major current dilemma of assessing noise impacts \" that can, for the first time, \" quantify biological cost within an ecological framework. \" they note that this model is a key step toward giving some practical form to the previous pcad ( population consequences of acoustic disturbance ) model proposed by the national research council in 2005. there is still uncertainty in some key variables. most strikingly, we don ' t know how far these species actually communicate ; while we know they can be heard for tens to hundreds of kilometers, limited studies have only confirmed communication exchanges in the range of 20km, which is used in this model for now ( if actual communication ranges are longer, as is entirely possible, then reductions in communication space would be much greater, especially for the fin and humpback whales ). the authors note it was 1971 when payne and webb first raised the question of whether shipping might reduce long - range communication for some large whales, and that \" that hypothesis was ignored for a quarter of a century. \" they conclude : \" as the planet ' s dominant species, humans have choices to make. in the case of the ocean ' s acoustic ecological habitat, the choices we are making now have profound implications for the future of marine mammals. it is our opinion that the right choice cannot wait another 3 decades. \" summary of human and natural noise in the sea john a. hildebrand. anthropogenic and natural sources of ambient noise in the ocean. mar ecol prog ser, vol. 395 : 5 - 20, 2009. [ download ] this is a good current overview of the known sources of both human and natural sounds that contribute to the cumulative background ambient noise level of the seas. for each noise source, the author includes frequency bands and source levels, as well as a sense of how widespread the source is. some lesser - considered noise sources are included, such as acoustic modems used to transmit data from industrial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5069633575021733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.319724"} {"text": "of the seas. for each noise source, the author includes frequency bands and source levels, as well as a sense of how widespread the source is. some lesser - considered noise sources are included, such as acoustic modems used to transmit data from industrial and scientific sites at sea. the key omissions are sources that are still relatively rare, though increasing in number : undersea mining and oil and gas subsea processing installations. unlike a similar presentation to the iwc a few years ago, the author does not attempt the much harder challenge of calculating the total sound energy that each noise source contributes to the global ambient noise budget ( that paper ruffled some feathers by suggesting that seismic surveys may contribute nearly as much as shipping ; it is likely that there is not enough solid data to assess how much air gun sound actually moves from continental shelves and slopes into the ocean basins ). the paper also includes a good basic summary of sound measurement systems, and is a good starting place for those wishing to get up to speed on the diversity of ocean noise sources. the main take - away is familiar : at low frequencies, shipping is the dominant noise source ( with some indications that seismic surveys are contributing more as they move to deeper water ) and has impacts at ocean - basin scales ; in mid - frequencies, sounds travel tens of kilometers, with wave and wind sounds dominant ( with mid - frequency sonars from 300 ships, operating up to 10 % of the time each, also significant ) ; at high frequencies, sounds travel only tens to hundreds of meters, and the main source of noise is actually thermal noise of water molecules ( with depth - sounder sonars on many to most ships also a factor ). specific data that may be worth holding in mind includes source levels of two important low - frequency sounds. pile driving ( increasingly used for siting offshore wind turbines ) can be close to 200db at 100m, with repetition every 2 to 4 seconds ; since this takes place in relatively shallow waters, the impact is fairly local despite being low - frequency. shipping noise varies from 195db re upa2 / hz for fast - moving supertankers to 140db for small fishing vessels and 150 - 180db re 1upa for small private motorboats. also of note is that wind turbines, after installation, are relatively quiet : the highest tonal component yet measured is 151db re 1upa at 180hz, and broadband low frequency noise at four different wind farms was just 100 - 120db re 1upa. parks and sanctuaries :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5246951798560853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.320727"} {"text": "are relatively quiet : the highest tonal component yet measured is 151db re 1upa at 180hz, and broadband low frequency noise at four different wind farms was just 100 - 120db re 1upa. parks and sanctuaries : collaborative noise management in protected areas leila t. hatch, kurt m. fristrup. no barrier at the boundaries : implementing regional frameworks for noise management in protected areas. mar ecol prog, vol. 395 : 223 - 244, 2009. [ download ] yet another excellent and ground - breaking synthesis, this one highlighting the similar challenges and opportunities present in managing protected areas on land and in the sea. the authors, one of whom works for the national park service, and the other a national marine sanctuary, have both been active in focusing on the noise intrusions and impacts relevant to their respective jurisdictions. this paper addresses several important themes and calls for a more integrated and dynamic approach to managing the acoustic resources in protected areas. it ' s well worth reading the entire paper, which includes many useful insights, ideas, and case studies, including cogent discussions of the various management challenges that need to be overcome ( including different cultures and priorities within agencies that need to collaborate, and a natural resistance to bringing more detailed and expensive - to - collect data requirements into eis processes that have been sufficient in the past ). here, i ' ll highlight a few of the key passages. this excerpt frames the impacts of noise in a concise and new way : \" hearing extends animal awareness under all conditions, and is essential when vision is compromised. \" \" noise presents at least 4 threats : diversion of attention and disruption of behavior, habituation or \u2018 learned deafness \u2019, masking of important signals, and spurious physiological stimulation. these threats present several costs : compromised physiological function, diversion of time and energy, failure to detect important cues, impaired acoustical advertisement and communication, and reduced utilization of important habitats or resources. all of these costs have consequences for fitness. \" \" terrestrial noise management is informed and encumbered by the history of community noise management. historical noise studies and regulations focused on maximum tolerable conditions for humans, in terms of health effects or annoyance. the concept of preserving a high quality acoustic environment has been largely ignored until very recently \u2026. an enormous gulf separates the outstanding acoustical conditions that the nps is required to protect and the noise exposures that result in health effects or high levels of annoyance. \" however, \" in the marine realm, emerging noise management practices", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5281628338193891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.321935"} {"text": "very recently \u2026. an enormous gulf separates the outstanding acoustical conditions that the nps is required to protect and the noise exposures that result in health effects or high levels of annoyance. \" however, \" in the marine realm, emerging noise management practices are not burdened by the history of community noise management \u2026. the broad mandate of the national marine sanctuaries act provides a unique opportunity to create noise management practices and regulations that represent today \u2019 s best available science. \" \" parks and sanctuaries should be afforded heightened levels of noise protection. sanctuaries should become quiet refugia for species, as well as enhanced environments for the development of science and technology that promote the research and management objectives throughout the regions they occupy. \" the authors note that current regulatory responses to noise are focused on the impacts of discrete sound sources on individual animals ; they encourage a broader view that would take into account the ways that effects on species ripple through an ecosystem ( e. g., effects on prey species will have an indirect but crucial impact on predators ). they summarize several leading - edge computer models that are capable of ever more accurate and dynamic modeling of multiple sound sources and entire populations of animals in a region ( though note that even these cannot yet take into account inter - relationships between species ). there is also a time - scale limitation on most current impact analyses : the five - year span of most permits. as examples of noise in protected areas, the authors discuss both data and management approaches taken in grand canyon national park and stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary ( in each case, the protected unit with the longest history of acoustic monitoring ). in the grand canyon, aircraft are audible for a third or more of the day in the entire park : \" if a visitor does not want to hear aircraft at grand canyon, they need to be in a busy parking lot or near one of the rapids on the colorado river. \" in stellwagen, low frequency noise in the shipping lanes \" were > 82 db 50 % of the day and as high as 110 db 5 % of the day. \" the paper concludes with for elements of a \" common ground \" that these case studies suggest as cornerstones of a constructive forward motion in managing noise impacts : - investment in expanded and continued acoustic monitoring, especially for \" evaluating which sanctuaries contain relatively quiet versus relatively noisy conditions. \" - development of new impact assessment tools, such as visual representations of acoustic data, and effective metrics with which to summarize and compare results. they stress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5197622028985474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.323062"} {"text": ", especially for \" evaluating which sanctuaries contain relatively quiet versus relatively noisy conditions. \" - development of new impact assessment tools, such as visual representations of acoustic data, and effective metrics with which to summarize and compare results. they stress that these metrics are most useful when they relate directly to \" functional consequences \" for animals that are easy for managers to interpret and for the public to understand ( such as the newly emerging metric of reduced listening area ). new modeling techniques offer several advantages, including \" a rigorous framework for spatial interpolation, when acoustical monitoring data are sparsely distributed. \" the authors stress that the degree of uncertainty in the models ' results needs to be emphasized, and that \" in the face of considerable scientific uncertainty, the precautionary principle should be applied to ensure that areas of designated national importance fulfill their protective mandates. \" - enhanced interagency coordination. in particular, \" noise should be addressed by emerging regional management frameworks ( i. e. the gulf of mexico program, west coast governors \u2019 agreement on ocean health, northeast regional ocean council ), and during the design, implementation and evaluation of protected areas. \" - public engagement and education regarding the benefits of quieting natural areas. humpbacks avoid boat noise at nearly 5 miles sousa - lima and clark. whale sound recording technology as a tool for assessing the effects of boat noise in a brazilian marine park. park science 26 : 59 - 63. [ download ] using an array of pop - up recorders, this study was able to track eleven individual singing humpback whales and monitor their movements in response to four separate approaches by a tourist boats in the abrolhos marine national park off brazil, in the main humpback breeding grounds in the southwest atlantic. nine of the eleven whales moved away from the boat ; of these, four continued singing and five stopped singing ( these did not resume singing for at least 20 minutes ). six of the nine began moving away while the boat was more than 4km ( 2. 5mi ) away ; this distance was chosen as the onset of the \" exposure \" period, since it had been previously shown to be the median distance at which humpbacks respond to boats. in fact, the mean distance at which the nine whales began moving away was 7. 5km ( 4. 7mi ) ; previous studies have suggested that 8km is the greatest distance at which humpbacks would exhibit avoidance, with some studies suggesting they would not move until boats were within 300 meters. the authors note that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5598481554768409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.324312"} {"text": "7. 5km ( 4. 7mi ) ; previous studies have suggested that 8km is the greatest distance at which humpbacks would exhibit avoidance, with some studies suggesting they would not move until boats were within 300 meters. the authors note that earlier studies suggesting whales would only move when boats are closer \" could be a reflection of smaller sampling areas or specific close - range analytical designs, it could also be a bias toward less sensitive whales. \" earlier, the authors point out that other research had proposed that \" individuals that are most sensitive to boat approaches would abandon preferred areas because of increased boat disturbance. assuming this is true, only the individuals less sensitive to boat disturbances would remain in the area. \" this is a proposition that is gaining increasing credence within the research community ( see bejder et all 2009, below ). the present authors continue, \" the effect this selection for boat noise \u2013 habituated males could have on the population structure is unknown ; it could affect female choice and consequently the distribution of breeding success among the males of this population. \" importantly, the authors note that \" during the post - exposure period, singers were still moving away from the boat, which suggests a residual avoidance of the disturbance area. \" overview of new autonomous ocean noise recorders for use in small and large areas van parijs sm, clark cw, sousa - lima rs, parks se, rankin s, risch d, van opzeeland ic. management and research applications of real - time and archival passive acoustic sensors over varying temporal and spatial scales. mar ecol prog ser, vol. 395 : 21 - 36, 2009. [ download ] very good overview of the range of recent research using acoustic recorders, including both archival systems ( deployed for weeks to years, with data downloaded periodically ) and real - time systems ( in which data is available on an ongoing basis remotely ). includes discussion of acoustic systems deployed in brazil, antarctica, the us, and norway, as well as a series of studies using towed hydrophone arrays in the pacific. the authors stress the importance of the different research designs and baseline information necessary to effectively study behavior that takes place on different scales, and suggest adaptation of long - standing terminology used in other fields to discuss relevant oceanic scales ( synoptic scales for regional marine areas of > 2000 km2, mesoscale as areas between 1 and ~ 2000 km2 in size and microscales as areas < 1 km2 ). the importance and the flexibility of these new technologies is well expressed in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5071810459156698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.325349"} {"text": "regional marine areas of > 2000 km2, mesoscale as areas between 1 and ~ 2000 km2 in size and microscales as areas < 1 km2 ). the importance and the flexibility of these new technologies is well expressed in the paper ' s conclusion : \" archival and real - time passive acoustic arrays are now among the lowest cost approaches for mesoscale monitoring of marine areas and can be used to monitor vocal marine life in areas difficult to survey by traditional visual methods. fixed autonomous passive acoustic arrays sample continuously for prolonged periods of time, allowing assessment of seasonal changes in distribution and acoustic behavior of individuals without introducing into the environment the types of disturbances generated by the presence of survey vessels or aircrafts. unlike more traditional visual methods, passive acoustic technologies can survey in darkness and remain active during adverse weather conditions. further, the ability to retrieve and redeploy archival arus provides a level of flexibility in data acquisition that is not available with other fixed long - term monitoring systems. \" whale watching boat noise and impacts on dolphins \u2013 including some key new findings on high levels of masking and sound peaks during frequent gear - shifting jensen, bejder, wahlberg, aguilar soto, johnson, madsen. vessel noise effects on delphinid communication. mar ecol prog ser, vol. 395 : 161 - 175, 2009. [ download ] this study was designed to determine how much the sounds of motorboats ( whale watching or private recreation ) reduce the communication ranges of dolphins and pilot whales. the researchers assessed natural background ambient noise in shallow ( dolphin ) and deep water ( pilot whale ) environments, as well as doing field measurements of the noise from two outboard motorboats, then deployed d - tags on pilot whales to assess received levels. the results reinforce some standard whale - watching guidelines, and highlighted some previously un - noticed impacts. engine noise at 5 knots and 50m ( typical limits for whalewatching ) did reduce communication ranges significantly : by 26 % in dolphins and 58 % in pilot whales ( living in quieter deepwater habitats ). slower speeds of 2. 5 knots produced virtually no masking noise, suggesting that at the closest ranges, slower speeds are important ( the authors take special note of the need for research vessels using \" close follow \" techniques to be aware of this, so as not to change behavior by their presence ). speeds of 10 knots produced dramatic reductions in communication range, even at 100 and 200 meters, though the researchers note more uncertainty about these results. in the tagging experiments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5467860579046993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.327641"} {"text": "to be aware of this, so as not to change behavior by their presence ). speeds of 10 knots produced dramatic reductions in communication range, even at 100 and 200 meters, though the researchers note more uncertainty about these results. in the tagging experiments, the pilot whales experienced often extreme masking noise levels within pilot whale whistle frequencies, up to 55db above the levels that would begin to obscure communication ; which the authors note that this \" suggest ( s ) that vessel noise may be an important factor in determining range of communication signals in this deep - water environment with significant whale - watching and commercial marine traffic activities. \" in addition, whale watching boats shift shift gears quite often in order to remain in proximity of the dolphins or whales they are observing ( as often as 2 or 3 times a minute ) ; this study found that gear shifting creates pulses of much louder sound ( up to 200db re 1 upa peak - peak ) containing a much broader range of frequencies, especially higher frequencies. since such unpredictable bursts of sound tend to elicit more powerful short - term behavioral responses, \" steps taken to lessen the erratic movement and number of gear shifts of vessels \u2026 would lessen the impact. \" finally, the authors note that this study only addresses communications masking, and that, while not investigated here, some higher frequency noises created by cavitation ( especially at higher speeds ) \" has the potential to impact foraging toothed whales by masking weak echoes from their echolocation signals. \" acknowledging differing underlying values as a key to breakthroughs in conservation conflicts raphael d. sangarin and larry b. crowder. breaking through the crisis in marine conservation management : insights from the philosophies of ed ricketts. conservation biology, volume 23, no. 1, 24 - 30. [ download ] this short paper is well worth a read by all who have been frustrated by the lack of constructive progress in moving beyond contentious conflict in addressing environmental challenges. here, two contemporary researchers ( one with a focus on policy, and the other on marine conservation ) sketch the three - part approach of ed ricketts, a mid - 20th century marine ecologist ( immortalized as \" doc \" in steinbeck ' s cannery row ). in addition to his scientific work, ricketts articulated an approach to science and policy that drew from taoism, buddhism, and his friendships with steinbeck and joseph campbell. while the three aspects of rickett ' s approach are far more philosophical than practical, they bear consideration in light of the seeming", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5442639197451229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.328632"} {"text": "articulated an approach to science and policy that drew from taoism, buddhism, and his friendships with steinbeck and joseph campbell. while the three aspects of rickett ' s approach are far more philosophical than practical, they bear consideration in light of the seeming inability of the best intentions of both scientists and policy - makers to effectively turn the tide of ocean ecosystem collapse. at its heart, ricketts ' approach contains two key aspects. first, a clear and ongoing commitment to observing what is, rather than a focus on what should be \u2013 with a related emphasis on shifting relationships rather than facile attempts to assess simple cause and effect in what are always complex, holistic systems. central to this approach is a conscious intent to avoid neatly preconceived ideas about who or what is to blame for the problem under consideration. second, and most resonant for me, ricketts emphasizes that most intractable conflicts over policy are, at root, reflective of differing underlying priorities, worldviews, or \" sacred values. \" the key factor that drives \" breakthroughs \" is a shared commitment to be forthcoming about each party ' s underlying values. sharing the diverse \" core needs \" is, in ricketts ' view, the foundation of a constructive search for mutually favorable solutions, rather than a mutually damaging fight to chip away at two widely different, predetermined positions. the authors suggest that today ' s rapidly expanding toolbox of monitoring technologies provides us opportunities to initiate the sorts of ongoing observations that underlay ricketts ' approach, and that developments over the last generation in policy and public engagement support an attempt to be more explicit about the underlying values that are too often unspoken as competing advocates argue their sides in a fight to \" win \" in policy decisions which have turned unwittingly into battles, thanks to a simplistic focus on particular causes and effects within systems that are spinning out of control due to countless inter - related factors. as in his time, it is not altogether obvious how to apply ricketts ' ideas in practice, but reading this brief overview of his thoughts, along with the context provided in relation to current attempts to define and enact ecosystem based management in the oceans, is bound to spur some new perspectives among reflective policy players today. related : a key paper cited by sangarin and crowder is another short essay perspectives piece, which suggests that the repeated failure of worldwide fisheries management might be ameliorated by inverting the traditional \" trophic pyramid \" that places humans at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5633350680650415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.329641"} {"text": "key paper cited by sangarin and crowder is another short essay perspectives piece, which suggests that the repeated failure of worldwide fisheries management might be ameliorated by inverting the traditional \" trophic pyramid \" that places humans at the top, and instead using a model that puts humans at the bottom, or at the tipping point of a circle which explicitly includes consideration of three key factors : ethics, corporate responsibility, and social justice. bundy, chuenpagdee, jentoft, mahon. if science is not the answer, what is? an alternative governance model for the world ' s fisheries. front ecol environ 2008 ; 6 ( 3 ) : 152 - 155. [ download ] moderate seismic survey noise linked to increase in blue whale calling l. di lorio and c. w. clark. exposure to seismic survey alters blue whale acoustic communication. biology letters doi : 10. 1098 / rsbl. 2009. 0651 [ download ] this study found that a seismic survey in wide bay at the mouth of the st. lawrence seaway caused blue whales feeding and socializing nearby to double or triple their call rates. the calls were near - range communication signals, rather than the long, loud songs that are heard over hundreds of miles. the research was meant to simply learn more about these social calls, but during the study, their recordings began to pick up the pulses from a seismic survey. \u201c the whales made more calls on days when the testing was happening. it seems they are having to repeat themselves in order to not lose information, \u201d said lead researcher lucia di lorio. during the four days in which survey sounds were heard, the whales also increased their call rates when the sparkers were audible than when they were not, and tended to rapidly increase call rates when the sounds appeared. the results were especially surprising, since the survey in question was using a much lower - power sound source ( sparkers ) than the airguns used in most surveys. the electronic sparkers top out at only 190db, rather than the 230 - 240db of airguns. sparkers are slightly higher frequency as well, but still solidly centered in low - frequency bands of 30 - 450hz, primarily 60 - 250hz, very similar to airguns, and matching key blue whale communication frequencies. the study notes that \u201c our results clearly show that blue whales change their calling behaviour in response to a low - medium power technology that is presumed to have minor environmental impact. in fact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5295179865054249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.330596"} {"text": "similar to airguns, and matching key blue whale communication frequencies. the study notes that \u201c our results clearly show that blue whales change their calling behaviour in response to a low - medium power technology that is presumed to have minor environmental impact. in fact, the mean sound pressure impinging on the ( study ) area, and thus probably on the whales present there, was relatively low, 131 db re 1 upa ( peak to peak, 30 \u2013 500 hz ) with a mean sound exposure level ( sel ) of 114 db re 1 mpa2 s. the increase in calls was a contrast to some other studies, which have found call rates reduced near seismic surveys, perhaps in part due to animals moving away ; in some cases, animals call louder or change the pitch of their calls to cope with noise intrusions. this is the first study to find a marked increase in call rates, or repeating themselves, which di lorio suspects may be due to the key role of this area in socializing and feeding ( i. e., the communication is time - and place - dependent, and cannot easily be postponed until a quieter time ). the study concludes by noting that the st. lawrence estuary \u201c is an important feeding area where blue whales acquire energy and also a place where this wide - roaming, highly dispersed population congregates to engage in social interactions. reducing an individual \u2019 s ability to detect socially relevant signals could therefore affect biologically important processes. this study suggests careful reconsideration of the potential behavioural impacts of even low source level seismic survey sounds on large whales. this is particularly relevant when the species is at high risk of extinction as is the blue whale. \u201d update : a skeptical note received by email from a longtime correspondent : \u201c to me, given a detectable new sound, mammals tend to decrease vocalization if it induces fear, or increase vocalization if it stimulates interest. how a sparker could block communications rather eludes me, but whales responding to a pulse \u2014 be it noncoherent noise stimulates noise, or actual whale talk directed at the pulse \u2014 comes to mind \u2026. sperm whales in the gom seemed to alter click patterns and perhaps anticipated a pulse once they got the beat. that was a casual observation by one of the acoustic team - always thought that would have been a great add - on study but we were already at overload working on acoustic tracking for tagging purposes. more at home, my grey parrot, who talks quite a bit, of course becomes completely silent when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5145617611466887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.331650"} {"text": "team - always thought that would have been a great add - on study but we were already at overload working on acoustic tracking for tagging purposes. more at home, my grey parrot, who talks quite a bit, of course becomes completely silent when visitors ask \u2018 if he talks? \u2019 - his reaction to seeing new people is silence. now, if you go into another room and play classical music, the next question is \u2018 how do you stop him? \u2019 i think there is a complexity to animal behavior and acoustic responses and the reasons blue whales would increase calls could be many. \u201d what do beaked whales hear? finneran, houser, base - guthrie, ewing, lingenfelser. auditory evoked potentials in a stranded gervais ' beaked whale ( mesophlodon europaeus ). j. acous. soc. am 126 ( 1 ), july 2009. 484 - 490. this study took place with a stranded beaked whale that was euthanized after three days in captivity ; it was very ill ( organ failure due to bacterial infection ) throughout. since beaked whales seem to be more affected by naval mid - frequency active sonar, the study was designed to see whether beaked whale hearing is more sensitive than other closely related families of cetaceans. the results find a hearing sensitivity curve that is similar to those of dolphins and orcas, with no indication of greater hearing acuity. the highest frequency that could be heard was 80khz ( though this could be limited by hearing impairment in this individual, as one earlier study of this species found good sensitivity than at 80khz, and did not test higher ). highest sensitivity was found at 40khz ( i. e. the animal can hear sounds at this frequency when they are relatively faint - - higher and lower frequency sounds must be louder to be heard ) no tests were done using frequencies below 20khz ; mid - frequency active sonar ranges from 2 - 10khz. some breeding birds avoid areas within 500 - 800m of wind turbines pearce - higgins, stephen, langston, bainbridge, bullman. the distribution of breeding birds around upland wind farms. journal of applied ecology, doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1365 - 2664. 2009. 01715. x [ download ] this comprehensive survey of breeding birds in non - agricultural british uplands ( moors and grassland ) included weekly surveys during the breeding season at 12 different wind farm sites, along with comparable nearby landscapes without turbines. half", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49133200526223425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.332601"} {"text": ". 01715. x [ download ] this comprehensive survey of breeding birds in non - agricultural british uplands ( moors and grassland ) included weekly surveys during the breeding season at 12 different wind farm sites, along with comparable nearby landscapes without turbines. half the wind farms were from the previous generation ( way back in the ' 90s ), with hub heights of 40m and less ; the other half had hub heights of 60 - 70m. of the twelve species that were observed often enough to provide good data, five seemed relatively unaffected by turbines ( including kestrel, lapwing, grouse, skylark, and stonechat ), while 7 species were less likely to nest within 500m of turbines, with smaller ( i. e., not statistically significant ) effects extending to 800m, or roughly half a mile. for six of the species ( buzzard, hen harrier, plover, snipe, curlew, and wheatear ), numbers were reduced by 39 - 52 %. the authors note that there is a pressing need for examination of the reasons for the depressed numbers : \" we do not know whether our observations of avoidance of turbines reflect a behavioural displacement, the local population consequences of collision mortality or reduced productivity, or both. the distinction is important. if there is high mortality of birds breeding close to the turbines associated with collision ( ed. note : or reduced productivity ), then a wind farm may become a population sink if repeatedly colonized by naive birds. if, however, the birds simply avoid breeding close to the turbines, then \u2026 displaced birds may settle elsewhere with little cost. \" they also note that \" whether wind farms result in meaningful population - level effects at a regional and national scale depends both upon the mechanisms involved, and the overlap between bird distribution and wind farm development, \" and encourage new development to avoid high densities of open country species, until these factors can be more clearly understood. they note the contrast between these findings and those of devereux et al ( 2008 ), which \" may suggest that species occupying remote semi - natural habitats are more sensitive to wind farm development than species occupying intensive production landscapes. \" ( ed. note : the earlier study looked at wintering birds in farmland, rather than breeding birds in uplands. ) habituation often misused or wrongly assumed in impact assessments bejder, samuels, whitehead, finn, allen. impact assessment research : use and misuse of habituation, sensitization and tolerance in describing wildlife responses to anthropogenic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4660137861586207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.333563"} {"text": "habituation often misused or wrongly assumed in impact assessments bejder, samuels, whitehead, finn, allen. impact assessment research : use and misuse of habituation, sensitization and tolerance in describing wildlife responses to anthropogenic stimuli. mar ecol prog ser, vol. 395 : 177 - 185, 2009. [ download ] this paper serves as an excellent review of an important line of reasoning that is skeptical of facile claims that animals readily habituate to human disturbances such as noise. while the paper may be seen by some as little more than a set of \" what if \" propositions designed to undermine the simple observation of animals not being affected by a disturbance ( and in this way, proposing an extreme precautionary view that supposes the worst in situations where we do not have complete information ), the underlying intent is more serious than this : when policy decisions are being made based on a simplistic assessment of the situation, then we should at least be aware of the limitations of our terms and our study designs. this paper adds clarity to these issues in important ways. the authors distinguish between true habituation ( which is a learning process that occurs over time ) and tolerance ( which can be measured instantaneously ), and suggest that most impact studies are designed in ways that can only confirm tolerance, since they do not track the responses of individual animals over time. further, they point out that even studies of tolerance can be easily distorted if the most sensitive animals leave at the first disturbance, leaving more tolerant individuals as the \" study group. \" another key \u2013 and often ignored \u2013 factor is that any behavioral response is influenced by many factors, not just the invasive human disruption being studied ; for example, increased human noise may be one factor in an animal ' s decision about moving away, but this decision is also dependent on other key factors, such as the quality of the site where the animal current is ( e. g. for feeding, mating, resting ), the distance to and quality of other suitable sites, the relative risk of predation or density of competitors in other sites, and any investment the individual or group has made to the site ( e. g., establishing a territory, gaining dominant status, or acquiring environmental information ). it is commonly assumed that avoidance or lack of avoidance of a human sound source is a good indicator of whether that sound has a negative impact ; the authors stress that this is an unwarranted and often incorrect assumption, and point out that the few studies that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5299653442751784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.334634"} {"text": "commonly assumed that avoidance or lack of avoidance of a human sound source is a good indicator of whether that sound has a negative impact ; the authors stress that this is an unwarranted and often incorrect assumption, and point out that the few studies that have assessed both behavioral responses and physiological measures ( heart rate, stress hormones ) have often found physiological markers of a negative response even when animals exhibited little or no behavioral reaction, i. e., when they appeared to tolerate the intrusion. this paper serves as a good starting point for examining previous research that has raised similar questions about the design of behavioral response studies, and the use of these studies in making policy decisions ( in particular, previous work by ja gill and l bejder ). the core message here is that managers should be very cautious in assessing claims of habituation ( since few studies truly are designed to prove habituation ), and likewise that habituation or tolerance do not necessarily imply the lack of negative impacts on individuals or populations. as they conclude, \" most studies are restricted to monitoring short - term, observable, behavioral responses, ( which ) limits the scope of conclusions that can be drawn \u2026 the conclusion is likely to be specific only to the response variable that has been monitored \u2026 ( while ) animals may become habituated in one modality but not in another \u2026. the most effective course of action in impact studies would therefore be to complement behavioral assessment with monitoring of physical condition and physiological measures such as heart rate, body temperature and / or hormonal levels. \" \" worst case \" wind turbine noise can occur 30 % of summer / fall nights clifford p. schneider. measuring background noise with an attended, mobile survey during nights with stable atmospheric conditions. internoise 2009. [ download paper ( pdf ) ] this well - designed study, by a retired new york state department of the environment staffer, sheds light on several key questions surrounding standard noise assessments of wind farms. most strikingly, it quantifies the extent of one of the key atmospheric components of excessive wind farm noise, finding that stable night time atmospheres may occur two - thirds of the time in the summer and fall, with wind high enough at turbine height to trigger them into action on 30 % of nights, increasing to 40 % in june and july. on these \" worst case \" nights, turbine noise is likely to be significantly louder than local background ambient noise from late evening until the beginning of the pre - dawn bird chorus. schneider ' s study also included a brief but useful test of whether a quick but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5262676771518041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.335698"} {"text": "these \" worst case \" nights, turbine noise is likely to be significantly louder than local background ambient noise from late evening until the beginning of the pre - dawn bird chorus. schneider ' s study also included a brief but useful test of whether a quick but systematic mobile sound survey can be used instead of set of arbitrarily - chosen monitoring sites ( addressing questions about whether arbitrary site selection accurately measures local averages ) \u2013 he did 10 - minute recordings at 21 sites, one every mile along two rural roads, and compared the results to 5 baseline sites chosen arbitrarily around the same town. this study took place in the township of cape vincent, new york, which sits at the confluence of the st. lawrence river and lake ontario, where two wind farm proposals would place 200 turbines in town, covering the majority of its land area. local and state ordinances require sound to be within 5db of average ambient noise levels ; the wind developer ' s sound level report based their projected compliance on a day - night average of 45dba. by contrast, schneider ' s study focused in on the times when other wind farms have generated the most problematic noise impacts : nights when wind is low at ground level but high enough at hub height to trigger turbines to turn on. in these conditions, night - time background ambient sound levels are very very low, and turbine noise can dominate the nighttime soundscape. the results are striking, to say the least. night - time sound levels were at or below the lowest that the researcher ' s meters could record, 25dba, for most of the late - night hours at 4 of the 5 locations, and under 30db from 9pm - 4 : 30am at three ; one site received shore waves and dropped below 35db for just a few hours in the middle of the night. average readings along the mobile monitoring route ( which was traversed over the course of three nights ) were similar, and generally ranged from 25 - 32db, with one site at 36db. by contrast, measurements near a wind farm in the region, also measured at several ( 10 ) locations, showed the quietest times of night ( l90 ) ranged from 35 - 43db, and the average ( leq ) from 36 - 45db. bottom line : wind turbine sounds are likely to be 10 - 15db louder than background ambient sound on these \" worst case \" nights in cape vincent. but how often do such nights occur? in what is likely to be the section of the study with them farthest - reaching impact,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4832245316564974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.336818"} {"text": "likely to be 10 - 15db louder than background ambient sound on these \" worst case \" nights in cape vincent. but how often do such nights occur? in what is likely to be the section of the study with them farthest - reaching impact, the results suggest that turbines could be operating ( hub height winds > 4 m / s ) on nights with very still, quite ground conditions ( ground wind < 1. 5 m / s ) for 42 % of nights in june and july, and for a total of 30 % of nights from june through october. this lines up well with the only other study that i know of that specifically addressed stable night air conditions, the van den berg study that found such conditions occur about a third of the time in the netherlands, with similar levels suspected in many temperate zones. using new york state dec standards for predicting human reaction to noise, which is based on increasing levels of industrial noise above background ambient, this study suggests that ( counter to the developer ' s prediction that no residents will experience noise more than 5db above ambient, i. e., loud enough to trigger complaints ), the vast majority of households in town will find the noise \" very noticeable \" ( 9 - 14db above ambient ) on these nights, with 34 % finding it \" objectionable \" ( 84 homes at 14 - 19db above ambient ) and a further 19 % finding it \" very objectionable to intolerable \" ( 48 homes at 19 - 25db above ambient ). it is important to note that these levels of audibility and possibly objectionable sleep disruption will occur on a minority of nights ; indeed, on an annual basis, probably around 15 % of nights. and, on those nights, just a portion of the population will be affected. this perspective is part of what has led to our current acceptance of relatively small setbacks from homes ( often 1000 - 1500 feet ). our social decisions about wind farm siting will need to grapple with the question of how much disturbance we consider acceptable \u2013 in this case, a third to half of the residents of cape vincent may be looking at troubling noise levels for a third to half of summer and autumn nights. to protect most residents from most of the noise intrusions ( keeping noise levels to 5 - 10db above ambient ) would require setbacks of 1km or so, which would likely mean more like 30 - 50 turbines in cape vincent, rather than the planned 200. two other results are worth mentioning. as mentioned above, the systematic mobile sound assessments matched closely with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4750141770454742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.337784"} {"text": ") would require setbacks of 1km or so, which would likely mean more like 30 - 50 turbines in cape vincent, rather than the planned 200. two other results are worth mentioning. as mentioned above, the systematic mobile sound assessments matched closely with those made at arbitrary locations, suggesting that either method is reliable. the author notes that the arbitrary locations that he chose were well away from buildings, while a systematic mobile survey with a random start avoids possible problems of subjectivity in site selection. he notes : \" i could have increased the measures spl ( at the arbitrary locations ) if i had located equipment closer to homes, barns, and roads, and if i had picked nights with moderate winds. \" further, he notes that the attended metering used in the mobile survey allows identification and documentation of noise intrusions, some of which might be of interest in assessing either true ambient or noise conditions with turbines operating ( i. e., a site with many cars passing will show elevated sound levels, compared to one with fewer ; this increased noise could either lead to over - estimate of quiet times at these sites, or improperly suggest that turbines are the primary source elevating sound levels at a site. ) finally, this study ' s measurements of dbc ( low frequency sound ) found substantial variability at different sites, more variable than audible sound, including several sites where the difference between dba and dbc approached 20db ; this suggests that later measurements with turbines operating may not necessarily suggest that the turbines are the source of such variability. animal listening area and alerting distance reduced substantially by moderate human noise barber, crooks, fristrup. the costs of chronic noise exposure for terrestrial organisms. trends in ecology and evolution, 2010. [ article in press available here ] this is one of the most important and interesting papers published this year. it emerges from the partnership between the national park service ' s natural sounds program and researchers at colorado state university, who have been working together for several years to create metrics that are more useful for assessing the biological impacts of moderate human noise on wildlife. the assessments presented here, along with the paper ' s review of recent studies documenting changes in foraging, anti - predator behavior, reproductive success, density and community structure in response to noise, form the basis for a much more cogent assessment of noise impacts on wildlife. the focus of this research is the ways that moderate increases in background noise can affect animals. the authors note that both air and road traffic in the us has tripled in recent decades ; even in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4939109635115179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.338823"} {"text": "much more cogent assessment of noise impacts on wildlife. the focus of this research is the ways that moderate increases in background noise can affect animals. the authors note that both air and road traffic in the us has tripled in recent decades ; even in national parks, noise is audible 25 % of the time in more than half of sites assessed. over 80 % of us land area is close enough to roads for some low - frequency masking to occur, with passing trucks and motorcycles increasing the sound levels at 1km to 40db ( a ). one of the new proposed metrics is the effective \" listening area. \" changes in listening area has impacts involving both communication and what the authors term \" adventitious \" sounds ( sound made largely by movement, which are important in predator / prey awareness ). for predators, the listening area is the area over which they might hear the rustling of their prey, and for prey, it is the area in which they are alerted to approaching predators, whether wingbeats or footsteps ; in each case, the most important sounds are those right at the edge of audibility. social groups rely on hearing each other ' s alarm calls or songs inviting mating ; reduced listening areas for these calls result in effectively reducing the number of individuals in any given communication network. each animal has its own auditory acuity, so can hear at different distances ; but for all animals, increasing background noise will reduce their natural listening area in predictable ways. the authors note analyses of transportation noise impacts often assert that a 3db increase in noise \u2013 a barely perceptual change \u2013 has \" negligible \" effects, whereas in fact this increased noise reduces the listening area of animals by 30 %. a 10db increase in background noise ( ed. note : likely within a few hundred meters of a road or as a private plane passes nearby ) reduces listening area by 90 %. throughout, the authors stress the difficulties in separating noise - related effects of traffic from other related forces, such as habitat fragmentation or threat responses ; there is also a fascinating short section citing studies showing behavioral changes in response to quiet recreation, sometimes even more dramatic than those caused by vehicles. though only a few studies have directly addressed this ambiguity, many studies cited here provide strong indications that acoustic masking is a significant factor in behavioral changes near roads. among the findings that caught my eye / ear : - masking affects not only audibility, but understanding : \" thresholds for discrimination between calls of the same species were consistently higher than were detection thresholds for the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4940732050772515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.339864"} {"text": "in behavioral changes near roads. among the findings that caught my eye / ear : - masking affects not only audibility, but understanding : \" thresholds for discrimination between calls of the same species were consistently higher than were detection thresholds for the same calls. \" not surprising, but easy to forget : background sound often obscures the words being said, though we can still hear the voice. - bats that listen for ground movements of their prey hunt more in quiet areas than noisy ones ; similarly insect - eating birds are more likely to avoid noisy areas than other birds. masking can also make it more difficult for animals to tell what direction a call ( such as a mating call ) is coming from - pronghorn antelope showed a marked shift in proportion of time spent foraging and in vigilance ( looking around ) when closer to roads : foraging dropped from 45 % of the time to 35 %, while vigilance increased from 40 % to over 50 %. - two key studies of increased vigilance in clearly noise - triggered contexts : ground squirrels showed a marked increase in vigilance behavior when hearing squirrel alarm calls at a site in a wind farm than in a quiet site ( including a slightly less \" relaxed \" non - vigilance baseline state ), and a lab study with chaffinches found that the mean time spent pecking ( eating ) between times scanning the area decreased when noise was introduced. the authors conclude by stressing : \" chronic noise exposure is widespread. taken individually, many of the papers cited here offer suggestive but inconclusive evidence that masking is substantially altering many ecosystems. taken collectively, the preponderance of evidence argues for immediate action to manage noise in protected natural areas \u2026. the costs of noise must be understood in relation to other anthropogenic forces, to ensure effective mitigation and efficient realization of environmental goals. noise pollution exacerbates the problems posed by habitat fragmentation and wildlife responses to human presence ; therefore, highly fragmented or heavily visited locations are priority candidates for noise management. noise management might also offer a relatively rapid tool to improve the resilience of protected lands to some of the stresses imposed by climate change. \" bias in military ( or conservation ) funded ocean noise research wade, whitehead, weilgart. conflict of interest in research on anthropogenic noise and marine mammals : does funding bias conclusions? marine policy 34 ( 2010 ) 320 - 327. ( ed. note : this lay summary includes more analysis and interpretation by aei than we generally include", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4853599601490279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.340919"} {"text": "conflict of interest in research on anthropogenic noise and marine mammals : does funding bias conclusions? marine policy 34 ( 2010 ) 320 - 327. ( ed. note : this lay summary includes more analysis and interpretation by aei than we generally include ; some of this commentary questions the conclusions of the paper, and some of it addresses the underlying controversies surrounding ocean noise issues. i have attempted to be clear about which statements are simple summations of the report ' s data and findings, and which are aei ' s reflections or perspectives. it is a long read, but the issues that triggered this study are important ones. though the clear - cut results reported here are difficult to take at face value, it is well worth considering the underlying forces that drive tensions between environmental groups and navy / industry actions in the seas. ) in the united states, the us navy funds about half of the research into the effects of ocean noise on wildlife. for many years, conservation groups have questioned whether this preponderance of funding is skewing research results, whether by constraining the types of questions being studied, or by leading researchers to downplay negative impacts of noise in order to continue receiving funding. this paper investigates the latter possibility, by comparing five recent reviews of the effects of ocean noise on wildlife, one funded by a leading environmental group, three that received substantial navy funding, and two funded by organizations with no particular stake in the debate. the researchers compared the number of citations in each that showed an effect of noise, or not, or that showed both an effect and lack of effect. they also attempted to identify funding sources of the primary papers cited in each of these secondary reports, and to correlate the funding source with the same three parameters ( noise shown to have an effect, noise causing no effect, or aspects of the primary research showing both effects and no effect ). using both simple citation counts and g - test statistical analysis to test for a null hypothesis of random connection between funding sources and outcomes, the authors report a significant correlation between funding source and proportion of citations reporting \" no effect \" of noise. the five review papers certainly show a trend, though it appears to aei that three papers that form the anchors of that trend each may be somewhat shaped by its original intention. reviews : proportion of citations of each stance the authors recognize that the one conservation - funded paper ( \" oceans of noise \", wdcs ) drew almost only on studies that did show an effect of noise, and re - analyzed the trend with that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5218063959383951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.341987"} {"text": "reviews : proportion of citations of each stance the authors recognize that the one conservation - funded paper ( \" oceans of noise \", wdcs ) drew almost only on studies that did show an effect of noise, and re - analyzed the trend with that one excluded ; a significant effect remained, though it was half as strong. however, one of the \" independent \" papers, a chapter in a book on the ocean environment ( hildebrand ), was perhaps similarly constrained by its purpose ; it was titled \" impacts of anthropogenic noise, \" and was not necessarily intended as a comprehensive assessment of what does and does not cause an effect. on the other end of the spectrum of the five surveys, the only navy - funded survey that diverged notably from the other independent paper ( from ices ), was the third national research council report, which addressed the difficulties in determining when repeated behavioral disruptions of a portion of a population accumulates to the point of becoming \" biologically significant. \" thus, this survey could be expected to include more papers that were exploring the edges of impacts, and so it is not surprising that to do so, more citations would appear that show no effect. given these underlying intentions of the two reports showing the fewest \" no effect \" citations, and the one showing the most \" no effect \" citations, it appears that the five papers being compared are not quite on the same playing field. the other three papers ( ices and the first two nrc reports on noise and marine mammals ) showed no marked differences in balance between citations, with the navy - funded reports actually having a lower proportion of \" no effect \" papers and higher proportion of \" effect \" papers than the ices survey. primary papers : funding sources and results reported turning to the primary papers, the situation is not muddied by the variable intentions of the reviews. here, there is a clearer trend of increasing conclusions of \" no effect \" as funding moves from conservation to no - agenda to industry and military funding. again, the 19 conservation - funded papers nearly all reported an effect, with just one showing both effect and no effect to separate questions being investigated. the 67 military - funded papers, by contrast, were far more likely ( 2. 3 times as likely ) to come to a no - effect conclusion than papers funded by other ( non - conservation and non - industry ) sources. however, and significantly, less than 30 % of military - funded papers came to that conclusion, while about 50 % did report an effect of noise, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5073522211428988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.343042"} {"text": "- effect conclusion than papers funded by other ( non - conservation and non - industry ) sources. however, and significantly, less than 30 % of military - funded papers came to that conclusion, while about 50 % did report an effect of noise, and 20 % showed both effects and lack of effects. likewise, in the first two nrc reviews, about 20 % of citations showed \" no effect, \" while over 60 % showed an effect ; even the most \" extreme \" review had more citations showing an effect than not. of special note is that the authors did not find any strong trend toward bias of results reported by independent, academic researchers receiving navy funding for research studies - these studies showed a similar proportion of effect and no effect results as studies funded by neither the military nor conservation groups ( though when comparing military - funded studies with all the others, including consevation - funded, a non - statisticially significant trend of 1. 64 times more \" no effect \" findings was observed ). as the authors stress in consideration of the possible bias of conservation - funded primary studies, conflicts of interest would be dangerous if scientists \" orient ( ed ) their goals, methods, analysis or interpretation towards the perceived interests of the \u2026. community that funded them. \" the authors conclude that \" much of the bias in military - funded research was in work carried out at military institutions, rather than in studies funded by the military but carried out at universities and other institutions. \" this seems to suggest that the concern about bias in funding alone is negligible, thus diffusing concerns that cash - strapped academic researchers are \" cooking the books \" to retain navy funding. research coming directly out of military offices is likely to remain less reliable as representing \" the whole picture, \" as may research entirely funded by conservation groups. still, by integrating and considering the full range of studies reported in all of these reviews, the public can get a pretty decent picture of current state of our understanding of the effects of ocean noise. of note, though, is that the proportion of \" no effect \" to \" effect \" findings is slightly lower in military - funded studies. in addition, military - funded studies are more likely to report both effects and lack of effects in a single paper ; this could indicate either a more careful assessment of the margins where effects are just noticeable, or a tendency to split the difference in order to either underplay the effects or accentuate the non - effects to assuage funders. overall, at both layers of analysis, it seems clear to ae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5234255561445678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.345100"} {"text": "the margins where effects are just noticeable, or a tendency to split the difference in order to either underplay the effects or accentuate the non - effects to assuage funders. overall, at both layers of analysis, it seems clear to aei that the conservation - funded papers and survey report showed the most obvious \" bias. \" however, this is not necessarily problematic ( unless used as a baseline to suggest bias in others ). as the authors note, \" conservation groups do not fund research unless they have previously identified a potentially damaging effect, \" and since conservation groups ' focus on precautionary approaches, and their mandate to \" publicize activities that are potentially damaging to the environment \" is quite transparent, it \" should not be problematic unless threats are ' hyped ' where there are none. \" ( note : while non - existent threats are rarely hyped by conservation groups, a more difficult question arises when moderate or minor threats are presented to the public as more dramatic than they may be. ) the authors note that while these results could suggest that conservation funding may be considered problematic, \" the argument can be made that their role as a preventative authority is necessary. \" indeed, while primary research and even survey reviews funded by the military are evidently not overly biased toward finding no effect ( since in both cases, they include far more results showing effects than not ), it also appears to aei that in practical terms, the eis ' s generated by the navy and the mitigation measures imposed by regulators on both military and oil and gas activities are largely grounded in the belief \u2013 and regulatory determination \u2013 that any effects of these activities are \" negligible, \" to use the formal term. thus the focus of the conservation community on funding research and publishing overviews that emphasize credible studies outlining observed negative effects is understandable, given these groups ' role in raising public awareness and balancing the singular interpretation of the more nuanced research by the military and industry. it might be more fruitful to explore ways that the \" balance \" of navy - funded studies and reviews serve as a fig leaf for actions that nearly always presume no harm. another key question not yet considered with the rigor brought to this study is whether navy - funded research is oriented toward studies that, by the questions being asked, may be more likely to come up with \" no effect \" findings, as apparently the investigations that conservationists tend to fund ask questions that lean toward those that are likely to show an effect. similarly, the questions being asked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5258729234985113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.346416"} {"text": "by the questions being asked, may be more likely to come up with \" no effect \" findings, as apparently the investigations that conservationists tend to fund ask questions that lean toward those that are likely to show an effect. similarly, the questions being asked can color the perceived importance of changing our ways of using sound in the sea. for example, a study might seek to identify \" recoverable thresholds \" of exposure ( the maximum sound can an animal experience, causing temporary hearing shifts, but with their hearing returning to normal after a few minutes or hours ), while another study may be looking for \" behavioral thresholds \" ( the sound exposure that triggers behavioral changes ). implicit in the first question is the thought that as long as the effect is not permanent, it ' s acceptable ; conversely, the second question implies a desire to minimize disturbance of animals. indeed, the first question seeks the maximum sound level we can feel comfortable imposing, while the second inquires as to the minimal sound that the animal might be affected by. more to the point, though, many or most of the studies that do show effects are somewhat ambiguous ( e. g., only a proportion of the population shows the effect, or the practical import of the change or effect is difficult or impossible to determine ), while a finding of \" no effect \" is more clear - cut. it is not outlandish on the face of it for the navy to say, as it does, that their actions are not likely to cause any major disruption of animal life : the only clear - cut evidence we have is that extremely loud sounds at very close range ( tens of meters ) can injure animals, while the rest of the research really is shades of grey. nearly all of the controversy over military and oil and gas noise today boils down to differing interpretations of how important moderate behavioral changes are, and whether they should be avoided or not. and science is nearly incapable of shedding any definitive light on how important behavioral changes are, thus leaving the two sides largely reliant on their divergent faith : the navy and oil industry ' s faith that the behavioral changes are transient and negligible, and environmentalists ' faith that chronic behavioral disruption by human noise is bound to have negative consequences. meanwhile, ethical questions about humanity ' s relationship to the natural world are outside the bounds of discussion on one side, and central to the whole discussion, on the other. in the end, studies like this \u2013 and indeed, reviews such as those considered here \u2013 are largely diligent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5369011803375858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.347519"} {"text": "s relationship to the natural world are outside the bounds of discussion on one side, and central to the whole discussion, on the other. in the end, studies like this \u2013 and indeed, reviews such as those considered here \u2013 are largely diligent exercises in quantifying an issue that has become, for all practical purposes, an exercise in divergent world views talking at and past each other. two pinger studies : harbour porpoise bycatch reduced, common dolphins show little response palka, d. l., m. c. rossman, a. s. vanatten, and c. d. orphanides. 2008. effect of pingers on harbour porpoise ( phocoena phocoena ) bycatch in the us northeast gillnet fishery. journal of cetacean research and management 10 ( 3 ) : 217 - 226. berrow, s., r. cosgrove, r. h. leeney, j. o ' brien, d. mcgrath, j. dalgard, and y. le gall. 2008. effect of acoustic deterrents on the behaviour of common dolphins ( delphinus delphis ). journal of cetacean research and management 10 ( 3 ) : 227 - 233. two studies of the use of pingers on gillnets came up with starkly different results for two key species of dolphins. the first, a long - term study of actual by - catch off the northeast coast of the us from 1999 - 2007, found that harbour porpoise bycatch was reduced 50 - 70 % in fisheries that used pingers, with no bycatch at all in nets using 15cm mesh. most importantly, there were no long - term increases in by - catch, which offers strong evidence that the porpoises are not habituating to the pinger sounds. however, the second study found that pingers that caused evasive responses in bottlenose dolphins had no effect on common dolphin behavior. a pinger source that allowed several types of signals to be tested also elicited no response in the common dolphins ; the researchers conclude that \u201c pinger, at their current state of development, may not provide a consistently effective deterrent signal for common dolphins. \u201d treefrogs call more when human noise intrudes kaiser, k & jl hammers ( 2009 ) the effect of anthropogenic noise on male advertisement call rate in the neotropical treefrog, dendropsophus triangulum. behaviour", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4675481739994004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.348397"} {"text": "of sound. clownfish were found to detect sound from 75hz to 1. 8khz, and to be most sensitive to sounds below 200hz. it \u2019 s long been known that the sounds made by fish are closely related to their size, with lower frequency sounds made by larger fish. interestingly, younger ( i. e. smaller ) fish have best hearing sensitivity at frequencies lower than the sounds they make, but close to the dominant frequencies of larger fish calls. it is suggested that this allows juvenile fish to hear and localize the position of adults, which may be useful as juveniles return to their home reefs. offshore wind farms : impact area on porpoises is small during operation, but potentially over 20km during construction these two papers, from related research teams, assessed the impacts of construction and operation of wind farms in europe on local populations of harbor porposeis and harbor seals. tougaard, henriksen, miller. underwater noise from three types of offshore wind turbines : estimation of impact zones for harbor porpoises and harbor seals. j. acoust. soc. am. 125 ( 6 ), june 2009. 3766 - 3773. underwater noise was recorded from three different types of wind turbines in denmark and sweden. the authors note that virtually all airborne noise from the turbine blades is reflected off the surface of the water, while vibrations from the machinery are transmitted through the tower and into the foundation, from where it radiates out into the water column and seabed. in general, turbine noise was only measurable above ambient noise at frequencies below 500hz, with total spls of 109 - 127db re 1upa rms, measured at 14 - 20m from the turbines \u2019 foundations. by comparing measured sound levels with audiograms of harbor seals and harbor porpoises, the researchers determined that the sounds were only slightly audible for the porpoises at ranges of 20 - 70m, whereas harbor seals may hear the sounds at ranges of 100m to several kilometers. as a bottom line, researchers suggest that behavioral changes are very unlikely in harbor porpoises except at very close ranges, while seals may have some behavioral reaction out to a few hundred meters. for both species, masking is predicted here to be low to non - existent ( due to differences between vocalization frequency patterns and the predominantly low - frequency turbine noise ), and the sound is too low to cause physical injury, no matter how close the animals are. tougaard, carstensen, teilmann", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5034358522562348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.350397"} {"text": "existent ( due to differences between vocalization frequency patterns and the predominantly low - frequency turbine noise ), and the sound is too low to cause physical injury, no matter how close the animals are. tougaard, carstensen, teilmann, skov, rasmussun. pile driving zone of responsiveness extends beyond 20km for harbor porpoises ( phocoena phocoena ( l. ) ) ( l ). j. acous. soc. am. 126 ( 1 ), july 2009. 11 - 14. this study took place during construction of an offshore wind farm in the north sea. acoustic t - pods were placed in the wind farm and in two locations outside the wind farm, at 7 and 20km away. during pile driving operations, which generate high - intensity impulsive sounds ( 235db peak - peak ), detections of harbour porpoises declined at all listening stations. ( the baseline was detections during construction, but without pile driving activity taking place ) the declines were not dramatic ( within the 95 % confidence bars in most cases, barely beyond them in some cases ), but were consistently found. there was no clear difference in detection rates at 7 and 20km, which implies that the displacement effect extends well beyond 20km. the differences inside the wind farm were minimal when pile driving was occurring, though total detections were lower inside the farm than outside at all times, suggesting that animals inside the construction zone were individuals who were more acclimated or tolerant of the ongoing construction noise. a summary of recent studies of wind farm noise annoyance and possible health effects the take - away from these new reports appears to be that while significant proportions of the population are affected by moderate wind farm noise, neither increasing wind farm noise nor even annoyance to it lead inevitably to health effects. there is an entire separate body of research investigating various attitudinal aspects related to stress and health, which only muddy the waters as we try to interpret these direct studies on wind farm noise. some studies indicate that attitudes toward a noise source can affect both annoyance and stress responses, and that a subjective sense of being threatened can likewise increase physiological responses to noise ; however, once again, these correlations are far from universal, so they cannot be used to \" explain away \" either annoyance or health impacts that do take place, any more than annoyance can be used as a clear indication of eventual health effects. there is far more gray than black and white in these reports. still, they provide a concrete picture of annoyance and sleep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.530855875317235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.351330"} {"text": "either annoyance or health impacts that do take place, any more than annoyance can be used as a clear indication of eventual health effects. there is far more gray than black and white in these reports. still, they provide a concrete picture of annoyance and sleep deprivation increasing as turbine noise increases, along with a better sense of the proportion of affected neighbors who will experience these impacts at various distances and received sound levels. clearly, 35 - 45db is a range at which impacts on neighbors become far more widespread. the social question that will need to addressed is what proportion of nearby neighbors we will accept causing sleep deprivation or annoyance in : 10 %? 20 %? where will we draw the line, beyond which we consider turbine placement too close? minnesota dept of health minnesota department of health, environmental health division. public health impacts of wind turbines. may 2009. [ download report here ] this state agency report provides a good overview of the current state of knowledge regarding wind farm noise propagation, with particular attention given to possible low frequency noise impacts. the report makes no dramatic recommendations, though the data presented suggests that audible and low - frequency noise could affect neighbors within a half mile to mile. among the key pieces of information contained in this report, gleaned from previous research studies : - a reminder that the 2007 report on wind farms and human health from the national academies of science concluded that \" noise produced by wind farms is generally not a major concern beyond a half mile \" ( i. e., under a half mile can be problematic ). - some individuals have extraordinary sensitivity to low frequency sound, up to 25db more sensitive than presumed ( average ) thresholds at some frequencies - some people can dismiss and ignore repetitive but low intensity noise, while for others, the signal will grow and become more apparent and unpleasant over time. these reactions may have little relationship to will or intent, and more to do with previous exposure history and personality. - the difference, in db, between soft ( acceptable ) and loud ( annoying ) noise is much less at low frequencies, due to the our perceptual compression of the full audible range. - compiled data from two recent swedish studies ( summarized below ) suggest that wind farm noise levels of over 40db ( a ) lead to annoyance in about half the population, while slightly lower sound levels of 35 - 40db ( a ) leads to annoyance in about a quarter of the population. - a surprising study from new zealand found that over half of household 2 - 2. 5km and 5 - 9. 5km from wind farms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.514757547544942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.352382"} {"text": "sound levels of 35 - 40db ( a ) leads to annoyance in about a quarter of the population. - a surprising study from new zealand found that over half of household 2 - 2. 5km and 5 - 9. 5km from wind farms could hear them at times ( fewer in between heard them ) ; these wind farms were in mountainous terrain, which likely explains the great distances at which they could be heard. - two charts from a 2006 report by the uk department of transport and industry suggest that low frequency noise ( lfn ) from wind turbines can be well above audible levels, and above the uk ' s night noise lfn criterion, at frequencies of 50 - 200hz. summary of three european studies eja pederson. effects of wind turbine noise on humans. third international meeting on wind turbine noise, aalborg, denmark, june 2009. this review by one of the leading researchers of wind turbine noise, annoyance, and health, compiles data from three studies, two in sweden and one in holland. the results, while indicating clear thresholds for annoyance and sleep disruption at sound levels often experienced by wind farm neighbors, also illustrate the subtleties inherent in making generalizations based on ambiguous data. the author makes a key introductory point : that wind farms \" often are placed in rural settings considered places with low exposure ( to ) environmental stressors \u2026. in such a setting, even when the levels are comparably low, ( wind farm noise could ) be perceived as a potential health risk. \" the heart of the studies shows a correlation between increasing noise levels and annoyance. this effect was clearly stronger in the two flat, rural areas, than in a study that took place in a more suburban, rolling landscape that had more other noises present. a dramatic increase in proportion of people annoyed by turbine noise took place when the noise was over 40db ( a ) ; here, 25 - 45 % reported annoyance in rural settings, and 10 % in the suburban area. at 35 - 40db, annoyance ranged from 16 - 20 % in rural settings but was only 5 % in suburban ; at 30 - 35db, annoyance hovered around 10 % in rural areas. the studies showed no direct correlation between noise levels and health effects related to stress ( including headaches, tiredness, tenseness, and irritability ) ; this is not surprising, since at all noise levels, a majority of the population was not annoyed, so also not likely to be stressed. among those experiencing annoyance, there was a correlation with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5157257432644955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.353438"} {"text": "tiredness, tenseness, and irritability ) ; this is not surprising, since at all noise levels, a majority of the population was not annoyed, so also not likely to be stressed. among those experiencing annoyance, there was a correlation with stress effects, but it was far from universal ( correlations generally in the 1. 25 range ). sleep disruption from any source was reported by 15 - 20 % of rural respondents even at sound levels under 30db ; some may interpret this as evidence of impact from wind turbines at very low sound levels, but it could as well be considered a baseline of sleep disturbance from non - wind farm causes. at sound levels of 30 - 40db, 5 - 8 % more rural residents reported sleep disruption, and as levels rose above 40db, a total of 30 - 40 % of rural residents reported being awakened. more insight into noise perception and annoyance kerstin persson waye. perception and environmental impact of wind turbine noise. presentation at inter - noise 2009. this is another paper that re - analyzes results from the several previous studies, including the swedish and dutch ones cited above ( waye and pederson were co - authors of one of these earlier studies ), and adds several interesting and important points to the discussion. first, she cites studies that suggest that the swishing nature of turbine noise is especially problematic, leading to a much higher correlation with annoyance than simple db level measurements. indeed, even at sound levels of only 35 - 40db ( a ), when swishing was present, 45 % of respondents reported being \" rather \" or \" very \" annoyed ; over 20 % were similarly annoyed at 30 - 35db. waye delves too - briefly into studies addressing the connection between seeing turbines and being annoyed by them. this is an especially difficult question, but she cites studies suggesting very high correlations between visibility and annoyance, much higher than the related correlation between visibility and audibility. this ties into other studies suggesting that those who don ' t like seeing turbines, also don ' t like hearing them ; again, though, it ' s important to remember that even these strong correlations are not universal, and many who experience noise issues are content to see turbines, if they are far enough away to not create audible disruptions to their recreational, work, and sleep life. in parsing the data from the three studies also addressed by pederson, above, waye adds two key pieces of information : first, all these wind farms consist of relatively small turbines, by current", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.545400098840293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.354499"} {"text": "their recreational, work, and sleep life. in parsing the data from the three studies also addressed by pederson, above, waye adds two key pieces of information : first, all these wind farms consist of relatively small turbines, by current standards : 500 - 800kw. second, our consideration of annoyance thresholds at various db levels is greatly enhanced by also including a graph showing that, in addition to those annoyed at each sound level, another 40 - 70 % of the population could hear the turbines, but did not report annoyance. for example, at 30 - 35db, over half of rural residents reported hearing the turbines, while only 8 - 12 % were annoyed ; at 35 - 40db ( within most global regulatory limits ), 85 % heard them, while just under 20 % were annoyed ; and at 40 - 45db ( within common us regulatory limits ), 95 % heard them, while 45 % were annoyed. finally, waye addresses a commonly reported finding : that annoyance levels are higher for wind turbines than for noise from less dynamic industrial sources, such as factories. she cites a study that shows that annoyance when indoors is pretty much the same, but that outdoors in rural settings, annoyance is significantly higher at sound levels above 35db ( annoyance at the one suburban wind farm was nearly identical to that from factory noise, again suggesting that expectations in rural setting plays a key role ). waye suggests that in rural settings, recreational and \" restorative \" aspects of outdoor experiences are impinged upon by wind farm noise. a final fascinating tidbit in her paper is that people who move from cities to the country are significantly more sensitive to noise than people who had always lived in the country ; that is, those who actively chose to relocate to the country are more attached to the quiet nature of the landscape, while those who grew up there are more accepting of changes. ( ed. note : as with so many statistics in these studies, though, this should not be over - emphasized ; surely many long - time locals also struggle with noise impacts. indeed, the difference in sensitivity to noise, while an interesting finding, is just 15 % ) low - frequency active sonar annual report to nmfs annual report no. 1 : operation of the surveillance towed array sensor system low frequency active ( surtass lfa ) sonar aboard the r / v cory chouest and usns impeccable ( t - agos 23 ) under the national marine fisheries service letters of authorization of 15 august 2007. department of the navy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5267611441391437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.356554"} {"text": "frequency active ( surtass lfa ) sonar aboard the r / v cory chouest and usns impeccable ( t - agos 23 ) under the national marine fisheries service letters of authorization of 15 august 2007. department of the navy, chief of naval operations, september 2008. [ download ( pdf ) ] this report details the actual operations of the us navy ' s two lfas - equipped ships, from mid - august 2007 to mid - august 2008. both ships remained close to the asian pacific coast, near china, the philippines, and japan. the letter of authorization issued by nmfs, allows the navy to use lfas for up to 432 hours per vessel each year. during this year, the cory chouest used the system for 25 days, totaling 71 hours of transmissions, and the impeccable used it on 24 days for a total of 65 hours of transmissions. during these missions, both passive acoustic detection and an active \" whale - finder \" high frequency sonar were used to supplement visual marine mammal observers ; no whales were heard via passive listening, one group of whales was spotted visually, and on 19 occasions, whales or turtles were spotted by the whale - finder sonar. operations were suspended 43 times, including the 20 encounters just noted, and 23 times when the whale - finder sonar was not working correctly. such shut - downs occur when whales may move within 1km of the ship ; the whale - finder sonar reliably detects whales out to 2km away. based on current population studies of whales in the region, the report estimates that lfas operations injured no animals, and created possible behavioral reactions ( received levels of 120db or more ) in less than 1 % of most cetacean species, with no more than 3 % of any species affected. the report notes that the lfas source transmitter send out sound in a full 360 degrees, at a source level of 215db or less, using a variety of signal types at 100 - 500hz. the document provides a good overview of the navy ' s eis process since it began in 1996, along with court challenges and rulings from 2002 - 2008. safety thresholds for ocean noise should address character of signal, not just loudness michael stocker. the importance of incorporating signal characteristics in the evaluation of noise exposure impacts on marine life. acoustical society of america presentation, may 2009. this paper is a literature review that presents evidence suggesting that our current reliance on simple amplitude ( db level )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5328143636316834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.358319"} {"text": "injury ; he proposes evaluation of the following signal characteristics : - rise time of impulse signals - periodicity of intermittent signals - kurtosis, evaluated three ways : fft of spectral distribution, amplitude variability, and spectral variability. measuring air gun propagation from new nsf research ship r / v langseth tolstoy, diebold, doermann, nooner, webb, bohnenstiehl, crone, holmes. broadband calibration of the r / v marcus g. langseth four - string seismic sources. geochemistry geophysics geosysytems, vol. 10, number 8. august 2009. [ download ( pdf ) ] this study marks the primary calibration of the new seismic survey vessel managed by columbia university ' s lamont - doherty earth observatory ( ldeo ) and often chartered by the national science foundation for academic surveys. the langseth ' s air gun arrays are different than those on the previous vessel, the r / v ewing, as it uses four identical 9 - gun linear arrays of somewhat smaller air guns, rather than up to 20 separately towed and larger air guns. tests were run in a deep water site and a shallow water site, since sound propagation varies considerably with depth. sound levels were calculated using both 90 % rms ( re 1upa ) and sel ( re : 1upa2s ). the resulting exposure radii ( safety zones to prevent exposure at the given level ) are as follows : | db threshold rms | db threshold sel interestingly, actual received levels at distances over 3km at the deep site were below the slope of the statistical \" line \" the data created at closer ranges ; thus the very distant exposure radii are likely over - estimates. as has been widely noted in recent years, sound energy was concentrated in the 10 - 300hz range ( 120 - 150db energy spectral density at 1km ), but continued to have significant energy up to 1khz ( 100 - 120db shallow, 90 - 110db deep ) and 20khz ( 60 - 80db shallow, 20 - 60 esl deep ). of special note in this study is the further clarification that, contrary to previous assumptions, differences between rms and sel are not consistent, but rather vary greatly with water depth. reverberations in shallow environments create a smaller difference ( about 8db ) than in deep water ( about 14db ). fin whales seem to avoid seismic survey castellote, clark, esteban. mediterranean", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.542897102274644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.361772"} {"text": "rather vary greatly with water depth. reverberations in shallow environments create a smaller difference ( about 8db ) than in deep water ( about 14db ). fin whales seem to avoid seismic survey castellote, clark, esteban. mediterranean fin whale migration movements altered by seismic exploration noise. presentation at acoustical society of america, may 2009. this study took place in the western mediterranean, off the coasts of spain, france, and northwestern italy ; its main purpose was to simply identify seasonal patterns of fin whales and better understand their migratory movements, using the now - common cornell marine autonomous recording units ( maru ), which are deployed for weeks or months, and then \" pop up \" for recovery. by chance, an medium - sized academic seismic survey took place in the vicinity of the recorders for ten days, from 8 - 17 december 2006, using 5 typical air guns and 4 small \" sleeve \" guns, totaling 1555 cubic inches. the resulting changes and in fin whale call rates strongly suggest that they shifted their migratory path, though given the limited \" perspective \" offered by two marus deployed near each other, and the fact that understanding of normal migratory pattern is limited, the study is not conclusive. during the ten days before the survey began, whale calls were heard fairly regularly ; during the first three days of the survey, it appears that whales vocalized more, while moving to a different position relative to the recorders. the call rate was most dramatically higher on the 2nd day of the survey : whale calls were heard for over 20 hours, rather than the 6 - 8 hours that was more typical before and after the survey ( some non - survey days peaked at 12 - 14 hours ). the researchers note a dramatic change in bearing ( angle at which most of the calls came from ) during this peak early in the survey, which was followed by a dramatic drop in calls, to zero on the 4th day of the survey, and continuing at zero or close to it for two weeks after the survey was completed ; presumably the whales moved out of range of the recorders ( the peak in call rates may represent more whales being temporarily closer as their route shifted ). by the beginning of january, whale calls sporadically rose again to near the levels before the survey, and, by january 7th, became more consistent, and back to the bearing that had been noted before. the researchers cite a few other studies that have shown displacement or changed vocalizing patterns near surveys, to bolster their sense that this study should be added to that emerging", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.497916388082426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.363075"} {"text": "7th, became more consistent, and back to the bearing that had been noted before. the researchers cite a few other studies that have shown displacement or changed vocalizing patterns near surveys, to bolster their sense that this study should be added to that emerging body of research suggesting behavioral effects that are not fully accepted yet by the scientific and industrial communities. ocean acidification not likely to increase ambient background noise reeder, chiu. ocean acidification and its impact on ocean noise level : an analysis using empirical and physical models of acoustic transmission loss. presented at asa october 2009 meeting. udovydchenkov, duda. ocean noise level change in response to ocean acidification. presented at asa october 2009. these two papers take a closer look at the widely - noted ocean noise implications of increasing ocean acidification ( a combination of factors related to global warming is triggering a steady increase in the ocean \u2019 s ph, which decreases sound absorption ). when the acidification results were first released there was much speculation that shipping noise would propagate farther, resulting in cumulative ambient noise increases throughout the oceans. these two papers, presented at this fall \u2019 s acoustical society of america meeting, both come to the same conclusion : low frequency noise will not be significantly increased due to ocean acidification ; rather, the primary changes will occur at mid - frequencies. this calms concerns about shipping noise, but may ( over time ) lead to slightly larger areas being impacted by mid - frequency active sonar, some acoustic harassment devices used by fish farms, noise from recreational boating, and other mid - frequency noise. rather than simply looking at the effects of sound absorption, both papers assessed the combined effects of many factors in sound propagation : seabed attenuation and boundary effects, waveguide physics, and the distribution of ph and absorption through different depths of water. the first paper looked at shallow water, a surface duct, and deep ocean, and found that the maximum change in noise transmission occurs at about 2khz, with no significant change below 800hz. the second paper notes that at low frequency, little sound is absorbed anyway, so ph - related absorption effects are much smaller than all the other effects, and that at high frequencies, sound does not propagate very far, also minimizing effects of decreased absorption ; the authors note that effects can be sizable at middle frequencies. ( ed. note : for both papers, pre - conference abstracts do not quantify the mid - frequency effects ; details will follow after the presentations and with later publication of results. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4989057884243421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.364233"} {"text": "; the authors note that effects can be sizable at middle frequencies. ( ed. note : for both papers, pre - conference abstracts do not quantify the mid - frequency effects ; details will follow after the presentations and with later publication of results. ) sleep \" arousal \" and awakening could be cause of wind farm health woes christopher hanning. sleep disturbance and wind turbine noise. june 2009 [ download report ] ( ed. note : this is not a peer - reviewed paper ; it was written for an anti - wind group in swinford, uk. however, dr. hanning, unlike some other physicians wading into industrial wind noise issues, is not writing outside his area of expertise. he ' s a renowned sleep disturbance expert : his school hospital named their sleep lab after him. ) this report by a uk md whose specialty is sleep disorders takes a comprehensive look at factors affecting sleep disturbance caused by nearby wind farms, and is highly recommended reading for anyone working to develop regulations at the local or state level. hanning \u2019 s primary point is that external noise need not wake a sleeper to cause problems, and the repeated \u201c arousals \u201d can break the most restful periods of sleep. he notes that \u201c the sleep, because it is broken, is unrefreshing, resulting in sleepiness, fatigue, headaches and poor memory and concentration. \u201d these are precisely the symptoms often reported by people living near wind farms. he stresses that arousals are also associated with \u201c physiological changes, an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, which are thought to be responsible for the increase in cardiovascular risk. arousals occur naturally during sleep and increase with age ( boselli 1998 ) which may make the elderly more vulnerable to wind turbine noise. arousals may be caused by sound events as low as 32 dba and awakenings with events of 42dba ( muzet and miedema 2005 ), well within the measured noise levels of current wind farms \u201d and the levels permitted by most jurisdictions. the report also summarizes other studies suggesting that night - time noise levels are often higher than sound models predict, as well as one that suggests that wind farms cause high levels of annoyance at lower sound levels than other common noise sources. he concludes that \u201c while it may be possible to produce a reasonable acoustically based theoretical approach to calculating set back distances ( kamperman and james 2008b ), it makes more sense to rely on recommendations from observations of the effects on real people at established wind farms. \u201d some birds choose noisy areas for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5389724060394137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.366455"} {"text": "a reasonable acoustically based theoretical approach to calculating set back distances ( kamperman and james 2008b ), it makes more sense to rely on recommendations from observations of the effects on real people at established wind farms. \u201d some birds choose noisy areas for nests francis, c. d., ortega, c. p., and a. cruz. 2009. noise pollution changes avian communities and species interactions. current biology doi : 10. 1016 / j. cub. 2009. 06. 052 a new study surveyed nesting birds in new mexico woodlands with oil and gas compressors, and came up with a surprising result. while, as expected, most birds were more numerous in areas farther from the compressors, two species seemed to prefer these areas. black - chinned hummingbirds and house finches had more than 90 percent of their nests at the noisy sites. the researchers dug a bit deeper, and found that nests in the quiet areas were more likely to be attacked by predators, with predator birds significantly less abundant around noisy sites. it is suggested that the noise may mask their calls or make it harder for them to find their prey. increase in noise levels leads to more annoyance than similar noise in steady state brown, kamp. response to a change in transport noise exposure : competing explanations of change effects. j. acoust. soc. am. 125 ( 2 ), february 2009 this literature review addresses an interesting question, and one that may be relevant to concerns about noise from wind farms. a long history of studies of human annoyance responses to traffic noise seems to suggest that a change in noise levels ( for example, traffic noise increasing from 50db to 60db ) triggers more annoyance than occurs when exposure is steady at the higher level ( in this case, a steady 60db ). this paper reviews many proposed explanations for this affect ; while no single explanation is identified as most likely, several common ones are shown to be unlikely, and a set of plausible explanations remains. among the explanations that are rejected is the common assumption that the annoyance after an increase is transient, and over time will dissipate as people adapt to the new noise level ; in fact, evidence suggests that annoyance remains for years after a change. also of note is that the one study that looked closely at whether attitudes toward a noise source is related to annoyance after an increase in noise found that neither prior attitude nor changes in attitude could account for the increased annoyance. this paper, and its many citations, are highly recommended for anyone addressing community responses to new or increased noise sources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5272856112958192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.367509"} {"text": "a noise source is related to annoyance after an increase in noise found that neither prior attitude nor changes in attitude could account for the increased annoyance. this paper, and its many citations, are highly recommended for anyone addressing community responses to new or increased noise sources. harbor porpoise tts, behavioral response at moderate noise levels in lab tests lucke, seibert, lepper, blanchet. temporary shift in masked hearing thresholds in a harbor porpoise ( phocoena phocoena ) after exposure to seismic airgun stimuli. j. acoust. soc. am. 125 ( 6 ), june 2009. field researchers have observed for years that harbor porpoises appear more sensitive to noise than most other cetacean species, moving away from noise sources at greater distances than typically considered problematic ( belugas and bowhead whale mothers are also more behaviorally sensitive to noise ). this study was the first that measured harbor porpoise auditory sensitivity in the lab, using auditory evoked potential measurements ( brain - wave scanners that note auditory brain activity ), and the results confirm that this species ' avoidance behavior occurs at relatively low sound levels, and may be linked to a similarly low threshold of tts ( temporary hearing loss ). the test animal was a wild - born ten - year old porpoise who has lived in captivity in denmark for most of his life ; the testing facility is open to the sea, so background noise ( ranging roughly from 60 - 80db pressure spectral density ) is dominated by local shipping sounds. a single small ( 20 cubic inches ) airgun was used as the sound source, gradually moving closer until a tts was observed at one of the 3 tested hearing frequencies ( 4, 32, and 100khz ). the airgun source sound was, as is typical, loudest at low frequencies ( max of 150db spl at 300hz ), but had significant energy at higher frequencies as well ( 100 - 110db spl from 2khz to 5khz ), at the relatively close range used in this test ( 14 - 150m ). the key finding was that the airgun sounds caused tts in the 4khz hearing range at received levels of 165. 5db sel ( 202. 1db peak to peak ) ; perhaps more importantly, recovery was quite slow, with reduced sensitivity ( i. e., sound had to be louder than normal to be heard ) still measured at 29 hours post - exposure. based on the pattern of recovery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5012294527771156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.368533"} {"text": "tts ; temporary decline in hearing sensitivity ) after exposure to loud noise in dolphins, calls into question one of the key advantages of the sound exposure level metric. sel measurements are designed to measure total sound exposure over a given period of time ; simply stated, sel remains constant when sound intensity increases while duration decreases ( e. g., twice as loud for half as long should result in \" equal energy \", or the same sel ). the assumption was that sel offered an \" equal energy \" metric that could allow biologists and ocean regulators to set a sel threshold that would apply to many types of noise exposure. however, this study indicates that a given sel db level ( arrived at via a mathematical equation combining sound energy from many noise pulses over time ) did not seem to induce tts in the single captive dolphin used in this study. as with other metrics, higher sels were required to induce tts with shorter duration sounds. by extension, the hypothesis that tts is caused by a given level of sound energy ( the \" equal energy \" hypothesis ) is called into question. the relationship appears to be logarithmic, rather than linear. in this study, the sound source was short ( 20ms ) digitally generated tone bursts. related : mid - frequency sonar must be very loud / close to trigger tts mooney, nachtigall, vlachos. sonar - induced temporary hearing loss in dolphins. biology letters, doi : 10. 1098 / rsbl. 2009. 0099 the same team more recently found the same difficulty with using sel to predict tts when using a recording of a us naval mid - frequency active sonar ; short duration mfa \" pings \" had to be ramped up to a sel of 214db ( equivalent to 203db spl rms ) to induce a modest tts of 6db, which faded rapidly back to normal hearing levels in 20 - 40 minutes, a higher sel than had induced tts using longer duration sounds in the above study. this was the first hearing test on dolphins to use actual mid - frequency active sonar signals ; previous studies had used sonar simulations or tones at similar frequencies. ed. note : the usual caveats are in order here, as a long - time captive dolphin may not hear as well as his wild relatives ; it is often assumed that captive dolphins are less sensitive both physiologically ( hearing loss from living in noisy pens ) and behaviorally ( habituated to noise, and given food to remain in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5386072143399232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.370553"} {"text": "captive dolphin may not hear as well as his wild relatives ; it is often assumed that captive dolphins are less sensitive both physiologically ( hearing loss from living in noisy pens ) and behaviorally ( habituated to noise, and given food to remain in the test area ), though the relative lack of clear studies on wild animals makes this assumption difficult to confirm. wind turbines do not seem to displace wintering farmland birds devereaux, denny, whittingham. minimal effects of wind turbines on the distribution of wintering farmland birds. journal of applied ecology 2008, 45, 1689 - 1694. in what be the first study examining whether wind farms displace birds, this team studied bird distributions around two small wind farms in england ( each had 8 2mw 60m hub - height turbines in two rows ). birds of four different functional groups ( seed - eaters, corvids, gamebirds, and skylarks ) were counted at five distances ( multiples of 150m, out to 750m ). after controlling for crop types and boundary effects, there was no overall significant difference in distribution by distance. one species was an exception to the overall findings : the largest and least maneuverable bird, the common pheasant, was more common as distance increased. two other species not included in the overall study of functional groups were also less abundant within 150m : the mallard and the wood pigeon, also both less maneuverable than most of the other birds in the area ( the authors note that counts were low enough for these that the pattern may have been skewed by a few large flocks ). in some cases ( skylarks and corvids ), the data showed statistically significant increases in bird numbers closer to the turbines. the authors make a point of noting that this winter study needs to be complemented by similar investigations of distribution during the breeding season, when birds may be affected differently. this study did not study noise, but just the presence of the turbines. related : compressor station noise can reduce forest bird abundance bayne, habib, boutin. impacts of chronic anthropogenic noise form energy - sector activity on abundance of songbirds in the boreal forest. conservation biology, volume 22, no. 5, 1186 - 1193, 2008. this study used an innovative study design to separate the effect of noise from the also - important effects of habitat disruption and edge effects caused by energy development. the authors compared bird distributions around ( quiet ) well pads and ( constantly noise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5055140952276022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.371509"} {"text": "1193, 2008. this study used an innovative study design to separate the effect of noise from the also - important effects of habitat disruption and edge effects caused by energy development. the authors compared bird distributions around ( quiet ) well pads and ( constantly noise - producing ) coalbed methane compressor stations in the forest of alberta. they found that areas near well pads had a passerine density of 1. 5 times higher than areas near compressor stations ; one - third of the species studied showed this affect. the noise levels produced by the compressor stations is typically 75 - 95 db ( a ) at the source, sometimes reaching 105db ( a ) at large facilities ; compressor noise is commonly heard at distances of well over 1km in the boreal forest ; with 5000 compressor stations in boreal alberta, the question of noise - related displacement is potentially significant. in addition to the overall tendency for passerines to be found in greater numbers near quiet energy installations than noisy ones ( with three species especially affected ), seven other species showed less dramatic but still noticeable differences, while eleven other species showed no difference. red - eyed vireos, white - throated sparrows, and yellow - rumped warblers were particularly affected, with chickadees, jays, and wrens showing little effect. right whales experience dramatic variations in noise during annual movements along north american coast parks, urazghildiiev, clark. variability in ambient noise levels and call parameters of north atlantic right whales in three habitat areas. j. acous. soc. am. 125 ( 2 ), february 2009. this study used pop - up recorders to examine ambient noise conditions and right whale calls in three of the species ' annual habitats : the bay of fundy, cape cod bay, and the coast of georgia. while the variability of calls was subtle, there was some indication that louder call patterns were in response to the peak sound in an area, rather than the overall noise level. however, the seasonal variability of noise experienced by this population is the key finding here. overall sound levels were highest during the summer season spent in the bay of fundy, and lowest in the winter off georgia. likewise, the percentage of time that the habitat was \" loud \" ( ambient noise over 105db re 1upa in the 50 - 350hz frequency range of right whale contact calls ) varied dramatically : in the bay of fundy, it was loud 85 - 95 % of the time, in cape cod bay it was loud 53 - 63 % of the time, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5270784608372598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.372534"} {"text": "50 - 350hz frequency range of right whale contact calls ) varied dramatically : in the bay of fundy, it was loud 85 - 95 % of the time, in cape cod bay it was loud 53 - 63 % of the time, and off georgia it was loud only 20 - 30 % of the time. while the quiet is surely appreciated during calving time in georgia, the high proportion of noisy times in the bay of fundy could impede summer social interaction, perhaps including mating. the population of north atlantic right whales is precarious, and slowly decreasing ; the researchers conclude with the urgent observation that \" locating the mating grounds for right whales and quantifying the noise occurring in their breeding areas may be crucial in understanding how increases in ambient noise may limit the range of communication signals that are vital for successful reproduction. \" orcas increase volume of calls in synch with increasing boat noise holt, noren, v. veirs, emmons, s. veirs. speaking up : killer whales ( orcinus orca ) increase their call amplitude in response to vessel noise. j. acous. soc. am. 125 ( 1 ), january 2009. this study found that southern resident killer whales, who are nearly always within earshot of boat traffic, increase their call amplitude by 1db for every 1db increase in background noise levels. call amplitudes ranged from 133 - 174db re 1upa ( mean 155db ), while background noise ( measured in the 1 - 40khz band ) ranged from 98 - 123db ( mean 110db ), as nearby boat counts ranged from 1 - 46. of course, source levels of calls vary, based on the type of call ; still, there was a significant correlation between call source level and background noise for all call types. the detailed analysis was restricted to the one call type with the largest sample size. it appeared that call amplitude was relatively unaffected until background noise reached 105db, though the researchers note a small sample size below that level, and suggest further investigation to see whether there is a threshold at some point. above 105db, calls increased 1db for each 1db of increased boat noise. interestingly, they found no increase in duration of calls ; an earlier study had found that calls were longer in noisy conditions. the researchers suggest that this difference may be due to differences in study design, or due to the fact that the current study site did not provide any \" no boat noise \" conditions ( i. e., perhaps call duration increases at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4837463150245957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.373455"} {"text": "noisy conditions. the researchers suggest that this difference may be due to differences in study design, or due to the fact that the current study site did not provide any \" no boat noise \" conditions ( i. e., perhaps call duration increases at the first appearance of background noise, with call amplitude increasing with the noise ). boats reduce foraging time in orcas lusseau, bain, williams, smith. vessel traffic disrupts the foraging behavior of southern resident killer whales orcinus orca. endangered species research, vol. 6 : 211 - 221, 2009. this recent paper continues a line of research undertaken by this team throughout this decade, which investigates the ways that boat traffic changes orca behavior, with a special focus on foraging activity ( a 2004 paper by these researchers suggests that reduced foraging is the most significant impact on an animals ' energy budget ; ie, the extra energy used in, e. g., avoidance is much less significant than the much larger decrease in energy received when foraging is reduced ). as in their study of the northern orcas of bc, and in line with studies by others of delphinid species in other parts of the world, this study found that orcas around san juan island reduced their time spent foraging by about 21 % when boats were within 400m ( from 76 % of the time to 60 % of the time ). they had hoped to identify behavior patterns when 100m, 400m, and 1000m or more from boats ; unfortunately, in the san juan islands, boat traffic is nearly constant, and there were very few opportunities to observe orcas with boats more than 1000m away. in the end, the authors show a clear affect with boats within 100m and 400m, as well as an apparently smaller affect when boats were within 1000m. the authors note that it is possible that the 400m affect is mainly caused by boats not far beyond 100m ( a study with finer spatial analysis would be needed to clarify this ). nonetheless, they show that the current whale watching standard of remaining 100m away is not sufficient to avoid disrupting the key foraging behaviors of orcas. related : number of vessels may play larger role than proximity of vessels williams, bain, smith, lusseau. effects of vessels on behavior patterns of individual southern resident killer whales orcinus orca. endangered species research, vol. 6 : 199 - 209, 2009. this companion paper by the same research team does not address foraging, but rather looks at overall behavioral effects of the same boat traffic measured in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49939280103045985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.374432"} {"text": "resident killer whales orcinus orca. endangered species research, vol. 6 : 199 - 209, 2009. this companion paper by the same research team does not address foraging, but rather looks at overall behavioral effects of the same boat traffic measured in the above study. they find that behavioral changes such as swimming speed and directness of travel path changed slightly in response to boats, and in general, they found that changes were more correlated to the number of boats within 400 yards than by the proximity of the boats, whereas current whale watching standards address only how close each boat is, rather than total numbers of boats. they also note that, given the difficulties in finding clear patterns within this noisy environment, it may be hard for managers to feel that the data is solid enough to warrant additional protections. however, the authors conclude with the observation that it appears that this population is food - limited ( many researchers consider declining salmon runs to be a primary factor in population stagnation and sometimes dips ), and suggest that reducing the ambient noise levels would improve the whales ' ability to find the limited food that remains in the region. ed. note : this paper ' s focus on numbers of vessels corresponds well with the holt paper directly above, which finds overall ambient noise is closely tied to the number of boats in the vicinity. soundscapes, acoustic daylight, and fish hearing richard fay. soundscapes and the sense of hearing in fishes. integrative zoology 2009 ; 4 : 26 - 32. this fascinating review offers a wide - ranging consideration of the implications of a simple observation : goldfish have an acute sense of hearing, though they do not vocalize or engage in any known sound communication. what are they listening to? fay introduces several key lines of research into fish hearing, some dating from the 80s, and some from the past decade. his own research, along with that of several others, has demonstrated that fish can isolate multiple sound sources ( though studies cited are limited to two distinct sounds, rather than much more complex mixes of sound ). from there, fay suggests that fishes ' sensitivity to particle motion in water, via their lateral lines, provides them the ability to engage in what in human perception is termed \" auditory scene analysis, \" or the perception of a complex environment by distinguishing the many sound sources and their motion through the soundscape. the most intriguing suggestion in the paper is less solidly fleshed out : that fish make use of reflections of ambient sound to build this \" auditory scene. \" that is, ambient noise can act as \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5157075317670619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.377307"} {"text": "sources and their motion through the soundscape. the most intriguing suggestion in the paper is less solidly fleshed out : that fish make use of reflections of ambient sound to build this \" auditory scene. \" that is, ambient noise can act as \" acoustic daylight, \" with subtle differences in the echoes of the overall ambient sound bouncing off specific objects being a source of perception ( as light reflects off objects to create visual perception ). fay mentions one study in which goldfish were shown to be able to perceive a single point source of delayed ( as if echoed ) signal in a noise field ; this was apparently done with artificial noise sources, though the researchers ( and fay ) propose that it represents an ability of goldfish to perceive the fish bladder of another fish re - radiating ambient noise. this may well be true, though this ( and one other related study that showed fish using echoes from self - produced sound ) do not yet cross the chasm of showing that fish process complex acoustic scenes by using reflections of ambient noise. yet the point of this review is not to \" make a case \" for these higher order perceptual abilities, but rather to open our minds to the likely fact that fish listen to much more than simply communication signals, which have been overlooked due to our \" profound ignorance of the other possible sounds and sources that probably have biological significance to fish, \" and to suggest that \" environmental soundscapes ( are ) most probably important sources of information. \" this more modest first step is clearly successful here, opening the way to future studies of the undoubtedly subtle and complex sensory world of fishes. iucn report highlights noise impact of shipping in mediterranean, calls for mpas to provide \" acoustic comfort \" ameer abdulla, olof london ( editors ). 2008. maritime traffic effects on biodiversity in the mediterranean sea : review of impacts, priority areas and mitigation measures. malaga, spain : iucn centre for mediterranean cooperation. 184 pp. [ download ( pdf ) ] [ website ] this comprehensive look at mediterranean shipping, from the international union for the conservation of nature and natural resources, includes a long section in the early pages on noise impacts. due to the concentration of shipping in the mediterranean, ambient noise is 40db higher than in relatively shipping - free seas such as the sea of cortez. among the recommendations made in regards to noise are that \" much effort should be devoted to developing a legal framework within which underwater noise is recognized and regulated as a threat, \" and the advocacy of mpas that are designed to provide acoustic protection to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5500241909939834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.379036"} {"text": "only made in quite calm seas ( beaufort 2 or lower ). a large local population of dolphins offered plenty of data, and the population is generally stable in place, engaging in a series of regular behaviors over relatively prolonged timeframes. behavior \" without \" boats present was noted when no boats ( other than the observation inflatable ) were within 350m ; behavior \" with \" boats present was noted when tour boats came within 150m. ( ed. note : it would be interesting to consider the data when tour boats were 150 - 350m distant, to assess whether the observed effects extend to greater distances ). over the course of 65 hours of observation by a single observer, 1028 3 - minute behavioral samples were taken, 781 with no boat ( average duration 69 min. ), and 247 with a tour boat present ( average duration 47 min. ). as usual with such studies, several behavioral states were analyzed : traveling, socializing, resting, milling, feeding, and diving. all showed some change in the presence of boats, with traveling, milling, and diving all increasing in the presence of boats, and socializing, feeding, and resting decreasing. of these, the most relevant to an animal ' s energy budget all were negatively affected : traveling increased from 27 % of the time to 46 %, resting decreased from 31 % to 20 %, and by far the largest energetic impact was seen in feeding, which reduced from 20 % of the time to just 7. 6 % of the time. this is the most dramatic decrease in feeding seen in such studies ( others have tended to find a 25 - 35 % decrease in foraging ). this may indicate that the relatively localized population had plenty of time to eat when the boats were not present, and chose to either leave or play with the boats when they were present. the study did look at attraction / deterrence, finding that in in 20 % of cases, dolphins moved closer to the boats, while in 28 % of encounters, they moved away ( about half the time, there was no spatial difference, though behaviors may still have changed ). the discussion section of this paper includes an unusually detailed comparison of the findings and the contexts of this and several similar studies, as well as consideration of the ways that in other settings, were human activity is more prevalent, these behavioral changes could have longer - term, population - level impacts. excellent review of the effects of human - generated sound on fish popper and hastings. the effects of human - generated sound on fish. integrative zoology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5098767510793302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.381403"} {"text": "activity is more prevalent, these behavioral changes could have longer - term, population - level impacts. excellent review of the effects of human - generated sound on fish popper and hastings. the effects of human - generated sound on fish. integrative zoology 2009 ; 4 : 43 - 52 this recent review is a great place to get up to speed on the current state of our knowledge regarding the effects of human sound on fish. it begins by sketching a sense of the \" natural \" and 21st - century aquatic world ' s acoustic nature, and proceeds to review various possible physiological and behavioral effects of human sounds ranging from sonars to pile - driving, seismic surveys, shipping, and even research vessels themselves. the authors note that a significant challenge to improving our understanding of the behavioral effects of noise sources is our inability to observe wild fish over large enough areas ( fish - finding sonars can only see fish out to a few hundred meters, not enough to observe possible avoidance of noise sources ). as is usually the case with ocean noise issues, the concerns about noise and fish far exceed the ability of our limited data to discern possible effects. as the authors note, \" because of a striking paucity of well - designed and controlled experimental data, very little is actually known... human - generated sounds, even from very high intensity sources, might have no effect in some cases or might result in effects that range from small and temporary shifts in behavior all the way to immediate death. \" following are some highlights of the 2008 research summaries ; see archive pages linked above for more entries pinger study illustrates extreme variability of real - world sound propagation shapiro, tougaard, jorgensen, kyne, balle, bernardez, fjalling, karlsen, wahlberg. transmission loss patterns from acoustic harassment and deterrent devices do not always follow geometrical spreading predictions. marine mammal science, 25 ( 1 ) : 53067 ( january 2009 ) this study was designed to investigate why acoustic harassment devices, or pingers, on fishing nets do not always succeed in keeping dolphins away. the researchers did a series of recordings around pingers of several different styles, and found that the received sound levels did not simply increase as they came closer, but fluctuated dramatically ; thus, animals approaching the nets may not have clear sense of how far away they are. while the results here are somewhat mixed for pingers ( overall, the average sound level does go up as the animals approach, albeit mixed with large variations ), the study offers a fascinating glimpse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49023022296965324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 54, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.382590"} {"text": "may not have clear sense of how far away they are. while the results here are somewhat mixed for pingers ( overall, the average sound level does go up as the animals approach, albeit mixed with large variations ), the study offers a fascinating glimpse into the real - world factors that will often confound simple geometric or spherical - spreading models generally used to predict sound exposure levels around any sound source. the researchers suggest that many factors likely contribute to the variation : changes in directivity of the source, subtle differences in source level for each ping, and, most influentially, as a result of the constructive and destructive interference of direct, surface - reflected, and bottom - reflected sound waves. ed. note : this graph is a great picture of the degree of variation seen. note a routine variation of 10 - 15db, with some more dramatic shifts : at 400m, the sound shifted from around 127db to over 150db ; and again, at just under 200m, from just above 130db to over 160db ( around a general average at that distance of perhaps 150db ). given the increasing concern among biologists about behavioral disruptions triggered by noise, it is extremely important to acknowledge that real - world exposures can vary to this degree ; many more animals respond behaviorally at 150db and above, than down at 120 - 140db. related : beaked whales very sensitive to pingers ; by - catch reduced to zero over 11 years carretta, barlow, enriquez. acoustic pingers eliminate beaked whale bycatch in a gill net fishery. marine mammal science, 24 ( 4 ) : 956 - 961 ( october 2008 ). this study documents a dramatic shift in beaked whale bycatch by gill nets set for sharks and swordfish in the california current. over the first 6 years of data, 1990 - 1996, 33 beaked whales died in the nets ; after installation of pingers in 1996, no beaked whales were caught by the nets over the succeeding 11 years, though 260 cetaceans of 11 other species did drown in the nets. ed. note : this result seems to dovetail well with observed reactions of beaked whales to other sounds ; it appears they are especially sensitive to noise, perhaps at a wide range of frequencies. passive acoustic detection of beaked whales : easy within 1km, nearly impossible beyond 4km zimmer, harwood, tyack, johnson, madsen. passive acoustic detection of deep - diving beaked whales. the journal of the acoustical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4997271727960901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 55, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.383555"} {"text": "passive acoustic detection of beaked whales : easy within 1km, nearly impossible beyond 4km zimmer, harwood, tyack, johnson, madsen. passive acoustic detection of deep - diving beaked whales. the journal of the acoustical society of america, november 2008, volume 124, issue 5, pp. 2823 - 2832. beaked whales spend very little time at the surface, with foraging dives that last an hour or more, including about 30 minutes of active echolocation at the feeding depth. visual detection is very difficult, so the possibility of using passive acoustic detection ( pad ) is an attractive complement to visual spotting. however, these high - frequency clicks attenuate rapidly. according to this paper, acoustic modeling suggests that in \" good conditions, \" e. g. wind speed of 2 m / s, a hydrophone close to the surface should detect beaked whales with a high probability within. 7km. at the other end of the detection range, no whales would be detected at distances greater than 4km, except in very low ambient noise or unusually good propagation conditions. the detection curve generated by the models, drops steeply as distance increases, with a relative leveling off that suggest roughly 50 % detection when whales are 1. 5 - 3. 5km distant. additionally, the researchers substituted some actual dive profile data obtained in d - tag studies, and found that in these instances, detection probability may rise somewhat, with 80 % detection being possible at distances of 1. 5 - 2. 5 km. actual detection of real whales is complicated by the fact that the sound of the clicks is highly directional ; only clicks directed nearly directly toward the receiver will be heard at the modeled distances, but echolocating whales do scan in many directions, so at least some clicks from any whale should be detected. finally, the relatively quiet interval between deep foraging dives can be as long as 110 minutes, meaning that listening time should be roughly 140 minutes to have a high probability of detecting if beaked whales are present. this, in turn, suggests that a slow - moving vessel ( such as gliders or drifting buoys ) will be more successful than a fast - moving active sonar vessel. ( that is, if detections are only going to occur within roughly 4km, the listening platform should not move out of a relatively similar area during the 2 - hour - plus pad session. ) ed. note : while it has still not been confirmed to all observers ' satisfaction, there is some evidence that beak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5247525525349772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 56, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.384502"} {"text": "roughly 4km, the listening platform should not move out of a relatively similar area during the 2 - hour - plus pad session. ) ed. note : while it has still not been confirmed to all observers ' satisfaction, there is some evidence that beaked whales affected by mid - frequency active sonar may well have been tens of km from sonar vessels. thus, pad may be useful for avoiding nearby exposure, but may not fully mitigate for effects that could occur at greater distances, including fleeing in ways that disrupt the whales ' post - dive recovery and oxygen / nitrogen rebalancing. detailed review of sound exposure impacts on puget sound orcas released by noaa marla holt, sound exposure and southern resident killer whales ( orcinus orca ) : a review of current knowledge and data gaps. noaa technical memorandum nmfs - nwfsc - 89, february 2008. 77pp. [ download report ( pdf ) ] this review includes summaries of most of the studies of ambient and shipping noise in the range of the southern resident orca pods of the pacific northwest. topics covered include ambient sound patterns, shipping noise, whale watching noise, orca auditory capabilities and auditory effects of sound exposure, including masking and hearing loss, and behavioral changes in the presence of excess sound. an important section looks at the emerging concept of \" zones of influence \" of sound : the zones of audibility, response, masking, and hearing loss or injury. the report concludes with a section that assesses the likelihood of acoustic impacts and suggestions for future research. the report is a treasure - trove of clear information on noise / sound impacts. among the points that stood out in my reading are the following. ambient noise is generally elevated at least 10 - 15db by small boats, and 20 - 25db by large ships ( another study indicates increases more in the range of 50 - 70db in the presence of various boats ). the section on hearing sensitivity makes a point about captive animal testing that is rarely noted : when animals receive negative reinforcement for reporting a \" false positive \" ( i. e. responding as if hearing a sound, when no sound was played ), they may well become conditioned to be conservative in their response to faint sounds, and so the results can easily underestimate the hearing sensitivity of the species ( for orcas, only two studies have been done on captive whales to assess hearing sensitivity curves ). tentative measurements of the critical ratios for orcas ( tentative because, again, there are few test subjects ) suggest that they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.524422176709186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 57, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.385522"} {"text": "hearing sensitivity of the species ( for orcas, only two studies have been done on captive whales to assess hearing sensitivity curves ). tentative measurements of the critical ratios for orcas ( tentative because, again, there are few test subjects ) suggest that they are more affected by masking than many other toothed whales : to hear a target sound in noise, the target sound must be 20db louder than ambient at 10khz, and 20db louder than the noise levels at 80khz. there are some indications that orcas spend less time feeding and more time traveling or resting when boats are nearby ( within 100m or 400m ) ; likewise, they may travel in less direct paths in the presence of boats within 1000m ( though interestingly, one study suggests that when there are many boats present, paths are more direct ; perhaps there is little use in trying to avoid boats in this instance ). an interesting study ( based on models, not measured / observed results in the field ) suggest that the presence of boats can significantly decrease the detection range for an orca echolocating on a salmon : boats at 400m decreased the detection range by roughly 35 - 90 %, and boats at 100m decreased the detection range to as little as 0 - 20m, or 90 - 100 %. european cetacean society workshop addresses offshore wind turbine impacts on marine mammals evans, p. g., ed. ascobans / ecs workshop : offshore wind farms and marine mammals : impacts and methodologies for assessing impacts. ecs special publication series no. 49, february 2008. 70pp. [ download report ] prospect of widespread offshore development requires cumulative impact analysis simmonds, dolman. all at sea : renewable energy production in the context of marine nature conservation. this survey of potential conservation impacts of offshore wind development quotes several previous studies that address specific concerns. madsen et al. ( 2006 ) comment that \u201c if the very large offshore wind farms are realised... this could involve construction activities at several locations in the area [ of the german bight ] simultaneously every summer for the next decade. \u201d madsen, p. t., wahlberg, m., tougaard, j., lucke, k. and tyack, p. 2006. wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals : implications of current knowledge and data needs. mar ecol prog ser., 309 : 279 - 295. wahlberg and westerberg ( 2005 ) concluded that fish behaviour could be affected at ranges of several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49335587226587574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 58, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.387639"} {"text": "wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals : implications of current knowledge and data needs. mar ecol prog ser., 309 : 279 - 295. wahlberg and westerberg ( 2005 ) concluded that fish behaviour could be affected at ranges of several kilometres. wahlberg, m. and westerberg, h. 2005. hearing in fish and their reactions to sounds from offshore wind farms. mar ecol prog ser., 288 : 295 - 309. carstensen et al. ( 2007 ) commented that \u2018 given the extensive plans for expanding the offshore wind energy sector, it is important to know the effect of single wind farms and well as the cumulative affects of several wind farms within the range of each marine mammal species \u201d. indeed, it would make good sense to consider the cumulative impact of all new developments on populations and yet, in our experience, this rarely seems to happen. carstensen, j., henriksen, o. d. and teilmann, j. 2007. impacts on harbour porpoises from offshore wind farm construction : acoustic monitoring of echolocation activity using porpoise detectors ( t - pods ). marine ecology progress series 321 : 295 \u2013 308. uk offshore development scaling rapidly to much larger facilities prior, mcmath. marine mammals and noise form offshore renewable energy projects \u2014 uk developments. this paper notes that offshore wind farm development in the uk has taken place in licensing \" rounds, \" with rapid increases in the size of wind farms being built. round 1 was an initial demonstration phase, with eleven projects permitted so far ( and five in operation ), each relatively small in scale ( less than 30 turbines ) and relatively short construction phases ( as short as one month ). fifteen round 2 projects have been proposed ( with four approved so far ) ; these are larger developments often including hundreds of turbines. round 2 construction will likely take place over a number of seasons, so construction disturbance will be longer and the impacts could be different than those seen in round 1. in addition, piles of up to 6 feet in diameter have been proposed to support larger turbines ; this will lead to substantially increased noise during construction, with disturbance impacts extending over tens of kilometers. proposals for round 3 are currently undergoing strategic environmental assessment ; however, the proposed capacity of development may be as much as four times the eventual level built out under rounds 1 and 2 combined. concern over cumulative impacts may be prominent during the consenting process, particularly if construction operations on adjacent sites takes place concurrently, giving rise to the potential for longer term and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4991676592232378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 59, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.388601"} {"text": "as much as four times the eventual level built out under rounds 1 and 2 combined. concern over cumulative impacts may be prominent during the consenting process, particularly if construction operations on adjacent sites takes place concurrently, giving rise to the potential for longer term and geographically widespread increases in underwater noise. porpoises numbers in wind farms can vary dramatically teilmann, tougaard, carstensen. effects from offshore wind farms on harbour porpoises in denmark. included in : in a paper summarizing the results from acoustic monitoring at two danish offshore wind farms, results clearly show a dramatic difference in harbour porpoise responses. at one wind farm, horns reef, porpoises numbers decreased modestly during construction ( both inside the farm in in monitoring sites 10km away ), and decreased a bit more during early start - up, when maintenance activity was highest, but rebounded to baseline ( pre - construction ) levels early in the first year of normal operations. however, at the nysted wind farm, the decrease in porpoise numbers that likewise began during construction was not reversed during the first two years of operations : porpoises mostly avoid the wind farm ( though numbers were slowly increasing by the end of the second year ), while they returned to the areas 10km away once construction ended. the authors note two possible explanations for the different long - term impacts of the wind farms. the area around horns reef is an important harbour porpoise habitat, with a larger natural population density ; it is possible that the \" the porpoises around nysted are not particularly interested in the area and will simply avoid it if disturbed. \" in addition, the area around nysted is relatively sheltered, whereas horns reef has higher wind and waves, and thus a higher background natural ambient noise level, so that \" the relative noise level from the turbines is higher and audible to the porpoises at greater distances at nysted than at horns reef. \" the authors conclude that \" it can be concluded that the same species may react differently to similar types of disturbance ( wind farms ) in different localities. this is an important conclusion for future monitoring programmes of wind farms and other offshore installations. \" orcas avoid mid - frequency sonar signals, but not lfas ; herring unaffected kvadsheim, benders, miller, doksaeter, knudsen, tyack, nordlund, lam, samarra, kleivane, godo. herring ( slid ), killer whales ( spekknogger ) and sonar - the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4797616164993076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 60, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.389570"} {"text": ", miller, doksaeter, knudsen, tyack, nordlund, lam, samarra, kleivane, godo. herring ( slid ), killer whales ( spekknogger ) and sonar - the 3s - 2006 cruise report with preliminary results. norwegian defence research establishment ( ffi ). 30 april 2007 this paper reports preliminary results from an ambitious multi - national controlled exposure experiment using acoustic d - tags, which allow researchers to record received sound levels while charting dive patterns. six orcas were tagged, with 17 hours of data collected, with one animal exposed to lfas signals, two to mid - frequency active sonar signals, and one used as a control, fewer samples than hoped. the whale exposed to lfas signal did not change its behavior, nor did its companions. however, the group exposed to mid - frequency sonar signals ceased feeding and moved rapidly away ; in addition, they exhibited an unusual dive pattern, diving roughly twice as deep ( over 60m ) as normal ( 20 - 45m ), including a highly unusual reversal of their ascent ( coming up to 15m from the surface, then retreating again to 60m ). [ ed. note, not part of the report narrative, based on observation of included diagrams : four other dives during the 35 - minute sonar transmission were within the normal range of depth ( the deep dive was the third of five dives during sonar transmission ), with three longer than normal rest periods at the surface during the hour after sonar transmission ceased. ] received levels did not exceed 150db re 1upa. looking at longer - term responses, while the experimental use of sonar in the herring trials did not seem to deter orcas from the general area, by contrast, no orcas were seen during three days of a planned navy exercise in the area that included mid - frequency sonar use. the herring trials used bottom - mounted sensors to chart the mean depth of a school of herring as a sonar vessels passed nearby. herring at shallow depths ( 25 - 50m ) tended to show a minor downward reaction as the sonar source ship passed overhead, while herring located deeper, or in less dense schools, showed no detectable reaction ; no horizontal avoidance was seen. while herring hearing curves suggest they should be able to clearly hear lfas signals, but not mid - frequency signals, the responses were the same for all signals ( including ship - only, no sonar ), suggesting that the herring may have been responding to the sound of the ship, rather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5453037165921465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 61, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.390496"} {"text": "able to clearly hear lfas signals, but not mid - frequency signals, the responses were the same for all signals ( including ship - only, no sonar ), suggesting that the herring may have been responding to the sound of the ship, rather than the sonar signal ; such reactions to ships have been seen for many fish species. a related trial using orca echolocation signals on the herring showed more of a response, suggesting that the herring could distinguish between the mid - frequency sonar and the orca sounds, but the three trials all produced slightly different response patterns, suggesting the need for further study. review of possible ways that increasing ocean noise may affect marine mammals peter l. tyack. implications for marine mammals of large - scale changes in the marine acoustic environment. journal of mammalogy, 89 ( 3 ) : 549 - 558, 2008. [ download paper ( pdf ) ] in this wide - ranging literature review, peter tyack of woods hole oceanographic institute sketches the history of research into the effects of noise on marine life, with some references as well to effects seen in terrestrial creatures. he begins by noting that while acute disturbance of individuals attracts the most attention, the likely more profound effects of chronic disturbance on population vitality ( success in foraging and mating ) are much harder to discern. several examples are presented of studies that documented both temporary and long - term abandonment of key habitat when loud noise was present ( including gray whales abandoning a birthing lagoon for several years, then returning when the salt production facility was abandoned, and dolphins moving away from foraging habitat when shipping traffic is heavy ). next, tyack turns to a detailed examination of the question of whether global shipping may be dramatically decreasing the area within which whales can hear each other ' s calls, beginning with the thought that the unintentional consequences of increased shipping noise may be creating unexpected problems analogous to those created by the introduction of industrial - waste gasses into the atmosphere, which went unnoticed for decades. following on models created in the 1970s, updated to take into account the hundred - fold increase in shipping noise since then, he notes that \" the increase in ambient noise from shipping seems to have reduced the detectable range of low frequency whale calls from many hundreds of kilometers in the prepropeller ocean down to tens of kilometers in many settings today. \" ( for example, the finback whale range shrank from at least 400km in the pre - engine ocean to 90km in the 1960s, down to 32km today. ) he notes that, as populations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47849280620090295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 62, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.391471"} {"text": "of kilometers in many settings today. \" ( for example, the finback whale range shrank from at least 400km in the pre - engine ocean to 90km in the 1960s, down to 32km today. ) he notes that, as populations of great whales fall, the separation between them may increase, with these increases in shipping noise compounding the challenge of finding mates or sharing information about active feeding grounds. however, he then goes on to point out that there is, so far, no clear evidence that the great whales do indeed communicate over long distances ; clear responses to the calls of other whales have been seen only at ranges of 10km or less ; the fact that a human acoustic sensor can detect a signal at 400km does not necessarily mean that the whales themselves rely on hearing signals at such distances. he suggests that acoustic tags may help to clarify whether distant, faint signals from conspecifics ( whales of the same species ) do in fact trigger any discernable reaction ( calling in response, or moving toward the distant whale ). while noting that it may be impossible to design scientifically valid studies to uncover the possible cost of \" lost opportunities \" when communication is drowned out by shipping noise, an indirect way to get at this question is within reach of researchers : if animals alter their calls in noisy conditions, we can infer that the noise is disrupting their normal communication channels. and indeed, tyack notes a long list of studies that show such changes, such as beluga whales and manatees increasing the volume of their calls in noisy conditions, and an apparently dramatic increase in the frequency ( pitch ) of right whale calls in sections of the ocean where low - frequency shipping noise is more intense. while noting that these and other studies \" suggest that vessel noise clearly does interfere with communication in marine mammals, \" tyack also notes that we do not know how costly these adaptations are, or what noise level would preclude such compensation. also, he asks, \" when does noise so degrade the usefulness of a habitat that animals leave? can this level be predicted by the compensation behavior? \" as of yet, these are unanswered, and difficult to answer, questions. finally, tyack turns to research that show clear disturbance reactions to ocean noise, including killer whales staying 4km away from acoustic harassment signals near fish farms, dolphin numbers dropping to 8 % of normal within 3. 5 km of similar noise - makers on other fish farms ( with those small numbers implying that the avoidance distance was far greater )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48835876566094627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 63, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.392565"} {"text": "killer whales staying 4km away from acoustic harassment signals near fish farms, dolphin numbers dropping to 8 % of normal within 3. 5 km of similar noise - makers on other fish farms ( with those small numbers implying that the avoidance distance was far greater ). he notes that the degree of displacement or behavioral response is not necessarily a direct indicator of the severity of impact, suggesting that \" if an animal is in bad enough condition that the risk of altering behavior is high, then it may be less likely to show a disturbance response. \" for example, hungry animals will linger in a feeding area the longest. he also notes that some responses to noise may be caused by noise sources that resemble a predator ' s call ( as in recent modeling tyack has done that suggests beaked whale decompression sickness may result from a long series of near - surface dives as the whales flee sonar signals that they mistake for orca calls ). he cites some compelling studies on terrestrial animals showing that repeated disturbance exacts high costs in reproductive success and overall health ( including a study of geese that showed that when undisturbed, geese increased their body mass and had a 46 % breeding success, whereas in nearby areas where farmers scared them off their fields, they did not gain mass and had a breeding success of only 17 % ). to conclude, tyack suggests that there are several lines of research that have so far received little attention, which could help to move key understanding of noise impacts forward, including : focusing on the most vulnerable animals as subject of study into the effects of disturbance, further study of the possibility that predator responses underlay key behavioral impacts ( including fleeing, increased vigilance, and avoiding habitats ), and following up on the recent theory of allostasis ( behavioral changes that allow an animal to maintain equilibrium in the face of external environmental changes or stressors ) as a way of understanding the costs and benefits of changing behavior in the face of noise. workshop report : encouraging establishment of noise - free zones in and around marine protected areas agardy, aguilar, canadas, engel, frantzis, hatch, hoyt, kashner, labrecque, martin, notarbartolo di sciara, pavan, servidio, smith, want, weilgart, wintle, wright. 2007. a global scientific workshop on spatio - temporal management of noise. report of the scientific workshop. 44 pages. [ download ( pdf ) ] in june 2007, a workshop was held in the canary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5049130642438594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 64, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.395506"} {"text": "weilgart, wintle, wright. 2007. a global scientific workshop on spatio - temporal management of noise. report of the scientific workshop. 44 pages. [ download ( pdf ) ] in june 2007, a workshop was held in the canary islands to consider the potentials for extending the management principles used in marine protected areas to provide some protection from anthropogenic noise. fundamental to the purpose and effectiveness of mpas are \" spatio - temporal restrictions \" ( strs ) of specific human activities : for example, excluding fishing, from a specific area ( spatial restriction ), or sometimes at times of special biological importance, such as spawning ( temporal restriction ). few of today ' s mpas are large enough to provide protection from \" elevated levels of ensonification : \" buffers of tens of kilometers would be necessary for protection from mid - frequency sound, and a hundred or more kilometers from low - frequency sound. of today ' s 350 mpas that include some cetacean habitat, 64 are large enough to provide some mid - frequency protection, 20 are large enough to provide at least some low - frequency protection ( e. g. shipping ), and only the 6 largest are probably sufficient to protect from shipping noise. ( of course, shipping is not generally excluded from mpas : this is merely a hint at the scale of noise strs that would be useful. ) the workshop report includes several key sections : - descriptions of some existing attempts to provide strs focused on noise : in 2003, brazil established a large buffer zone around a small existing mpa, to exclude the sounds of seismic survey airguns from entering the mpa ( the buffer was withdrawn by a court due to jurisdictional issues ; attempts are underway to re - establish it ). in the canary islands, a 50 nautical mile buffer zone has been established around the islands, in which active sonar is not allowed ( there have been some subsequent strandings that raise questions whether this is large enough a buffer ). - recommendations for mpa managers, centered on a framework for making management decisions regarding possible noise - related strs. - recommendation that noise - producers provide more information, and longer lead times prior to operations near mpas, to allow for analysis of effects of proposed noise. a far - reaching element of this is a call for use of \" detectability curves \" to reflect how easy it is to find various species of whales, and to insure that more effort is made to find hard - to - detect whales, rather than assuming that they are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.531868129252219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 65, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.396524"} {"text": "of this is a call for use of \" detectability curves \" to reflect how easy it is to find various species of whales, and to insure that more effort is made to find hard - to - detect whales, rather than assuming that they are not present if none are found using standard observational techniques. - recommended measures that could reduce the noise impacts of the primary noise producing activities. - suggested mpas or proposed mpas where noise - oriented strs could be introduced, as case studies for future mpa management protocols. these include the pelagos sanctuary in the northwestern mediterranean, off france, italy, and monaco, the alborian sea / strait of gibraltar, the bay of bengal, and east asian waters off japan, china, and the philippines. ocean fish vary widely in startle response to noise kastelein, van der heul, verboom, jennings, van der veen, de haan. startle response of captive north sea fish species to underwater tones between 0. 1 and 64khz. marine environmental research 65 ( 2008 ) 369 - 377. this study exposed eight marine fish species to pure tones ranging from 100hz to 64khz. the tests took place in specially designed quiet tanks ; species were chosen in part due to their economic importance to fisheries. some species did not respond to the sound at all, even at the highest db levels that could be produced, while others exhibited very clear startle responses to a relatively narrow range of frequencies ( generally 100 - 700hz ), at received levels of about 100db ( re 1upa, rms ) for the lowest frequencies, with the startle threshold increasing to the range of 160db as frequency increased to 700hz. only one species responded to higher frequencies than this : horse mackerel responses extended up to 2khz. the species that did not startle at all were atlantic cod, pollack, common eel, and atlantic herring. horse mackerel startled to the widest range of frequencies, with sea bass also quite responsive ; thicklip mullet and pout both startled to a narrower range of frequencies. interestingly, for fish that have established audiograms, it appears that the startle response does not begin until the noise is 10 - 30db above the hearing threshold ; and, again, some fish showed no startle even at levels up to 45db above their presumed hearing threshold. the researchers note that these results on captive fish to pure tones can not be reliably extrapolated to wild", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5293823275245837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 66, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.397717"} {"text": "the hearing threshold ; and, again, some fish showed no startle even at levels up to 45db above their presumed hearing threshold. the researchers note that these results on captive fish to pure tones can not be reliably extrapolated to wild fish in varied contexts or to more complicated sounds, but suggest that the extreme variability seen here is an important consideration in more natural situations as well. they suggest further study using \" sounds more similar to anthropogenic noise, to more complicated sounds, such as sweeps, and to the actual broad - band noise of, for instance, wind turbines and shipping... \" related research : some fish affected by sound of pingers r. a. kastelein et al. effects of acoustic alarms, designed to reduce small cetacean bycatch in gillnet fisheries, on the behavior of north sea fish species. marine environmental research 64 ( 2007 ) 160180 pingers are used in large fishing nets, to alert dolphins so they avoid entanglement and drowning. this study found that some pinger signals seem to affect he behavior of sea bass, mullet, and herring ( increased swimming speeds and / or movement toward or away from surface ). the researchers note that \" pingers developed to reduce odontocete bycatch should not deter the fisheries \u2019 target species from the gillnets, and should not deter target or non - target fish from ecologically important areas such as feeding and breeding grounds, or mask their communication sounds \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45512023705192545, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 67, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.398315"} {"text": "update on this story : as of this morning, a shift in the winds and an opening in the ice created a passageway for the trapped whales. as of 8 : 00 am quebec time, they were well on their way. two scouts sent to check on the killer whales around 8 a. m. local time found a passage of water had been created in hudson bay all of the way to the open sea \u2013 nearly 25 miles away \u2014 and the ice hole that the animals had been trapped in was empty, said petah inukpuk, mayor of inukjuak, an inuit village home to 1, 800, in quebec. \u201c they are free. they are no longer here. when there is a new moon, the water current is activated. it could have helped \u2026 completely trap them, but in this case it caused an open passage out to the open water, \u201d he told nbc news, adding that they probably freed themselves overnight. \u201c it was mother nature that helped them. \u2026 they are no longer icelocked. \u201d [ source ] original story posted last night : the famed orca, commonly known as the killer whale, has long captured the imagination of animal lovers the world over. from the whimsy of free willy, to the outrage of japan \u2019 s brutal capture of orca pods, and certainly the horror of a trainer \u2019 s accidental death by an orca at florida \u2019 s sea world, this majestic beast ( in truth, a dolphin, though the largest of the species ) has inspired both terror and fascination. still on the endangered list in some parts of the world ( a status currently being argued in washington state \u2019 s puget sound ), the survival and well - being of the killer whale is important to many from the perspective of wildlife and marine preservation. which is why the news of a family pod of twelve killer whales ( some stories say the number is eleven ) trapped in the rapidly closing ice of the eastern top of the hudson bay in quebec, a death sentence for the group, has created such an outpouring of concern. cbc news covered the story : twelve orcas were spotted at the breathing hole at the eastern top of hudson bay by an inukjuak hunter tuesday. the federal government is sending a team of experts tomorrow to evaluate whether they can be saved. earlier wednesday, peter inukpuk, mayor of the small inuit village, called on the department of fisheries and oceans ( dfo ) to send out an icebreaker to help the whales. he conjectured that the pod, consisting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42632259275536655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.404188"} {"text": "be saved. earlier wednesday, peter inukpuk, mayor of the small inuit village, called on the department of fisheries and oceans ( dfo ) to send out an icebreaker to help the whales. he conjectured that the pod, consisting of two adults and a number of younger whales, could be a single family. he said it \u2019 s clear that the whales are in trouble. \u201c it appears from time to time that they panic, \u201d said inukpuk. \u201c other times they are gone for a long time, probably looking for another open space, which they are not able to find. \u201d it is believed that should the icebreakers get there in time, they would be capable of opening up a route for the jeopardized orca family. but getting them there is expensive, and their assignments are encumbered by logistics : there are currently three commercial ships stuck in ice on quebec \u2019 s saint lawrence river and it \u2019 s likely they will be considered the priority, dooming the pod to imminent death. however, there are other methods of rescue that bear consideration. according to an article at worldnews, sometimes the low - tech methods even work better : geoff carroll, a wildlife biologist with the who helped release two california gray whales in a similar situation that made international headlines in 1988, said his experience in the effort known as \u201c operation breakthrough \u201d also showed the power of other methods. \u201c our experience up here was that it seemed like the local knowledge and the low - tech approaches to working with the whales were the ones that worked best, \u201d carroll said. \u201c it seemed like there were lots of high - tech efforts made to get those whales out and they kind of failed one after the other. what really worked was when we got local guys with chainsaws cutting one hole after another and we could kind of walk the whales out that way. \u201d while this event is tragic in its own right, the disturbing fact is that it \u2019 s not as rare as we \u2019 d like to think. the reason? yep \u2026 global warming. whale expert christian ramp, a researcher with the mingan island cetacean study of quebec, says orcas are not an \u201c ice - loving species, \u201d more typically moving north in pursuit of prey during the summer months but retreating from colder waters long before the ice moves in. in this circumstance? he said with climate change, it appears the animals are straying further and further north \u2014 and perhaps, staying too long. \u201c it seems the ice dynamics are changing very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43753195079679724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.405225"} {"text": "but retreating from colder waters long before the ice moves in. in this circumstance? he said with climate change, it appears the animals are straying further and further north \u2014 and perhaps, staying too long. \u201c it seems the ice dynamics are changing very quickly, \u201d said ramp. \u201c suddenly a huge expanse of open water is clogged up, and they miss the chance to get to open water. \u201c the risk is that the hole freezes up, and they basically just drown. \u201d [ \u2026 ] \u201c ice entrapment is the main cause of mortality in many species, \u201d ramp said. deborah giles, a graduate student researcher at the university of california \u2014 davis, agrees. she says clearly the biggest obstacle to the whales \u2019 survival is if the hole ultimately closes ; if they can keep it open, they have a fighting chance : giles said food would likely not yet be a problem because the larger orcas should be able to survive on their fat stores for several weeks. but survival is less certain for the smaller mammals, including one that appeared to be nursing. while mayor peter inukpuk believes the whales \u2019 behavior indicates stress and panic, giles thinks their leaping out of the water may also have other purposes : she noted that the animals may not be in distress, as the adult males could be seen engaging in the normal behavior of \u201c spyhopping \u201d \u2014 or shooting straight out of the water. \u201c it \u2019 s possible that they are doing that not necessarily to get a bigger breath as somebody had indicated but rather to look around, \u201d giles said, adding that killer whales can see equally well above water as below. \u201c it \u2019 s also possible that they coming up as often as there is ( is ) a way to keep that ice open, \u201d she said. \u201c they certainly, i would say, are smart enough to recognize that this is their breathing hole and they \u2026 don \u2019 t want to have that close up. \u201d [ source ] while the number of whales in this trapped group may be in dispute and the reasons for their actions a matter of interpretation, what cannot be argued is why this event occurred and why the unfolding story is of global importance : simply put, climate change affects us all \u2013 animal, vegetable, mineral. as scientists and politicians continue to debate its solution, as republicans here in this country dismiss and dispute even the reality of climate change despite the abundant proof of its inexorable expansion, it seems important to pay close attention to real - life examples of its impact. to watch, with our own", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43390123615139625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.406342"} {"text": "not only does it have over 800 illustrations and photographs but it ' s jam packed, full of information for your homeschool or any supplement to your children ' s learning. in my opinion it would make a great \" summer project \" book to keep the kiddos on their toes and help them learn while having fun! the world of science is broken down into 7 different sections covering topics entitled : matter and chemicals - energy, motion and machines - electricity and magnetism - light and sound - earth and life - space and time - and includes over 60 science experiments. the photographs and diagrams are just right to help you teach your budding scientists. my 3 scientists range in age from 6 years old to 10 years and the information is shared in such a way that from my kindergartner to my 5th grader, they were able to learn, understand, and enjoy what we ' ve done so far. we ' ve been studying the atmosphere, covered in the earth and life section. one of the things we learned about is the greenhouse effect. the boys are looking forward to doing more and i have a feeling we ' ll have conquered all the experiments by the end of the summer. they love this type of learning and it sticks with them so much better than plain questions and answers! the world of science is a wonderful addition to our homeschool curriculum. i highly recommend it. we are using it as a supplement to our main course and it covers enough topics that it would make a nice addition to any curriculum. it reads much like an encyclopedia, thorough yet made for children to easily understand. the introduction begins with, \" in the beginning god created the heavens and the earth. \" it goes on to explain about the scientific method, talks about real science, various fields of science, and even an explanation as to why we should do science. i think every home could benefit by having such a well rounded resource. we used a tin tray i had on hand with a plastic lid that attaches recycled toilet paper / or paper towel rolls for the seed cups sand and soil from outside & seeds from the dollar store ( you could also use grass with roots or flowers from outside ) 1. place about 1 inch of sand in the bottom of container tray 2. cut paper rolls down to 2 inches - 2 1 / 2 inches 3. places cups in tray and push them down into the sand 4. fill individual cups with soil 5. use a finger to make a little hole to drop seeds into 6. cover back up with the soil - water them in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4632560864651822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.409389"} {"text": "in situ measurement and equalization of sound reproduction systems the concept of frequency response is of basic importance to audio reproduction equipment. when analyzing electronic equipment, this characteristic is seldom a problem of measurement or interpretation. it is a problem, however, for acoustical transducers such as loudspeakers. unlike electronic equipment which has both electrical input and output terminals, the loudspeaker has an electrical input terminal but an acoustical output. this acoustical output is further complicated by the fact that a room is always interposed between the loudspeaker and the acoustical measuring device. with the human as the ultimate evaluation instrument, various measurement and interpretation questions arise regarding frequency response, variations among listeners, and effect of program material. the major question, however, is just what the frequency response of a particular sound reproduction system should be. in order to answer these questions, several psychoacoustical experiments were devised, based upon a listener ' s ability to detect differences. these experiments and their results are described in detail as they relate to the following types of sound reproduction systems : 1 ) sound reinforcement systems, 2 ) studio monitoring systems, 3 ) home high - fidelity systems. click to purchase paper or login as an aes member. if your company or school subscribes to the e - library then switch to the institutional version. if you are not an aes member and would like to subscribe to the e - library then join the aes! this paper costs $ 20 for non - members, $ 5 for aes members and is free for e - library subscribers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5672476598849631, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.412218"} {"text": "smart phones are changing real world privacy settings thursday, may 10, 2012 tau research finds that smart phone users develop new concepts of privacy in public spaces with endless applications, high - speed wireless internet access, and free messaging services, smart phones have revolutionized the way we communicate. but at what cost? according to researchers at tel aviv university, the smart phone is challenging traditional conceptions of privacy, especially in the public sphere. dr. tali hatuka of tau ' s department of geography and dr. eran toch of tau ' s department of industrial engineering have teamed to measure the impact of the smart phone phenomenon on privacy, behavioral codes, and the use of public space. their early results indicate that although spaces such as city squares, parks, or transportation were once seen as public meeting points, smart phone users are more and more caught up in their technology - based communications devices than their immediate surroundings. smart phone users are 70 percent more likely than regular cellphone users to believe that their phones afford them a great deal of privacy, says dr. toch, who specializes in privacy and information systems. these users are more willing to reveal private issues in public spaces. they are also less concerned about bothering individuals who share those spaces, he says. inside a private bubble dr. hatuka says that smart phones create the illusion of \" private bubbles \" around their users in public spaces. she also believes that the design of public spaces may need to change in response to this technology, not unlike the ways in which some public areas have been designated as \" smoking \" and \" non - smoking. \" dr. toch also notes that smartphones and personal computing devices are becoming more \" context - aware, \" adjusting themselves in terms of brightness and volume to the user ' s location and activity. to examine how smart phones have impacted human interactions in public and private spaces, the researchers designed an in - depth survey. nearly 150 participants, half smart phone users and half regular phone users, were questioned about how telephone use applied to their homes, public spaces, learning spaces, and transportation spaces. while regular phone users continued to adhere to established social protocol in terms of phone use \u2014 postponing private conversations for private spaces and considering the appropriateness of cell phone use in public spaces \u2014 smart phone users adapted different social behaviors for public spaces. they were 50 percent less likely to be bothered by others using their phones in public spaces, and 20 percent less likely than regular phone users to believe that their private phone conversations were irritating to those around them, the researchers found.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5421391737264685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.415616"} {"text": "behaviors for public spaces. they were 50 percent less likely to be bothered by others using their phones in public spaces, and 20 percent less likely than regular phone users to believe that their private phone conversations were irritating to those around them, the researchers found. feeling lost without a phone according to the researchers, smart phone users were also more closely \" attached \" to their mobile devices. when asked how they felt when they were without their phones, the majority of smart phone owners chose negative descriptors such as \" lost, \" \" tense, \" or \" not updated. \" regular phone users were far more likely to have positive associations to being without their phones, such as feeling free or quiet. the next phase of the study will be a more in - depth analysis of how smart phone users incorporate this technology into their daily lives. it requires users to install an application that the researchers developed called smart spaces. the application is designed to track where the participants go over a three - week period and how they use their phones while there. this will give researchers a better idea of how smart phone users interact in both public and private spaces during the course of a typical day. dr. hatuka and dr. toch believe that their complete findings can reveal clues about the future of public space and how it will be designed in order to meet the needs of those it serves. \" we are entering a new phase of public and private spaces, \" says dr. hatuka, suggesting that physical spaces need to be redesigned as arenas which could enhance personal interaction. for more technology news from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5171736390146426, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.416252"} {"text": "the organic vegetable industry is flourishing due to consumers preference for organically grown produce over traditionally produced vegetables. as a result, an increase in the variety and selection of many vegetables in retail supermarkets and restaurants throughout many countries has occurred recently. with the new regulation ( october 2000 ) requiring organic seed sources for organically labeled vegetables, many organic growers are searching for certified organic seed. smaller seed companies have produced the majority of organically produced seed to date. the commercial seed sector is starting to provide a more diverse selection of cultivars, yet there are still many hybrids that are not yet available. organic farmers must use organic seed material if such seed are available. if not available, conventional seeds can be used. this request exists in all accredited standards for organic farming. in the eu - regulation on organic production methods, the derogation from the use of organic seed material will only exist until the end of 2003. after this date only organic seed material may be used according to the present formulation. only a few countries in the eu have an organic seed production able to supply the market for organic seed material. it takes many years to develop a well functioning market for organic seeds. it is therefore unlikely that the derogation for the use of organic seed material will not be extended, since a majority of countries in the eu will still have a need for conventional propagated seeds. however, it will be needed to have standards and control procedures ensuring that organic seeds will be used if available. this includes definitions of \u201c availability \u201d. there is a need in both eu and in accession countries to develop criteria for seeds health in organic seeds and other seeds not treated with fungicides and to implement inspection procedures to control that conventional seeds are only used when organic seeds are not available. there are 251 different varieties of organic seed commercially available to organic farmers and growers, 98 % of which are vegetable varieties and 1 % are cereal varieties. there are no grasses or herbage legumes available. of the major crops, only few of the varieties most commonly used by organic producers are currently available as organic seed. in general view that organic seed was in short supply. based on 1997 data, demand for organic cereal seed is likely to double, demand for vegetable seed will triple, and demand for grassland seed will increase 7 or 8 times. with the current trend in organic seed production, these demands will not be met at the end of the derogation period unless a massive increase in production takes place. the problems associated with organic seed production could be broadly placed within three", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4740782984440922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.419234"} {"text": "celebrate american diabetes alert day on tuesday, march 24, the administration on aging ( aoa ) joins the american diabetes association ( ada ) in its annual nationwide effort to educate the american public about the seriousness of diabetes and to encourage people of all ages to get tested for diabetes. diabetes has become the greatest public health crisis of the next quarter century. to address the burden of this disease, the ada is issuing an urgent call - to - action for americans to find out their risk for type 2 diabetes during the 21st annual american diabetes alert\u00ae day. nearly 6 million americans have diabetes, but don \u2019 t even know it. another 57 million americans have pre - diabetes, placing them at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. on american diabetes alert day, the ada encourages people who are overweight, physically inactive, and over the age of 45 years to take the diabetes risk test. the diabetes risk test requires users to answer simple questions about weight, age, family history and other potential risk factors for type 2 diabetes. the diabetes risk test will show users whether they are at low, moderate, or high risk for pre - diabetes or diabetes. the diabetes risk test is available in english and spanish by calling the association at 1 - 800 - diabetes ( 1 - 800 - 342 - 2383 ) or by visiting www. diabetes. org / alert. among the primary risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, sedentary, over the age of 45 and having a family history of diabetes. african americans, latinos, native americans, asian americans and pacific islanders are at an increased risk, as are women who have had babies weighing more than nine pounds at birth. unfortunately, people with type 2 diabetes can live for years without realizing that they have the disease. while people with diabetes can exhibit noticeable symptoms, such as frequent urination, blurred vision and excessive thirst, most people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes do not show these overt warning signs at the time that they develop the disease. often, type 2 diabetes only becomes evident when people develop one or more of its serious complications, such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, eye damage, or nerve damage that can lead to amputations. to obtain a copy of the diabetes risk test or for more information about diabetes ( in english or spanish ), please visit www. diabetes. org / alert or call 1 - 800 - diabetes ( 1 - 800 - 342 - 2383 ). # # #", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39328920049319316, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.422594"} {"text": "obligation to examine the follower of any belief system has an obligation to examine whether what they suppose to be true, actually is true. theologian and educator john locke ( 1632 \u2013 1704 ) once said that, \u201c he that examines, and upon a fair examination embraces an error for a truth, has done his duty more than he who embraces the profession of the truth without having examined whether it be true or no. \u201d locke \u2019 s statement is based on the logical assumption that if someone really has given a fair examination to any supposition they will discover the truth ( or at least come closer to it ) and embrace it, replacing that which was erroneous or what might be called only half true. it is not intelligent to say that something is believed, though it may be true, unless it has been thoroughly examined for its accuracy. deviation from the truth usually happens very gradually and unless one has an inclination to give fair analysis to theological propositions, deviation from the truth in favor of opinions and creeds will take place. nothing good comes from a lack of an honest examination regarding theological premise. however, many have placed a lack of scholastic review under the banner of faith. some have even gone so far as to say that such intellectual examination is a bane to faith. in fact, those that do not fully pursue intellectual confirmation for what they suppose is true do not understand the nature of faith. religion should be passionate if it is to be believed, but that passion must always be bridled by that which is known and can be understood within the mental capacities of man or else it is of little use. john caird ( 1820 \u2013 1898 ) was a professor of divinity at the university of glasgow. professor caird said that the way to elevate religion above subjective caprice and waywardness and to distinguish between that which is true and false in religion, we must appeal to an objective standard. that which enters the heart must first be discerned by the intelligence to be true. caird said that, \u201c feeling is necessary in religion, but it is by the content or intelligent basis of a religion, and not by feeling, that its character and worth are to be determined. \u201d those that subscribe to the bible as the objective standard referred to by dr. caird, are, if the scriptures are understood and applied properly, on solid ground for advocating a system that is at least worthy of consideration. the gospel of matthew, chapter 17 ( vv. 1 - 13 ) depict what has come to be called the \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4951601528638316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.428846"} {"text": "are, if the scriptures are understood and applied properly, on solid ground for advocating a system that is at least worthy of consideration. the gospel of matthew, chapter 17 ( vv. 1 - 13 ) depict what has come to be called the \u201c transfiguration. \u201d three of christ \u2019 s disciples ( peter, james and john ) are with jesus on what was probably mount hermon. christ is \u201c transfigured, \u201d ( v. 2 ) before them and moses and elijah appear with him. while this is taking place, a voice from a bright cloud said, \u201c this is my beloved son, in whom i am well pleased ; hear ye him. \u201d it is important that the wording does not say, \u201c obey him \u201d or \u201c worship him. \u201d blind, unknowing obedience or unwarranted worship is never advocated in the bible. the word \u201c hear \u201d as used in matthew 17 : 5 means to hear with the ear of the mind. this is a vitally important point. the message conveyed was that if people really thoughtfully considered what christ had to say they would come to know that it was logical, common sense and practical. \u201c he that takes upon the opinions of any church in the lump, without examining them, has truly neither searched after nor found truth, but has only found those that he thinks have found the truth, and so receives what they say with an implicit faith ( so called ), and so pays them the homage that is due only to god, \u201d says locke. the truth is far too precious and scarce a commodity in the present world to treat its discovery with such a cavalier attitude. those that follow christ are to generate more answers than questions. that means being clear on why something is believed and being willing to share a well examined truth with a world that is desperately looking for reliable answers and solutions to its problems. this column is the opinion of dr. m. hildon guy, president of the university of christian studies and seminary in eagle river. he has earned doctorates in theology, counseling education and apologetics. ( www. universityofcss. org )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49393852750519807, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.430353"} {"text": "black elk speaks : being the life story of a holy man of the oglala sioux the most famous native american book ever written, \" black elk speaks \" is the acclaimed story of lakota visionary and healer nicholas black elk ( 1863... show synopsis the most famous native american book ever written, \" black elk speaks \" is the acclaimed story of lakota visionary and healer nicholas black elk ( 1863 - 1950 ) and his people during the momentous, twilight years of the nineteenth century. black elk grew up in a time when white settlers were invading the lakotas ' homeland, decimating buffalo herds and threatening to extinguish their way of life. black elk and other lakotas fought back, a dogged resistance that resulted in a remarkable victory at the little bighorn and an unspeakable tragedy at wounded knee. beautifully told through the celebrated poet and writer john g. neihardt, \" black elk speaks \" offers much more than a life story. black elk ' s profound and arresting religious visions of the unity of humanity and the world around him have transformed his account into a venerated spiritual classic. whether appreciated as a collaborative autobiography, a history of a native american nation, or an enduring spiritual testament for all humankind, \" black elk speaks \" is unforgettable. this special edition features all three prefaces to \" black elk speaks \" that john g. neihardt wrote at different points in his life, a map of black elk ' s world, a reset text with lakota words reproduced using the latest orthographic standards, and color paintings by lakota artist standing bear that have not been widely available for decades.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37574110087775225, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.432155"} {"text": "so if corn - fed cows tend to be less healthy in life, does that mean their beef is less healthy for us to eat? would eating grass - fed beef be healthier for us in more ways than we think? well that ' s one topic to ponder, but this blog post isn ' t actually about that. i came here today to make a different point entirely. read that article again. read this paragraph again : studies have shown that corn fed beef ( this includes meat and dairy ) has lower nutritional value. it often contains more total fat, saturated fat, calories, and cholesterol. at the same time, it has a decreased amount of essential nutrients, such as vitamin e, vitamin c, beta - carotene, and omega - 3 fatty acids. grass fed beef, on the other hand, is lower in fat and calories. it has been shown that grass fed beef can have as much as 1 / 3rd less fat than corn fed beef. additionally, it also contains more omega - 3 fatty acids, which are the \" good \" fats. omega - 3 accounts for 60 % of the fat found in grass fed beef. now make a parallel comparison between cows and humans. cows that eat an unnatural diet are fatter and unhealthier. cows that eat the foods that they were intended to eat are healthier. humans that eat unnatural diets are fatter and unhealthier. humans that eat foods that they were intended to eat are healthier. take it one step further and say that humans are supposed to eat meat. ( i know there is some debate, but guess what, we wouldn ' t have been born with incisors if we weren ' t supposed to eat meat! ) therefore, healthy humans should eat healthy cows! that ' s actually a side note. the point i ' m trying to make here is that we should be eating what our bodies were intended to eat. all the crap that sits on grocery store shelves is not healthy, no matter what the \" made with whole - grains \" or \" healthy choice \" labels say. and i ' m not just preaching to you all, i ' m talking to myself too. you can argue until the cows come home that you can ' t afford or don ' t have time to eat healthy but guess what, you can and do. do your homework, plan your meals, you will not break the bank by eating the right way. and the benefits you ' ll see and feel in your body will make it all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43680046511062026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.434965"} {"text": "over the counter ( otc ) drug abuse teens are abusing some over - the - counter ( otc ) drugs, such as cough and cold remedies, to get high. many of these products are widely available and can be purchased at supermarkets, drugstores, and convenience stores. many otc drugs that are intended to treat headaches, sinus pressure, or cold / flu symptoms contain the active ingredient dextromethorphan ( dxm ) and are the ones that teens are using to get high. when taken in high doses, dxm can produce a \" high \" feeling and can be extremely dangerous in excessive amounts. over - the - counter drug abuse also occurs with laxatives, diuretics, emetics, and diet pills, as teens try to achieve an idealized weight. young people may start taking just a few diet pills but then graduate to full addiction and dependence. ephedrine, caffeine, and phenylpropranolamine are just some of the dangerous and addictive substances found in diet pills. herbal, sometimes referred to as \" natural \", weight loss products can be just as dangerous as diet pills. all of these substances act as stimulants to the central nervous system and much like speed, can have serious and potentially fatal side effects. is your teen using otc drugs to get high? a recent study found that six percent of 12th graders reported past year abuse of cough or cold medicines to get high. that amounts to about one in every 16 high school seniors. where do teens get them? in many parts of the country, teens can easily buy otc cough and cold remedies at any supermarket, drugstore, or convenience store where these products are sold. they can also get them from home, or order them over the internet. and even if they do not order otc drugs online, they can surf the web to find information and videos on what drugs to try and mix together. how do teens abuse otc drugs? teens take large doses to get high, sometimes mixing these drugs with prescription drugs, street drugs, or alcohol. some teens crush pills and snort them for an intensified effect. could your teen overdose on otc drugs? yes. the point at which teens may overdose on otc drugs varies depending on the amount of the drugs they took, over what time period, and if other drugs were mixed. some otc drugs are weak and cause minor distress, while others are very strong and can cause more serious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4705994023804231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.441038"} {"text": "may overdose on otc drugs varies depending on the amount of the drugs they took, over what time period, and if other drugs were mixed. some otc drugs are weak and cause minor distress, while others are very strong and can cause more serious problems or even death. if you suspect your teen has overdosed on otc drugs, take them to the emergency room or call an ambulance immediately for proper care and treatment by a medical doctor. other drug and alcohol interactions mixing alcohol with certain medications can cause nausea and vomiting, headaches, drowsiness, fainting, and loss of coordination. it can put users at risk for internal bleeding, heart problems, and difficulties in breathing. alcohol also can decrease the effectiveness of many needed medications or make them totally ineffective. some of these medications can be purchased over the counter - at a drugstore or grocery store - without a prescription, including herbal remedies and others you may never have suspected of reacting negatively with alcohol. before you or your teen take any prescription or otc medication, carefully read the label, and / or consult with your family physician or local pharmacist. and never mix medications with alcohol. parents should set clear rules and consistently enforce those rules against any underage drinking. think that drug abuse among teens is limited to illegal substances like marijuana and club drugs such as ecstasy? think again. if you ' re like most parents, you ' re probably not aware that a number of over - the - counter ( otc ) products can potentially be abused by teens looking to get high. but it ' s important to educate yourself about the potential abuse of consumer products found right in your home. it is important to know the facts about otc product and medication abuse and make a habit of closely monitoring the use of certain household substances. talk with preteens and teens about the proper use of all medications ( including those that are available over the counter ) and the health risks associated with their abuse. one category of products sometimes abused by teenagers that few parents know about is otc cough and cold remedies. the otc cough and cold medications available in your local pharmacy, supermarket or convenience store are safe and effective when used as directed. but some youth are drawn to an ingredient found in nearly half of these medications called dextromethorphan, or dxm. when taken in excessive doses, dextromethorphan can produce a high or cause psychoactive effects. what is dextromethorphan or dxm? dextromethorpha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4449841779100576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.442069"} {"text": "these activities deadly. what else can i do? talking with teens and staying in touch with their lives are the first steps to keeping them free from abusing consumer products and medications. following are a few basic preventative steps that you can take to help your child understand the importance of using otc medications responsibly and help discourage abuse of dextromethorphan. \u2022 talk to your child. speak with your children often about the importance of carefully following directions on the labels of all otc medications. help them understand the dangers of abusing otc cough and cold medications. \u2022 be mindful of the season. your child can benefit from medicinal relief of cough, cold, and flu symptoms by taking otc cough and cold preparations according to the instructions on the manufacturer ' s label. but be aware if your child is using cough and cold medications outside of cold and flu season or if he or she continues to self - medicate after symptoms have subsided. \u2022 check your home. take a quick inventory of all consumer products kept in your home. be aware of the products in your medicine cabinet, and ask questions if you notice that any products are used frequently or disappear. \u2022 monitor your child ' s internet use. unfortunately, there are internet sources that sell dextromethorphan in a bulk powder form or encourage teens to share their experiences with abusing dextromethorphan. these individual sites are not regulated so it becomes increasingly imperative that you be aware of where your child is getting information on the internet, what sites he / she is spending time on, or with whom he / she may be communicating. ask them why they think the information that appears there is true or false. do they think the source is credible? ensure your child ' s internet time is properly supervised.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44466330897398165, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.444961"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia pressure cooking is a method of cooking in a sealed vessel that does not permit air or liquids to escape below a preset pressure. because water ' s boiling point increases as the pressure increases, the pressure built up inside the cooker allows the liquid in the pot to rise to a temperature higher than 100 \u00b0c ( 212 \u00b0f ) before boiling. the higher temperature causes the food to cook faster. cooking times can be reduced by a factor of three or four. for example, shredded cabbage is cooked in one minute, fresh green beans take about five, small to medium - sized potatoes ( up to 200 g ) may be ready in five minutes or so and a whole chicken takes no more than twenty - five minutes. it is often used to simulate the effects of long braising or simmering in shorter periods of time. a safety valve releases steam when the pressure exceeds the safety limit for the cooker ; usually the steam pressure lifts a weighted stopper allowing excess pressure to escape. there is usually a backup pressure release mechanism, in the form of a hole in the lid blocked by a plug of low melting - point alloy. if internal temperature ( and hence pressure ) gets too high, the metal plug will melt, resulting in a release of the pressure. a pressure cooker is often used by mountain climbers to compensate for the low atmospheric pressure at high altitude. without it, water boils off before reaching 100 \u00b0c, leaving the food improperly cooked, as described in charles darwin ' s voyage of the beagle : at the place where we slept water necessarily boiled, from the diminished pressure of the atmosphere, at a lower temperature than it does in a less lofty country ; the case being the converse of that of a papin ' s digester. hence the potatoes, after remaining for some hours in the boiling water, were nearly as hard as ever. the pot was left on the fire all night, and next morning it was boiled again, but yet the potatoes were not cooked. i found out this, by overhearing my two companions discussing the cause, they had come to the simple conclusion, \" that the cursed pot [ which was a new one ] did not choose to boil potatoes. \" a larger scale version of a pressure cooker, used by laboratories and hospitals to sterilise biological waste materials, surgical instruments etc. is known as an autoclave. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5648151784052142, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.448476"} {"text": "the convention recognized collective rights and deals, among other issues, with fundamental matters for indigenous peoples, like their rights over their territories, promotion of their culture and values, education in their own language, consultation and participation or the validity of their customary laws. despite the limited number of ratifications, convention 169 is a key instrument because it has had a great influence in the drafting of regulations, policies and programmes relating to indigenous peoples, both in the international and in the national level, and also because its binding nature created specific obligations for the ratifying countries. in the case of spain, ratification of the convention implies a relevant step in the process of supporting indigenous peoples, with consequences that go beyond the frame of international cooperation for development. ratification gives rise to internal obligations, as national legislation needs to be adapted to the convention. pursuant to the principle of good faith in compliance with international treaties and obligations arising from the ilo constitution, any state being party to a convention is bound to adopt the necessary measures to make such convention \u2019 s provisions effective. thus, the convention is transformed into an internal law which needs to be respected, promoted and guaranteed by all public institutions, and binding on all private actors, regardless of their purposes or activities. the provisions of convention 169 are reinforced by those of the declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. both instruments are clearly complementary, and provide a specific legal frame which needs to be taken into account when dealing with any actions having an impact on the lives and rights of indigenous peoples. documents relating to the convention can be accessed through the following links. text of the convention. web page of pro - 169 very useful materials can be found at pro169 \u2019 s web page. the following stand out : practice guide on convention 169, \u201c the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples in practice \u201d ; and the publication \u201c implementation of convention 169 by national courts in latin america \u201d ( both in spanish ). you can also request ilo to deliver a \u201c tool box \u201d regarding the convention \u2019 s implementation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48931228743412425, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.451540"} {"text": "restrictions of freedom the reasons for involuntary internment according to \u00a7 6 of act no. 576 on healthcare, health - related services and on the amendment and supplementing of certain laws of 22 september 2004 ( hhs ), inpatient care can be provided without informed consent if : - the person has a mental illness or symptoms of a mental defect and - poses a threat to him / herself or to his / her environment, or - there is a risk of serious deterioration of his / her state of health. the procedure for involuntary internment if a patient is admitted to hospital for inpatient care without his / her informed consent, the healthcare provider must notify a court covering the territory of the inpatient health care facility within 24 hours. the court then rules on the legitimacy of the reasons for taking the person into inpatient care. until the court has made a decision, only life - saving medical care or measures to protect the person \u2019 s surroundings are permitted ( \u00a7 9 ( 4 ) ). duration of involuntary internment as soon as the reasons for involuntary admission cease to exist, either the patient must be released or s / he ( or his / her legal representative / tutor ) must consent to the further provision of health care ( \u00a7 9 ( 5 ) ). in the case of a person who is unable to consent, their legal representative must be notified before they are released. there does not seem to be any mention of a set time limit after which the involuntary admission must be reviewed. last updated : mercredi 14 mars 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4462657937179846, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.453134"} {"text": "dementia in parkinson ' s disease ( pdd ) by kurt jellinger while people with parkinson \u2019 s disease have a higher risk of developing dementia than those without parkinson \u2019 s disease, the majority will remain unaffected. parkinson \u2019 s disease is known as a movement disorder. the movement disorder is due to dopaminergic neurons mainly in the substantia nigra. motor symptoms always precede cognitive impairment by several years. cognitive impairment is usually due to degenerative changes in limbic or neocortical structures, superimposed alzheimer - type lesions and / or presence of cortical lewy bodies, while degenerative lesions in subcortical neurotransmitter - specific loops are less important for the development of cognitive impairment. idiopathic parkinsonism plus dementia symptoms and course symptoms of dementia associated with parkinson \u2019 s disease will vary from person to person. the most common are memory loss and the loss of the ability to reason and to carry out normal everyday tasks ( planning, organising, solving problems ). patients may become obsessional, and there may be a loss of emotional control with sudden outbursts of anger or distress. medications may cause or aggravate visual hallucinations. language problems ( slower speech, not word finding difficulties ). symptoms often fluctuate so that the person will seem better or worse at different times. gradually progressive, symptoms accumulate progressively. duration of the disease : 4 - 5 years. parkinson \u2019 s disease plus dementia has shorter survival than parkinson \u2019 s disease without dementia ( average between 5 to 10 years ). with movement disorder, slowness in information processing ( difficulty of communication ) may lead to carer frustration. causes and risk factors abnormal aggregation of alpha synuclein in lewy bodies. it is more than lewy bodies accumulation ( often associated with alzheimer pathology ). families with familial pd ( several chromosomes involved ) there are inherited form of parkinson \u2019 s disease associated with mutation on chromosomes xxx. parkinson \u2019 s disease is not rare ; however, only 10 - 30 % of the patients develop cognitive impairment / dementia. prevalence 41 : 100, 000 care and treatment the movement disorder is treated by compounds augmenting dopamine transmission ( dopaminergic substances and da agonists ). medication may cause or aggravate hallucinations and psychotic symptoms. antidementive drugs like in ad. european parkinson \u2019 s disease association ( epda ) lizzie graham epda liaison / project manager 4 golding road sevenoaks kent tn13 3n", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4686925190745517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.455742"} {"text": "senate oil savings \u2019 greatest hits the best provisions to cut our consumption source : ap / mark humphrey oil, oil, everywhere, but not a drop for fuel. this is the stark view of gulf coast residents who see a 24, 500 square mile oil slick menacing their shores. the devastating bp oil disaster has clearly increased the urgency to dramatically reduce america \u2019 s oil consumption ; and cutting our consumption would save consumers money, reduce foreign oil imports, help our economy, increase national security, and reduce global warming pollution. senate majority leader harry reid ( d - nv ) has indicated that oil use reduction ( or \u201c oil savings \u201d ) provisions would be a central element of the clean energy legislation he plans to bring to the senate floor in mid july. and a number of other senators have introduced legislation that would either reduce oil use from many sources or focus on a specific sector. by selecting the best provisions from each bill it \u2019 s possible to craft a program that would reduce oil use by one - third or more by 2030. there are three primary ways to reduce oil use : make cars much more fuel efficient, launch cleaner alternative fuels such as electricity for cars and natural gas for trucks, and invest in public transportation. cap evaluated the major oil savings proposals in senators \u2019 bills that address all three of these needs and chose the provisions with the most oil savings in each category ( see chart (. xls ) ). these provisions could form the basis for an oil savings section of a comprehensive clean energy and global warming bill. proposed oil savings provisions that will make a difference establish an oil savings goal : sen. jeff merkley \u2019 s ( d - or ) national oil independence program is in discussion draft form. it would establish a goal of reducing oil use by eight million barrels - per - day in 2030, which equals current imports from every major nation except canada. improve fuel economy for cars and light trucks : sen. merkley \u2019 s plan would increase fuel economy requirements by 6 percent annually from 2017 to 2030. this would increase fuel economy standards to 44. 8 miles - per - gallon for model year 2020, and to 60 mpg for model year 2025. these fuel economy standards are realistic. sen. merkley noted that \u201c china will be requiring its vehicles to achieve 42. 2 mpg by 2015. \" president barack obama also ordered the environmental protection agency and the department of transportation to develop new fuel economy and greenhouse pollution standards for model years 2017 to 2021. begin fuel economy standards for medium and heavy - duty trucks : fuel economy standards have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43241012328408335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.465434"} {"text": "by 2015. \" president barack obama also ordered the environmental protection agency and the department of transportation to develop new fuel economy and greenhouse pollution standards for model years 2017 to 2021. begin fuel economy standards for medium and heavy - duty trucks : fuel economy standards have never existed for these size trucks even though they \u2019 re gas guzzlers. medium trucks get an average of 9. 7 miles per gallon, while heavy trucks get 6. 5 miles per gallon. sen. merkley \u2019 s plan would set the first standard for these vehicles of 15. 8 mpg and 10. 4 mpg, respectively, by 2030. this would save an estimated 400, 000 barrels of oil per day. the obama administration is also developing the first - ever fuel economy standards for these vehicles. establish a \u201c fee bate \u201d program to encourage the purchase of fuel - efficient cars : a \u201c fee bate \u201d program encourages drivers to buy more efficient vehicles by providing cash back for buying cars that are more fuel efficient than the average vehicle in that class. this program is paid for by levying a surcharge on vehicles that are below average in fuel economy in a particular class. two bills would establish a fee bate system to boost the purchase of high - efficiency cars. the efficient vehicle leadership act, s. 1620, sponsored by sen. jeff bingaman ( d - nm ), and the practical energy and climate plan, s. 3464, sponsored by sen. richard lugar ( r - in ), both have fee bate programs. bingaman \u2019 s bill would provide $ 2, 500 and $ 3, 500 rebates for cars that are 50 percent and 75 percent more fuel efficient than the average car in their class. sen. lugar \u2019 s provision is very similar to s. 1620, which he has cosponsored. charge up the electric car industry : one way to dramatically reduce oil use is by developing, producing, and using cars completely or primarily powered by electric batteries rather than gasoline. these cars also produce less global warming and other pollution compared to conventional gasoline vehicles, and are cheaper to operate too. the chevrolet volt, which is the first plug - in hybrid electric vehicle, or phev, should be available later this year, and it could get 230 mpg. president obama set a goal of 1 million phevs by 2015. incentives for purchasing electric vehicles and creation of the infrastructure to recharge them are essential to meeting this goal. the electric vehicle deployment act, s. 3442, sponsored by sen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45666735951601567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.466424"} {"text": "president obama set a goal of 1 million phevs by 2015. incentives for purchasing electric vehicles and creation of the infrastructure to recharge them are essential to meeting this goal. the electric vehicle deployment act, s. 3442, sponsored by sens. byron dorgan ( d - nd ), lamar alexander ( r - tn ), and merkley, would establish a comprehensive program to boost electric vehicle use. in addition to providing incentives for the purchase of electric vehicles, it would also provide $ 800 million to five as yet unselected communities to deploy 700, 000 electric vehicles by 2016. fill up more trucks and buses with natural gas : electricity is an excellent alternative fuel for passenger vehicles, but unfortunately it won \u2019 t work for heavier trucks and buses. the large amounts of energy needed to power these weightier vehicles would require too many batteries that would add too much weight and take up too much space. instead, natural gas \u2014 in the form of liquefied natural gas, or lng, or compressed natural gas, or cng \u2014 is an ideal alternative fuel for these vehicles. because many of these vehicles are short haul, centrally fueled vehicles, only a limited number of natural gas refueling stations are necessary. lng or cng produces one - quarter of the global warming pollution compared to oil - based fuels. and cap analysis shows that by 2035 natural gas heavy trucks could reduce oil use by 1. 2 million barrels per day, or 45 percent of the projected oil consumption of heavy trucks by 2035. these fuels are cheaper per mile compared to diesel fuel as well ( if oil is more than $ 31 per barrel ). the nat gas act, s. 1408, sponsored by sens. robert menendez ( d - nj ), harry reid ( d - nv ), and orrin hatch ( r - ut ), would create incentives for trucking companies and bus fleets to purchase trucks and buses powered by natural gas. it would also provide incentives for investments in natural gas fueling infrastructure. versions of this proposal are also included in the american power act discussion draft sponsored by sens. john kerry ( d - ma ) and joe lieberman ( i - ct ), as well as in the merkley proposal. implement fuel - efficiency measures for off - road vehicles and other transportation : off - road and construction vehicles, planes, trains, and boats all use oil - based fuels. airplanes, for instance, consume about 15 percent of all finished petroleum products. the american power act and american clean energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4779817982999229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.467370"} {"text": "- road vehicles and other transportation : off - road and construction vehicles, planes, trains, and boats all use oil - based fuels. airplanes, for instance, consume about 15 percent of all finished petroleum products. the american power act and american clean energy and security act, h. r. 2454, include very similar provisions to identify nonroad vehicles and engines that contribute to global warming pollution and provide cost effective solutions. sen. merkley \u2019 s plan, however, seems to have the most specific requirements. invest in more efficient transportation infrastructure : investments in public transit, high - speed rail, and other low - oil infrastructure are essential to reducing oil use after tackling vehicles and fuels. transportation for america estimates that the efficiency measures in its \u201c \u2018 route to reform \u2019 could reduce oil consumption by more than a million barrels a day by 2030. \u201d the american power act, or apa, would invest $ 6 billion annually in \u201c transportation infrastructure to increase efficiency and decrease oil consumption \u2026. [ including ] almost $ 2 billion for state and local projects that reduce oil consumption and greenhouse gases. \u201d apa would fund other transit projects, too, and it would pay for these investments with revenue from the auction or sale of greenhouse gas pollution allowances. boost renewable fuel use : the energy independence and security act of 2007 includes a renewable fuel standard that requires the production of 22 billion gallons of advanced biofuels by 2022, which would save over half a million barrels of oil daily. nonetheless, the production of these cleaner fuels could easily fall short of this requirement. the practical energy and climate bill would include advanced biofuels as part of a reverse auction established by the energy policy act of 2005 that will create significant incentives to encourage low - cost innovation and commercial scale deployment of advanced biofuels to push these u. s. - based fuels from the laboratory to the road. paying for reduction programs admittedly, funding for these and other programs may be difficult to come by during this era of trillion - dollar deficits. only the american power act \u2019 s provisions come with their own revenue - generating mechanism : the funds from auctioning pollution allowances to the largest carbon emitters under a carbon limitation program. cap estimates that the funds from apa \u2019 s limit on carbon pollution from coal - fired power plants alone could generate $ 80 billion annually for investment in these and other clean energy technologies. eliminating $ 45 billion worth of tax loopholes for big oil companies could also provide revenue to fund oil savings programs. these taxpayer handouts are unnecessary in an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4830666827789506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.468377"} {"text": "power plants alone could generate $ 80 billion annually for investment in these and other clean energy technologies. eliminating $ 45 billion worth of tax loopholes for big oil companies could also provide revenue to fund oil savings programs. these taxpayer handouts are unnecessary in an industry where the five largest companies made nearly a trillion dollars in profits in the past decade. sen. mary landrieu ( d - la ) noted that, \u201c in all of the climate bills, there are significant revenues generated, so that is a possibility. but if we did an energy - only bill, we \u2019 re going to be struggling about how to provide revenues. \u201d this means that setting a shrinking limit on global warming pollution, closing tax loopholes, or creating some other reliable revenue stream is essential for funding the programs to significantly reduce our oil use. there \u2019 s a bipartisan theme to the oil savings measures listed here \u2014 the six different bills are sponsored by progressive and moderate democrats and conservative republicans. taken together, they would jumpstart our nation \u2019 s effort to reduce our oil use while creating jobs and enhancing our national security. and the less oil we need, the less likely we are to search for it a mile deep below the surface where a bp - type blowout could devastate our health, economy, and environment. the american people overwhelmingly support efforts to cut our oil addiction and slash global warming pollution. now they \u2019 re looking to the senate for action this summer as part of comprehensive clean energy and global warming pollution reduction legislation. to speak with our experts on this topic, please contact : print : katie peters ( economy, education, health care, gun - violence prevention ) 202. 741. 6285 or firstname. lastname @ example. org print : anne shoup ( foreign policy and national security, energy, lgbt issues ) 202. 481. 7146 or email @ example. com print : crystal patterson ( immigration ) 202. 478. 6350 or firstname. lastname @ example. org print : madeline meth ( women ' s issues, poverty, legal progress ) 202. 741. 6277 or email @ example. com print : tanya arditi ( spanish language and ethnic media ) 202. 741. 6258 or firstname. lastname @ example. org tv : lindsay hamilton 202. 483. 2675 or email @ example. com radio : madeline meth 202. 741. 6277 or firstname. lastname @ example. org web : andrea peterson 202. 481.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45503475099803137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.469289"} {"text": "backward and forward both run to need may they, faster run to are computers if a turing machine is fine for reasoning about computers, but it ' s not an ideal model for building them. some more practical components of reversible logic were introduced in the 1980s by edward f. fredkin and tommaso toffoli, who were then working together at mit. ( fredkin is now at carnegie mellon university, toffoli at boston university. ) the components are logic gates, somewhat like and and or gates but designed for reversibility. in any reversible gate the number of inputs must equal the number of outputs. moreover, each possible set of inputs must yield a distinct set of outputs. if this were not the case \u2014 that is, if two or more input patterns had the same output \u2014 then the reverse action of the gate would be ambiguous. the devices now known as the fredkin gate and the toffoli gate ( see illustration on page 109 ) both have three inputs and three outputs ; and, as required for reversibility, each input pattern maps to a unique output. in the fredkin gate, one signal controls whether the other two data lines pass straight through the gate or else have their positions swapped. in the toffoli gate, two of the signals control the third ; if the first two bits are both 1, then the third bit is inverted. like the not gate, both the fredkin and the toffoli gates are their own inverses : no matter what the values of the three input signals, running them through two successive copies of the same gate will return the signals to their original values. both gates are also computationally universal, meaning that a computer assembled from multiple fredkin or toffoli gates ( and no other components ) could simulate a turing machine or any other device of equivalent computational power. thus the gates might be considered candidates for a real reversible computer. of course logic gates are still just abstract devices ; they have to be given some physical implementation with transistors or other kinds of hardware. starting in the early 1990s, several groups have been designing and building prototypes of reversible ( or nearly reversible ) digital circuits. for example, at mit a group including michael frank and thomas f. knight, jr., fabricated a series of small but complete processor chips based on a reversible technology ; frank continues this work at florida state university. at the university of gent in belgium, alexis de vos and his colleagues have built several reversible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5857042116058255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.472416"} {"text": "., fabricated a series of small but complete processor chips based on a reversible technology ; frank continues this work at florida state university. at the university of gent in belgium, alexis de vos and his colleagues have built several reversible adders and other circuits. it ' s important to note that building a computer according to a reversible logic diagram does not guarantee low - power operation. reversibility removes the thermodynamic floor at kt ln 2, but the circuit must still be designed to attain that level of energy savings. the current state of the art is far above the theoretical floor ; even the most efficient chips, reversible or not, dissipate somewhere between 10, 000 and 10 million times kt ln 2 for each logical operation. thus it will be some years before reversible technology can be put to the ultimate test of challenging the three - zeptojoule barrier. in the meantime, however, it turns out that some concepts derived from reversible logic are already useful in low - power circuits. one of these is charge recovery, which attempts to recycle packets of electric charge rather than let them drain to ground. another is adiabatic switching, which avoids wasteful current surges by closing switches only after voltages have had a chance to equalize. \u00bb post comment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.623589243860692, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.472919"} {"text": "shallow water surface drifters in response to noaa / cop funded research needs for high resolution lagrangian analysis of florida bay interior basin flow fields, a shallow water drift buoy was designed and developed by aoml and rsmas in miami, florida. primary design guidelines required a device capable of operating in water depths of one meter or less for up to a two week period. small size was a factor both in minimizing windage at the surface and in aiding deployment and recovery efforts. the drifter would also require onboard gps for accurate positioning. the need for a high - resolution record of the driftera\u20ac\u2122s track required gps data to be logged onboard for post - recovery upload. however, in attempts to aid users in the driftera\u20ac\u2122s recovery, a subset of these data would need to be transmitted to the users during deployment ; this is handled by an onboard argos transmitter. the hull is constructed of a 0. 125 inch thick lexan, two - piece thermoformed shell in the general shape of a disc. the top is slightly domed and the bottom has molded fins in an attempt to couple the buoy to the water. unfortunately, in the first bay drift test the molded fins proved to be insufficient to keep windage to a minimum, so a \" window shade \" drogue has been incorporated with excellent results to improve coupling to the water ( see figure ). the drogue is constructed of two crossed, flexible pvc sheets and is approximately 0. 75 meters long. the shape of the buoy was analyzed to insure that it would be self - righting if turned over by a wave. when deployed, the hull floats with the top of the dome approximately 3 cm above the waterline. the dimensions of the hull are 33 cm in diameter by 15 cm high and the weight ready for deployment is less than 5 kg. to derive high - resolution currents, the position of the buoy must be determined frequently. a motorola 12 channel gps receiver is built into the electronics to collect this data. it computes 3 dimensional position information at pre - selected rates which are then stored in the buoy memory for later retrieval and subsequent data analysis. a relocation argos satellite transmitter system is included in the electronics to recover the buoy at the end of each experiment. the argos positions are used to get within the general vicinity of the buoy, and then a handheld argos receiver on the boat is used to locate and retrieve the buoy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5017714307460639, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.477000"} {"text": "a very popular species of sweet cherry. large purplish - black cherry. ripens early. ( pollinate with bing or a different sweet cherry variety. ) ( zones 5 \u2013 8 ) excellent for the home orchard, the black tartarian cherry tree produces fruit with a sweet, rich, full bodied flavor. begins bearing fruit 3 - 4 years after planting and will bear long into old age. the best pollinator for dark sweet cherries. an exceptionally productive, vigorous sweet cherry tree. it grows tall for a fruit tree maturing at 30 ' or more. the flowers are white, 1 1 / 4 \" in diameter borne in well distributed clusters of twos and threes. foliage is a dark, waxy green. it bears early, ripening from mid - june to early july depending upon the location. eventually one tree may produce 3 \u2013 4 bushels of cherries. this tree prefers light, sandy soil, but will grow in other soils that are moist and well drained. if possible, plant on an elevated site with good air and soil drainage. it needs at least 6 \u2013 8 hours of full sun daily and water during dry periods. the cherries should be left on the tree until mature. sweet cherry trees require minimal pruning. prune annually in late winter or early spring. ( pollinate with a different sweet cherry variety ) ( zones 5 \u2013 8 ) the cherries are eaten by a variety of birds and mammals. the leaves and branches are browsed. this species was introduced from russia to england in 1794 by hugh ronalds and named ronald ' s large black heart. it came to the united states in the early 1800s and has been popular ever since. the standard grows to 30 ' and dwarf grows to 12 ' - 15 ' in height. standard spread grows to 30 ' and dwarf grows to a 12 ' - 15 ' spread. this tree requires moist, well drained soil and is not drought tolerant. simple, alternate, often obvate with a sharp tip, 5 1 / 2 \" long with teeth on the margin that are sharp and sometimes blunted. thin, waxy and dark green color on top. heart shaped about 1 \" in diameter and usually purplish black, but occasionally red depending upon the site. flesh is dark red, thick, tender, juicy and sweet with a smooth stone that separates easily.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3884565280743279, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.480924"} {"text": "facts about poisons children are naturally inquisitive and love to explore their world. infants tend to put everything in their mouths and toddlers grab whatever looks interesting. adolescents may experiment with drugs and other mind - altering substances. consider these facts about poisonings in the united states : each year, poison control centers receive more than 1. 1 million calls about accidental poisonings among children ages 5 and under. calls to poison control centers peak between 4 pm and 10 pm. only 30 percent of caregivers are able to accurately measure a correct dosage of over - the - counter medications to their children. more than 90 percent of poisonings in children occur in the home. in children, approximately 60 percent of poisonings involve products other than medicines, such as plants, cleaning products, cosmetics, pesticides, paints, and solvents ; 40 percent of poisonings involve medications. what is \" the arsenic hour? \" peak calls to poison control centers occur between 4 and 10 p. m. in fact, dinnertime is such a busy time of day for most families that many times parents do not supervise their children as closely as usual. this is a common time of day for childhood poisonings to occur and has led poison center staff to call this time of day \" the arsenic hour. \" the good news is that prompt treatment can prevent most serious reactions. and, of course, poison prevention is always the best cure. be prepared for a poisoning emergency by posting the poison center telephone number by every phone in your home. the national, toll - free poison control center locator number is 800 - 222 - 1222. from here, you will be automatically redirected to the nearest poison center in your area. if you have a poisoning emergency, call your local poison center immediately. if the child has collapsed or is not breathing, call 911, or your local emergency medical services ( ems ). online medical reviewer : kolbus, karin, rn, dnp, cohn - s online medical reviewer : newmentor board - certified, academically affiliated clinician last review date : 04 / 21 / 2013 \u00a9 2000 - 2013 krames staywell, 780 township line road, yardley, pa 19067. all rights reserved. this information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. always follow your healthcare professional ' s instructions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43427831101013087, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.483206"} {"text": "sunday 19 may marabou stork ( leptoptilos crumeniferus ) what \u2019 s the world \u2019 s favourite species? find out here. marabou stork fact file - find out more - print factsheet marabou stork description with its huge, ungainly stature, balding pink head and enormous wedge - shaped bill, it is easy to see why many consider the marabou stork to be a somewhat \u2018 ugly \u2019 bird ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ). in flight, it soars elegantly with large, dark grey wings spanning almost three metres from tip to tip, but on the ground it walks hunched on long, gangly legs ( 3 ) ( 6 ). a fleshy, inflatable, pink wattle dangles conspicuously below its bill, and a white collar rings the base of its nearly featherless, pink neck ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ). the back and tail are dark grey, like the wings, while the underparts are off - white ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ). although the natural colour of the legs and feet is dark grey, the build up of excrement makes them appear almost white ( 2 ) ( 5 ). unlike the adults, immature marabou storks have a woolly covering to the head, and a darker plumage ( 5 ) ( 7 ). - also known as - marabout d ' afrique. top - african wildlife foundation : - birdlife international : - the act of incubating eggs, that is, keeping them warm so that development is possible. - iucn red list ( october, 2009 ) - alden, p., estes, r., schlitter, d. and mcbride, b. ( 1996 ) collins field guide to african mammals. harper collins publishers, london. - burnie, d. ( 2001 ) animal. dorling kindersley, london. - burton, m. and burton, r. ( 2002 ) international wildlife encyclopedia. marshall cavendish, new york. - smithsonian national zoological park ( september, 2009 ) - liebenberg, l. ( 1990 ) a field guide to the animal tracks of southern africa. david phillips publishers, cape town. - newman, k. ( 2002 ) newman ' s birds of southern africa. struik publishers, cape town. - birdlife international ( august, 2009 ) - view the contents of, and material on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41609128964944175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.488981"} {"text": ". david phillips publishers, cape town. - newman, k. ( 2002 ) newman ' s birds of southern africa. struik publishers, cape town. - birdlife international ( august, 2009 ) - view the contents of, and material on, the website ; - download and retain copies of the material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use ; - teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the material in their educational material ( including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects ) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the end user. marabou stork biology behaving more like a vulture than a stork, the marabou is a consummate scavenger, eating just about any animal it can find as carrion ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ). typically, it soars at height, scanning the ground for food, and often congregates around large carcasses with other scavengers such as vultures ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ). furthermore, this species has taken full advantage of the encroachment of human settlements, frequenting dumps, slaughterhouses and fishing villages for discarded scraps ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ). however, despite its slightly macabre reputation, the marabou does also take a variety of live prey including lizards, frogs, various insects, snakes, rats, mice and birds ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ). a gregarious bird, the marabou stork is often seen in groups, with up to 1, 000 individuals gathering in close proximity to roost at night ( 8 ). it also congregates to breed during the dry season, with colonies ranging in size from 20 pairs up to several thousand, often along with other species. the male arrives first and establishes a territory, whereupon it greets all newcomers with hostility, whilst inflating its throat pouch. eventually, a courting female will be accepted by the male, and the pair will set about building a stick nest, around 10 to 30 metres above the ground in trees or on cliffs - ledges, and sometimes on buildings in towns and villages ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) 8 ). when the nest is finished, the female lays a clutch of two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42033472226372826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.489872"} {"text": "around 10 to 30 metres above the ground in trees or on cliffs - ledges, and sometimes on buildings in towns and villages ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) 8 ). when the nest is finished, the female lays a clutch of two to three eggs, which are incubated over 29 to 31 days. the chicks fledge when around 13 to 15 weeks old, but do not reach sexual maturity until at least four years of age ( 4 ) ( 5 ). top marabou stork rangetop marabou stork habitattop marabou stork status classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ). top marabou stork threats owing to its indiscriminate feeding habits and its willingness to scavenge around human activities, the marabou stork population is actually increasing through large parts of its wide range ( 3 ) ( 5 ). however, despite the fact that it is usually considered an unattractive target for hunters ( 5 ), this stork is known to be traded at traditional markets in nigeria ( 8 ). top marabou stork conservationtop find out more to find out more about conservation in africa, visit : for more information on this and other bird species please see : authenticationthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact : email @ example. comtop myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends. terms and conditions of use of materials copyright in this website and materials contained on this website ( material ) belongs to wildscreen or its licensors. visitors to this website ( end users ) are entitled to : end users shall not copy or otherwise extract, alter or manipulate material other than as permitted in these terms and conditions of use of materials. additional use of flagged material green flagged material certain material on this website ( licence 4 material ) displays a green flag next to the material and is available for not - for - profit conservation or educational use. this material may be used by end users, who are individuals or organisations that are in our opinion not - for - profit, for their not - for - profit conservation or not - for - profit educational purposes. low resolution, watermarked images may be copied from this website by such end users for such purposes. if you require high resolution or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3633173498415279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.490825"} {"text": "not - for - profit, for their not - for - profit conservation or not - for - profit educational purposes. low resolution, watermarked images may be copied from this website by such end users for such purposes. if you require high resolution or non - watermarked versions of the material, please contact wildscreen with details of your proposed use. creative commons material certain material on this website has been licensed to wildscreen under a creative commons licence. these images are clearly marked with the creative commons buttons and may be used by end users only in the way allowed by the specific creative commons licence under which they have been submitted. please see http : / / creativecommons. org for details. any other use please contact the copyright owners directly ( copyright and contact details are shown for each media item ) to negotiate terms and conditions for any use of material other than those expressly permitted above. please note that many of the contributors to arkive are commercial operators and may request a fee for such use. save as permitted above, no person or organisation is permitted to incorporate any copyright material from this website into any other work or publication in any format ( this includes but is not limited to : websites, apps, cds, dvds, intranets, extranets, signage, digital communications or on printed materials for external or other distribution ). use of the material for promotional, administrative or for - profit purposes is not permitted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4536490220317619, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.491406"} {"text": "submitted to : veterinary parasitology publication type : peer reviewed journal publication acceptance date : october 1, 2000 publication date : n / a interpretive summary : sarcocystis neurona is a single - celled parasite of companion animals. it causes a fatal neurologic syndrome in horses in the u. s., called eqine protozoal myeloencephalitis ( epm ). its full life cycle is not known. opossums are its reservoir ( definitive ) host and horses are considered aberrant hosts. scientists at the beltsville agricultural research center and the montana state university describe the ultrastructure of sarcocysti neurona stages ( schizonts ) found in tissues of horses. these results will be of interest to biologists and parasitologists. the ultrastructure events associated with nuclear division were studied in schizonts of sarcocystis neurona. merozoites developed by type 2 endopolygeny in which numerous merozoites began development internally and later budded at the schizont surface. the nuclear envelope remained intact during all nuclear divisions. the schizont nucleus enlarged to form numerous lobes, each of which contained an intranuclear spindle. many spindles were formed before merozoite formation. spindles were conical - shaped with the apex of the spindle located immediately beneath a pore in the nuclear envelope. most spindle microtubles were discontinous, terminating at kinetochores on chromosomes, whereas a few microtubules were continuous extending between each pole of the nuclear spindle. two centrioles, a golgi complex and a plastid were closely associated with each pole of the nuclear spindle. spindle microtubules shortened during spindle edivisions that occurred in early and intermediate schizonts prior to the formation of merozoite primoridia. the length of the spindle microtubules remained the same during the last spindle during merozoite formation. separation of the chromosomes appeared to result from enlongation of each nuclear lobe which occurred simultaneously with elongation of the inner membrane complex and subpellicular microtubules surrounding the merozoite primordia. in schizonts, the plastid was disc - shaped, variable in size, and consisted of a granular core with ribosomes and small vesicles surrounded by 2 - 4 membranes. plastids in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5439843972019751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.494935"} {"text": "oxford classical texts from the art and popular culture encyclopedia oxford classical texts ( octs ), or scriptorum classicorum bibliotheca oxoniensis, is a series of books published by oxford university press. it contains texts of ancient greek and latin literature, such as homer ' s odyssey and virgil ' s aeneid, in the original language with a critical apparatus. works of science and mathematics, such as euclid ' s elements, are generally not represented. since the books are meant primarily for serious students of the classics, the prefaces and notes have traditionally been in latin ( so that the books are written in the classical languages from the title page to the index ), and no translations or explanatory notes are included. several recent volumes, beginning with lloyd - jones and wilson ' s 1990 edition of sophocles, have broken with tradition and feature introductions written in english ( though the critical apparatus is still in latin ). oxoniensis is an abbreviation used to denote mainly a single volume of the series ( fully : editio oxoniensis ), rarely the whole collection ; correspondingly, teubneriana is used with reference to the bibliotheca scriptorum graecorum et romanorum teubneriana, a series with the same aim as the octs. those who want some help in reading the classics may prefer the loeb classical library, which includes english translations, or the collection bude, which includes french translations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46414425735763776, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.496620"} {"text": "trees of life a visual history of evolution written by theodore w pietsch john hopkins university | isbn 9781421404790 hardback \u2013 376 pages member \u2019 s price : $ 82. 80 usually ships within 2 \u2013 11 business days. for the past 450 years, tree - like branching diagrams have been created to show the complex and surprising interrelationships of organisms, both living and fossil, from viruses and bacteria to birds and mammals. this stunning book celebrates the manifest beauty, intrinsic interest, and human ingenuity of these exquisite trees of life. theodore w. pietsch has chosen 230 trees of life - from among thousands of possible contenders - dating from the sixteenth century to the present day. his arrangement gives readers a visual sense of the historical development of these diagrams and shows how, in darwin ' s words, \" from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. \" pietsch ' s brief, accessible prose accompanies the diverse trees to fully reveal the engrossing history of human theories of evolution. over the centuries, trees of life appeared in a wide variety of forms ; some were revered as iconic while others incited intense controversy. the earliest examples were meant to portray the imagined temporal order in which god created life on earth. more recent scientific trees represent hypothetical histories of life. never before has the full spectrum of trees of life been brought together in a single volume. pietsch has spent decades collecting and researching the origin and meaning of these evolutionary trees and presents a visually breathtaking and intellectually brilliant history of the form.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5132044444794484, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.498241"} {"text": "the king palm tree is native to australia, but can be grown and cared for in any tropical or sub tropical area where the temperature does not drop below freezing. this popular landscaping palm is also known as the alexander or alexandra palm. the king palm grows quickly and while it can start as an indoor plant, it will eventually need to be transplanted outside. a full - grown palm will reach a height of 20 to 30 feet. growing and caring for a king palm tree is easy with proper planting, watering and feeding. the king palm prefers sun and needs well - drained soil. this palm also reaches a height of 30 feet or more. choose a spot where the full height of the plant will not interfere with power lines or other overhead obstructions. if the palm was purchased from a nursery or has been inside and is not used to full sun don \u2019 t plant it immediately in the sun. place it outside in a shady spot and increase its exposure to sun slowly by an hour a day over several weeks time. once it is acclimated to full sun plant it in the chosen spot. dig a hole that is twice as wide as the root ball, but only as deep as the root ball is. if the roots are planted too deep they will not be able to grow properly. use a shovel and score the sides of the hole to loosen the dirt. this will help the roots penetrate through the soil in its new home. mix the soil from the hole and the pot the tree came in with sand to create a mix of 2 parts soil, 1 part sand. this will ensure proper drainage. do not add any fertilizer at this time. wet the bottom of the hole and shovel in a thin layer of the soil mixture. this will help reduce the shock to the plant when it is placed in its new home. get the roots of the palm wet and place it in the center of the hole. fill in the hole with the remaining soil and sand mixture. add three inches of organic mulch around the palm tree. water the plant thoroughly. do not allow the soil around the new palm tree to dry out for the first two weeks. water daily to ensure the ground stays wet. this helps the roots grow. king palm trees require regular fertilizer treatments to grow to their full height. do not fertilize until the king palm has grown a new spear. use a continuous release fertilizer that will feed the plant for several months at a time. fertilize during growing season only and place the fertilizer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36181613641334387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.501684"} {"text": "what are congenital hand differences? babies born with hands that are different than the normal hand have a congenital hand difference. what causes congenital hand differences? the upper limb is formed between four and eight weeks after the sperm and egg unite to form an embryo. the embryo develops an arm bud at four weeks. the tip of the arm bud sends messages to each cell as the upper limb forms. millions of steps are followed to form a normal arm. failure of any of these steps to occur can result in a congenital hand difference. research continues into further understanding of this embryonic process. some congenital hand differences may occur due to a genetic cause. many congenital hand differences just occur without an apparent cause. what are different types of congenital hand differences? one in twenty children is born with some difference from normal, either major or minor. the different groups of congenital hand differences include missing parts of the arm ( failure of formation ), webbed or fused parts of the hand ( failures of separation ), extra parts present in the hand ( duplication ), undergrowth or overgrowth of parts of the hand, or constriction band syndrome. what are common congenital hand differences? the most common congenital hand difference in the caucasian population is webbed fingers ( syndactyly - see figure 1 ). the most common congenital hand difference in the black population is an extra, sixth digit on the little finger side ( post - axial polydactyly - see figure 2 ). the most common congenital hand difference in the asian population is an extra thumb ( thumb polydactyly - see figure 3 ). which congenital hand difference does my child have? because there are so many different congenital hand differences, it is important that your child be evaluated by a hand surgery specialist to help determine if any treatment is needed. some congenital hand differences are associated with genetic disorders or other medical problems. your hand specialist may request further genetic evaluation by a geneticist, or may request further medical testing by your pediatrician or family physician. how do parents feel if their child has congenital hand differences? immediately after the birth of a child with a a congenital abnormality, the patents may feel shock, anger and guilt. these are normal emotions. all the dreams of a perfect baby did not take place. each family member must cope with their feelings. rarely is there anything parents or doctors could have done differently. your newborn doesn \u2019 t realize that he or she is different. the baby has all the normal needs of any newborn. the way the baby has formed is normal for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45137704654815536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.506070"} {"text": "cope with their feelings. rarely is there anything parents or doctors could have done differently. your newborn doesn \u2019 t realize that he or she is different. the baby has all the normal needs of any newborn. the way the baby has formed is normal for him or her, without pain and without a sense of loss. talk to your physician about support groups or professional help. can congenital hand differences be treated? all babies born with congenital hand differences should be evaluated by a hand specialist to make an individual assessment of the type. depending on the type of congenital hand difference, treatment may be recommended. for example, webbed fingers are surgically separated. extra digits can be surgically removed with reconstruction of the remaining digit if necessary. hand function can be improved if the functions of thumb pinch or finger grasp is compromised. some congenital hand differences may need therapy to help improve hand function. in some cases, no intervention is necessary. figure 1 : syndactyly between long and ring fingers figure 2 : polydactyly, with an extra little finger figure 3 : thumb polydactyly, with duplication of the thumb \u00a9 2006 american society for surgery of the hand find a hand surgeon near you. a ) helping hands c ) on the other hand d ) federation for children with special needs e ) hands to love f ) limb differences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4595987348697309, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.506633"} {"text": "our government textbooks tell us that nobody in the ancient world had ever crossed the atlantic before columbus. but the voyage of the mayflower only took 60 days. are we honestly to believe that no one had ever previously taken the 60 day trip in all of human history? the great civilizations of ancient egypt, babylon, sumer, greece, rome, and the sea - faring phoenicians never wondered what was out west past 59 days sailing? ( image = phoenician boat ) if we accept this improbability, we have to accept many more along with it, because the native american cultures of the \u201c new world \u201d and the eurasian cultures of the \u201c old world \u201d were already far too similar to have naturally evolved separately. for instance, compare the peruvians and egyptians. the number of complex comparisons between the two peoples far surpasses serendipity. both cultures believed in an immaterial soul which reincarnates through multiple physical existences. they both worshipped the sun, moon, and stars, and held amazing astronomical knowledge, much of which has just recently been rediscovered. both peoples built amazing stone pyramids, often containing boulders too heavy for modern cranes to lift, quarried from miles away. both cultures embalmed / mummified their dead. peruvian and egyptian royalty both wrapped children \u2019 s heads in the practice of \u201c skull elongation \u201d ( like trepanning ) to attain higher consciousness. they both divided the year into twelve months. both peoples had a women \u2019 s order of vestal virgins vowed to celibacy, and violating their vows was punished on both continents by their being buried alive. both cultures offered animal sacrifices and divined the future by examining the animal \u2019 s entrails. they both built huge arches and strewed the road with flowers for returning home triumphant warriors / heroes. at the beginning of each agricultural season during a big celebration, the kings placed their hands to the plough and ploughed the first furrow. are we to believe such incredibly specific practices developed completely independent of one another? \u201c when the spanish missionaries first set foot upon the soil of america, in the fifteenth century, they were amazed to find the cross was as devoutly worshipped by the red indians as by themselves. \u201d - ignatius donnelly, \u201c atlantis : the antediluvian world \u201d ancient symbols like the cross and the swastika already existed in the americas long before the europeans came. egyptian symbols like the \u201c akeru \u201d back to back lion gods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45697152415144016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.517979"} {"text": "- ignatius donnelly, \u201c atlantis : the antediluvian world \u201d ancient symbols like the cross and the swastika already existed in the americas long before the europeans came. egyptian symbols like the \u201c akeru \u201d back to back lion gods hieroglyph are found in olmec temples from ancient mexico. we have also found mayan art and glyphs in egypt. modern mayans and tribal egyptians both recognize the languages found in their countries as that of their ancestors and both can read much of it. we \u2019 ve discovered artwork 2 - 3000 years old clearly depicting negroes and caucasians in central america. the establishment remains silent on all these issues. the similarities between old world european and american peoples are vast and difficult to accept as mere coincidence. the use of cement, bricks, arches and advanced masonry / architecture is found on both sides of the atlantic, as well as roads, stone and suspension bridges ; metallurgy, ore mining of copper, tin, bronze, gold, silver, and iron ; sculpture, painting, engraving, agriculture, navigation, large sailing vessels, pottery, glasswork, and music ; both old and new worlders fashioned the same weapons like bows and arrows, spears, swords, battle - axes, darts and slings ; baptism, confession, penance all long existed on both continents. \u201c if we find on both sides of the atlantic precisely the same arts, sciences, religious beliefs, habits, customs, and traditions, it is absurd to say that the peoples of the two continents arrived separately, by precisely the same steps, at precisely the same ends. when we consider the resemblance of the civilizations of the mediterranean nations to one another, no man is silly enough to pretend that rome, greece, egypt, assyria, phoenicia, each spontaneously and separately invented the arts, sciences, habits, and opinions in which they agreed ; but we proceed to trace out the thread of descent or connection from one to another. why should a rule of interpretation prevail, as between the two sides of the atlantic, different from that which holds good as to the two sides of the mediterranean sea? if, in the one case, similarity of origin has unquestionably produced similarity of arts, customs, and condition, why, in the other, should not similarity of arts, customs, and condition prove similarity of origin? is there any instance in the world of two peoples, without knowledge of or intercourse with each other, happening upon the same invention, whether that invention be an arrow -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5069689951167053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.519022"} {"text": "other, should not similarity of arts, customs, and condition prove similarity of origin? is there any instance in the world of two peoples, without knowledge of or intercourse with each other, happening upon the same invention, whether that invention be an arrow - head or a steam - engine? if it required of mankind a lapse of at least six thousand years before it began anew the work of invention, and took up the thread of original thought where atlantis dropped it, what probability is there of three or four separate nations all advancing at the same speed to precisely the same arts and opinions? the proposition is untenable. if, then, we prove that, on both sides of the atlantic, civilizations were found substantially identical, we have demonstrated that they must have descended one from the other, or have radiated from some common source. \u201d - ignatius donnelly, \u201c atlantis : the antediluvian world \u201d stubborn egyptologists, anthropologists and our government textbooks also claim that the ancient egyptian, sumerian, and babylonian cultures all somehow started at the height of their civilization and rapidly devolved as their empires fell. this is standard accepted \u201c fact \u201d but how is it possible that such advanced cultures just magically appeared at the beginning of recorded history? \u201c the region of mesopotamia ( sumeria ), which seems to have suddenly appeared out of nowhere ( according to academia ), had a high knowledge of astronomy, architecture, a pantheon of gods, agriculture, gourmet foods, and courts. it is considered to be the cradle of civilization. mesopotamia, in the north, encompassed the rivers tigris and euphrates, which flowed from the garden of eden, in the genesis stories. the places known as atlantis, dilmun, and lemuria are mentioned in the records of sumeria. this is an obvious indication that these societies or cities pre - dated the sumerian era. therefore, the mesopotamian civilization did not suddenly appear out of nowhere. it was more likely a relocated ancient \u2018 lost civilization \u2019 \u201d - james arthur, \u201c mushrooms and mankind \u201d ( 37 ) \u201c one of the great mysteries that egyptologists can never explain is this devolution, this retrograde. you look at the old kingdom, the pyramids, the type of hieroglyphs, the type of jewelry, the type of art produced, and then as it goes forward to the middle kingdom it devolves, it \u2019 s less advanced - to the new kingdom when they didn \u2019 t even build in granite or limestone anymore but in sandstone a much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48255641243517555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.519977"} {"text": "jewelry, the type of art produced, and then as it goes forward to the middle kingdom it devolves, it \u2019 s less advanced - to the new kingdom when they didn \u2019 t even build in granite or limestone anymore but in sandstone a much softer stone, easier to work with. \u201d - egyptologist stephen mehler, \u201c egypt and the ancients. \u201d coast 2 coast interview, august, 2004 are we honestly to believe that advanced mathematics, medicine, astronomy, architecture, art, writing, and a complex spirituality were already fully developed from the very beginning of human civilization? \u201c how does a complex civilization spring full - blown into being? look at a 1905 automobile and compare it to a modern one. there is no mistaking the process of \u2018 development. \u2019 but in egypt there are no parallels. everything is right there at the start. \u201d - john anthony west, egyptologist \u201c the ancient civilization of the land we call egypt has been pronounced by archaeologists as flawless of its type from the very first. it reveals none of the painful steps from primeval beginnings passing through the paleolithic, neolithic, and bronze age, to that of iron. it apparently burst upon the scene into exotic radiance, its perfected civilization accordingly having been described as a miracle. science cannot admit any such miracle and another explanation must be forthcoming. \u201d - comyns beaumont \u201c what we call \u2018 egypt \u2019 lasted longer than the later hellenic, roman, byzantine, medieval, renaissance, enlightenment, industrial, and modern ages put together and multiplied by three. the manipulators of history, therefore, purposely concentrate our attention on the latter days, in order to prevent us delving back into egypt ' s past. they do so, understandably, for they have everything to lose once humankind becomes reintroduced to the archive of knowledge and wisdom that was common to our ancestors. \u201d - michael tsarion, \u201c astrotheology and sidereal mythology \u201d buy the atlantean conspiracy now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.497262514931435, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.520872"} {"text": "the sun \u2019 s energy is an incredible bounty. the energy contained in solar rays make their way through our filtering atmosphere and is critical to life on this planet... and is fundamental to human survival. it can also provide for our comfort. the use of the sun \u2019 s power in solar energy design is usually identified in 2 contexts - passive solar - that which uses natural processes without mechanical equipment and additional electrical or gas energy to operate, and active solar - that which uses nature \u2019 s resources with the inclusion of mechanical equipment and hardware driven by electricity and gas. all solar design starts from a simple base - passive solar first. what can be achieved by using all of the natural resources available to meet specific needs? this is the basic question and tenet of passive solar applications whether it be applied to heating and cooling a building, lighting, heating water, cooking, etc. passive solar applies both to buildings and equipment. sound fundamentals of good passive applications and integration can beneficial and are directly related to active solar equipment use and implementation : by meeting needs with no mechanical equipment dependent on external energy incorporation, in improving conditions which reduce the amount and size of equipment required to meet needs, by improving the conditions for active solar equipment applications, and in minimizing the commensurate costs that accompany the purchase and use of any equipment, solar or non - solar. in short, passive solar design and applications is the base which sets the conditions for effective active solar incorporation and use. passive and active solar applications should be considered as elements of the same palette - sort of the one - two punch of living with the sun, and the mutuality is undeniable. both rely on the same design considerations of orientation, access to the sun, behavior of materials, and appropriate use of site resources, and vary only in the inclusion external energy of electricity and gas. most active system guidelines even point out starting with passive considerations first. besides providing for direct meeting of needs, passive solar design is a primary basis for enhancing the quality of active solar systems. passive solar actions can result in the reduction of quantity of equipment needed to meet a particular task. for example, daylight is an available resource to meet illumination needs. good day lighting design of buildings uses that resource effectively, and reduces the need and cost of daytime artificial lighting and equipment. the beginning point consideration is at the end use side of things whether using traditional equipment or using solar equipment. considerable savings can be gained in applying natural energy actions to reduce the cost of both supplying equipment as well as running and maintaining it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5454889630147733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.550512"} {"text": "and equipment. the beginning point consideration is at the end use side of things whether using traditional equipment or using solar equipment. considerable savings can be gained in applying natural energy actions to reduce the cost of both supplying equipment as well as running and maintaining it. quite simply, the less work that needs to be accomplished by equipment, the less amount of equipment is needed, and the less it needs to run when used - this all translates to less cost for purchase of the equipment, and less on - going cost for running and maintaining. passive solar applications mitigate the quantity of active solar equipment needed, and resulting the tandem of both is optimal. information about the sun and how to use it effectively is common in both applications. traditionally, the term passive solar has been identified with heating and cooling of buildings, but it has a broader context and application. there is, of course passive solar heating and cooling of buildings. there is also passive solar water heating, solar cooking, natural lighting, passive solar heating of pools, and even passive solar devices which move things - equipment, air, etc. even the process of direct conversion of sunlight to electricity can be considered a \u201c passive \u201d action since it occurs through the appropriate use and placement of materials and capitalizes on the behavior of the combinations created, without infusing man - made energy sources and machines to make it work. knowledge and understanding of natural processes is the heart of passive solar. knowledge about the composition, attributes and behavior of sunlight and heat ; the behavior of heat flow ; the behavior and capacities of materials, both in nature and man - made ; the sun \u2019 s annual, seasonal, and daily movement ; diurnal and seasonal temperatures and conditions ; human sensory response and comfort ; the patterns of nature and of people ; and the physiology and psychology of the interaction between people and nature, all are applied to effective solar application and utilization. nature \u2019 s contribution - a gift that also keeps us on our toes intense heat, cold ) the conditions that nature provides, in the form of climate, is variable. cold in the winter, hot in the summer, nice other times of the year. arizona climate covers the entire spectrum with extremes at the desert and mountain locations. simultaneously, nature also provides the tools for mitigation of the extreme conditions. sunlight and materials for a warming system ; breezes, water, earth, gravity, and materials for a cooling system. it is the application of these resources into a system that addresses conditions that makes passive, and active, solar so effective. the sun \u2019 s available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5376566720200701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.551752"} {"text": "for a warming system ; breezes, water, earth, gravity, and materials for a cooling system. it is the application of these resources into a system that addresses conditions that makes passive, and active, solar so effective. the sun \u2019 s available energy varies in amount and impact through the year. the amount and intensity of energy from the sun that impacts the earth is affected by the composition of the earth \u2019 s atmosphere, and the angle of the solar radiation waves. the more dense the atmosphere, whether by clouds or smog, the less solar energy reaches the ground. additionally the more directly perpendicular the sun is to the earth \u2019 s surface, the more concentrated the energy is in a given area and the more intense its impact. the highest capitalization of solar radiation for heat is when surfaces are perpendicular to the sun, allowing the most density of radiation at a given point. | we know the sun \u2019 s position every day of the year and the amount of radiation that position provides, both to the earth \u2019 s surface, as well as to various positions of building walls and / or equipment. a south facing wall, or piece of equipment gets more energy from the sun than any other position. an angle directly perpendicular to the sun gets more energy per square foot than one that is at an angle. the sun is less available in the winter ( shorter days ) than in the summer. there is less solar energy availability in the winter than the summer due to the sun \u2019 s position at an angle to the earth and therefore more atmosphere to penetrate. we also know that cool air settles and warm air rises, and that this action occurs with fluids like water. we know about heat flow and capabilities of materials in their capacity to absorb, hold, and give up heat. we know how to let sunlight in, how to capture and create air movement for cooling, and prevent unwanted heat. the built environment in tune with nature | passive solar buildings are environmentally responsive and use nature \u2019 s elements in providing shelter and comfort to people in a manner that is healthy and minimally destructive of the environment ; are non - depleting of natural resources ; and use the building itself in the comfort creating process. they are characterized throughout the recent years with terms as \u201c sustainable \u201d, \u201c renewability \u201d, and \u201c green \u201d. quite simply, these terms refer to the same thing - a nature incorporating, comfort generating, security providing environment in which the building composition itself is the \u201c machinery \u201d that creates protection, health and comfort, and incorporates appropriate solar equipment to attain higher degrees", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5590374118162814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.552904"} {"text": ". quite simply, these terms refer to the same thing - a nature incorporating, comfort generating, security providing environment in which the building composition itself is the \u201c machinery \u201d that creates protection, health and comfort, and incorporates appropriate solar equipment to attain higher degrees of performance. | arizona history is replete with examples of people living with the sun - both in using it as a resource as well as dealing with it \u2019 s negatives. passive solar was integrated into arizona architecture and buildings, both in private and public buildings. while incorrectly called arizona \u2019 s first solar building, ( there is no indication that this was a conscious effort since a number of cliff dwellings built in the same period by the same people do not show the same kind of solar application ) the construction of montezuma \u2019 s castle does embody some solar principles of orientation, thermal mass, \u201c overhangs \u201d for summertime shading, and south facing winter courts | desert buildings used proper orientation, thick masonry walls, natural cross ventilation, indoor and outdoor living spaces, and natural and man - made shade for summer cooling, and south facing courts, and windows with tile floors which, when coupled with the thick masonry walls, provided for capture and storage of warmth during winter conditions. higher elevations of arizona utilized the similar principles with differing amounts of wall mass and windows for heating, and porches and cross ventilation for summer evening relaxation and sleeping. | arizona desert buildings, both private and public, used passive means of shading to provide respite from the intense sun. passive solar equipment, in the form of water heaters, were prevalent in arizona as well as southern california. the historic ellis - shackleford house in phoenix and the historic tempe bakery had direct gain solar hot water heaters. passive solar energy - prelude to solar equipment consideration there are a number of passive energy fundamentals which can be considered in reducing the amount of equipment and / or its \u2019 operation. orientation - it \u2019 s a necessary thing... like all direct solar applications, capturing the sun as a resource is as simple as providing for its clear path to where it can do its work - be it heating water, cooking food, or warming a space. orientation is a fundamental concept of solar use for passive, and active, systems - | orientation of a solar device | | or orientation of a building | | or a solar cooker | orientation and a direct relationship with the sun is the first rule of solar energy use when trying to capitalize on its heat providing attributes. the sun \u2019 s traverse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5352943465333166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.553974"} {"text": "a solar device | | or orientation of a building | | or a solar cooker | orientation and a direct relationship with the sun is the first rule of solar energy use when trying to capitalize on its heat providing attributes. the sun \u2019 s traverses the sky every day - in the winter it is a low and short path and in the summer a long and high path - and even though the sun \u2019 s location is constantly changing, it is a predictable path that can be used in incorporating the sun \u2019 s energy to meet needs, and to exclude when we want to minimize the same. applied knowledge of both the sun \u2019 s movement, position at any given time, and time of the year, as well as impact in the form of radiation ( solar incidence ), enables us to take advantage of these attributes to meet needs, and to make use of our buildings and our equipment more effective and efficient. proper orientation is critical to optimizing the solar resource. a properly oriented building can optimize solar gain for human comfort heating, and with proper shape and overhangs can minimize summertime overheating. likewise, properly oriented solar equipment, be it a solar water heating panel or a photovoltaic electricity generating panel, will have optimum production and minimal negative impact. using natural winter heating and minimizing summer heat impacts reduces the size of heating and air conditioning equipment as well as the energy, traditional or photovoltaic, needed to provide energy to these systems. additionally, proper orientation allows for full benefit of the operation of electric solar panels and maximizing solar water heating operations. | proper building orientation also eases the integration of active solar equipment into the building form and shape, and mitigates the conflicts of solar installations contested in numerous subdivisions regulations. proper orientation with direct exposure to the south, is best for passive solar heating of building spaces as well as the operation of solar equipment ( water heaters, pv panels, cookers, pool panels, etc. ). slight adjustments to the east or west of south allow for earlier or later use of the sun ' s energy, or for mitigating it. form - it \u2019 s a right thing | solar buildings employ a form and shape that is responsive to the elements of nature that impact upon it, as well as the solar equipment that is part of the passive / active solar approach. elongated along the east west axis, an arizona building optimizes the southern exposure for good wintertime direct heating, while minimizing the east and west exposures which are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.513397183288028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.555242"} {"text": "as the solar equipment that is part of the passive / active solar approach. elongated along the east west axis, an arizona building optimizes the southern exposure for good wintertime direct heating, while minimizing the east and west exposures which are severely impacted negatively in the summer, especially in the arizona desert areas. good building form is also beneficial when it comes to integration of solar equipment. instead of unsightly racks, collector panels can be blended into the building architecture, and seem as seamless as a skylight or clerestory window. for this reason roof design is important re : slopes and orientations to the sun \u2019 s path. ( slide 28 ) equally important is the integration of passive solar strategies to building additions such as thermal chimneys to accelerate cross ventilation, cooling towers, and north facing clerestories which incorporate hot water and pv panels on their back sides. location - it \u2019 s the effective thing | location of a building and the placement of the spaces within are a critical passive element in optimizing the use of natural resources for comfort, and proper placement also optimizes integrated solar equipment by minimizing piping runs and complex plumbing and electrical transfers. 90 % of the winter sun \u2019 s energy is received at the earth \u2019 s surface between 9 a. m. and 3 p. m. so open and continued exposure is important for natural heating. habitable spaces that benefit from solar heating are best located on the south side of a building with support spaces ( garage, storerooms, etc. ) located to the perimeter and to the north side. in this way the sun can directly, or indirectly, provide it \u2019 s energy to warm the spaces which means less heating equipment. additionally, ancillary spaces located to the perimeter east and west sides provide a thermal barrier zone to the habitable spaces, thereby reducing the heating and cooling loads to an easily manageable level. proper orientation and spatial design allows for optimum use of the sun for providing thermal comfort in both winter and summer, and reduces the amount of heating and cooling equipment, as well as the energy required to run it. additionally, proper location can reduce the amount of solar equipment needed in a radiant floor system and / or for pv systems which provide power to air conditioning and heating machinery. | good location planning extends to the integration of solar equipment as a building component by reducing piping runs and the commensurate \u201c line losses \u201d, thereby allowing more of the solar heat captured in a water heating system to get to the storage and / or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47620747019133985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.556296"} {"text": "location planning extends to the integration of solar equipment as a building component by reducing piping runs and the commensurate \u201c line losses \u201d, thereby allowing more of the solar heat captured in a water heating system to get to the storage and / or use point. materials - it \u2019 s the smart thing : all solar heating and cooling systems are based on the ability to gather and store solar energy within a material for a period of time. this is accomplished by using a material which will hold heat until it is needed for heating, or capturing heat that will be dispelled at a later time. solar water heaters use water. solar buildings use their own structure - floors, walls, even roofs. of course, some materials are better for this purpose than others. glass, wood, and insulation are not good holders of heat. more dense materials like earthen materials ( adobe, stone, brick, etc ) and man - made materials like concrete are very good. this attribute is called thermal mass. heating application of thermal mass is to select material ( s ) that will absorb heat from solar exposure during the day, hold that heat for a time during non - solar periods, then give it up as conditions warrant. the same action can be incorporated for building cooling. as an area heats up, heat can be absorbed into the thermal mass material in the walls, floor or ceiling, like a thermal sponge, then held until evening time where effective cooling practices using cross ventilation, night sky radiation and even whole house mechanical ventilation ( remember - nighttime electricity rates are lower than daytime ). this action is based upon fundamental principles of thermal transfer. nature is always seeking to even out things so if there is a \u201c difference \u201d, there is a natural action which moves to make every thing the same or to even out. in the case of heat transfer, heat migrates to cold, so in a building, hot walls will radiate into cold spaces, and conversely, hot, summertime spaces will have their heat migrate to cooler walls. an analogy that has been used is one of 2 buckets of water - 1 full and one empty. if they are placed at an equal height, and there is a connection between the 2, below the water line of the first, water will flow to the second until there is an equal amount in the second where all action will stop because a balance has passive solar buildings utilize the very fabric of the building as part of the comfort system for heating and cooling, and the addition of active solar system for running naturally heated or cooled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.545254388210783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.557289"} {"text": "is an equal amount in the second where all action will stop because a balance has passive solar buildings utilize the very fabric of the building as part of the comfort system for heating and cooling, and the addition of active solar system for running naturally heated or cooled water to through a thermal mass wall, floor, or roof structure enhances the performance of the system by the additional thermal mass capacity and heat capture / transfer attributes of the windows - it \u2019 s the clear thing. one of the major design considerations affecting a building \u2019 s energy consumption is the location and size of windows. windows are the weakest point of the building envelope and usually the leakiest when it comes to energy, both in terms of losing heat in the winter, and gaining heat in the summer. a square foot of glass will lose 12 time more energy than a wood wall with insulation. as a rule, windows should be located primarily on the south side where they can be used as part of the heating system, as well as provide for natural lighting. that is the side where the sun is!. east and west sides of desert buildings should have minimal or no windows since these are the 2 worst exposures for early morning and late afternoon summer sun. east windows allow for early summer morning heat up and west windows allow for late afternoon negative impacts. solar windows should be sized in accordance with the heating and cooling performance of the building. typical oversizing to have the \u201c feel of the great outdoors \u201d is not an optimal situation when it comes to solar design. clerestorey windows are a design tool for getting sunlight benefits ( heating and lighting ) to areas not able to be located at the south face. clerestories also provide a mechanism for diffusing the direct impact of sunlight and moderating glare. additionally, operable clerestorey windows are a good device for house ventilation cooling in the summer. reverse clerestories, those opening to the north can be a benefit in desert conditions. facing north, they provide even natural light to interiors and their angled backs can be a perfect mounting structure and angle for solar equipment like photovoltaic and solar water heating panels. thermal decompression - it \u2019 s the healthy thing a building trying to maintain a comfortable internal temperature will always be in conflict with the temperatures adjacent to the exterior. heat always moves to cold - in the winter, interior warmth is moving toward the exterior cold. in the summer, the external heat is trying to move to the interior coolness. in both situations, the greater the difference in temperature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5165787903526142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.558275"} {"text": "to the exterior. heat always moves to cold - in the winter, interior warmth is moving toward the exterior cold. in the summer, the external heat is trying to move to the interior coolness. in both situations, the greater the difference in temperature between inside and outside conditions, the faster the movement of heat and the greater the amount of heat moved, and the more equipment is required to mitigate conditions. in temperate times when inside and outside are at or near the same temperatures, there is minimal movement and therefore minimal need for equipment. add to this the fact that sudden and abrupt changes in temperature are not positive to the human body which has to react rapidly to changed conditions, and good passive site planning of thermal decompression is important for not only comfort, but for health. thermal decompression simply means that there is layering of vegetation, landscape features, and built elements that gradually temper the environment to a point where the temperatures adjacent to the building are much closer to its internal temperature. this decompression approach establishes a condition where the difference between the internal temperature and the temperature on the building skin are much closer, so less heat is gained ( or lost ) and less mitigating equipment, and commensurate energy, is required. passive solar applications - it \u2019 s first thing natural lighting - | the sunlight received by a building will provide more than sufficient illumination to meet daily needs. use of day lighting is a passive solar application. the sun \u2019 s capacity to provide light, when integrated correctly in a building, means no need to use artificial lighting during the day, which means no energy used for those lights, which means no utility cost, except at night when the sun doesn \u2019 t shine. solar building design incorporates day lighting strategies of letting light into all spaces either directly with proper window placement, clerestories and even skylights, or indirectly with light reflecting color choices, light shelves, and transparent and translucent walls. this glazing has dual benefit - while providing for illumination, it can also provide for wintertime heating. good passive design then incorporates both attributes of sunlight - illumination and heating, and the building construction and finishes are used to capitalize on both. light colored surfaces and transparent / translucent interior panels for \u201c bouncing \u201d or directing sunlight for illumination, and dark, thermal mass surfaces for absorbing the sun \u2019 s rays for heating. multi - faceted and multi - applicable, day lighting design is an effective passive solar approach which has a direct impact on the building \u2019 s however, addition of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.582409413963658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.559317"} {"text": ", and dark, thermal mass surfaces for absorbing the sun \u2019 s rays for heating. multi - faceted and multi - applicable, day lighting design is an effective passive solar approach which has a direct impact on the building \u2019 s however, addition of a solar electricity generation system ( photovoltaics ) allows for the capture of daytime sunlight and its transformation into electricity, which can then be stored and used in the night. add to this the use of efficient fixtures and systems, and costs in both resources and dollars are further reduced. water heating - batch or integrated collector / storage ( ics ) system simply water in a tank within a container and exposed directly to the sun. this is the basis of batch / breadbox, systems which combine collection, heating, and storage of water into a single component. direct heating of the storage tank or tanks, makes this system compact, simple, and effective. these units are called a passive systems because they do not rely on equipment to make them function. when hot water is removed, it is replaced by an equal amount of \" new \" water. the \" batch \" approach has been used for quite some time and improvements in design have enhanced their effectiveness in increasing water heating capabilities. newer systems use a number of small - diameter connected storage tanks connected to expose more of the water surface to the sunlight, heating the water at a faster rate. in some cases reflectors are integrated, bouncing more of the sun ' s rays onto the water tank, and when the sun falls, the reflectors, made of highly insulating material, fold over the glazing to insulate the tank. some systems use evacuated glass tubes ( like a thermos bottle ) around the collector to keep heat loss to a minimum. thermosyphon systems. | hot water rises and cold water settles. this is because hot water is less dense than cold water due to its molecular \" excitement \" in being heated. in a typical water heater, colder water is at the bottom of a tank. when it is heated by the heating element or burner, it becomes less dense and rises to the top of the tank, while being replaced by cooler, settling water, which is, in turn heated, rises, etc.. this cycle is called a convective action. a thermosyphon solar water heating system incorporates natural convection to move fluid heated by the collector to a storage tank. in order to do this naturaly, the collector is located at some point below the storage storage tank. as the fluid at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5732612521262819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.561139"} {"text": "a thermosyphon solar water heating system incorporates natural convection to move fluid heated by the collector to a storage tank. in order to do this naturaly, the collector is located at some point below the storage storage tank. as the fluid at the bottom of the storage tank cools ( more dense ) it flows to the bottom of the collector where it is reheated making it rise back to the top of the storage tank. this process is continuous. as a result, thermosyphon systems do not need pumps and for that reason they are considered a passive system - that system that does not rely on equipment to make it function. | passive solar applications for heating and cooling a building mitigate expensive heating and cooling with conventional equipment driven by electricity and gas, and good passive design reduces the energy consumed and the allied cost of utility resources to maintain comfort. there are basic elements of passive energy buildings which use the form and materials to provide comfort. some of these are applicable to solar equipment design and use, even to the point where there is solar equipment which are passive in their operation - i. e. thermal energy flows in the system naturally. solar water heating is one type of equipment that can be a passive solar piece of equipment. a \u201c batch \u201d water heater and a thermosiphon water heater can be considered passive solar equipment - since they do not rely on out side energy source to make them function. of course, when talking about passive and active solar, optimum conditions and control occur best when these two are coupled. basics of passive applications are rooted in dealing with the sun ( exposure to and capture of the sun \u2019 s energy when we want heat ; protection from the sun when we want cooling ), the materials used ( for effective capture, storage, and use ), and natural processes of physics for both ). every passive system for solar heating, whether it is heating water, or heating a building, requires exposure to the sunlight and trapping it - this is done by glazing - windows for a building and glass covers for solar panels. every passive system is dependent upon materials which will absorb the sun \u2019 s heat, store a good quantity of it and easily distribute it. in a building, the effective material can be the structure itself, in the form of thermal mass. thermal mass is characterized by those dense materials like concrete and earthen materials, and also by an extremely good material - water. these materials can readily absorb solar radiation, hold its warmth, and easily and evenly give it up to adjacent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5416358508754977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.562199"} {"text": "of thermal mass. thermal mass is characterized by those dense materials like concrete and earthen materials, and also by an extremely good material - water. these materials can readily absorb solar radiation, hold its warmth, and easily and evenly give it up to adjacent spaces. | heat capture, storage and distribution follow a natural and predictable behavior. sunlight heats the surfaces it strikes. the amount of heat held within the material depends on the material composition - straw is a terrible holder, concrete is a better holder. when sunlight is no longer available the material gives its \u2019 captured heat to adjacent cooler conditions. generally there are 3 passive heating building concepts - direct gain, indirect gain and isolated gain these concepts have inherent within them cooling strategies and applications as well. direct gain - simply stated, sunlight comes directly through windows into the space to be heated. the building materials struck by the sunlight are thermal mass materials - concrete / tile floor, masonry walls, or even strategically placed containers of water. building windows act in exactly the same way as solar panel glazing - they let the sunlight ( short wave radiation ) in and inhibit heat ( long wave radiation ) from escape. direct gain design system is always working, letting in not only direct sunlight but also the diffuse light of cloudy days, and the intense light of summer. like any system, optimization is the goal - so the building eaves and overhangs become a designed - in optimizing element - summertime conditions, when heating is not required, are mitigated by keeping the sunlight off of the windows via the overhang, while in the winter, the sun is much lower in the sky and can easily skirt under the building \u2019 s brow. heating is quite simple in this approach - sunlight, absorbed by the thermal mass materials, solid and / or liquid, is stored as heat. when the space cools in the evening, the heat migrates to the cooling spaces directly ( radiation ) or by air movement across the surface of the material ( convection ). for this approach, a careful consideration of the site, solar energy availability, and seasonal conditions, are all necessary to determine the appropriate amount of windows and thermal mass. too many windows in an arizona desert setting will result in a human cooker ; too few windows in a rim setting will result in not enough capture. this system has worked effectively in arizona designs, as well as that sunniest of place of liverpool, england. for effective cooling, such as the desert setting, direct gain avoidance is the rule, but the thermal mass of the building can still", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5636994207433836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.563199"} {"text": "capture. this system has worked effectively in arizona designs, as well as that sunniest of place of liverpool, england. for effective cooling, such as the desert setting, direct gain avoidance is the rule, but the thermal mass of the building can still be used in the cooling cycle. the materials, by nature of their thermal mass attribute, remain cool ( or can be cooled during nighttime conditions - naturally by cross ventilation, or mechanical y by lowest cost energy driven fans ). this coolness allows their absorption of unwanted heat in the building - acting as a sort of thermal sponge, moving heat away from people and holding to the evening, where cross ventilation or even whole house fans can dispose of the captured heat. control of direct gain systems is done with the addition of movable insulation, either on the exterior or with interior blinds, and cross ventilation planning with placement of low wall vents on the cool side of the building, and high wall vents on the warm side of the building. indirect gain - indirect gain is an \u201c next step \u201d of a direct gain system. sunlight penetrates south facing windows, then strikes thermal mass located behind the window and between the sun and living space. there are basically three types of indirect gain systems, each defined by where the thermal mass is located. the three strategies are : thermal wall and plenum thermal wall and plenum - south facing windows front a thermal mass wall of masonry, and / or water, placed directly behind to create a vertical plenum or chase. the sun side of the thermal wall is typically dark to capture more of the solar spectrum. this mass absorbs, stores and distributes heat while acting as a buffer to the interior spaces, and moderates temperature changes and provides for extended use of thermal gain well into the evening. sunlight passes through the glass and converts to heat energy as it impacts the thermal mass and is absorbed, slowly saturating or moving through the mass until it radiates into the living space - the wall is a delayed action radiator. at the same time the air trapped between the windows and the mass heats up, and the addition of vents at the top and bottom of the wall allow for direct passive heating. warmed between the glass and the wall spills into the living space through the opened upper vent and since nature abhors a vacuum, cooler room area enters the plenum through the bottom vent, and is heated by the sun warmed wall, rises, spills into the room and is replaced by cooler air again, and this natural convection process", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5310571910935307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.564163"} {"text": "since nature abhors a vacuum, cooler room area enters the plenum through the bottom vent, and is heated by the sun warmed wall, rises, spills into the room and is replaced by cooler air again, and this natural convection process continues as long as there is sunlight. there are a number of examples of this application - the trombe wall which uses masonry, earthen materials like, and water like steve baer \u2019 s water barrel. variations in thermal mass wall materials vary from commercial water tubes to incorporation of stone. the baer barrel wall installation provides for optimizing the heating capabilities as well as cooling of the adjacent spaces with the addition of movable insulating panels. during winter conditions, insulating panels are moved to allow for solar access to heat the water barrels, then at night the insulating panels are raised to cover the glazing and the barrels radiate their warmth to the space. in the summer heat, the insulation is raised and the barrels, with their cool water, act as absorbers, pulling unwanted heat from the spaces. at nightfall, the insulation is lowered, and the barrels give up their stored heat to the exterior by radiation and convection. the water, now cooled, is ready to act as a cooling absorber the next day. sunspaces are a combination of direct gain and thermal wall systems, utilizing both approaches in tandem with a dedicated direct gain area ( sunspace ) adjacent ( fronting ) the living space, with a thermal wall placed between the two. the sunspace, has extensive south glazing and large daily fluctuations, while the adjacent living space is protected from these fluctuations by the thermal wall separating the spaces. vents or operable doors and windows in the thermal wall allow warmed sunspace heat to circulate to adjacent living spaces by natural convective actions during the day, and radiate the absorbed sunspace heat to the living spaces in the evening. an additional usable area, sunspaces are often used as solar greenhouses. temperature control is best achieved with operable venting windows and cross ventilation. sunspaces - green houses : thermal roof - the thermal roof approach places thermal mass on the roof rather than at a wall, and is very effective as both a passive heating and cooling strategy. the system is both a radiator and an absorber and replaces standard heating and cooling mechanical systems and the inherent ductwork distribution system. using water as thermal mass, roof ponds are constructed directly on top of heat conducting ceilings of metal pans or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5599870541911238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.565084"} {"text": "the system is both a radiator and an absorber and replaces standard heating and cooling mechanical systems and the inherent ductwork distribution system. using water as thermal mass, roof ponds are constructed directly on top of heat conducting ceilings of metal pans or metal decking so there is direct thermal transfer. movable insulation is placed above the ponds to facilitate better retention of heat in the winter and to prevent absorption of external heat in the summer. the operation is quite simple. during wintertime conditions, insulating panels are rolled or pivoted back, exposing water contained in uv inhibiting water beds to the sun. the ponds gather the sun \u2019 s warmth and at nightfall, the insulating panels are replaced to contain the gained heat and prevent loss to the cold night air. the heat stored in the bags, warms the supporting metal decking and the entire ceiling is a radiant ceiling throughout the cold winter night. the next morning, the insulating panels are removed when the sun appears and the cycle begins again. summer cooling is a reverse process. ponds, covered during the daytime heat, remain cool and act in concert with the supporting metal ceilings as a thermal sponge absorbing interior heat generated from people, equipment, and infiltration from the outside. at night, panels are removed and the ponds throw off their gathered heat to the night sky by means of radiation, convections, and if wet down, by evaporation. roof pond heating and cooling is optimized when all living spaces except the bathrooms and high water use areas are covered by the system. in areas that generate humidity, like a shower, the metal ceilings will tend to \u201c rain \u201d due to the temperature difference of steam vapors and cool metal. roof ponds, like harold hay \u2019 s skytherm system, have been designed and used in the hot climate of arizona and new mexico to the moderate temperatures of the california coast and even planned for the twin cities of minneapolis / st. paul. isolated gain - | this is basically an indirect system where solar collection for heating are isolated from the living spaces, and while the system functions independently, heating can be called for by simply opening some floor vents and letting the natural behavior of hot air rise through the spaces. the most common application of this approach is the convective loop. much like a thermosiphon water heater, heat transfer material of air or water, is moved across a collector panel system facing the sun, and circulated into a tank surrounded by rock ( water transfer system ) or a rock bin ( air transfer system )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5164811870057263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.566023"} {"text": "a thermosiphon water heater, heat transfer material of air or water, is moved across a collector panel system facing the sun, and circulated into a tank surrounded by rock ( water transfer system ) or a rock bin ( air transfer system ) in a continuous operating loop. natural thermosiphoning occurs when the collector is lower than the heat storage area which is usually located under the building. a hybrid of this system can include moving heated water or air through a radiant floor system where the masonry floor itself acts as the thermal mass storage. this variation can also use cool water to create a \u201c cool \u201d floor by running house supply water, or water from an adjacent pool, through a floor system. cool towers - | evaporative cooling systems which utilize gravity effect on dense, cooled air to drop and spill into living spaces. the system is comprised of wet cooler pads mounted high in an area which provides no obstructions to air movement, which comes into contact with the pads. the warm dry air contacting the wet pads, cool and becomes more dense and heavier and falls down the tower, usually positioned over or adjacent to a major living space. the falling cool air, spills into the living space, pushing warmer out at strategic venting areas. as the process continues, the cooler air ponds in the area, providing a cool environment in az. desert conditions. a variation to this system is the addition of a south facing thermal chimney to pull cool tower air through the house. located at an opposite location from the cool tower, the thermal chimney provides an escape vent for interior warm air, which moves more quickly as it get heated and is driven out. this rapid venting has a drawing effect on the cool tower air and it is distributed more extensively through the building. the solar chimney can be set up to become a recirculating air heater during winter conditions. natural cooling - there are three sources of undesirable heat - direct summer sun solar gains through windows and glazing ; heat transmission through the building envelope ; and internal heat produced by people, their activities, and their equipment. direct solar heat gain at windows and glazing can be easily controlled by shading the house - preventing the sun from reaching it ( except for good day lighting and operation of solar equipment ) and with external shading devices and vegetation as well as thermal insulating shutters. heat transmission conditions can be nullified by setting up layers of thermal decompression with vegetation, built structure like porches, and water features. while there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5531798065297928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.566949"} {"text": ") and with external shading devices and vegetation as well as thermal insulating shutters. heat transmission conditions can be nullified by setting up layers of thermal decompression with vegetation, built structure like porches, and water features. while there is not much that can be done to reduce natural heat production by people, equipment heat generation can be impacted by careful selection of energy efficient equipment and by good timing - do the laundry in the evening. use of the sun for food preparation is fun, energy saving, and saves money, both in the cooking operation, and in the cooling costs saved when the heat is taken out of the kitchen during the summer. a variety of cooking tools from box cookers to slat faced ovens are available - whether they be commercial products or hand built by the inspiring solar chef. passive solar energy has many faces and applications and an effective passive solar building incorporates many of these elements. natural processes and incorporation of building and site elements to provide for comfort as well as mitigation of untoward conditions are the hallmark of good passive design, and results in establishing a basis for reduction of equipment ( solar and otherwise ) for achieving comfort, and reduction of equipment purchase and operations costs. passive solar energy is direct, this presentation was constructed by the arizona solar energy association for the arizona solar center, inc. under contract with the arizona dept. of commerce energy office, funded by the dept. of energy million solar roofs program. materials and information were provided by a number of sources. financial support for this presentation has been provided by the arizona department of commerce ( energy office ) and the u. s. department of energy through ( doe ) grant no. de - fg51 - 01r021250. however, any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the energy office or u. s. doe. the state of arizona and u. s. doe assume no liability for damages arising from errors, omissions or representations contained in this presentation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5428311139918867, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.567826"} {"text": "books & music food & wine health & fitness hobbies & crafts home & garden news & politics religion & spirituality travel & culture tv & movies teaching children about money children with developmental disabilities benefit like their mainstream peers when they learn basic facts about money, spending and saving. early lessons about how money works helps build a sense of confidence and control in getting what they really want. when adults carried cash instead of credit cards and even when they wrote checks instead of using debit cards, children had many more opportunities to learn about money as they accompanied their parents around town. store clerks learned to count back change when shoppers relied on cash, and coins were involved in almost every transaction. during our present economic crisis, financial advisors are suggesting that adults use money instead of plastic so that we have a better way to estimate how much we have left to spend. we can also help our sons and daughters understand the limits of their income by working with real money ourselves. because many adults have stopped carrying cash and change, we may have to relearn better habits to protect money we carry from loss due to theft. something that is helpful for children as well as adults is to check receipts every time we leave a checkstand, to catch mistakes made by the electronic register as well as to model responsible behavior for our children. there are helpful money recognition and counting games that feature replicas of coins that are made of plastic or cardboard and do not feel like the real thing. something that my children enjoyed when they were learning about bills was to fold them so that visually impaired people could recognize the difference between a single one, a five and a twenty. they also enjoyed using photocopies of real bills with faces of people in the family in place of the presidents. substituting real coins can often be done more economically than buying the replicas, but children often know or soon realize that real coins have value outside the classroom. sometimes the feeling of change in their pockets or the sounds of coins jangling together make real coins irresistible. providing your child with a simple wallet and showing them where to store bills and coins, ids and pictures can help engage their interest, too. at home, it is helpful to use real coins so that children attach that real value to money when they want something at the store a parent does not buy. it is also helpful to have a play store at home, where a child can buy an item for five pennies or a nickel, or give up a dime to receive change. the concept of saving, borrowing and paying back money can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4794481259129142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.573350"} {"text": "buy. it is also helpful to have a play store at home, where a child can buy an item for five pennies or a nickel, or give up a dime to receive change. the concept of saving, borrowing and paying back money can be taught to children as they are learning the basic facts about money. allowing your children to carry coins and then borrowing a few while paying for groceries or parcels can be exciting for them. having a template of the coins that were in the pocket when you left home can help a child understand what coins need to be replaced when you pay them back at home. many children will memorize the template after a few weeks or months without prompting. something that may be difficult for children to understand is how one coin can be worth twenty five of another coin, and the satisfaction of having a small sack of pennies cannot be matched. the same can be true for dollar bills and a twenty. this makes it easy for vulnerable children and teens to be cheated. just as knowledge and training can increase a child ' s confidence, theft can create a sense of vulnerability and shame. it is important to explain that some people are so tempted by the value of money, they do not resist the urge to take what is not theirs. we need to teach our children that they must resist that urge themselves, and that anything borrowed must be repaid by the person who had the lapse in judgment. it is important not to label any child as a thief, but instead to describe the behavior as theft. children need to know that parents recognize their essential goodness no matter what their misbehavior may have been, and it sometimes helps to paint a multidimensional portrait of individuals who take what is not theirs. that being said, subtraction games can be played that feature sly animal puppets who take away objects we have already counted. teaching children about money at home presents opportunities their teachers may not have in the classroom. wonderful books that are useful in explaining basics to children are available for parents and teachers who prefer to benefit from the research and experience of veteran teachers and financial advisors. browse at your local bookstore, public library or online retailer for books like kumon - my first book of money - counting coins or dollars and cents, teaching math to people with down syndrome and other hands - on learners : basic survival skills - 2008, can i have some money? max gets it, or raising money smart kids : what they need to know about money and how to tell them teaching numeracy by sue buckley creative approaches to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4772789249465472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.574260"} {"text": "| risk factors the cerebellum is located in the lower part of the brain, towards the back. it plays a role in body movement, eye movement, and balance. a cerebellar stroke occurs when the brain \u2019 s blood supply to this area is interrupted. without oxygen and nutrients from blood, the brain tissue quickly dies. this results in the loss of certain functions. a is a serious condition. it requires emergency care. copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. there are two main types of stroke : an ischemic stroke ( more common ) is caused by a sudden decrease in blood flow to a region of the brain, which may be due to : - a clot that forms in another part of the body ( eg, heart or neck ) breaks off and blocks flow in a blood vessel supplying the brain ( embolus ) - a clot that forms in an artery that supplies blood to the brain ( thrombus ) - a tear in an artery supplying blood to the brain ( arterial dissection ) a hemorrhagic stroke is caused by a burst blood vessel that results in bleeding in the brain. risk factors that you can control or treat include : certain conditions, like : medicines ( eg, long - term use of birth control pills lifestyle factors, such as, physical inactivity, diet high in sodium risk factors you cannot control include : history of stroke,, or other type of cardiovascular disease transient ischemic attack ( tia ) \u2014 with a tia ( \u201c mini - stroke \u201d ), stroke symptoms often resolve within minutes. it may signal a very high risk of having a stroke in the future. - age : 60 or older - family members who have had a stroke - gender : males - race : black, asian, hispanic - blood disorder that increases clotting symptoms of a cerebellar stroke come on suddenly and may include : - uncoordinated movements of the limbs or trunk ( ataxia ) - difficulty walking, including problems with balance - abnormal reflexes - vertigo ( feeling of spinning or whirling when you are not moving ) - nausea and vomiting - intense headache - speech problems ( eg, slurred speech ) and difficulty swallowing - problems sensing pain and temperature - problems with vision ( eg, eyes move rapidly, difficulty controlling eye movement ) - problems with eyes ( eg, small pupil, droopy eyelid ) - loss of consciousness if you or someone you know has any of these symptoms, right away. a stroke needs to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4862611184473279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.581607"} {"text": ", eyes move rapidly, difficulty controlling eye movement ) - problems with eyes ( eg, small pupil, droopy eyelid ) - loss of consciousness if you or someone you know has any of these symptoms, right away. a stroke needs to be treated as soon as possible. brain tissue dies quickly. the doctor will make a diagnosis as quickly as possible so that you will be able to get the proper treatment. tests may include : \u2014 a type of x - ray that uses a computer to make pictures of the brain - ct angiogram \u2014 a type of ct scan that evaluates blood vessels in the brain and / or neck \u2014 a test that uses magnetic waves to make pictures of the brain - mra \u2014 a type of mri scan that looks at blood vessels in the brain and / or neck heart function tests ( eg, \u2014 a test that uses sound waves to examine blood vessels - blood tests - kidney function tests - tests to check your ability to swallow immediate treatment is needed to : - dissolve a clot ( for ischemic stroke ) - stop bleeding ( for hemorrhagic stroke ) for an ischemic stroke, the doctor may give medicines to : - dissolve clots and / or prevent new ones from forming - thin blood - control blood pressure - reduce brain swelling - treat an irregular heart rate for a hemorrhagic stroke, the doctor may give medicines to : - work against any blood - thinning drugs you may regularly take - reduce how your brain reacts to bleeding - control blood pressure for an ischemic stroke, the doctor may do surgery to : for a hemorrhagic stroke, the doctor may : remove a piece of the skull to relieve pressure on the brain ( - place a clip or a tiny coil in an aneurysm to stop it from bleeding a rehabilitation program focuses on : - physical therapy \u2014 to regain as much movement as possible - occupational therapy \u2014 to assist in everyday tasks and self - care - speech therapy \u2014 to improve swallowing and speech challenges psychological therapy \u2014 to improve mood and decrease to help reduce your chance of having a stroke, take the following steps : that includes fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and fish. - maintain a healthy weight. if you drink, drink only in moderation ( 1 - 2 drinks per day ). if you smoke, - if you have a chronic condition, like high blood pressure or diabetes, get proper treatment. if you are at risk for having a stroke, talk to your doctor about taking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4905636950826039, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.582861"} {"text": "punctuated equilibrium and molecular clocks? dr. peter gegenheimer pgegen at ukans. nolospamare. edu fri sep 4 18 : 37 : 39 est 1998 on wed, 2 sep 1998 15 : 16 : 45, johnjoe mcfadden < j. mcfadden at surrey. ac. uk > wrote : > punctuated equilibrium and molecular clocks? > the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis of gould and eldridge, in which > evolution is proposed to go through long periods of stasis interspersed > with bursts of rapid evolution, is of course related to the fossil > record. however, periods of rapid evolution should also leave their > trace in molecular clocks. > does the phylogenetic analysis of protein gene sequences suggest that > their evolution has in some cases been episodic? i guess the evidence, > if it existed, would come from comparison of sequence divergence of a > protein like globin with a molecular clock sequence ( e. g. ribosomal rna ) > for the same group of species. is their any evidence that over > geological periods of time ( measured by the clock sequence ) the protein > undergoes episodic bouts of evolution? punctuated equilibrium is almost certainly driven by large - scale genome and chromosome rearrangements which will not be reflected in the sequences of individual genes. rather, it is the organization & spatial / temporal patterns of gene expression which vary, driven perhaps by the relocation of epigeneitc regulation ( e. g. dna methylation or protein binding ). as you can see, this is the hard - core mcclintock line, and i think it will prove to be right. sequences of core enzymes, such as rrna ( the catalytic component of the ribosome ), cannot vary greatly over time without losing function. sequences involved in developmental regulation and external form of an organism can vary | dr. peter gegenheimer | vox : 785 - 864 - 3939 fax : 785 - 864 - 5321 | | molecular biosciences | pgegen at ukans. edu | | ecol & evol biology | http : / / rnaworld. bio. ukans. edu / | | | | | university of kansas | | | 2045 haworth hall | \" the sleep of reason produces | | lawrence ks 66045 - 2106 | monsters. \" goya | more information about the mol - evol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5462475826017694, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.585091"} {"text": "women who live in neighborhoods lacking in close ties are more likely to have coronary artery calcification, a key marker for underlying heart disease, than those who live in more socially cohesive neighborhoods, according to a study led by harvard school of public health ( hsph ) researcher daniel kim. women who lived in the most economically deprived neighborhoods had more than double the odds of underlying heart disease. the study was published online last month in the american journal of epidemiology. men appeared to be less affected by their social environments, with only those living in the poorest neighborhoods showing an impact. the study adds to the growing body of evidence that the physical and social environments in which people live and work can play a big role in health. the researchers examined health data from nearly 3, 000 women and men aged 32 to 50 participating in the coronary artery risk development in young adults ( cardia ) study and living in four united states urban areas : birmingham, alabama ; chicago ; minneapolis ; and oakland, calif. they found heart artery calcification in about 11 percent of the women and 29 percent of the men. perceived neighborhood cohesion was based on a survey in which study participants were asked to rate how well their neighbors get along and trust one another. also taken into account in the study were census data on income, education, and occupation grouped at the neighborhood level. \u201c this is the first study to look at the relations between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and low social cohesion with coronary calcification in the united states, \u201d said kim. \u201c our findings are striking in that they show that these neighborhood factors can predict underlying heart disease in people without symptoms, as early as middle age. \u201d according to the researchers, social cohesion, defined as strong, trusting relationships between neighbors, can improve people \u2019 s health by lowering stress and depression, fostering the sharing and reinforcing of healthy behaviors, and strengthening a neighborhood \u2019 s effectiveness in advocating for improvements in local services. weak social cohesion took a toll on women \u2019 s health in both rich and poor neighborhoods, which may be related to women spending more time in their neighborhoods than men due to domestic roles such as raising a child and household chores, magnifying their exposures to any neighborhood hazards, according to the study. \u201c if these neighborhood effects are in fact present, \u201d said kim, \u201c interventions and policies to reduce the gaps in neighborhood social and economic conditions may be powerful ways to address the higher risks of heart disease and other conditions such as obesity that those living in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49462517634334563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.588097"} {"text": "our planet has reached a staggering milestone : on october 31, 2011, the world population reached 7 billion people eking out a living. by the end of the century, it \u2019 ll top 10 billion. unsustainable human population growth and overconsumption are the root causes of environmental destruction. they \u2019 re driving species extinct, destroying wildlife habitat, and undermining the basic needs of all life at an unprecedented rate. it has to stop. that \u2019 s why the center for biological diversity has launched an ambitious new national campaign, 7 billion and counting. and we need your help. by hosting and attending local events, handing out endangered species condoms, writing letters to the editor and taking this discussion online, you can play an important role in highlighting the connection between unsustainable human population, overconsumption and the extinction of plants and animals around the globe. we \u2019 re also giving you a way to understand this global crisis at a local level. our new interactive map quickly shows which endangered species live where you do \u2014 and are threatened by the effects of unsustainable human population. so take action today to speak out about 7 billion, watch our video ad that \u2019 s reaching more than a million people a day in new york city \u2019 s times square, and then sign up for pop x, our monthly e - newsletter on population and the species extinction crisis. the world \u2019 s human population has doubled since 1970 and shows no signs of letting up. after hitting a harrowing 7 billion people in october 2011, it has continued to skyrocket \u2014 and will do so for the rest of the century. our planet is in the midst of its sixth mass extinction. hundreds of plant and animal species are disappearing from our planet every day, never to return. in fact, scientists say species today are going extinct 1, 000 to 10, 000 times faster than normal. they \u2019 re going extinct because of us \u2014 people. we \u2019 ve already witnessed the devastating effects of unsustainable human population growth on biodiversity : species abundant in north america just two centuries ago \u2014 from the woodland bison of west virginia and arizona \u2019 s merriam \u2019 s elk to the rocky mountain grasshopper and puerto rico \u2019 s culebra parrot \u2014 have been wiped out by growing human numbers. the center for biological diversity is the world \u2019 s only environmental group working full - time to raise awareness about the link between booming human population growth and wildlife extinctions happening around the world. in 2010, the center \u2014 working through a network of more than 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.439331367464582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.590944"} {"text": "researchers identify enzyme involved in deadly brain tumors one of the most common types of brain tumors in adults, glioblastoma multiforme, is one of the most devastating. even with recent advances in surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, the aggressive and invasive tumors become resistant to treatment, and median survival of patients is only about 15 months. in a study published in neuro - oncology, researchers at mayo clinic identify an important association between the naturally occurring enzyme kallikrein 6, also known as klk6, and the malignant tumors. \" our study of kallikrein 6 showed that higher levels of this enzyme in the tumor are negatively associated with patient survival, and that the enzyme functions by promoting the survival of tumor cells, \" says senior author isobel scarisbrick, ph. d., of mayo clinic ' s department of physical medicine and rehabilitation. the findings introduce a new avenue for potential treatment of deadly glioblastomas : targeting the function of klk6. the tumor cells became more susceptible to treatment when researchers blocked the receptors where the klk6 enzyme can dock and initiate the survival signal. researchers looked at 60 samples of grade iv astrocytomas \u2014 also known at this stage as glioblastomas \u2014 as well as less aggressive grade iii astrocytomas. they found the highest levels of klk6 were present in the most severe grade iv tumors. looking at the tumor samples, researchers found higher levels of klk6 associated with shorter patient survival. those with the highest levels lived 276 days, and those with lower levels lived 408 days. \" this suggests that the level of klk6 in the tumor provides a prognosticator of patient survival, \" dr. scarisbrick says. the group also investigated the mechanism of the enzyme to determine whether it plays a significant role in tumor growth. researchers also found glioblastoma cells treated in a petri dish with klk6 become resistant to radiation and chemotherapy treatment. \" our results show that klk6 functions like a hormone, activating a signaling cascade within the cell that promotes tumor cell survival, \" dr. scarisbrick says. \" the higher the level of the enzyme, the more resistant the tumors are to conventional therapies. \" the study is the latest step in dr. scarisbrick ' s investigations of klk6 in nervous system cells known as astrocytes. glioblastomas arise from astrocytes that have grown out of control. her lab has shown that klk6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4839671364610507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.595388"} {"text": "the \u201c garden of manitoba \u201d is the term that has often been used to describe the region between the souris river and the turtle mountains in which boissevain and morton municipality are located. eons ago, as the lake souris glacier retreated northward it left behind a sand loam which is well suited to dry land type farming. sometime in the late 1500s, long after the glacier had receded, the first inhabitants of the area were the assiniboine first nation tribe. their habitation has been documented by the many artifacts discovered in this area in recent years. the first white explorers arrived in 1738 and alexander henry ( 1806 ). the arrival of these explorers ultimately led to the further exploration and investigation of this region. between 1873 and 1875 the boundary commission marked the international boundary. the trail they made was followed by a trickle of settlers coming west from ontario who were looking for good land, good water and wood. in 1881 the first of several parties from britain arrived in the area, not waiting for the railroad which was slowly extended to boissevain by 1885. originally called cherry creek, the name was changed in 1889 to boissevain in honour of the dutch financier adolphe boissevain whose banking firm introduced cpr shares for sale in europe to increase the speed of the building of the railway. the motto on the boissevain family crest now adopted by the town reads \u201c no fear of the future nor regrets of the past \u201d. boissevain was incorparted as a town in 1906. the rural area around boissevain is called morton municipality. it took its name from an early settler, george morton. he was an energetic entrepreneur who built a store and grain warehouse in the area, which were only two of his many business ventures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40496409077680984, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.597396"} {"text": "quiz : first marking period ( through page 14 ) | name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. why does melinda buy her lunch on her first day of school? a ) she has plenty of money. b ) so she can first see what is fashionable in what one brings for lunch. c ) because she wants to stand in line next to a boy. d ) her mother had not gone to the grocery store the day before. 2. how does melinda get her potatoes and gravy on her blouse? a ) a basketball player bumps into her. b ) she trips on a girl ' s backpack. c ) the person next to her in line flips her plate onto her. d ) she trips over a blind boy ' s cane. 3. to what does the art teacher welcome... this section contains 364 words | ( approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43853930463900803, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.598619"} {"text": "an outline for the research of specific archaeological sites formulated by professor martha sharp joukowsky center for old world archaeology and art this is a guide that students in professor joukowsky ' s classes use when completing site abstract - term papers. site abstract - term paper select a site or wait for the site lottery and research it using the original excavation report ( s ), and write a site abstract - term paper that includes a paragraph on each section below represented with capital letters ( these should provide you with a guide for the logical development of the report ). this is to be a typewritten paper ; the body is to be 4 - 9 pages in length. the \" harvard system \" of in - text references is to be used, i. e., \" joukowsky ( 196245 ) states that there was... \" ; footnotes are to be descriptive. the purpose of this research is to allow you to choose a specific site of interest and explore it in depth, using original archaeological site reports as part of your analysis. be sure you cover the earliest report on the site, the most important work on it, and the latest book or article on it. an indispensable technique in archaeology is to be able to analyze sometimes verbose and confused reports, to extract the facts and to be able to organize them succinctly. write up the results of your research using the form below as a guide. if you have any questions call martha joukowsky - site name and location - name of country, nearest modern township and local name of the site - environmental description - historical background - discovery ( who discovered the site and when ) - excavation aims and purposes - reasons for excavation - goals of the project - statement of archaeological problems resolved through excavation - sponsoring institution ( s ) and name of the director ( s ) - dates when work was carried out - area and extent of work - specialist studies and analysis - artifact studies - what was found ( synopsis of strata ) - summary and synthesis of stratified cultural levels and assemblages ; occupation levels and / or structures that relate to each ; dates and periods of cultural levels, if possible. mention how the dating of various levels was confirmed. - artifact range and variations - interpretation and conclusions - cultural connections with other sites ( parallels with similar or dissimilar cultures ). what does the site bring to our knowledge of the area? - cultural context and ideas the site represents, i. e., your subjective analysis of the remains - - this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.504096568357126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.602579"} {"text": "the federal civil service in ottawa, ontario, canada during the 1800 ' s may 4, 2005 : beginning in 1867, with confederation, a large number of civil servants arrived in ottawa from each of the new provinces. in the early days government was small. the largest departments reflected the priorities of the day - - agriculture, post office, customs and excise. archibald lampman, poet, worked in the post office department. there was an early department of finance ( 1867 ) but it was only involved in accounting functions. there were no economists until the 1920 ' s. the federal income tax was instituted in 1917 as only a temporary measure. they ' ll probably be abolishing it soon. when i first started working in the department of finance ( for 30 + years ), we were located in the confederation building. prior to that time, the building housed the department of agriculture. the post office building was located at confederation square, across from the east photo source : james ballantyne collection, library and archives canada view across rideau canal locks to sappers bridge and ottawa post office, 1903 reference number : pa - 133655 ( copy negative number ) the railway tracks shown in the photo are located between the locks and the chateau laurier hotel. i believe that it was built by j. r. booth. it crossed the ottawa river and ran as far north as maniwaki, quebec. may 8, 2005 : geological survey of canada charles smith would like to contact francis mcdermott who is a descendant of michael mcdermott who was an early surveyor in the bytown area. the reason for my interest is that i have transcribed the 1845 ottawa river journal of sir william e. logan, founder of the geological survey of canada. logan spent several days in bytown, and he refers to michael mcdermott, the provincial land surveyor in bytown. perhaps francis mcdermott has an interest in these ( limited! ) comments. no, logan did not come to ottawa at the time of confederation. he lived in montreal. in 1845, the geological survey ( gsc ) was based there. the capital of canada was then in kingston. the geological survey moved to ottawa in 1881, and it was located at the corner of sussex drive and george street. a historic sites and monument plaque now marks the site. the gsc moved to the victoria museum building in 1910. the gsc moved to booth street in 1959, where it is now located. to jog your memory, mount logan in the yukon was later named after him. perhaps you remember", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3862104755551201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.611525"} {"text": "site. the gsc moved to the victoria museum building in 1910. the gsc moved to booth street in 1959, where it is now located. to jog your memory, mount logan in the yukon was later named after him. perhaps you remember the recent fuss about changing the name of mount logan to mount pierre thank you again. july 20, 2005 : e - mail firstname. lastname @ example. org ( new e - mail address... al ) april 23, 2006 : alexander jeffrey cambie and his wife elizabeth poston came from quebec city. he worked in the department of agriculture and was a member of the civil service masonic lodge ( see link below, dated july 1, 2009 ). january 29, 2008 : denise dufour is researching her grandfather, georges blanchard, who worked at l \u2019 imprimerie d \u2019 ottawa, c. 1930. printing services for the federal government have been a combination of contracting out and in - house printing since confederation. i remember hearing a lot about \" pp and s \" around the kitchen table in the 1950 ' s. \" pp and s \" stood for \" public printing and stationery \" as the printing agency was then july 1, 2009 : i am the secretary of civil service masonic lodge in ottawa and i have been researching our the first meeting of civil service lodge in ottawa was held on november 14, 1865. originally, all members of our lodge were required to be civil servants, thus the origin of our name. a history of our lodge can be found at http : / / www. civilservicelodge. ca under lodge history / renowned members. here is an excerpt of names of worshipful masters of the civil service lodge, between 1861 and 1900, as posted on our web site : civil service lodge no. 148 af & am names for search engine : rowan, hayden, spink, munro, remon, cambie, mclean, walsh, blyth, coutlee, rogers, cassels, maingy, campbell, boardman, blair, roper, macdonnell, saunders, harris, learoyd, scott, garrett. january 15, 2010 : the federal government property known as the experimental farm, forms a major part of the greenbelt which surrounds the city of ottawa. photo source : our times, a pictorial memoir of ottawa, page 105 august 10, 2010 : photo source : national capital region heritage, page 138 the langevin block, wellington street and elgin street designed by thomas fuller for many decades, this building housed the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44939604807165046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.612522"} {"text": "june 01, 2008 the heart of fathering by steve dennis ( lds life, june 2008 ) the idea for a special day to honor fathers began in spokane, washington in 1909 as sonora smart dodd was listening to a mother ' s day sermon. having been raised by her father, after her mother died, sonora wanted to acknowledge his selfless sacrifice and courage. sonora ' s father was born in june, so she chose to hold the first father ' s day celebration in 1910. the observance of father ' s day grew and in1972, president richard nixon established a permanent national observance of father ' s day to be held on the third sunday of june. nearly a century later, fatherhood has become both something to celebrate and a significant social concern. today more than perhaps at any other time in history there are many absent fathers. nearly one third of children in united states are born to an unwed mother where often there is little commitment or involvement on the part of the father. research has shown that fatherless children are more likely to drop out of high school, run away from home, abuse alcohol and other drugs, become pregnant as teens, and engage in delinquency and crime. furthermore, the rates of poverty are significantly higher for single - parent families - - most of which are headed by mothers. while there are more absent fathers than ever before, there are also many nurturing and involved fathers. the rise in dual earner families and the loosening of gender roles have made fathering a hands - on activity that requires more than economic support and distant parenting. protecting, feeding, playing, reading, comforting, bathing, clothing, correcting, empathizing, teaching, loving and supporting may all be part of family life for the involved dad. in fact, some may wonder if gender roles have become so blurred or similar that the distinct contributions of mothers and fathers have been diminished. in some settings, even the terms \" mother \" and \" father \" have fallen into disfavor because they are said to perpetuate gender discrimination. \" parent \" is often the preferred term. still, the family : a proclamation to the world makes it clear that \" gender is an essential characteristic of individual, premortal, mortal, and eternal identify and purpose. \" it further states, \" by divine design, fathers are to preside over their families in love and righteousness and are responsible to provide the necessities of life and protection for their families. mothers are primarily responsible for the nurture of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4764592350294757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.619116"} {"text": ". \" it further states, \" by divine design, fathers are to preside over their families in love and righteousness and are responsible to provide the necessities of life and protection for their families. mothers are primarily responsible for the nurture of their children. and these sacred responsibilities, fathers and mothers are obliged to help one another as equal partners. \" while some of the gender differences between males and females are certainly cultural constructions others are divine and part of god ' s great plan. children benefit from the complementary roles of mothers and fathers. each makes unique contributions. research indicates fathers contribute significantly to a child ' s school achievement, identity formation, self - esteem, and development of appropriate limits and boundaries. of course, for a variety of reasons, a father or mother may not be present. in such circumstances, we simply do our best to surround our children with positive and caring role models and trust in the lord. being a father is both a joyful and solemn responsibility that extends into eternity. it requires sacrifice and service. it results in heartache and happiness. but with an open heart and practice we can improve. here are seven ways to be a better dad. - nurture the relationship with your wife. it will have payoffs for your children. the apostle paul wrote, \" husbands, love your wives, even as christ also loved the church \" ( ephesians 5 : 25 ). research indicates that fathers who feel good about the relationship with their wife are more involved with their children. during times of martial stress, fathers tend to withdraw from their children. - protect your children. children need protection from physical hazards and natural disasters, and more. moral dangers abound on the internet, television and throughout our society. parents must be vigilant. start by keeping your computer and television out of private spaces such as bedrooms. like captain moroni, we must protect ours homes from the enemies of the family. his preparation included, \" heaps of earth \" \" high timbers \", and \" watch towers \". in an electronic age, our preparations and watchfulness will be different, but must be every bit as diligent. - provide for your children. this includes economic sustenance, but also much more. provide emotional support. provide opportunities for growth and learning. provide occasions of excitement and energy, but also times of peace and solace. give liberally of your time. elder neal a. maxwell has said, \" the vital transfer of spiritual power and responsibility to the rising generation seldom occurs when fathers are too", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4663299382031032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.620269"} {"text": "provide occasions of excitement and energy, but also times of peace and solace. give liberally of your time. elder neal a. maxwell has said, \" the vital transfer of spiritual power and responsibility to the rising generation seldom occurs when fathers are too busy for such blessings... \" ( ensign, 1985, 8 ). - be intentional in the creation of family routines and traditions. routines and traditions develop unity, create expectations, and convey values. the stability and predictability they provide help children internalize values, develop self - confidence, and behave appropriately. family home evening, scripture study, daily prayer, bedtime routines, reading together, playing together, vacations, dinnertime discussions, family councils, family walks or bike rides, gardening and on and on can all become regular routines or treasured traditions. - preside with love and compassion. as the spiritual leader in the home, call your family together for prayer, initiate family scripture reading, personal interviews, or family councils. be anxiously engaged in the governance of your home and family, but never domineering. preside in council and full partnership with your wife and create ample opportunities for choice among all family members. providing children with choices helps them develop personal responsibility and commitment. coercion or forceful approaches may result in compliance, but rarely cultivate the change of heart necessary for children internalize behavior and develop a love of truth and respect for parents. - participate actively in the breadth and depth of parenting. play with your children, but do more. learn about the development of children in general and your child in particular. brigham young advised parents to \" study their [ children ' s ] dispositions and their temperaments, and deal with them accordingly \" ( jd 19 : 221 ). prepare yourself and take part in the full range of parenting responsibilities. elder m. russell ballard counseled, \" on a day - to - day basis, fathers can and should help with the essential nurturing and bonding associated with feeding, playing, storytelling, loving, and all the rest of the activities that make up family life. \" ( byu devotional, 19 august 2003 ) - teach and discipline with encouragement and tenderness. fathering is more than entertaining or having fun with our children. elder dallin h. oaks warned, \" i believe many of us are overnourished on the entertainment junk food and undernourished on the bread of life. \" ( ensign, may 2001, 82 ). fathers must actively teach children life skills, gospel principles, and secular knowledge. en", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4574401513290506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.621371"} {"text": "many of us are overnourished on the entertainment junk food and undernourished on the bread of life. \" ( ensign, may 2001, 82 ). fathers must actively teach children life skills, gospel principles, and secular knowledge. enos recorded of his father that, \" he was a just man - for he taught me in his language, and also in the nurture and admonition of the lord. \" he obviously respected the words of his father for he further wrote \" i went to hunt beasts in the forests ; and the words which i had often heard my father speak concerning eternal life, and the joy of the saints, sunk deep into my heart. \" ( see enos 1 : 1 - 3 ). likewise, lehi set high expectations and encouraged his sons even when they murmured against him. to lamam he said, \" o that thou mightest be like unto this river, continually running into the fountain of all righteousness! \" and to lemuel he encouraged, \" be like unto this valley, firm and steadfast, and immovable in keeping the commandments of the lord! \" ( see 1 nephi 2 : 9 - 10 ). though our efforts may not be immediate, teaching with tenderness and love is never in vain. fathers, view your awesome responsibility with a long term lens. in a very real sense we are not only parenting our children, but we are setting the foundation for generations to come. each of our lives have been shaped by individuals long deceased. so too are we establishing the patterns of living that will influence our grandchildren and great - grandchildren to come. president gordon b. hinckley reminded us, \" all that you have of body and mind will be transmitted through you to the generations yet to come, and it is so important, so everlastingly important, my brothers and sisters, that you do not become a weak link in that chain of your generations. \" ( regional conference, oahu, hawaii, 23 january 2000. ) may the hearts of the fathers be turned to their children so in time the hearts of the children may be turned to god. steve dennis is a member of the faculty in the department of home and family at brigham young university - idaho", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4643676426949817, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.622481"} {"text": "we have seen that the grand disparity that was believed to exist between the way nature works here on earth and in the heavens is not valid. the question remains, however, can we learn everything we need to know by investigating phenomena here on earth and extending that result to the universe at large? the answer must be no for the following reasons : 1 ) who would have thought to look for a law of universal gravitation without the precise measurements and detailed analysis of brahe and kepler? cavendish ' s laboratory measurement of g was done in response to interpret results obtained for the solar system. 2 ) even if someone would have used the cavendish apparatus to map out the gravitational force between two bodies, independently of knowing kepler ' s results, would we be able to infer a complete understanding of celestial motion? no. we know newton ' s law of universal gravitation is for example, there are certain aspects of mercury ' s motion that can not be explained using the newtonian form. the correct explanation of mercury ' s orbital motion requires general relativity. in fact, general relativity predicts that the path of a beam of light will be bent in a gravitational field. this effect is too feeble to see in a lab on earth. it was first observed by starlight being bent near the disk of the sun in a solar eclipse. 3 ) if we consider then the solar system to be our laboratory, is that a big enough laboratory to establish all that could be known? the answer to this must be no too. in the 20th century, since zwicky in the 1930 ' s, it is known that either the gravitational force deviates from newtonian gravity at large distances, or that there is substantial dark matter in and between galaxies. the density of dark matter is so low that it has an imperceptible effect on small scale motions, like that in the solar system. the data seem to favor the existence of some very large amount of unknown, maybe even exotic ( is this the new celestial matter? ) type of matter. 4 ) is the galaxy large enough as a laboratory to pin down all the laws of nature? this seems to require a negative answer as well. there are structures that encompass groups of galaxies, and the non isotropy of the cosmic background radiation is a pattern on an extremely large scale. we have also seen that the luminosity vs distance plot for supernovae ( sne1a ) suggest that the universe is accelerating in its expansion. this was the discussion about \" dark energy \" or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5744940963593516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.628925"} {"text": "| american seismologist in hamilton, ohio, richter was educated at the university of southern california, stanford, and the california institute of technology, where he obtained his phd in 1928. he worked for the carnegie institute ( 1927 - 36 ) before being appointed to the staff of the california institute of technology. he became professor of seismology there in 1952. developed his scale to measure the strength of earthquakes in 1935. earlier scales had been developed by de rossi in the 1880s and by giuseppe mercalli in 1902 but both used a descriptive scale defined in terms of damage to buildings and the behavior and response of the population. this restricted their use to the measurement of earthquakes in populated areas and made the scales relative to the type of building techniques and materials used. scale is an absolute one, based on the amplitude of the waves produced by the earthquake. he defined the magnitude of an earthquake as the logarithm to the base 10 of the maximum amplitude of the waves, measured in microns. this means that waves whose amplitudes differ by a factor of 100 will differ by 2 points on the richter scale. with beno gutenberg he tried to convert the points on his scale into energy released. in 1956 they showed that magnitude 0 corresponds to about 1011 ergs ( 104 joules ), while magnitude 9 equals 1024 ergs ( 1017 joules ). a one unit increase will mean about 30 times more energy being released. the strongest earthquake so far recorded had a richter - scale value of 8. 6. in 1954 richter and gutenberg produced one of the basic textbooks on seismology, seismicity of the earth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48827222525840325, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.633313"} {"text": "are the gospels myth? carl olson so, are the four gospels \" myth \"? can they be trusted as historical records? there are no firsthand testimonies to caesar ' s having crossed the rubicon ( wherever it was ). caesar himself makes no mention in his memoirs of crossing any river. four historians belonging to the next two or three generations do mention a rubicon river, and claim that caesar crossed it. they are : velleius paterculus ( c. 19 b. c. \u2013 c. a. d. 30 ) ; plutarch ( c. a. d. 46 - 120 ) ; suetonius ( 75 - 160 ) ; and appian ( second century ). all of these evidently depended on the one published eyewitness account, that of asinius pollio ( 76 b. c. - c. a. d. 4 ) which account has disappeared without a trace. no manuscript copies for any of these secondary sources is to be found earlier than several hundred years after their composition. ( the evangelical quarterly 58, 319 - 336 ) merkley observed that those skeptics who either scoff at the historical reliability of the gospels or reject them outright as \" myth \" do so without much, if any, regard for the nature of history in general and the contents of matthew, mark, luke, and john in particular. so, are the four gospels \" myth \"? can they be trusted as historical records? if christianity is about \" having faith, \" do such questions really matter? the latter question is, i hope, easy to answer : yes, it obviously matters very much if the narratives and discourses recorded by the four evangelists are about real people and historical events. pope benedict xvi, in his book jesus of nazareth, offers this succinct explanation : for it is of the very essence of biblical faith to be about real historical events. it does not tell stories symbolizing suprahistorical truths, but is based on history, history that took place here on this earth. the factum historum ( historical fact ) is not an interchangeable symbolic cipher for biblical faith, but the foundation on which it stands : et incarnates est \u2014 when we say these words, we acknowledge god ' s actual entry into real history. ( jesus of nazareth, xv ) christianity, more than any other religion, is rooted in history and makes strong \u2014 even shocking \u2014 claims about historical events, most notably that god became man and dwelt among us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41057645811628196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.647893"} {"text": "actual entry into real history. ( jesus of nazareth, xv ) christianity, more than any other religion, is rooted in history and makes strong \u2014 even shocking \u2014 claims about historical events, most notably that god became man and dwelt among us. of course, some christians of a less - than - orthodox persuasion are content to discard large chunks of the gospels as unnecessary ( or even \" offensive \" ) or to interpret as \" mythological \" or \" metaphorical \" nearly each and every event and belief described therein. but such is not the belief of the catholic church ( or of the eastern orthodox churches and most conservative protestants ). as the catechism of the catholic church flatly states : \" belief in the true incarnation of the son of god is the distinctive sign of christian faith \" ( ccc 463 ). it is, ultimately, this distinctive sign \u2014 the conviction that jesus of nazareth was and is truly god and man \u2014 that is the focal point of attacks on the historical credibility of the gospels and the new testament. over the past few centuries many historians and theologians have sought to uncover the \" historical jesus \" and to peel away the many layers of what they believed were legend and theological accretion. many abandoned hope that any historical ( never mind theological ) fact could be extracted from the gospels. there were many complex reasons for this state of affairs, one of them being the enlightenment - era doctrine that purely scientific, objective history could not only be found, but was necessary. empirical data became for many scholars \u2014 men such as isaac newton, francis bacon, and rene descartes \u2014 the key to all scholarship, including the study of history. it became the accepted wisdom that supernatural or miraculous elements could not be considered scientific and truly historical and that they had to be rejected. anything outside the realm of empirical data was liable to be labeled \" myth \" and \" legend. \" fast - forward to our day. the results of this approach are all around us, both in the scholarly and popular realm. not long ago, a young filmmaker named brian flemming produced a documentary titled the god who wasn ' t there. its purpose, he explained in an interview, is to demonstrate that the \" biblical jesus \" is a myth. asked to summarize the evidence for this stance, flemming explained : it ' s more a matter of demonstrating a positive than a negative, and the positive is that early christians appeared not to have believed in a historical jesus. if the very first christians appear to believe in a mythical christ, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4765133977695375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.648916"} {"text": "flemming explained : it ' s more a matter of demonstrating a positive than a negative, and the positive is that early christians appeared not to have believed in a historical jesus. if the very first christians appear to believe in a mythical christ, and only later did \" historical \" details get added bit by bit, that is not consistent with the real man actually existing... i would say that he is a myth in the same way that many other characters people believed actually existed. like william tell is most likely a myth, according to many folklorists and many historians. of course, [ jesus ] is a very important myth. i think that he was invented a long time ago, and those stories have been passed on as if they are true. ( david ian miller, \" finding my religion, \" www. sfgate. com ) here \" myth \" is synonymous with \" fiction \" or even \" falsehood, \" reflecting the enlightenment - era bias against anything bearing even trace amounts of the supernatural. \" all i ' m saying, \" remarked flemming, \" is that [ jesus ] doesn ' t exist, and it would be a healthy thing for christians to look at the bible as a work of fiction from which they can take inspiration rather than, you know, the authoritative word of god. \" thus the gospels, according to skeptics such as flemming, are compilations of \" nice stories \" or \" silly tales, \" just like stories about unicorns and the easter bunny. some skeptics mock christians for holding fearfully onto childish tales while the truly mature people ( self - described by some as \" brights \" ) go about the business of making the world a better place. \" meanwhile, we should devote as much time to studying serious theology, \" stated well - known atheist richard dawkins in column in the independent ( dec. 23, 1998 ), \" as we devote to studying serious fairies and serious unicorns. \" fellow god - basher daniel dennett, in his book darwin ' s dangerous idea, wrote, the kindly god who lovingly fashioned each and every one of us and sprinkled the sky with shining stars for our delight \u2014 that god is, like santa claus, a myth of childhood, not anything [ that ] a sane, undeluded adult could literally believe in. that god must either be turned into a symbol for something less concrete or abandoned altogether. ( 18 ) such rhetoric rests both on the assumption that the gospels are fanciful myth and that the authors of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46857676573132934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.649895"} {"text": "sane, undeluded adult could literally believe in. that god must either be turned into a symbol for something less concrete or abandoned altogether. ( 18 ) such rhetoric rests both on the assumption that the gospels are fanciful myth and that the authors of the new testament ( and their readers ) were clueless about the difference between historical events and fictional stories. there is an overbearing sense of chronological snobbery at work : we are smarter than people who lived 2, 000 years ago. yet the second epistle of peter demonstrates a clear understanding of the difference between myth and verified historical events : \" for we did not follow cleverly devised myths when we made known to you the power and coming of our lord jesus christ, but we were eyewitnesses of his majesty \" ( 2 pet. 1 : 16 ). the opening verses of luke ' s gospel indicate that the author undertook the task of writing about real people and events : inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the things which have been accomplished among us, just as they were delivered to us by those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word, it seemed good to me also, having followed all things closely for some time past, to write an orderly account for you, most excellent theophilus, that you may know the truth concerning the things of which you have been informed. ( luke 1 : 1 - 4 ) and the fourth gospel concludes with similar remarks : this is the disciple who is bearing witness to these things, and who has written these things ; and we know that his testimony is true. but there are also many other things which jesus did : were every one of them to be written, i suppose that the world itself could not contain the books that would be written. ( john 21 : 24 - 25 ) these quotations do not, of course, prove the historicity of the new testament. rather, they suggest that the authors, far from being knuckle - dragging simpletons, set about to write works depicting real people and events \u2014 especially since they believed the narratives they recounted had meaning only if they really did occur. as such, their historical content should be judged not against tales of unicorns and easter bunnies, but against other first - century works of history and historical narrative. the word gospel comes from the greek word euangelion, meaning \" good news \" and refers to the message of christian belief in the person of jesus christ. there has been much scholarly debate about the genre of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5024253067578812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.650977"} {"text": "century works of history and historical narrative. the word gospel comes from the greek word euangelion, meaning \" good news \" and refers to the message of christian belief in the person of jesus christ. there has been much scholarly debate about the genre of \" gospel \" and how it might relate to other forms of writings found in first - century palestine and the larger ancient world. obviously, they do contain biographical details, and some scholars have argued in recent years that the gospels are as biographical in nature as anything in the ancient greco - roman world. \" the majority of recent specialized studies, \" writes evangelical biblical scholar craig l. blomberg in making sense of the new testament, \" has recognized that the closest parallels are found among the comparatively trustworthy histories and biographies of writers like the jewish historian josephus, and the greek historians herodotus and thucydides \" ( 28 ). in his commentary on the gospel of matthew, catholic theologian and biblical scholar erasmo leiva - merikakis writes : we must conclude, then, that the genre of the gospel is not that of pure \" history \" ; but neither is it that of myth, fairy tale, or legend. in fact, evangelion constitutes a genre all its own, a surprising novelty in the literature of the ancient world. matthew does not seek to be \" objective \" in a scientific or legal sense. he is writing as one whose life has been drastically changed by the encounter with jesus of nazareth. hence, he is proposing to his listeners an objective reality of history, but offered as kerygma, that is, as a proclamation that bears personal witness to the radical difference that reality has already made in his life. ( fire of mercy, heart of the word, vol. ii : meditations on the gospel according to st. matthew, 44 ) many early christian authors, such as justin martyr, referred to the gospels as memoirs of the apostles. blomberg has used the descriptive \" theological biographies, \" which captures well the supernatural and human elements found within them. those supernatural elements \u2014 especially the miracles of jesus and his claims to divinity \u2014 are, as we ' ve noted, why skeptics call the gospels \" myth \" while remaining unruffled about anything written about julius caesar and the rubicon by velleius paterculus, plutarch, suetonius, and appian. yes, suetonius did write in his account ( lives of the twelve caesars ) about \" an apparition of superhuman size and beauty..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5123845020635154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.651956"} {"text": "velleius paterculus, plutarch, suetonius, and appian. yes, suetonius did write in his account ( lives of the twelve caesars ) about \" an apparition of superhuman size and beauty... sitting on the river bank, playing a reed pipe \" who persuaded caesar to cross the river, but it has not seemed to undermine the belief that caesar did indeed cross the rubicon on january 11, 49 b. c. but, for the sake of argument, let ' s set aside the theological claims found in the new testament and take a brief look at the sort of data a historian might examine in gauging the reliability and accuracy of an ancient manuscript. first, there is the sheer number of ancient copies of the new testament. there are close to 5, 700 full or partial greek new testament manuscripts in existence. most of these date from between the second to 16th century, with the oldest, known as papyrus 52 ( which contains john 18 ), dating from around a. d. 100 - 150. by comparison, the average work by a classical author \u2014 such as tacitus ( c. a. d. 56 - c. 120 ), pliny the younger ( a. d. 61 - 113 ), livy ( 59 b. c. - a. d. 17 ), and thucydides ( 460 - 395 b. c. ) \u2014 has about 20 extant manuscripts, the earliest copy usually several centuries newer than the original. for example, the earliest copy of works by the prominent roman historian suetonius ( a. d. 75 - 130 ) date to a. d. 950 \u2014 over 800 years after the original manuscripts had been written. in addition to the thousands of greek manuscripts, there are an additional 10, 000 latin manuscripts, and thousands of additional manuscripts in syriac, aramaic, and coptic, for a total of about 24, 000 full or partial manuscripts of the new testament. and then there are the estimated one million quotes from the new testament in the writings of the church fathers ( a. d. 150 - 1300 ). obviously, the more manuscripts that are available, the better scholars are able to assess accurately what the original manuscripts contained and to correct errors that may exist in various copies. closely related is the matter of dating. while debate continues as to the exact dating of the gospels, few biblical scholars believe that any of the four works were written after the end of the first century. \" liberal new testament scholars today, \" writes b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4112940913771652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.652870"} {"text": "closely related is the matter of dating. while debate continues as to the exact dating of the gospels, few biblical scholars believe that any of the four works were written after the end of the first century. \" liberal new testament scholars today, \" writes blomberg, \" tend to put mark a few years one side or the other of a. d. 70, matthew and luke \u2014 acts sometime in the 80s, and john in the 90s \" ( making sense of the new testament, 25 ). meanwhile, many conservative scholars date the synoptic gospels ( and acts ) in the 60s and john in the 90s. that means, simply, that there exist four accounts of key events in jesus ' life written within 30 to 60 years after his crucifixion \u2014 and this within a culture that placed a strong emphasis on the role and place of an accurate oral tradition. anyone who denies that jesus existed or who claims that the gospels are filled with historical errors or fabrications will, in good conscience, have to explain why they don ' t make the same assessment about the historical works of pliny the younger, suetonius, julius caesar, livy, josephus, tacitus, and other classical authors. secondly, historical details are found in the gospels and the other books of the new testament. these include numerous mentions of secular rulers and leaders ( caesar augustus, pontius pilate, herod, felix, archelaus, agrippa, gallio ), as well as jewish leaders ( caiaphas, ananias ) \u2014 the sort of names unlikely to be used inaccurately or even to show up in a \" myth. \" anglican scholar paul barnett, in is the new testament reliable?, provides several pages ' worth of intersections between biblical and non - biblical sources regarding historical events and persons. \" christian sources contribute, on an equal footing with non - christian sources, \" he observes, \" pieces of information that form part of the fabric of known history. in matters of historical detail, the christian writers are as valuable to the historian as the non - christian \" ( 167 ). then there are the specifically jewish details, including references to and descriptions of festivals, religious traditions, farming and fishing equipment, buildings, trades, social structures, and religious hierarchies. as numerous books and articles have shown in recent decades, the beliefs and ideas found in the gospels accurately reflect a first - century jewish context. all of this is important in responding to the claim that the gospels were written by authors who used greek", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4576873713237032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.653817"} {"text": "broke out again, not only through judea, where the mischief originated, but through the city of rome also, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their center and become popular. ( annals, 15 : 44 ) robert e. van voorst, author of jesus outside the new testament, offers a detailed analysis of scholarly controversies about this passage, and then states, \" of all the roman authors, tacitus gives us the most precise information about christ \" ( 45 ). this includes tacitus ' s understanding that \" christus \" \u2014 not paul or someone else \u2014 was the founder of the christian movement. he notes that christ was executed under pilate during the reign of tiberius, and that judea was the source of the christian movement. all of which further confirms the historical reliability of the gospels. as pope benedict xvi noted in his book on jesus, there is much that is good about historical - critical and other scientific methods of studying scripture. but these approaches have limits. \" neither the individual books of holy scripture nor the scripture as a whole are simply a piece of literature \" ( jesus of nazareth, xx ). the christian apologist should not be embarrassed to admit that he has a certain bias when it comes to reading and understanding the gospels. he should point out that everyone has biases, and that the skeptic ' s bias against the supernatural and the miraculous shapes how he reads and understands history, especially the historical data found in matthew, mark, luke, and john. the christian, in other words, should have no problem with an honest historical examination of the gospels. but why do so many skeptics shy away from a candid examination of their philosophical biases? that is the question apologists should pose and demand ( politely, of course ) to be answered. fabricating jesus : how modern scholars distort the gospels by craig a. evans the gospels and the jesus of history by xavier leon - dufour, s. j. \" the interpretation of the bible in the church, \" pontifical biblical commission ( march 18, 1994 ; available online at www. ewtn. com ) is the new testament reliable? by paul barnett the jesus legend : a case for the historical reliability of the synoptic jesus tradition by paul rhodes eddy and gregory a. boyd jesus of nazareth by pope benedict xvi making sense of the new testament : three crucial questions by craig l. blomberg reinventing jesus : how contemporary skeptics miss the real jesus and mislea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4306786536239521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.656058"} {"text": "this lecture is about ways of looking at dna sequences in complete genomes and chromosomes, in terms of symmetry elements. there are two parts to this talk. in part 1, i will discuss the fact that we simply have \" too much information \" becoming available, and the problem will only get worse in the near future. there are ways of cataloging and organising the data, of course. i have found that the true diversity of genome sizes in nature is often neglected, so we ' ll talk for a few minutes about the \" c - value paradox \", along with some possible ideas for why certain organisms have so much dna. i would like to think that one way of dealing with the explosion of sequence information, in terms of dna sequences, is to think about it in biological terms, in particular in physical - chemical terms of structure and function of symmetry elements. for example, there are specific dna sequences which \" code \" for a telomere, and different dna sequences which are specific for centromeres. specific dna sequences, their structures, and biological functions will be discussed. in part 2, i will introduce \" dna atlases \", first having a look at base composition throughout sequenced chromosomes, and then looking at gene expression throughout the whole genome. i have also made separate file, containing specific learning objectives for this lecture, as well as a \" self - test quiz \", which i recommend having a look at, before the lecture, if possible. i ' ve incorporated the answers to questions 1 and 2 into part 1 of the lecture notes. brevis esse laboro, obscuro fio. - horace the information in genbank is doubling every 10 months. what are the implications of this? a look at genome sequencing since 1994 : | year | | # genomes sequenced | although the number of genomes being sequenced is increasing rapidly, one has to this into perspective - the organisms can be placed into four different classes : | organism group | | size ( bp ) | | no. sequenced | | viruses | | ~ 300 bp to ~ 350, 000 bp | | 545 | | prokaryotes | | ~ 250, 000 to ~ 15, 000, 000 bp | | > 100 | | | ~ 12, 000, 000 to ~ 600, 000, 000, 000 bp | | 4 | | multi - celled eukaryotes | | ~ 20, 000, 000 to ~ 500, 000, 000, 000 bp | | 3 | | drosophila species |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5815084518773866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.665757"} {"text": "~ 600, 000, 000, 000 bp | | 4 | | multi - celled eukaryotes | | ~ 20, 000, 000 to ~ 500, 000, 000, 000 bp | | 3 | | drosophila species | | genome size | ( in base pairs ) | d. americana | | ~ 300, 000, 000 bp | | d. arizonensis | | ~ 225, 000, 000 bp | | d. eohydei ( male ) | | ~ 234, 000, 000 bp | | d. eohydei ( female ) | | ~ 246, 000, 000 bp | | d. funebris | | ~ 255, 000, 000 bp | | d. hydei | | ~ 202, 000, 000 bp | | d. melanogaster | | ~ 180, 000, 000 bp | ( ~ 138, 000, 000 bp sequenced ) | d. miranda | | ~ 300, 000, 000 bp | | d. nasutoides | | ~ 800, 000, 000 bp | | d. neohydei | | ~ 192, 000, 000 bp | | d. simulans | | ~ 127, 500, 000 bp | | d. virilis | | ~ 345, 000, 000 bp | in summary, the genome sizes of the drosophila species that have been examined so far range from about 127 million bp to about 800 million bp. but of course at present we suspect that they contain roughly the same number of genes, although it is possible ( likely ) that they contain duplicated regions ( or perhaps even entire chromosomes ; there is ample space to have an entire extra copy ( or two or more ) of the entire genome ). in addition, they also contain various types of repeats, known as \" selfish dna \". why does amoeba have more than 200x as much dna as humans? think about it for a discussion in class. i have a possible explanation, although i ' m not sure anyone really knows the answer to this, to be honest. this brings us to the first question on the quiz : answers to the self - test quiz which you are supposed to do before the lecture : 1. the short answer - a very long time. about 2. 4x1012 years. that ' s about 160 times longer than the estimated age of the universe! 2. the piece of paper would be quite thick - it would reach outside the earth ' s atmosphere and beyond the orbit of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48712373576317614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.666677"} {"text": "about 2. 4x1012 years. that ' s about 160 times longer than the estimated age of the universe! 2. the piece of paper would be quite thick - it would reach outside the earth ' s atmosphere and beyond the orbit of the planet mars. today ' s lecture will cover : next tuesday ' s lecture will cover : one way of dealing with the problem of how to display so much sequence information is to have a look at the whole chromosome at once, smoothing over a large window. the entire bacterial chromosome is displayed as a circle, with different colours representing various parameters. first, as an introduction to atlases, we will look at base - composition. then we will have a look at levels of expression of mrna and proteins throghout the chromosome. as examples, i will use my very favourite organism, escherichia coli k - 12. there are several things to notice in this plot. first, the concentration of the bases are not uniformly distributed throughout the genome, but there are \" clumps \" or clusters where specific bases are a bit more concentrated. also, the g ' s ( turquoise ) clearly are seen to be favoured on one half of the chromosome, whilst the c ' s ( magenta ) are on the other strand. this shows up in the \" gc - skew \" lane as well ( 2nd circle from the middle ). i have labelled the entire terminus region, which ranges from tere ( around 1. 08 million bp ( mbp ) to terg ( ~ 2. 38 mbp ) in escherichia coli k - 12. finally, several genes corresponding to the darker bands ( e. g., more biased nucleotide composition ) are labelled. the same pattern can be seen for the other three escherichia coli chromosomes which have been sequenced ( so far! ), as shown in the table below. strain : k - 12, isolate w3110 ddbj ncbi tax strain : k - 12, isolate mg1655 u. wisconsin tigr cmr ncbi tax ncbi entrez strain : o157 : h7 ( substrain edl93 ) u. wisconsin ncbi tax ncbi entrez strain : o157 : h7 ( substrain rimd 0509952 ) miyazaki, japan ncbi tax ncbi entrez | | dna res. 8 : 11 - 22 in addition to showing overall global properties of the chromosome ( such as replication origin and terminus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.564004360942413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.667557"} {"text": "substrain rimd 0509952 ) miyazaki, japan ncbi tax ncbi entrez | | dna res. 8 : 11 - 22 in addition to showing overall global properties of the chromosome ( such as replication origin and terminus ), the base composition can also highlight regions different from the rest of the genome. for example, in the plasmid po157, there are some regions which are much more at rich ( probably these came about as a result of horizontal gene transfer - we will discuss this again in the next lecture... ) note that the \" toxb \" gene is much more at rich than the average for the rest of the plasmid. this could be due to the fact that this gene came from an organism with a more at rich genome, or ( more likely in my opinion ) it is more at rich because it is important for this gene to vary in sequence ( e. g., have a higher mutational frequencey ). escherichia coli is probably the best characterised organism. there are 4085 predicted genes in escherichia coli strain k - 12 isolate w3110. there are 4289 predicted genes in escherichia coli strain k - 12 isolate mg1665. there are 5283 predicted genes in escherichia coli strain o157 : h7 isolate edl933 ( enterohemorrhagic pathogen ). there are about 5361 predicted genes in escherichia coli strain o157 : h7 substrain rimd 0509952 ( enterohemorrhagic pathogen ). roughly 2600 genes have been found to be expressed in escherichia coli strain k - 12 cells, under standard laboratory growth conditions. about 2100 spots can be seen on 2 - d protein gels. very roughly 1000 different genes ( only about 600 mrna transcripts ) are expressed at \" detectable levels \" in e. coli cells grown in lb media. only about 350 proteins exist at concentrations of > 100 copies per cell. ( these make up 90 % of the total protein in e. coli! ) most ( > 90 % ) of the proteins are present in very low amounts ( less than 100 copies per cell ). it has been known since the 1960 ' s that genes closer to the replication origin are more highly expressed. however, it has only been in the past few years that technology has allowed the simultaneous monitoring of all the genes in escher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5362218477959548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.668616"} {"text": "per cell ). it has been known since the 1960 ' s that genes closer to the replication origin are more highly expressed. however, it has only been in the past few years that technology has allowed the simultaneous monitoring of all the genes in escherichia coli. there are 4397 annotated genes in the e. coli k - 12 genome. shown below is an \" atlas plot \" of the e. coli k - 12 genome, with the outer circle representing the concentration of proteins ( roughly in number of molecules / cell ) and mrna ( again, roughly number of molecules / cell ). under these conditions ( e. g., cells grown to late log phase, in minimal media ), there were 2005 genes expressed at detectable levels, and only 233 proteins have been found to exist in \" abundant \" conditions ( e. g., very roughly more than 100 molecules per cell ). for e. coli k - 12 cells, grown in minimal media to late log phase : 4397 annotated genes - > 2005 mrnas expressed - > 233 abundant proteins ( note that these numbers will vary for different experimental conditions.... ) in this picture, the outer lane represents the concentration of proteins ( blue ), the next lane the concentration of mrna ( green ), and then the annotated genes. the inner three circles represent different aspects of the dna base composition throughout the genome. the innermost circle ( turquoise / violet ) is the bias of g ' s towards one strand or the other ( that is, a look at the mono - nucleotide distribution of the 4 dna bases ). the next lane is the density of stretches of purine ( or pyrimidine ) stretches of 10 bp or longer. note that in both cases purines tend to favour the leading strand of the replicore, whilst pyrimidine tracts are more likely to occur on the lagging strand. finally, the next circle ( turquoise / red ) is simply the at content of the genome, averaged over a 50, 000 bp window. note that the terminus is slightly more at rich, whilst the rest of the genome is slightly gc rich. ( the at content scale ranges from 45 % to 55 % ). link to more atlases for escherichia coli genomes. link to the main \" genome atlas \" web page friday ( 6 april, 2001 ) link to a list of recent papers and talks on dna structures. watson, james d. \" a passion for dna : genes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5237978119679498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.669625"} {"text": "energy industry skill standardsthe goal of the energy industry skill standards project is to specify the critical work functions, key activities, performance indicators and knowledge, skills, and abilities an individual needs to succeed in certain energy - related occupations. the result of this project will support the development of new curriculum and the strengthening of existing curriculum in programs leading to certain careers in the energy industry. power generation skill standardsthe power generation skill standards were made available by the washington state workforce training and education coordinating board for industry skill panels. for more information or to download the complete manual, go to the washington state skill standards energy industry web site. wind technician skill standardsskills standards for wind turbine technicians ( 2009 ) | pdf skill panel publications - evaluating industry skill panels : a model framework ( june 2008 ) | pdf what is a skill panel? a skill panel is a group of skilled workers who have in - depth knowledge of the hands - on skills required to perform the job tasks in a technical position. the skills required to perform the job tasks are identified by the skill panel as the skill standards. how are skill standards used? - industry : recruiting, hiring, training and promoting employees - incumbent workforce : advancing careers and / or reentering the workforce - future workforce / students : understanding and acquiring skills needed to attain high wage jobs - labor : ensuring employees benefit from high paying career opportunities - government : linking education reform initiatives, workforce training and economic development - educators and trainers : developing curriculum and teaching to the required skills sets have skill standards been developed for the energy industry? yes, walla walla community college developed skill standards with industry support for the following positions : - instrument / control / relay / meter technician skill standards for the energy industry - 2006 projectalan hardcastle, wsu research analyst skills standards for operators and mechanicsskill standards are the industry - defined skills, knowledge and abilities required for individuals to succeed in the workplace. the standards specify what students, job seekers and current employees must know and be able to do within a particular industry and occupation, including the required levels of performance. the standards can be used by colleges, high schools and training organizations to make sure that their programs are up - to - date, to attract students to careers in the industry, and to ensure that students and workers get high quality training. the standards can also be used as the basis for awarding college credit for prior learning. employers and labor can use the results to better understand the foundational skills workers need to do their jobs effectively, to design or improve training programs, and as a precursor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5268154992074782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.673588"} {"text": "the standards can also be used as the basis for awarding college credit for prior learning. employers and labor can use the results to better understand the foundational skills workers need to do their jobs effectively, to design or improve training programs, and as a precursor to existing programs like apprenticeship. who participates? employees are the expertsskill standards are defined through focus groups of employees who actually work in the occupations being studied. the focus groups will consist of 12 front - line employees who represent similar kinds of occupations, from many different companies and energy sectors ( hyrdo, thermal ). the group may also contain managers or other knowledgeable persons with extensive, current knowledge about those occupations. how industry can contribute - recruiting participantsour goal is to recruit 12 participants for each two - day focus group meeting : one group for operators, and one for mechanics. we need employers and labor partners to identify and support employees to participate in the meetings. it is imperative that we have an adequate number of knowledgeable employees from each occupation participate so the standards will be valid for the industry. each 12 - person focus group should have a roughly equal number of participants from each sector : hydro and thermal. we also want employees from many different organizations to ensure that a range of work environments is represented. responding to surveys : written surveys will be used to supplement data collection from industry about foundation skills required for these occupations. the processthe focus group meeting will last two consecutive days. a facilitator with experience in developing skill standards leads the meeting. there is a set agenda, but the format is very interactive and discussion - based. getting input from all participants about their work functions, activities, knowledge and skills is one key goal. reaching agreement about the scope and content of the information is another. the process includes fast - paced and intensive discussions about work functions, activities and skills, but it is also a fun and rewarding experience for participants. draft copies of the standards will be reviewed by industry before a final document is produced this summer. questions and contactsbarbara hins - turner pacific northwest center of excellence for clean energy 600 centralia college blvd centralia wa 98531 ( 360 ) 736 - 9391, ext. 477", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5545709892689614, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.674543"} {"text": "delaware bay \u2014 one a 10, 000 - mile - long chain during may and early june, the shores of delaware bay resonate with the cheerful chattering of more than 20 species of migratory shorebirds. delaware bay provides an ecologically important stepping - stone for the birds ' spring pilgrimage to arctic nesting grounds. the delaware bay is the largest spring staging area for shorebirds in eastern north america. a staging site is an area with plentiful food where migrating birds gather to replenish themselves before continuing on their journey. staging sites serve as a link in a chain connecting wintering areas with breeding grounds, sites for which there are no alternatives. place cursor on map to see the southward migration shorebirds begin to arrive in early may. the numbers of birds soar upward during mid - month and usually peak between may 18 and 24 ( in some years as late as may 28 ). they have traveled from the coasts of brazil, patagonia, and tierra del fuego, from desert beaches of chile and peru, and from mud flats in suriname, venezuela, and the guyanas. after several days of non - stop flight, and having come as far as 10, 000 miles, they reach the bay beaches depleted of their energy reserves. luckily, nature provides an abundant food supply in this area at just this time of year : the eggs of hundreds of thousands of horseshoe crabs that have migrated to delaware bay beaches to spawn. a feast for feathered the shorebirds spend between two to three weeks gorging primarily on fresh horseshoe crab eggs, although worms and small bivalves are also plentiful. high in protein and fat, the eggs are an energy - rich source of food. this high - calorie diet enables the birds to nearly double or triple their body weight before continuing on to arctic nesting areas. more than a million mouths each spring, scientists from the delaware and new jersey divisions of fish and wildlife conduct weekly aerial surveys of migratory shorebirds on delaware bay beaches. in may 2001, scientists observed more than 775, 000 shorebirds along beach habitat. ninety - five percent of these birds were represented by four species : red knots, ruddy turnstones, semipalmated sandpipers, and dunlins. migratory shorebirds are also known to utilize marshes and back - bay habitats. thus, throughout their spring migration, the actual number of shorebirds using delaware bay as a staging ground may surpass one million. click here to meet a few of these delaware diners. recent decline in the horseshoe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4448987111138018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.679113"} {"text": "it was admiral shi lang ( ) who conquered taiwan for qing china. his armada of war junks fought a decisive sea battle off the pescadores on july 7, 1683. koxinga or zheng chengkong drove the dutch out of taiwan in 1662 and founded the house of zheng that ruled the island and the pescadores for closely to 20 years. but he and his son zheng jing ( ) did so not as ming emperor. the father finally had time to ask his daughter what was all about. \u201c what did you made the horse to come seek me out and get me back home for? \u201d he questioned her. serikos is the greek word, which means silken in english. the adjective means \u201c pertaining to the seres, \u201d the asian people from whom the greeks first obtained the soft texture. of the hoklo population in taiwan those hailing from quanzhou ( \u5dde ) form the preponderant majority. in the county of tongan ( \u540c \u5b89 ) under the jurisdiction of the prefecture of quanzhou, a boy was born on the twenty - second day of the eighth moon on the chinese lunar calendar while china had yet to be reunified by the emperor taizhu of the song ( \u592a ) dynasty who reigned from 960 to 976 a. d. there are usually three buddha images in the main hall of a buddhist temple in taiwan. they include sakyamuni or gautama siddhartha, dipankara ( dipamkara in pali ) or randeng fo ( ) in chinese, and maitreya ( ). gods of thunder in china ' s taoist pantheon had to work together with feng shi ( \u98a8 ) or feng shen ( \u98a8 \u795e ), gods or goddesses of wind. the imperial orders of xuanzhong ( \u5b97 ) were obeyed to the letter. everybody at his court and palaces searched for anything that had an image of the dragon. one of the dragons is said to have caused storm and flood by mistake. legend has it that during the reign ( 627 - 650 a. d. ) of the emperor taizhong of the tang dynasty ( \u592a \u5b97 ), a dragon king came from his undersea palace to visit zhangan, the capital city, where he met a taoist diviner who knew what he was and told him to go back to carry out the jade emperor ' s rainmaking order. typhoon morakot struck taiwan early last month,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4585979545110883, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.683014"} {"text": "haiti \u2019 s 1804 slave revolt freed it from french imperial domination, so we forced them to pay reparations to french slave traffickers for most of the 19th century. president thomas jefferson refused to recognize haiti as an independent nation, and this continued until the signing of the emancipation proclamation in 1864. in the early 20th century, america invaded haiti and occupied it until 1934, making it a safe haven for u. s. corporate powers to exploit the population and siphon its wealth into their bank accounts. after troops withdrew, a series of brutal u. s. sponsored dictatorships oppressed the people, the most notable being the duvalier father - and - son regime, and its murderous and ruthless tonton macoutes. the only freely elected leader of haiti was the former priest jean - bertrand aristide, elected in 1990 and removed in a u. s. - created coup in 1991, and reinstalled in 1994 by clinton \u2014 serving two years but burdened with international monetary fund \u201c structural agreements, \u201d designed to destroy the public sector, typical of \u201c free ( forced ) trade \u201d requirements of the neo - liberal / chicago school ideology. a former food - exporting country soon became 100 percent dependent on imported food as u. s. imports collapsed its agricultural class. aristide was re - elected in 2001, amid much intimidation and violence directed at his supporters by opposition groups and former tonton macoutes secret - police members, and he was again removed by bush in 2004. and earthquakes? luck of the draw there.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42095027606305535, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.686790"} {"text": "partita no. 1 : work information - work name - partita no. 1 - work number - bwv 1002 - b minor - 1720 - 01 - 01 02 : 00 : 00 - adam abeshouse - adam abeshouse - recording date - 1994 - 09 - 29 00 : 00 : 00 johann sebastian bach one of the greatest composers in history, johann sebastian bach ( father of c. p. e, j. c. and w. f. bach ) was by far the most significant member of the bach dynasty of musicians. he outshone his forebears and contemporaries, but did not always receive the respect he deserved in his own lifetime. after a brief engagement as a violinist in the court of weimar, bach became organist at the neukirche in arnstadt. in june 1707 he moved to st. blasius, muhlhausen, and married his cousin maria barbara bach. in 1708 he was appointed court organist in weimar where he composed most of his works for organ. in 1717, he was appointed court kapellmeister to the young prince leopold at cothen, but was refused permission to leave weimar. the duke only allowed bach to go after holding him prisoner for nearly a month. while at weimar, bach wrote his violin concertos and the six brandenburg concertos, as well as several suites, sonatas and keyboard works, including several, such as the inventions and book i of the 48 preludes and fugues ( the well - tempered clavier ). in 1720 maria barbara died, and the next year bach married anna magdalena wilcke. bach resigned the post in weimar in 1723 to become cantor at st. thomas \u2019 school in leipzig where he was responsible for music in the four main churches of the city. here he wrote the magnificat and the st. john and st. matthew passions, as well as a large quantity of other church music. in leipzig he eventually took charge of the university \u201c collegium musicum \u201d and occupied himself with the collection and publication of many of his earlier compositions. over the years that followed, bach \u2019 s interest in composing church music declined somewhat, and he took to writing more keyboard music and cantatas. as his eyesight began to fail, he underwent operations to try and correct the problem, and these may have weakened him in his old age. he died at age 65, having fathered a total of 20 children with his two wives. despite widespread neglect for almost a century after his death, bach is now regarded as one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4177522280159014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.690302"} {"text": "the problem, and these may have weakened him in his old age. he died at age 65, having fathered a total of 20 children with his two wives. despite widespread neglect for almost a century after his death, bach is now regarded as one of the greatest of all composers and is still an inexhaustible source of inspiration for musicians. bach \u2019 s compositions are catalogued by means of the prefix bwv ( bach - werke - verzeichnis ) and a numbering system which is generally accepted for convenience of reference. the crowning achievement of j s bach ' s instrumental writing, the set of solo sonatas and partitas are the ultimate test of musicianship and technique for the violinist. composed in 1720 at cothen, the set alternates italian sonatas and french suites or partitas. bach ' s complete knowledge and mastery of the instrument allowed him to make full use of the violin ' s expressive range. for example, by asking the violinist to play on multiple strings at once, or play arpeggiated chords rapidly, bach creates such complex harmonies that it ' s sometimes difficult to believe only one instrument is playing! although the sonatas follow the same formal pattern, all three partitas are constructed differently, though all are suites of dance movements. partita no. 1 consists of four pairs of movements, the second of each pair varying the first. displaying some virtuosic passagework, especially in the doubles, the movements retain their dance characteristics and exhibit a bewitching formal beauty.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4640895965853531, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.690862"} {"text": "by steve graham, networx humidity doesn \u2019 t just make you uncomfortable. it also causes problems and health hazards at every level of the home. here is a bottom - to - top summary of some of the dangers of high humidity, and some solutions for each problem. humid weather simply exacerbates moisture problems that are often a concern in crawl spaces and basements. moisture from the ground works with moisture from the humid air to generate condensation on walls and other surfaces, and create muggy basement smells and atmospheres. in turn, this can translate to mold and mildew issues. to avoid these problems, it is important to take steps to minimize moisture below the main floor of the home. if humidity is an issue in any season, foundation vents should be left open all year to help the foundation dry out as much as possible. on the other hand, close basement windows and doors to keep out humid summer weather. if humidity is an issue for a basement, insulate basement walls and run a dehumidifier. rigid foam insulation is one good option, as it is essentially waterproof. however, it must be covered with drywall or another fire barrier. attach a humidistat to the dehumidifier to control the humidity levels. crawl spaces should be covered with polyethylene or other thick, solid vapor barrier to keep moisture from the ground from creating bigger problems. crawl spaces with moisture barriers also should have one square foot of vent area for every 1, 500 square feet of crawl space area, according to michigan state university ( msu ) researchers. crawl spaces without moisture barriers should have one square foot of venting per 150 square feet of space. mechanical system problems humid weather can also leave condensation on water pipes and toilet tanks. again, this condensation can also lead to mold and mildew problems. if the toilet tank regularly beads with condensation, consider installing waterproof insulation inside the tank. also wrap insulation around water pipes to minimize condensation. moving up from the basement, the floor is the next likely victim of humidity problems. mold and mildew can get into wood flooring or carpets, and may be hard to completely remove. it is best to avoid such problems by reducing humidity. air conditioning systems reduce humidity while reducing the temperature, if they are installed correctly. mildewed carpet should be cleaned with an electric shampoo machine. if musty odors develop on carpet, either replace the entire carpet or have it professionally cleaned and dried off - site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4595490489653611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.696064"} {"text": "humidity while reducing the temperature, if they are installed correctly. mildewed carpet should be cleaned with an electric shampoo machine. if musty odors develop on carpet, either replace the entire carpet or have it professionally cleaned and dried off - site. replace musty or damp padding. if mildew develops on wood flooring, scrub it off with trisodium phosphate or quaternary disinfectants, then rinse and dry thoroughly, and add a mildew - resistant paint. humidity can also wreak havoc on clothes, food and other stored items. dry foods can draw in moisture and quickly go stale if humidity exceeds 60 percent. cans may rust and leak in humid weather. damaged or swollen cans should be tossed out. if humidity is an issue, keep stored food in an air - conditioned space. reduce humidity damage to clothing with chemical absorbents or through proper ventilation. use silica gel packets or other moisture - absorbing materials if you plan to tightly close all closet doors and trunks. the other option is to leave closet doors open and use fans to improve air circulation. also separate clothes within each closet to allow airflow between items. humid air can also build up in walls, which can become soggy over time, and may even attract mold and mildew. interior and exterior paint can also bubble and peel under extended humid conditions. to minimize such problems, boost wall insulation and consider vapor - retardant paints. also caulk or weather strip all gaps and cracks around the walls, baseboards, doors and windows. according to msu researchers, such sealing work can minimize moisture problems in walls. finally, attics can get hot and uncomfortably damp in humid weather. be sure to properly ventilate the attic. if the attic does not have a vapor barrier ( which may not be a necessity in many cases ), it should have one square foot of venting per 150 square feet of attic, according to msu research. for areas with vapor barriers, one foot of venting per 300 square feet of attic is acceptable. humid weather can cause a variety of home problems and hazards, but they can all be prevented or remedied with some care and diligence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4524777894071611, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.696899"} {"text": "yesterday, the washington post reported that there is new advice for vulnerable coastal communities on how to adapt to risings seas : move away from the shore. the post report explores the implications of sea - level rise for the hampton roads area, home to norfolk naval station, cautioning that traditional methods of holding back the sea could fall short. \u201c the u. s. environmental protection agency published the first manual on how not to hold [ the sea ] back, arguing that costly seawalls and dikes eventually fail because sea - level rise is unstoppable, \u201d the report cited. \u201c the federal global change research program estimates that the sea level will rise 14 to 17 inches in the next century around hampton roads. \u201d instead of investing in massive ( expensive ) infrastructure projects to hold back the sea, the epa hopes that its new report will encourage coastal communities to enact new city ordinances and development laws that prohibit new coastal construction, and devise incentives for already vulnerable commercial businesses and residents to move away from the shore. \u201c the epa report said governments have three options to deal with sea - level rise, \u201d the post reported : they can stay on the well - worn path of building expensive protection and raising streets and buildings. they can beat an organized retreat from the shore, perhaps by offering financial incentives to people and organizations to move inland. or they can allow people to do whatever they want for their waterfront properties but tell them in no uncertain terms that they are on their own when the waters rise. many people are not too worried about the long - term implications of sea - level rise, in part because of near - term challenges with the economy and other pressing priorities. yet experts are hoping to impart a sense of urgency by educating people about the near - and long - term economic implications of failing to act, especially given the current political climate that demands policymakers to be better stewards of their constituents \u2019 tax dollars. \u201c most people aren \u2019 t taking the threat of sea - level rise decades from now too seriously, but planners say it is worrisome when you consider what \u2019 s at stake \u2014 public roads, schools, bridges, tunnels, museums, police stations and housing developments that are built to last well beyond the average 30 - year home mortgage, \u201d according to the post. \u201c it could result in those things having a life span less than what we budgeted for, \u201d john carlock, deputy executive director of the hampton roads planning district commission, told the washington post. \u201c that part of it is trying to make wise use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4123353232762669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.701201"} {"text": "it could result in those things having a life span less than what we budgeted for, \u201d john carlock, deputy executive director of the hampton roads planning district commission, told the washington post. \u201c that part of it is trying to make wise use of taxpayer funds. \u201d in the near term, too, the economic effects of sea - level rise and more frequent storms are already being felt by many coastal communities. \u201c increased flooding was inevitable along the atlantic coast because the number of federally declared storms has increased \u2014 up by 50 percent over 20 years, for instance, in new england, \u201d the post reported, citing a recent climate change report. \u201c \u2018 in new hampshire alone, the costs associated with declared storm damages have increased nearly 15 - fold and the state has suffered through four \u2018 100 - year floods \u2019 in the last decade, \u2019 \u201d the report, preparing for a changing climate : a northeast - focused needs assessment, warned. even the near - term costs of adapting to sea - level rise by holding back the sea with dikes and walls, or literally elevating vulnerable neighborhoods, is quickly becoming too costly. \u201c a few years ago the city spent $ 1. 5 million to elevate some homes in the larchmont area, knowing the water will probably crawl to their doorsteps again, \u201d according to the post. \u201c if this keeps up, insurance rates will skyrocket as storms sweep the rising seas onto roads and inside people \u2019 s homes and businesses. \u201d in reading this report, one has to wonder how much this new thinking has permeated the decision - making at the department of defense now that policymakers there are beginning to integrate climate change into their strategic planning. after all, norfolk naval station is not the only u. s. military base that will be vulnerable to an encroaching sea. across the world, other critical u. s. naval and air force installations could be just as vulnerable, if not more. in assessing its bases and their vulnerability to climate change, the department of defense will have to ask the same critical questions that many coastal communities will being asking, especially given the same budgetary concerns : how will sea - level rise affect dod \u2019 s coastal assets, and does it make sense to move back from the water \u2019 s edge? this week \u2019 s events today at 10 am, the brookings institution will host an event on the future of natural gas. tuesday at 12 : 30 pm, iclei usa, local governments for sustainability, will explore sustainable development in their event, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4184730819004891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.702207"} {"text": "the iraqi women who toured the united states last month told us that they were amazed by how misinformed many americans were about the lives of iraqi women. most americans thought that before the overthrow of saddam hussein, iraqi women were sitting at home oppressed, heavily veiled and secluded, and that thanks to the us invasion, they are now liberated. this is what the bush administration would like us to believe, but after listening to our iraqi friends many people now know better. to further shed light on the true status of iraqi women, codepink has released an in - depth report iraqi women under siege. we encourage you to download this report, read it and pass it on to others. the report shows that from 1958 to the 1990s, iraq provided more rights and freedoms for women and girls than most of its neighbors. though saddam hussein ' s dictatorial government and 12 years of severe sanctions reduced these opportunities, iraqi women were active in all aspects of their society. after the occupation, with the exception of women in iraqi kurdistan, women ' s daily lives have been reduced to a mere struggle for survival. - women walking on the streets face random violence, assault, kidnapping or death at the hands of suicide bombers, occupying forces, iraqi police, radical religious groups, and local thugs. - women trying to raise families in the midst of this chaos find themselves beset by a lack of electricity and clean water, and a dearth of social services like decent schools and health care. - unemployment among women has skyrocketed. of the 260, 000 reconstruction contracts in iraq, less than 1, 000 have gone to female contractors. before the occupation 70 % of the public workforce, by far the largest employer in iraq, were women. - the constant violence has trapped women and their children - - particularly their daughters - - inside the homes. fewer girls go to school and illiteracy among girls is on the rise. - though 25 % of the seats in the national assembly are reserved for women, the real power in iraq is increasingly in the hands of islamists determined to move iraq from a secular society towards a theocracy. they are forcing women to wear veils and are trying to curtail women ' s rights in areas such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. but as we learned from our amazing delegation, iraqi women are not mere victims, passively watching the destruction of their lives and the fabric of their communities. as delegate nadje al - ali writes in our report, \" despite the chaos and violence that restricts their activities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4370945935949947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.706140"} {"text": "from our amazing delegation, iraqi women are not mere victims, passively watching the destruction of their lives and the fabric of their communities. as delegate nadje al - ali writes in our report, \" despite the chaos and violence that restricts their activities and mobility, the women struggle on, meeting in each other ' s houses, establishing refuges where women can learn skills to make a living, providing free health care, legal advice and literacy and computer classes. iraqi women also organize conferences, sit - ins and demonstrations to get their voices heard and to influence the political process. \" codepink will continue to support the efforts of iraqi women, and to push for the withdrawal of foreign troops so that the iraqi people can determine their own future. our next major codepink action to end the occupation and support iraqi women will be a 24 - hour mother ' s day vigil in front of the white house in washington dc from may 13 - 14. click here for details. join actress susan sarandon, peace mom cindy sheehan, nobel prize winner jody williams, doctor / clown patch adams, as well as iraqi and iranian women, for an inspiring weekend that will include a performance of the historic antiwar play lysistrata, an evening concert, antiwar films, activist trainings, an interfaith service, writing letters to laura bush, and a pink pajama party. whether or not you can join us, please consider making a donation to help us bring iraqi and iranian women, as well as us military families against the war, to speak at the dc vigil and to travel to communities throughout the us. for the sake of our iraqi sisters, let ' s educate ourselves, spread the truth and redouble our efforts to build a more peaceful world. sisters in solidarity, allison, dana, farida, gael, jodie, medea, nancy, rae and tiffany p. s. don ' t forget to forward this email to your friends and help spread the word!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45193241901652104, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.706930"} {"text": "preserving the audio archive the material on the lcaaj audio tapes is unique. the field notes focus solely on selected linguistic features in the informant ' s responses and the tapes have not been transcribed, except for a selection included in the eydes project. the wealth of information that the tapes contain thus resides solely on a fragile and aging medium. the 5, 755 hours of recording in the lcaaj are stored on some 2, 600 reels of tape produced in various countries between 1959 and 1972. the tapes were recorded at a variety of speeds under widely varying conditions. more than twenty different brands and sizes of tape stock have been used, including both acetate - and polyester - backed tape, and there are even thirteen hours of wire recordings. as is all too sadly known, acetate tape ( used through the late 1960s ) is a very impermanent medium for the recording of sound. manufacturers ' claims, and real - time experience indicate, that twenty years is the average functional life for such tapes. they begin to suffer edge curl, cracking and flaking, and binder decomposition, leading to loss of the recorded signal. the polyester tapes used since the late 1960s are also impermanent, suffering from sticky shed and other failures, and the tapes may stretch or break during playing or storage. even before these problems set in, splice adhesives may leech to other portions of tapes of all types, and many tape types are subject to print through. once deterioration begins, it cannot be stopped or reversed. the only solution is careful re - recording in such a way that as little as possible of the original sound is lost. since 1995 columbia university libraries has been gradually re - recording the tapes and creating digital copies. support for this effort includes : the preservation work consists of re - recording the original tapes onto new reel - to - reel tape, following nationally recognized preservation practices and guidelines, and the creation of digital use copies on cd. the preservation transfer is carried out at the computer music center of the columbia university department of music, a studio recognized nationally and internationally both for its advanced technical work and its care of archival sound collections. - support from the national endowment for the humanities for a two - year project ( 2000 - 2002 ) for staff and supplies to re - record 1, 180 hours of the lcaaj originals. - support from the new york state conservation / preservation program for a two - year project ( 1999 - 2001 ) to purchase analog tape stock to be used in re - recording 1, 200 hours", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4725690907818433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.713379"} {"text": "record 1, 180 hours of the lcaaj originals. - support from the new york state conservation / preservation program for a two - year project ( 1999 - 2001 ) to purchase analog tape stock to be used in re - recording 1, 200 hours of the lcaaj originals. - donations ( 1996 - 2000 ) from the atran foundation, the david & barbara b. hirschhorn foundation, the morris j. & betty kaplun foundation, the lucius n. littauer foundation, and the solow foundation for staff and supplies. the project adheres to the technical standards for audio preservation advocated by the association for recorded sound collections associated audio archives committee ( arsc - aaa ), the joint technical commission of the audio engineering society ( aes ), the american national standards institute ( ansi ), and the national association of broadcasters ( nab ). as recommended by these organizations, the re - recording employs low noise, two - track polyester ( 1. 5 mil ) tape. the archival tape is recorded in real time at 15 inches per second ( ips ) to preserve maximum audio fidelity, with no splicing, with buffer - tape - pack at both ends, wound uniformly tails out ( end out ) onto slotless - hub 10 \u00bd - inch metal reels. in order to keep the archival copies as true to the original recordings as possible, no manipulation of the original signal, such as noise reduction, filtering or other signal - processing techniques, is undertaken. each reel is \" leadered \" at the beginning with 30 - 60 seconds of blank tape. following this leader is a 30 - 60 second test zone containing reference tones and azimuth tones, which in turn is followed by a second 30 - 60 seconds of \" leader \" tape ( blank, no splicing ). paper or plastic leaders are not spliced on to the reels to fill the required lead time. no splices appear in the preservation master. the material being preserved follows the second leader in two - track double monophonic in one direction only. the recording levels are monitored at all times by recording technicians to ensure the best possible signal - to - noise ratio on the final analog tape. all recording machines are calibrated and cleaned prior to each recording session. equipment used for transfer meets standards established by the american national standards institute ( ansi ), eia ( electronic industry association ) and the national association of broadcasters ( nab ). for more information on this project, contact the columbia university libraries preservation division.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4511881898781679, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.714672"} {"text": "the 16th annual great backyard bird count takes place the weekend of friday, feb. 15, through monday, feb. 18. this activity engages citizen scientist volunteers to count birds in specific locations all across the united states and canada on the third weekend of february each year. in 2012, this effort recorded 104, 151 separate checklists, including 2, 046 from tennessee. shelby county contributed more than 10 percent of the total, 256. and memphis recorded 93 species, tops in the state. the 2013 great backyard bird count, a joint project of the cornell university laboratory of ornithology and the national audubon society, will incorporate two major changes. first, it will go global. checklists can be submitted from anywhere in the world. second, great backyard bird count data will be merged with ebird, the national audubon society and cornell university ' s worldwide database of bird sightings. this will require participants to create an ebird account. to do so, go to birdcount. org. the bird count is fun and free. just count all of the birds that you see and hear in one place ( your yard, a park, schoolyard, your office ) for at least 15 minutes any or every day feb. 15 - 18. the information that you and thousands of others provide will help scientists to learn more about what is happening in our environment. to protect, we first must know. the entire month of february is backyard bird month at the memphis botanic garden. the garden is sponsoring a contest of bird photographs taken in its nature garden during the month. on feb. 16, dick preston and other members of the memphis chapter of the tennessee ornithology society will host a bird identification workshop at the botanic garden as part of the great backyard bird count weekend. there will be a free \" lunch and learn \" brown bag lunch followed by a guided bird walk in the nature garden. afterward, data collected during the bird walk will be entered into the bird count database. the botanic garden will host \" celebrate urban birds day \" from 2 to 4 p. m. feb. 23. there will be crafts and games, and members of the local ornithology society will lead a bird walk. for more information, contact charity novick at 901 - 636 - 4119, or go to memphisbotanicgarden. com. the 113th annual christmas bird count was held at selected locations all around the globe between dec. 15, 2012, and jan. 5, 2013. the memphis count on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4438169828621692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.718024"} {"text": "selecting, sizing transformers for commercial buildings while commercial building designs change, their electrical loads remain fundamentally unchanged. properly sizing and selecting transformers ensures that these loads are accommodated. by ralph baeza, pe, leed ap, tlc engineering for architecture, miami transformers, along with other power distribution apparatus, remain a fundamental component in electrical systems distribution for commercial buildings. this article presents several useful design concepts for selecting and sizing transformers in the design of electrical systems for commercial buildings. transformers change voltage levels to supply electrical loads with the voltages they require. they supply the required incoming electrical service to the buildings. transformer primary and secondary voltages can be 2, 400 ; 4, 160 ; 7, 200 ; 12, 470 ; and 13, 200 for 15 - kv class, and 120, 208, 240, 277, and 480 for 600 - v class. transformers are located either outdoors or inside buildings in an electrical room or other areas as permitted by code. the electrical phase characteristics associated with the transformer \u2019 s primary side is 3 - phase, 3 - wire or delta connected. the secondary is 3 - phase, 4 - wire or wye connected. there are different construction types for transformers used in commercial buildings. our understanding of their general characteristics will allow the designer and end user to make the proper selection for the electrical system application. following are some of the transformer types available in the industry along with a few of their characteristics : ventilated dry - type transformers are ventilated by air, use larger space for clearance, and use different insulating materials to augment the dielectric strength of the air. they contain an enclosure surrounding the windings for their mechanical protection and the safety of personnel. this type is the most common to be used in the building indoor electrical system distribution. see table 1 for typical dry - type transformer ratings, dimensions, and weights. sealed dry - type transformers are similar to dry type in most of their characteristics. the difference is they contain an enclosed tank with nitrogen or other dielectric gas to protect the windings. they can be installed outdoors or indoors. they are useful in areas with a corrosive or dirty atmosphere. cast - coil transformers are constructed with the primary and secondary windings encapsulated in reinforced resin. they can be installed where moisture or airborne contaminants exist. nonventilated dry - type transformers are similar to the ventilated type but are totally enclosed. this type can be installed in areas with corrosive or dirty atmospheric conditions where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45243089907622214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.725132"} {"text": "can be installed where moisture or airborne contaminants exist. nonventilated dry - type transformers are similar to the ventilated type but are totally enclosed. this type can be installed in areas with corrosive or dirty atmospheric conditions where it would be impossible to use a ventilated - type transformer. oil - filled transformers are constructed with the windings encased in an oil - tight tank filled with insulating mineral oil. it is good practice to regularly test this type of transformer in order to determine dielectric breakdown, which affects its useful life. there are different ways in which transformers are installed and used as part of a commercial building electrical system. these application types include : indoor distribution transformers are used with panelboards and are separately mounted to supply the specific electrical load requirements in a system - specific application within the system distribution. several transformer types rated higher than 600 v for oil insulated type, higher than 35, 000 v for dry type, and other transformers rated higher than 600 v are required to be located in vault rooms, which must be built with fire - rated enclosures depending on the transformer type and applicable local authority requirements, when indoors. transformers that are not over 600 v and are part of the indoor building electrical system distribution have both primary and secondary voltages below 600 v with the most common voltage level change from 480 v to 208 y / 120 v. pad - mounted transformers are installed outside and are considered the first option for supplying service entrance voltage to the building electrical system based on the project size and requirements. they typically have primary voltages higher than 600 v and secondary voltages lower than 600 v with compartments for the associated protective devices assembled in an integral tamper - resistant and weatherproof unit. in addition, the size of the commercial facility will determine the appropriate approach for designing the electrical distribution system for the specific application. in this electrical system design, the transformer can be used as part of a substation, primary unit substation, secondary unit substation, or network configuration. the electrical size of the transformer load is rated in kva. this rating provides the associated power output delivered for a specific period by the loads connected to the transformer on the secondary side of the equipment. the loads, which are calculated as part of the building electrical system design phase, are shown in the construction documents \u2019 respective equipment schedules in va or kva. a general approach to determining transformer capacity and selecting the proper rating for the design application is to obtain the calculated design load from the respective electrical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4746225253385516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.726292"} {"text": "building electrical system design phase, are shown in the construction documents \u2019 respective equipment schedules in va or kva. a general approach to determining transformer capacity and selecting the proper rating for the design application is to obtain the calculated design load from the respective electrical schedule and add 20 % spare capacity for future load growth to be shown in the equipment schedule, unless otherwise directed by the facility based on design parameters. for example, the code - based demand load of a 208 y / 120 v, 3 - phase, 4 - wire panelboard is 42 kva, which does do not include spare capacity for future growth. therefore, the transformer size required for converting the system voltage from 480 v, 3 - phase, 3 - wire to 208 y / 120 v, 3 - phase, 4 - wire is : transformer size in kva = 42 kva x 1. 25 = 52. 5 kva therefore, a 75 kva transformer would be selected for this application out of the available standard ratings for a 480 v primary to 208 y / 120 v secondary. the most common building industry standard ratings are 3, 6, 9, 15, 30, 37. 5, 45, 75, 112. 5, 150, 225, 300, 500, 750, and 1, 000 kva. the above simple calculation meets the intent to achieve the normal life expectancy of a transformer, which is based on the following basic conditions : - the transformer is equal to or less than its rated kva and rated voltage. - the average temperature of the cooling air during a 24 - hour period is 86 f. - the temperature of the cooling air at no time exceeds 104 f. transformer selection starts with the kva rating required to supply the loads connected in the electrical system. another consideration for indoor distribution transformers is the type of load : linear or nonlinear. linear loads include resistive heating and induction motors ; nonlinear loads are produced by electronic equipment that contributes to the distortion of the electrical power signals by generating harmonics. the harmonics resulting from nonsinusoidal currents generate additional losses and heating of the transformer coils, which reduce the transformer life expectancy. indoor transformers for nonlinear loads can be selected with a k rating, which allows the transformer to withstand nonlinear conditions in the electrical system. k - rated transformers do not mitigate or eliminate harmonics. however, they do protect the transformer itself from damage caused by harmonics. for harmonic mitigation, k - rated transformers can be combined with harmonic filters or choke", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5026943271675275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.727505"} {"text": "electrical system. k - rated transformers do not mitigate or eliminate harmonics. however, they do protect the transformer itself from damage caused by harmonics. for harmonic mitigation, k - rated transformers can be combined with harmonic filters or chokes. for linear load applications, transformers should be selected with lower core losses. other factors that should be considered in selecting transformers are voltage ratings for both primary and secondary, voltage taps, efficiency, impedance value, type of cooling and temperature rise, voltage insulation class, basic impulse level, and sound level. in the past two years, two large projects in miami dade county have been built : the florida international university football stadium and miami international airport south terminal. both projects included dry - type 480 v, 3 - phase to 208 y / 120v v step - down transformers ( in nema 2 enclosures ), ranging from 15 kva to 112. 5 kva in the electrical system distribution design. the 18, 688 - seat fiu football stadium was designed with about 12 transformers as part of the electrical system distribution in order to supply general - use receptacles, small motors, and other loads in the stadium building structure and the attached field house building. the mia south terminal expansion was designed with about 50 transformers with similar intent as the stadium \u2019 s but a more diverse group of loads for the 208 y / 120 v 3 - phase, 4 - wire system, which also included lighting loads, signage, telecommunication, security systems, and other loads part of this building project ( figure 1 ). the installation of power transformers and transformer vaults must comply with the requirements of national electrical code ( nfpa 70 ) article 450 and specific local authority having jurisdiction requirements. some principles to consider for transformer installation include locating them in isolated rooms with proper ventilation, clearances, and accessibility. otherwise, they can be installed on open walls or steel columns or above suspended ceilings. in addition, there are other specific requirements based on the transformer type, such as weatherproof enclosures for dry - type transformers installed outdoors or a transformer vault room for oil - insulated transformers installed indoors. in addition, a good design and installation require the proper transformer feeder and overcurrent protection device size based on nec articles 240, 250, 450, and applicable sections of article 310 ( figure 2 ). transformers remain a fundamental component of electrical distribution systems. equipment operation characteristics will continue to change. however, their operating principles will remain with the same. the industry trend is to continue building transformers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4937319156670369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.728522"} {"text": "the easiest way to avoid consuming too much sodium is to choose fresh, whole foods that are as close to their natural state as possible, says steve g. aldana, ph. d., who is professor of health and human performance at brigham young university in provo, utah. the reason : although small amounts of sodium are naturally found in whole foods, they are infinitesimal compared to the amounts found in many processed foods. that doesn ' t mean you have to forgo convenience in the kitchen, however. many canned vegetables are available in sodium - free or reduced - sodium versions. independent of sodium intake, fruit and vegetable consumption also has a positive effect on blood pressure. a diet that is rich in whole, unprocessed foods provides a healthy balance of fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. \" the closer we get to foods in their natural forms, the better, \" aldana says. another mineral that plays a key role in a low - sodium diet is potassium. found in substantial levels in root vegetables, leafy greens, and fruits, potassium helps balance the effects of sodium in the body. in fact, when the usda lowered the dietary guidelines for sodium, it raised the recommendations for potassium - from 3, 500 to 4, 700mg per day, a figure most of us miss. ( average potassium intakes for women hover between 2, 100 to 2, 300mg, while men consume between 2, 900 and 3, 200mg. ) in a review of 33 clinical trials, researchers from tulane university health science center in new orleans found that increasing intake of potassium - rich foods may lower systolic blood pressure by an average of 3 points and diastolic by 2 points. some of us are physiologically sensitive to salt, and thus respond better and faster to a reduction in sodium intake. \" salt - sensitive people will experience a greater reduction in blood pressure than salt - resistant people, \" linn says. researchers estimate that 10 to 25 percent of the population may be salt - sensitive. among those with diagnosed hypertension, the number rises to 60 percent. for now, there ' s no way to test for salt sensitivity ; the best indication may be heredity. to learn more about a possible genetic connection to salt sensitivity, di rienzo tested more than 1, 000 people from 52 ethnic groups and discovered a variation in a salt - regulating gene called cyp3a5. the gene was most common in natives of sub - saharan africa. as the distance from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4165066934427494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.731871"} {"text": "di rienzo tested more than 1, 000 people from 52 ethnic groups and discovered a variation in a salt - regulating gene called cyp3a5. the gene was most common in natives of sub - saharan africa. as the distance from the equator increased, so did subjects ' likelihood of a mutation in the gene that causes salt to be retained. however, experts warn this discovery shouldn ' t provide license to load up on salt if you aren ' t sodium sensitive. \" while certain traits may tip us off as to who faces the greatest risk from too much dietary sodium, it ' s difficult to predict who can get away with excess consumption, \" says tedd mitchell, m. d., medical director for the cooper wellness program at the aerobics center in dallas, texas. other factors, such as age, also play a role. systolic blood pressure rises an average of four points per decade of life naturally, so all adults should reduce the amount of sodium they consume as they age - regardless of sensitivity levels, linn says. for people over 50, the 2005 dietary guidelines recommend an upper limit of 1, 500mg sodium per day. for those over 70, the daily limit drops to 1, 200mg. simply controlling for the natural rise in blood pressure that occurs over a lifetime could have far - reaching effects. sources : usda dietary guidelines for americans 2005 ; centers for disease control and prevention ' s national health and nutrition examination survey peggy j. noonan is a health and nutrition writer in denver, colorado.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4496520156595624, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.732506"} {"text": "ask the physical therapist : rotator cuff injuries michael s. comes to the physical therapist after seeing his orthopaedic physician. he has a script for physical therapy and has a diagnosis of rotator cuff impingement. michael s : what is my rotator cuff and what does it do? physical therapist ( p. t. ) : the rotator cuff is a group of 4 small muscles in the shoulder. they are often referred to as the \" sits \" muscles : supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles ( see figures 1 - 4 ). the rotator cuff stabilizes the shoulder joint ( refer to figure 1 and 4 and note where the humerus ( arm bone ), meets the scapula ( shoulder blade. ) in addition, the muscles assist in moving the arm in abduction ( moving the arm sideways away from the body, and in external rotation ( with elbow bent, at your side, forearm straight forward, and moving the hand outwards. michael s : how could i have injured my rotator cuff? physical therapist ( p. t. ) : first of all let \u2019 s take a look at the shoulder joint. it is a ball and socket joint, much like the hip. however, it moves much more freely than the hip. because it has greater mobility than the hip, it is not as stable as the hip. the previous predisposes the shoulder for injury. injury to the rotator cuff can occur from the following : - trauma : most likely occurs from either a forceful and sudden contraction of the rotator cuff, or from falling on an outstretched arm. throwing has been shown to be one of the movements that most consistently produces rotator cuff tears. - overuse or impingement : occurs when the rotator cuff and one of the shoulder bursa are pinched underneath the front aspect of the scapula. this area is referred to as the coracoacromial arch ( fig. 5. ) there are different stages of impingement. they are based on the age of the patient and the severity of symptoms. stage i usually occurs in individuals under age 25, and swelling is the most common symptom. stage ii usually occurs in patients 25 - 40 years old. the condition is now chronic, and thickening of the bursa, and fibrosis of the rotator cuff occur. in stage iii, there is degeneration, and often tears in the rotator cuff. - aging", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4293407069565641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.735968"} {"text": "40 years old. the condition is now chronic, and thickening of the bursa, and fibrosis of the rotator cuff occur. in stage iii, there is degeneration, and often tears in the rotator cuff. - aging and attrition ( wear and tear ) : aging causes progressive degeneration of the entire rotator cuff, decreasing its ability to adapt to stresses, and to heal after injuries. michael s : how does one determine that my rotator cuff is injured? physical therapist ( p. t. ) : first of all, most patients complain of pain in their shoulder area. an orthopaedic physician and physical therapist will notice abnormal shoulder movements and weakness. an mri is an effective means to evaluate the shoulder. michael s : how do i treat my condition? physical therapist ( p. t. ) : depending on what stage your impingement is, will determine the treatment. for all stages, some sort of rest is required. this means the patient needs to avoid any movements that aggravate their symptoms. ice, heat, ultrasound, electrical stimulation, and specific exercises may be recommended by a physical therapist. a physician may prescribe anti - inflammatories, and / or local steroid injections. surgery is indicated when all forms of conservative treatment fail ( e. g. physical therapy. ) donnatelli, robert and wooden, michael. orthopaedic physical therapy. churchill livingstone, philadelphia, pa, 2001. hoppenfeld, stanley. physical examination of the spine and the extremities. appleton century crofts, east norfolk, va, 1976. netter, frank. atlas of human anatomy. ciba - geigy corporation, summit, nj, 1989. sieg, kay and adams, sandra. illustrated essentials of musculoskeletal anatomy. megabooks, gainesville, fl 1985.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4310813042281395, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.736657"} {"text": "testing your soil for healthier crops jun 27, 2011 read more about tips and tricks on how to test your soil for healthier crops. does your garden need a little help compared to your neighbor \u2019 s bountiful yard? the answer might be right under your feet : the ph of your soil. few people realize that the ph of the soil affects plant growth. to help, we recommend visiting your local garden center. most carry inexpensive kits for testing the ph of your soil. what \u2019 s ph, you ask? simple : it \u2019 s the degree of acidity. a ph reading of 7 is considered to be neutral ; below 7 means your soil is acidic and above 7 means it \u2019 s alkaline. most plants thrive in a soil ph of around 6 to 7. 5, but some are more sensitive than others. for example, lettuce barely grows once the ph is over 7, while tomatoes are significantly more adaptable, growing in a ph range of 5. 5 to 7. 5. make sure to test each bed separately, as conditions can vary significantly, even within a single garden. you \u2019 ll also want to test your water since many deep wells are alkaline heavy and city water can vary widely. if your soil is too acidic, the most common remedy is lime. but use it sparingly, since overcorrection is a common problem and can take months to reverse. the best approach is to add very small amounts to the soil and retest in a few weeks. if the soil \u2019 s ph is too alkaline, it generally means its lacking in organic matter. start a compost pile ; your garden will thank you! or you can try adding sulfur, but again a light touch is necessary and retesting is key. once you \u2019 ve got your garden \u2019 s ph balanced, sit back and enjoy the results. you \u2019 ll be keeping up with the joneses ( or at least their tomatoes ) in no time at all.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4234311331053184, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.738520"} {"text": "posted by : loren coleman on june 20th, 2008 the goverment of ukraine intends to introduce a threatened species, the european bison or wisent ( bison bonasus ), into the exclusion zone around the stricken chernobyl nuclear reactor. the plan is to create a nature reserve where the bison can thrive in the absence of humans. the minister in charge of chernobyl, volodomir shandra, says there are clean areas within the 30 - kilometre radius where the pilot scheme could work. the wisent is the heaviest surviving land animal in europe, a relic of the pleistocene megafauna of eurasia. a forest dwelling species, wisent were first scientifically described by carolus linnaeus in 1758. the last wild wisent in poland was killed in 1919 and the last wild wisent in the world was killed by poachers in 1927 in the western caucasus. by that year fewer than 50 remained, all in zoos. schleich wisent replica. wisent were reintroduced successfully into the wild, beginning in 1951. they are found living free - ranging in forest preserves such as the western caucasus in russia and the bia\u0142owieza forest in poland and belarus. zoos in 30 countries house about 3000 wisents ( as of 2000 ), all descended from only 12 individuals. if the chernobyl scheme is successful, tourists could be invited inside the exclusion zone to view these remarkable animals. but will they glow?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48766740816447074, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.739995"} {"text": "about the renminbi ( yaun ) the renminbi is the official currency of the people ' s republic of china. however, it is more commonly known by its primary unit, the yuan. renminbi is a decimalized currency system with subunits in tenths called jiao and subunits in hundredths called fen. although hong kong and macau are politically parts of china, these two locations use a separate currency. therefore, the renminbi is not legal tender in hong kong and macau. the renminbi is issued and managed by the people ' s bank of china, which was established in 1948. it remained the only legal bank in the country until 1978. the renminbi was introduced in the same year the people ' s bank was founded. after introduction, the currency maintained its value by being pegged to the us dollar, but as china progressed to a free - market economy, it was devalued on several occasions in an attempt to increase china ' s industries. today, many economists and international financial experts claim that the exchange rate of the renminbi is undervalued compared to its buying power by as much as 37. 5 per cent. as of 2005, the renminbi has been floating on the foreign exchange market in a narrow margin that is determined by a basket of leading world currencies. the basket includes the us dollar, euro, japanese yen, south korean won and several other currencies in a smaller proportion. after being removed from the us dollar peg, the renminbi immediately increased in value on the foreign exchange by two per cent. in 2008, the peg to the us dollar was reinstituted. in 2010, it was announced by china that the restrictions placed on the renminbi will be relaxed so the renminbi will once again have market flexibility. china is also working to internationalize the renminbi with the goal of it being used widespread as a foreign reserve currency. deals have already been struck with russia, vietnam and thailand that allows trade to be settled directly in renminbi. although the yuan has been the primary unit of currency in china for decades before, the renminbiyuan was not introduced until the communist party of china gained control of the country. the renminbi, or \" people ' s currency, \" was introduced to bring a unified currency system to the nation at the end of its civil war. currency is circulated through coins and banknotes, which are minted and printed by the china banknote printing and minting corporation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.528545751131509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.743919"} {"text": "nazis secretly developed plot to drop radioactive bomb on new york from supersonic space rocket - hermann goering was tasked with overcoming long - range bombing problem - much of the research would later pave the way for modern space travel nazi chief hermann goering plotted to attack new york in a bizarre plot involving a manned space rocket dropping a dirty bomb over the manhattan skyline. vying for hitler ' s attention, the head of the german air - force, hermann goering, set up a lab and a team of leading scientists to explore the possibility of the radioactive attack on american soil. goering read the work of maverick austrian engineer, eugen saenger and particularly his belief that a space plane could be built. new york : the nazis wanted to attack the u. s. but they lacked long - range bombers capable of covering the distance. they explored a rocked - propelled spacecraft as a way to reach and bomb new york ( pictured ) the head of the luftwaffe commissioned him and other leading physicists to explore the plane, which he then wanted to arm with a radioactive bomb capable of doing untold damage to america ' s most populous city. leading historians told the daily express that goering may have been gullible for believing the far - fetched plan would work, but much of the research which went into the project paved the way for modern space travel research and the space shuttle program. ' saenger would greatly influence post - war thinking about space travel in the united states, ' dr david baker, a space historian, told the british newspaper. ' a whole series of highly classified space - plane concepts were developed based on his theories. ' silverbird : eugen saenger ( left ) devised plans for the aircraft known as the silverbird ( right ) that could reach america via space. goering wanted the craft to be capable of dropping a ' dirty bomb ' on new york ' his work certainly had an influence on aspects of the space shuttle programme. ' goering believed the rocket plan would enable the third reich to overcome the issue of flying across the atlantic and ultimately avenge america ' s entry into the war. saenger completed a 900 - page plan and called the craft the silverbird. he believed it would be able to clear the lower reaches of space after being fired with rocket engines. anti - american : the nazis sought a way to punish the u. s. for entering world war two. one of the schemes they looked at was a plane which would reach america via space in order to bomb new york it was expected to reach 13,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44417236855146924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.749404"} {"text": "- american : the nazis sought a way to punish the u. s. for entering world war two. one of the schemes they looked at was a plane which would reach america via space in order to bomb new york it was expected to reach 13, 000 miles per hour, would have a 100 - tonne thrust motor and would reach more than 80 miles above earth. ' the plan was to wrap the bomb with radioactive sand and have it explode high above new york casting a radioactive cloud over the city, \u201d aviation historian david myhra ' it was a kind of prototype dirty bomb. ' losing control : goering was particularly keen to promote his airforce and saw the plot to bomb new york as an ideal way to win hitler ' s favor ' the standard aircraft of the day could not fly from europe to the us because they could not carry enough fuel. ' ' but by reaching sub - orbital altitude the silverbird \u2019 s fuel life would be extended allowing it to bomb anywhere in the world. ' ' it was wild science fiction ' ' but saenger had worked out all the mathematics. he was certain it would work. ' ' post - war analysis indicated that the space - plane would have burnt up during re - entry but this could have been overcome with thermal shielding. ' the underlying concept was sound but it was many years ahead of its time. ' goering finally dismissed the plan and the nazis looked at other ways to bomb the u. s. but never succeeded. saenger fled to france and was later sent for by josef stalin who was also interested in the silverbird concept. he was never found by the soviet union and died in 1964. dr asif siddiqi, an assistant professor in space history at fordham university said : ' saenger was the first to look into the technicalities of building a winged, reusable sub - orbital vehicle. ' ' his work was extremely far - sighted. ' failure to launch : the silverbird, pictured, was devised by austrian engineer eugen saenger so the nazis could bomb new york. the ambitious space rocket design wasn ' t developed beyond planning stage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4776730503403259, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.750268"} {"text": "2 flight zone. cattle are herd animals and are classified as a prey species. they have natural defenses against predators, such as escape or flight behaviors. the flight or escape zone is generally referred to as the area around them that, when invaded by the unwelcome, will cause them to move away. as cattle interact more with their handlers and regular surroundings, the flight zone can become smaller and they can be approached more readily. 3 stimulus area. this is the buffer area outside the flight zone in which controlled stimulus, when applied efficiently, will cause the cow to move as intended by the handler. \u201c stimulus \u201d here refers to human presence and action only, not prods, whips or any other physical tools. it is also more successful when only one person applies stimulus at a time. 4 depth perception. cows have limited close - up depth perception, making stepping over a curb, onto a shadow, or walking off the edge of a bedded pack potentially new to them. if those conditions are present in their environment, they will need to be handled repeatedly in order for them to learn not to over - react. 5 hearing. cattle have a broader hearing range than humans in frequency of kilohertz and will respond to quieter noises and higher pitches that humans cannot hear. reducing or eliminating loud noises, including shouting, whistling and clanging gates, will help reduce stress and adrenaline production. 6 stage of life. regular, calm interaction with humans should begin with newborn calves. young animals of all species ( including humans ) have \u201c brain plasticity, \u201d which means they have a tremendous ability to absorb and retain knowledge when they are very young. the transition period between hutches and group housing is a critical time to practice stockmanship to help them interact more calmly with humans, find out where their feed and water are, and become acclimated to having pen mates. calving time is another period that requires careful stockmanship, because maternal instincts can cause cows to become more aggressive and more easily startled. as a stockman, always leave yourself an escape route when handling close - up animals. 7 flow of movement. once a cow is moving in the intended direction, it is ideal to keep her moving and not interrupt that positive flow. facility design plays an important role here. placing cows in holding areas before they enter the parlor is not ideal, and crowd gates and \u201c cow pushers \u201d can cause severe stress. an example of constant, positive flow is the rotary parlor, which promotes positive flow and provides a very calming, regular routine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5206180039676994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.752991"} {"text": "engineering & construction degrees and programs offered in california ( ca ) engineering and construction careers require you to have a high level of technical knowledge and formal training. a bachelor ' s degree plus a license from the california board for professional engineers, land surveyors and geologists is required for most engineers, while construction managers typically have a bachelor ' s degree plus certification and work experience. an associate ' s degree in engineering can prepare you for entry level technician jobs. earning engineering and construction degrees in california train to work in engineering and construction and you could enjoy a healthy salary for a career that fascinates you. the bureau of labor statistics reports the following 2009 mean annual wages for popular construction and engineering jobs in california : - aerospace engineers : $ 107, 710 - civil engineers : $ 91, 910 - industrial engineers : $ 86, 200 - managers of construction trades and extraction workers : $ 74, 500 - electricians : $ 56, 840 engineering and construction degrees in california can lead to a growth career in the state. the california employment development department projects an 8. 9 percent growth in job opportunities for construction managers between 2008 and 2018, a 7 percent growth for engineering managers, an 80. 6 percent growth for biomedical engineers, and a 21. 4 percent growth for environmental engineers. learn more about your degree options and start your commitment to training in california today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.36657236456488024, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.755269"} {"text": "55 and older you can contract hiv even though pregnancy may not be an issue, sexually active people over 55 are still at risk for contracting hiv and other stds. with new male enhancement drugs on the market, std rates among older americans are increasing. in 2007, persons aged 50 and older accounted for approximately 16 % of new hiv / aids diagnosis. you can protect yourself it is imperative that you continue to use protection such as condoms and dental dams to prevent unwanted diseases. use protection whenever you engage in any kind of sexual activity. make sure you : - know how to use a condom. don ' t know how? practice putting one on a banana or cucumber. you can get free condoms and help at desert aids project. - always use latex condoms with water - based lube like ky lubricant, id glide, and others. remember : only use water - based lube \u2013 anything else will break the condom. - use a condom, even when performing oral sex! you ' ll be safer and cleaner. - carry and store condoms in a cool, dry place. that means your car is not a location, especially during the summer months when anything left in a car will melt! if you have any questions about how put on condoms, what lube is, or where to keep either one of these, please contact ralph gonzalez at ( 760 ) 323 - 2118 ext. 703 or.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4033512168410448, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.756637"} {"text": "prepare for spring by diving into late - winter chores in the garden. remove leaf litter from a pond, especially if you have fish. decomposing leaves can have an adverse effect on water quality. turn off the pump to make it easier to collect the leaves. while removing the leaves, you can also scoop out algae that may have formed. when you ' re finished removing the leaves, turn the pump back on. if weeds have sprouted in the path that surrounds the water feature, remove them by hoeing or pulling. never use herbicides near a pond, especially if it contains fish, because nearly all herbicides are toxic to fish. they may also destroy aquatic plants in and around the pond. wait to remove or transplant overgrown or misplaced plants in or around the pond until the temperatures are warmer. late winter is not an ideal time to transplant herbaceous plants, and the water may be too cold or even frozen to work in. late winter is the ideal time to cut back ornamental grasses. although it can be fairly easy to cut back grasses with a pair of pruners, loppers or shears, you can also secure the top growth with a bungee cord or piece of twine and cut grasses back with electric or gas powered hedge trimmers. this method can be particularly useful on cutting back large sized grasses. late winter is a good time to prune runaway vines because you can visibly see where the vines are growing and remove them from nearby plants. if you wait until spring has sprung and the leaves are already on the trees and shrubs, you may miss an overgrown vine that could potentially be choking nearby plants. did you know... using a clothes line instead of a dryer will save a lot of energy. it ' s difficult to find hard numbers, but the environmental protection agency ' s energy star website indicates the average family does about 300 loads of laundry per year. pacific gas and electric ' s website estimates that it costs about $. 33 - $. 56 per load for gas dryers and about $. 12 - $. 15 per load for electric dryers. based on these numbers, hanging clothes on a clothes line will save you about $ 40 - $ 45 per year if you own an electric dryer and about $ 100 - $ 170 per year if you own a gas dryer. - - rebecca matulka, energy. gov home selling tip when preparing for a showing, pay attention to details! little things mean a lot in the big picture because they pull the house ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42908503989636815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.761036"} {"text": "merriam - webster \u2019 s dictionary define the word extortion as obtaining ( as money ) from a person by force, intimidation, or undue or unlawful use of authority or power. in order for musicians to get paid copyright collectives began to appear in the 19th century. these collecting societies were formed to ensure that those who create copyrighted material are able to collect the money they are due. in its simplest form the member musician hands over control of his / her economic rights to the collecting society. the collecting society then has the mandate to collect the dues. once collected these funds are dispersed among the members. in most ( at least european ) countries the collecting societies have established themselves as a central part of the socio - economic system. they are powerful interest groups which ensure that they ( and in extention their members ) are catered to by the political - legal system. by entering into agreements with trade organisations the collecting societies now have established the right to collect money from all businesses that play music, show tv etc to their customers. rasmus at copyriot has written an interesting piece on the way in which collecting societies manage to collect money. in sweden the most active collecting societies are sami and stim which are able to collect money for any music played in places of business where customers gather. so large everything from : hotels with music in the lifts, small pizzerias whose music annoys you while you wait for your delivery, hairdressers, businesses that play cheesy music while you are on hold and cafa\u00a9s with music nobody listens to. they are all required to pay to the collecting societies. rasmus even relates an event where a policeman at a demonstration in germany wrote down all the songs played and sent the list to the german collecting societies who promptly sent the organiser a bill. swedish law would work in the same way. the policemana?? s superior stated that the policeman had gone too far but the bill still has to be paid. ( link to story in german ). the spanish case in 2005 the main spanish collecting society ( sociedad general de autores y editores \u2013 sgae ) a?? sued ricardo andra\u00a9s utrera ferna \u00a1 ndez, the owner of metropol, a disco bar located in in badajoz for not paying sgaea?? s license fee of 4. 816, 74 a? \u00ac for the period from november 2002 to august 2005 for the public performance of music. on february 17th, 2006, the lower court", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4973870873316084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.767943"} {"text": "in in badajoz for not paying sgaea?? s license fee of 4. 816, 74 a? \u00ac for the period from november 2002 to august 2005 for the public performance of music. on february 17th, 2006, the lower court number six of badajoz, a city in extremadura, spain, rejected the collecting societya?? s claims because the owner of the bar proved that the music he was using was not managed by the society. the music performed in the bar was licensed under cc licenses that allows that public display since the authors have already granted those rights. specifically, the judge said : a?? the author possesses some moral and economic rights on his creation. and the owner of these rights, he can manage them as he considers appropriate, being able to yield the free use, or hand it over partially. \u201c creative commons \u201d licenses are different classes of authorizations that the holder of his work gives for a more or less free or no cost use of it. they exist as a? \u00a6 different classes of licenses of this type a? \u00a6 they allow third parties to be able to use music freely and without cost with greater or minor extension ; and in some of these licenses, specific uses require the payment of royalties. the defendant proves that he makes use of music that is handled by their authors through these creative commons licenses. a?? ( quote from cc ) the full text of the decision ( in spanish ) is available here. the spanish case sets a new precedent in that it confirms that the collecting societies can only collect if the music played is made by members of collecting societies. copyright activists needed what needs to be done? hairdressers and cafa\u00a9 owners are probably not the most tech or internet savvy. so to help them the basic idea is to set up a website filled with cc licensed music and easy howto instructions on how to use the music either online or by downloading and creating cda?? s. aside from music arranged by genre, technical information on how to use it, the site should include legal information explaining why the users will no longer have to pay money to the collecting societies. this copyright civil disobedience could potentially become the most important method for affecting change in the copyright system since it attacks the purse of the collecting society. in addition to this the scheme is legal. this last point does not make it less civil disobedience since the organisation of the site is a form of protest against the extortionary powers which the collecting societies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43931805006437286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.769258"} {"text": "one of the most significant events in norman waterford and ireland was the marriage of strongbow and aoife which took place in christ church cathedral as it symbolised the long and sometimes tortuous birth of a new ireland. in 1171 the king of england, henry ii, arrived in waterford and anxious to exercise his control over a process of conquest that was taking place almost despite him, began to demand the submissions of the anglo - norman knights. the submission of strongbow and his followers was received by henry at waterford. henry ii recognised strongbow as mcmurrough \u2019 s heir to leinster but the strategically important port cities of dublin and waterford, which strongbow had captured, were retained by the king. henry ii elevated waterford to the status of a royal city - a status that was to change the course of the city \u2019 s history lace front wigs dramatically. consequently in the years after the invasion, many english and french merchants settled in waterford. this new merchant class with its \u2019 trading contacts in england and on the continent was to make waterford medieval ireland \u2019 s chief port for the import of wine and a major exporter of wool and hides. the city flourished during the 13th century and many new monasteries, friaries and churches were built. new stone - built defences protected its \u2019 citizens and a sophisticated form of local government developed whereby the citizens elected a mayor on an annual basis to rule over the city. the 14th century saw the beginning of the breakdown of anglo - norman power in ireland. however waterford \u2019 s close connections with cities such as bristol and chester ensured that it remained very much part of the english political scene. this century also saw the plague known as the \u2019 black death \u2019 wipe out a third of the city \u2019 s population. this decline in population, which was experienced all over europe, had an adverse effect on trade. the subsequent decline in demand caused the city fathers to become even more tenacious in protecting the city \u2019 s monopoly on shipping entering waterford harbour. traditionally, all ships entering the harbour, with the exception of those originating in leinster, were obliged to unload at waterford. in 1372 waterford city council commissioned the decoration of the great charter roll, an illuminated manuscript measuring 14 feet in length, in an attempt to strengthen their legal case against the burgesses of new ross who were working to nullify waterford \u2019 s monopoly. the manuscript thus produced has fortunately been preserved in waterford and is regarded as the most important irish illuminated manuscript from the late medieval period and can be seen in the waterford museum of treasures. during the 14th and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3768508753130321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.773339"} {"text": "were working to nullify waterford \u2019 s monopoly. the manuscript thus produced has fortunately been preserved in waterford and is regarded as the most important irish illuminated manuscript from the late medieval period and can be seen in the waterford museum of treasures. during the 14th and 15th centuries, waterford was surrounded by hostile neighbours \u2014 the o \u2019 driscolls, sea pirates from co. cork, who were the scourge of the city \u2019 s shipping, while their allies the powers, an anglo - norman family who controlled county waterford, were often known to attack the city and plunder the nearby countryside in search of booty. yet despite the problems waterford was by the end of the 15th century a strong and well - fortified city with an international reputation for good quality woollen shawls which were known on the continent as \u2019 waterford rugs \u2019. in 1495 an attack on the city by perkin warbeck, a pretender to the throne of henry vii was repulsed. canon mounted on the ringworks in front of reginald \u2019 s tower saved the city and gave waterford the distinction of being the first irish city to use artillery in its defence. in recognition of the city \u2019 s loyalty, the king gave the city its \u2019 own motto : \u2019 urbs intacta manet \u2019 \u2014 waterford, the loyal city.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4273300752749583, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.773867"} {"text": "more in outdoors arguably the biggest mistake you can make is with \" topping \" your tree. it ' s considered something of a dirty word in horticulture circles. topping means cutting a tree back so severely that only the stumps of large branches are left. it ' s done in an attempt to control the size of the tree. this stresses the tree because it takes away the leaves, its food sources. the tree will send out many smaller branches in an effort to produce more leaves quickly but they are not as strong as the previous branches and can break off easily in the wind. tree topping also results in a pretty unattractive tree. the way to properly bring a tree down in height is to make your cuts at a joint. a joint is the place where either a leaf or a branch grows out from the stem. cut down the tallest branches at a joint, which will reduce the height significantly, instead of leaving a bunch of stubs. this way, the tree will be able to heal itself, growing a new branch in that spot. if you have a dense tree that ' s completely blocking a view, you may want to thin it out. this involves removing entire branches that are too overgrown by making the proper cuts at a joint. this will allow you to see through the tree by taking some of the heaviness out of the canopy. it ' s always a good idea to have a pruning partner whenever you prune, but this especially helps when thinning. before you cut, have someone stand back and look at the tree to make sure you ' re not chopping off an important part of the tree or taking so much as to ruin the shape. you don ' t want to turn your pruning tools into weapons, so you better know how to use them. pruners and pruning saws should always be sharp and disinfected when you use them. this will help you to make a smooth, clean cut and the tree will be able to recover faster from it. for branches larger than 1 - 1 / 2 \" in diameter, you ' ll want to use a special technique called the \" 1, 2, 3 method. \" this will protect the bark on your tree by preventing the branch from splitting. if you just started cutting downward on a larger branch, the weight of that branch would bring it down faster than you can cut. this would cause the branch to split and the bark would tear, making it harder for the tree to recover and more susceptible to pests or disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44420436564910293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.777963"} {"text": "what four factors influence the severity of allergy season? ( bpt ) - while many people rejoice when the weather gets warmer, it ' s not always a pleasant time for everyone. those who suffer from seasonal allergies know to expect difficulties around this time of year, but the severity of allergy season can vary. the presence of the common causes of spring allergies - pollen and mold - can fluctuate depending on a number of weather - related factors. here are some of the conditions that can affect pollen counts, according to the experts at the american college of allergy, asthma and immunology ( acaai ). * length of the growing season. longer growing seasons might be a good thing for farmers and gardeners, but it can mean increased misery for allergy sufferers, as it increases the time pollen and mold are present as well. * erratic weather. a warmer - than - usual winter season, as experienced this year, makes trees pollinate earlier. if spring weather fluctuates greatly between warm and cold spells, it can result in more intense periods of pollen release during the warm spells, when plants take the cue to grow and release pollen. * rainfall. rain can be either a good thing or a bad thing for allergy sufferers, depending on when it happens. the worst allergy seasons are often preceded by a wet spring, which promotes rapid plant growth later on. but rain can also provide a much - needed respite for those with allergies, as a heavy rainfall can help clear the air of pollen. * wind. dry and windy weather is not kind to people with allergies, as the wind spreads pollen and mold. since so many factors contribute to high pollen counts, it ' s all but impossible to predict how intense an allergy season will be. however, in addition to taking steps to limit your exposure to allergens that affect you, seeing an allergist before the season starts can also help ensure you find relief. why see an allergist? allergists are not only trained to treat your systems, but can identify the source of your allergies and develop a treatment plan to address your symptoms. a doctor who is also a certified allergist can teach you how to avoid potential triggers for your allergies, and recommend treatment options that may go beyond over - the - counter medications. an allergist may also recommend allergy shots, also known as immunotherapy, which can alter the progression", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40618663110995523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.782100"} {"text": "dover, del. \u2013 august 11, 2003 at a press conference held this morning at the delaware department of education, secretary of education valerie a. woodruff announced school and school district accountability ratings for more than 170 public schools and 19 school districts under delaware \u2019 s recently revised accountability system. as a result of the no child left behind ( nclb ) act of 2001, delaware was required to modify its existing accountability system to meet the requirements of the far - reaching federal law. according to nclb, all states are required to conduct an annual assessment of all students in grades 3 - 8 and one high school grade. the results of the annual assessment are then used as the primary means to determine school and school district accountability ratings. adequate yearly progress ( ayp ) is designed to measure academic performance of not only all students in a particular school but of subgroups within the student population. one of the key changes to delaware \u2019 s existing system, and for all states across the country, is that 100 % of all students must be proficient in english language arts ( reading and writing ) and mathematics by the 2013 - 2014 school year. the federal formula for determining ayp is based upon all students and required subgroups of students meeting proficiency at an established annual target. that target will continually increase towards the 2013 - 2014 school year when 100 % of students across the u. s. must be proficient. including all students, the subgroups are : american indian ; asian american ; african american ; hispanic ; white ; low income ; special education ; and limited english proficient. by applying the federal formula, delaware \u2019 s target this year for english language arts is at 57 %. students must meet the standard. in mathematics, the target has been calculated at 33 %. additionally, a fixed target of 95 % of students must participate in the delaware student testing program ( dstp ) each spring in ela and math in each school or ayp will not have been attained. lastly, an elementary or middle school and school districts must maintain or show progress in another target called \u201c other indicator \u201d in the area of science and social studies. for high schools and school districts, the graduation rate is the \u201c other indicator. \u201d a school or school district is classified as \u201c under school improvement \u201d if it does not make ayp in the same content area ( percent proficient or participation rate ) for two consecutive years, or the school or school district does not maintain or show progress on the \u201c other indicator \u201d for two consecutive years. a school or district can be moved out of \u201c under school", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4509146538227709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.788929"} {"text": "same content area ( percent proficient or participation rate ) for two consecutive years, or the school or school district does not maintain or show progress on the \u201c other indicator \u201d for two consecutive years. a school or district can be moved out of \u201c under school improvement \u201d if all targets are met for two consecutive years in the same content area or \u201c other indicator \u201d that placed the school or district \u201c under school improvement \u201d and the school or district must not fall below targets in the other content area or \u201c other indicator \u201d target for two consecutive years. under delaware \u2019 s revised accountability system, schools and districts are classified in one of five categories : - superior means that the school or district has met ayp, is not under improvement and has met additional, rigorous state criteria. - commendable indicates that ayp has been met while the school or district is not \u201c under improvement. \u201d - academic review means ayp is not met for one year while the school or district is not \u201c under improvement. \u201d - academic progress means ayp is met for one year while the school or district is \u201c under improvement. \u201d - academic watch means ayp is not met for two or more years. the school or school district goes into or remains in \u201c under improvement. \u201d consequences for schools not meeting ayp differ depending on whether the school is a non - title 1 school or a title 1 ( receives federal funding for low income students ) school. title 1 school : - 1 year = no consequences - 2 years = under school improvement ( usi ) \u2013 begin choice option for title i schools - 3 years = remain under school improvement \u2013 begin supplemental services option for low - income students in title i schools - 4 years = corrective action \u2013 select one or more nclb corrective action options - 5 years = restructuring plan \u2013 select one or more nclb restructuring options - 6 years = restructuring implementation - 1 year = no consequences - 2 years = under school improvement ( usi ) - 3 years = remain under school improvement \u2013 begin prioritization of extra time services for subgroups not meeting target - 4 years = corrective action \u2013 select one or more corrective action options - 5 years = restructuring plan \u2013 select one or more restructuring options - 6 years = restructuring implementation today \u2019 s announcement by secretary woodruff identifies that two school districts \u2014 caesar rodney and smyrna \u2014 have been rated \u201c superior \u201d while the remaining 17 school districts have been rated as \u201c academic review. \u201d in the individual school ratings, 61 schools have been rated \u201c superior ; \u201d 12 are rated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4866497688577637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.790196"} {"text": "two school districts \u2014 caesar rodney and smyrna \u2014 have been rated \u201c superior \u201d while the remaining 17 school districts have been rated as \u201c academic review. \u201d in the individual school ratings, 61 schools have been rated \u201c superior ; \u201d 12 are rated \u201c commendable ; \u201d 86 are rated \u201c academic review ; \u201d and 12 schools ( all title 1 ) are rated \u201c academic watch. \u201d the 12 schools rated \u201c academic watch \u201d are now required to offer choice options to parents. according to nclb, school districts must notify parents that they can choice their children to other schools within the district that are not under improvement providing there is another elementary, middle or high school within that district. the districts must send letters to parents explaining the choice options available to them. four of the schools under \u201c academic watch \u201d must also offer supplemental services to their low income students. this includes extra time programs, tutoring and other academic services designed to improve student achievement. secretary woodruff stated that the ratings applied to the schools and school districts do not totally reflect what is being accomplished in delaware \u2019 s public schools. \u201c delaware has been engaged in education reform for the past 12 years. during that time, we have seen our students meet tougher, higher standards and achieve greater academic success. we have seen a steady increase in our reading, writing and math scores at our early grades ; we have seen increases in our sat9 scores. \u201d added secretary woodruff, \u201c our naep scores in reading and writing are among the best in the country. i am proud of the diligent, hard work of all of our educators and what they continue to do to provide a quality education for all students. \u201d \u201c nclb requires all schools and districts to meet many targets. not meeting just one of 20 targets or just one of 35 targets means that the school doesn \u2019 t meet adequate yearly progress and is rated as \u2018 academic review, \u2019 \u201d said secretary woodruff. \u201c the important thing to do is look at the total picture of what a school or district is doing. did not meeting one target cause the rating? or were several targets the cause? \u201d on friday, august 15th, online school profiles will be available for viewing on doe \u2019 s website. the profiles will identify each school \u2019 s accountability rating as well as show what targets were and were not met. \u201c parents can also look at school profiles to view student achievement data, staff information and a school \u2019 s demographics, \u201d said secretary woodruff. \u201c the profiles also provide a reader with school climate information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40030916955077267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.791309"} {"text": "intel corporation ( intc ) is an american multinational semiconductor chip maker corporation headquartered in santa clara, california, united states and the world ' s largest semiconductor chip maker, based on revenue. it is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. intel was founded on july 18, 1968, as int egrated el ectronics corporation ( though a common misconception is that \" intel \" is from the word intel ligence ). intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash memory, graphic chips, embedded processors and other devices related to communications and computing. founded by semiconductor pioneers robert noyce and gordon moore and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of andrew grove, intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading - edge manufacturing capability. though intel was originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, its \" intel inside \" advertising campaign of the 1990s made it and its pentium processor household names. intel was an early developer of sram and dram memory chips, and this represented the majority of its business until 1981. although intel created the world ' s first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the success of the personal computer ( pc ) that this became its primary business. during the 1990s, intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. during this period intel became the dominant supplier of microprocessors for pcs, and was known for aggressive and sometimes illegal tactics in defense of its market position, particularly against advanced micro devices ( amd ), as well as a struggle with microsoft for control over the direction of the pc industry. the 2011 rankings of the world ' s 100 most powerful brands published by millward brown optimor showed the company ' s brand value at number 58. intel has also begun research in electrical transmission and generation. intel has recently introduced a 3 - d transistor that may improve performance and energy efficiency. intel will be mass producing this 3 - d transistor, called tri - gate transistors, with their upcoming 22nm process in the near future. in 2011, spectrawatt inc., a solar cell spinoff of intel, filed for bankruptcy under chapter 11.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5135013837038584, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.794977"} {"text": "1. a northbound hurricane hurricane sandy is moving very slowly toward the north - northeast and is expected to continue its current path parallel to the carolinas over the weekend, forecasters say. at some point, it \u2019 s expected to become what \u2019 s known as an extratropical storm. unlike a tropical system like a hurricane, which gets its power from warm ocean waters, extratropical systems are driven by temperature contrasts in the atmosphere. at some point, probably monday, sandy will begin to turn back toward the coast and eventually make landfall over delaware or new jersey. although sandy is currently a hurricane, it \u2019 s important not to focus too much on its official category or its precise path. it \u2019 s a massive system that will affect a huge swath of the east coast, regardless of exactly where it hits or its precise wind speed. 2. early winter storm sandy is expected to merge with a wintry system from the west, at which point it will become the powerful superstorm that has forecasters and officials all along the eastern seaboard on edge. one of the other systems is an early winter storm from the west \u2014 the product of a low pressure system. winds from that system will pull sandy back toward the u. s. mainland. 3. arctic air from the north frigid air coming south from canada also is expected to collide with sandy and the wintry storm from the west, creating a megastorm that is expected to park over the northeast for days. forecasters are expecting residents from florida to north carolina to feel the peripheral effects. but the brunt of the storm will hit states farther north once sandy collides with the winter storm and frigid air. officials are bracing for the worst : nearly a foot of rain, high winds and up to 2 feet of snow. 4. high tides could worsen flooding further complicating matters is the possibility for dangerous storm surges : a full moon means the tides will be higher than usual, which will make it easier for the storm \u2019 s powerful winds to push water into low - lying areas. that, coupled with the threat of several inches of rain, has officials working to shore up flood defenses. 5. increased risk for power outages storms in recent years have left hundreds of thousands of people along the east coast without power, sometimes for days at a time. utilities have been bringing in extra crews and lining up tree trimmers so they \u2019 re prepared, and with good reason. the superstorm brings two possibilities for knocking out electricity. for one, hurricane -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43460494345608214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.798378"} {"text": "it is still perplexing to note that although german - speaking countries had been the birthplace of many great musicians and composers before 1700, only in the 18th century did germany fully realize how important its role was on the musical stage and it is no small paradox that the new cultural nationalism, rather than fiercely opposing the presence of foreign elements, chose instead to embrace the two dominant musical styles of the times, italian and french. for over a century, italians favored the voice and the violin. sensitive and expressive vocal lines were the norm, as was an unbridled, and at times extravagant virtuosity. the french, who had perfected the flute and the oboe, offered a lively, tender and concise music driven by the characteristic and varied rhythmic patterns of the dance. in other european countries, composers espoused one style or the order according to taste of circumstance. around 1710, however, the idea that these various styles could coexist within a single work became the core of a large - scale aesthetic project. the so - called \u201c reunion des gouts \u201d had long been dear to the heart of french composers such as couperin, bernier and campra. the full realization of the project, however, was left to german composers, and it is well aware of this accomplishment that quantz, in his 1752 treatise, wrote : \u201c if one has the necessary discernment to choose the best from the styles of different countries, a mixed style results which, without overstepping the bounds of modesty, could well be called the german style, not only because the germans came upon it first, but because it has already been established at different places in germany for many years, flourishes still, and displeases in neither italy or france, nor in other lands. \u201d german composers were therefore writing italian sonatas and concertos, as well as dance suites in the french manner, which were preceded by an overture in the style of lully, a form that features a majestic, dotted - rhythm introduction, followed by a swift fugato. in its infancy, the \u201c mixed style \u201d simply allowed its various elements to overlap. soon, however, standard compositions began to integrate the more intrinsic features of the rival genres : the concerto borrowed from the suite and became more \u201c symphonic, \u201d while in the suite, solo instruments began to assert themselves with concerto - like authority. inevitably, such a process affected formal development : as the french, for example, progressively discarded the overture, the germans gave the genre new breadth and scope", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46751266899363003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.805398"} {"text": "symphonic, \u201d while in the suite, solo instruments began to assert themselves with concerto - like authority. inevitably, such a process affected formal development : as the french, for example, progressively discarded the overture, the germans gave the genre new breadth and scope. moreover, rhythmic and melodic elements borrowed from german and polish folk music often added a much sought for \u2014 and appreciated \u2014 local color. original models, in the end, lost their prestige, to such a degree that, in 1758, wilhelm hertel could state that \u201c in our music, we have come to rely solely upon ourselves ; and we know how to treat the beauties of french and italian music in a more skillful and profound manner. \u201d georg philipp telemann \u2014 who in one of his autobiographies expressed his gratitude for \u201c having had the chance to meet many of the most renowned musicians of the different nations \u201d \u2014 was one of the chief architects of the new aesthetic program. the greater part of his musical life, from 1721 to his death in 1767, was spent in hamburg. there, his creative energy seemed limitless : he taught at the johanneum, was director of the opera and of musical activities in five of the town \u2019 s principal churches, composed for different venues, regularly sent music to the courts of eisenach and bayreuth, and engraved, advertised and sold himself most of the forty collections of work he published between 1725 and 1740. in 1732, the citizens of hamburg could read in one of their newspapers : \u201c music lovers can expect in the following year a great instrumental work called musique de table, penned by telemann. ( \u2026 ) subscriptions are accepted every quarter. an annex will list the names of all subscribers. \u201d telemann \u2019 s musique de table, supported by strong publicity and the composer \u2019 s contacts with booksellers and distributors from berlin, leipzig, nuremberg, frankfurt, london and amsterdam, was immediately and immensely successful : nearly 250 subscribers responded, people from the bourgeoisie, magistrates, ministers, clergymen, kapellmeisters, professional and amateur musicians. among the german subscribers were georg pisendel and joachim quantz \u2014 the latter ordering six copies. more than twenty subscribers came from denmark, norway, spain, holland and switzerland ( italy was the sole absentee ). from england, it listed \u201c mr hendel, doctor of music. \u201d it was in france, however, that the greatest interest for the collection was shown : 33 names ( among them that of flautist michel blavet ) were listed in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4419675436853355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.806696"} {"text": "from england, it listed \u201c mr hendel, doctor of music. \u201d it was in france, however, that the greatest interest for the collection was shown : 33 names ( among them that of flautist michel blavet ) were listed in the first edition. the work was presented in three \u201c productions, \u201d i. e., three volumes that shared the same design : an overture followed by a suite of dances and characteristic pieces, a quartet, a concerto, a trio, a solo ( in fact a sonata with continuo ) and a \u201c conclusion. \u201d this closing piece had the same instrumentation as the overture, and thus not only closed the suite, but also substantiated the cyclical aspect much desired by telemann for each of his three productions. that telemann, at a time when the convention was to publish by groups of six or twelve works belonging to the same genre, choose to break with tradition is only further testimony of his interest in the mixed style ( bach later voiced similar aesthetic beliefs when he devoted the second part of his clavier - ubung to a concerto nach italianische gusto and an overture nach franzosische art ). the title telemann gave his publication, \u201c table music, \u201d may lead us to believe that the work only served as pleasant background to various gastronomic activities. apart from the fact that the music, as was often the case with chamber works, may have performed such a duty, a title such as overtures, concertos or sonatas would have probably had less impact from a publicity point of view. indeed, musical works written and published with a reference to the table had been legion since the beginning of the 17th century. the taffel - consort published by thomas simpson in hamburg in 1621, the partitas of heinrich biber \u2019 s mensa sonora ( 1680 ) or the simphonies pour les souper du roy of michel - richard delalande, among other examples, were all written in accordance with the idea, typical of baroque aesthetics, that all human activities should coincide and that life \u2019 s delights should meet, but were also conceived with the aim elevating the arts to princely heights. in telemann \u2019 s musique de table we find the usual baroque pedagogical intent : the work presents itself first and foremost as a school for instrumental performance where telemann, as he states in one of his writings, lovingly chose a part \u201c suited for each instrument, \u201d so that every musician can find pleasure. tel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46691912168301275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.807798"} {"text": "##gical intent : the work presents itself first and foremost as a school for instrumental performance where telemann, as he states in one of his writings, lovingly chose a part \u201c suited for each instrument, \u201d so that every musician can find pleasure. telemann, perhaps here more than in any other of his compositions, reaches great heights of invention : the melodic richness, the variety and the ingenuity are astonishing and transcend established forms. of this first \u201c production, \u201d offered here by the ensemble arion \u2014 without the quartet \u2014 many features should be praised : the free and generous dialogue between the two violins in the trio - sonata, the delicacy of the slow movements of the flute sonata, to name a few, are in themselves remarkable, but it is the extraordinary orchestral and motivic proprieties of the concerto for flute, violin and cello \u2014 who, although not mentioned in the title, does perform a few solos \u2014 combined with a nearly - classical elegance, that make this one of the most beautiful concertos of its time. a work of such quality no doubt contributed to the emergence of german artistic and intellectual pride, and surely helped germans realize how great was their talent in musical matters. in a letter to a friend, telemann wrote : \u201c i do hope this work will one day contribute to my fame. \u201d considering its place in history and how often performed it is today, we can easily state that his wish has indeed been granted. \u00a9 francois filiatrault translation alex benjamin. 1730 - 1760 : never did a third of a century witness from a nation such a burst, such unearthing and bringing forth : a staggering tete - a - tete with all the spiritual possibilities of neighboring worlds, established, crowned, in full control of their being. ( \u2026 ) in less than twenty - five years, the german bourgeois became aware, through fundamental works, not only of his life, but also of his musical philosophy. he has cleared out his garden. he has taken his critical stance. beyond faith or family - linked activities, music now enters the very script of his spiritual life. in the german philosophy of life that develops against the welsche, the place of music is now precisely defined : at the foreground. \u201d marcel beaufils, comment l \u2019 allemagne est devenue musicienne ( 1942 ), 1983.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46626136401663315, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.808785"} {"text": "this week \u2019 s top news story has been hiding in plain sight on the internet for two years. even so, a september, 2010 report from deutsche bank group entitled \u201c climate change : addressing the major skeptic arguments, \u201d is big news. in earth preservers \u2019 opinion, the report has the potential to be a game - changer because it has the clearest, simplest explanation for why man - made climate change is real. \u201c ( this report \u2019 s ) clear conclusion is that the primary claims of the skeptics do not undermine the assertion that human - made climate change is already happening and is a serious long term threat. \u201c to us, \u201d report continues, \u201c the most persuasive argument in support of climate change is that the basic laws of physics dictate that increasing carbon dioxide levels in the earth \u2019 s atmosphere produce warming. ( this will be the cause irrespective of other climate events. ) the only way that warming can be mitigated by natural resources is if there are countervailing \u2018 feedback mechanisms \u2019, such as cooling from increased cloud cover caused by the changing climate. \u201c a key finding of the current research is that there has far been no evidence of such countervailing factors. in fact, most observed and anticipated feedback mechanisms are actually working to amplify the warming process, not cool it. \u201d the report goes on to answer each argument skeptics make in the often rancorous public debate in the us over whether climate change is real, among them : * global average temperatures have not risen since 1998 * climate models are defective and therefore cannot provide reliable projections of future climate trends. what makes the deutsche bank report compelling reading isn \u2019 t so much that the information is new. rather, it \u2019 s the way mark fulton, global head of climate change investment research, and his team at db climate change advisors, have presented the information, the source of which is the columbia climate center at the earth institute, columbia university. each of the skeptics \u2019 arguments is answered simply and directly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.525799927473061, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.813756"} {"text": "the blackfriars bridge over the river thames was constructed back in victorian times, and now it \u2019 s getting a distinctly steampunk facelift with the addition of 4, 400 photovoltaic panels. when complete, this installation is expected to be not only the largest solar power array in the united kingdom, but also the world \u2019 s largest solar bridge. the bridge, constructed in 1886, forms the foundation for the new blackfriars station, which is being upgraded by network rail to meet the needs of more passengers and an improved train service. as part of these improvements, a new roof will be added to the historic structure with over 6, 000 square meters ( around 19, 685 square feet ) of solar panels. all this renewable energy will be delivered directly to the blackfriars rail station, covering 50 percent of the station \u2019 s energy needs and reducing co2 emissions by an estimated 511 tons per year. the station will also be pursuing such eco - improvements as a rain harvesting system and solar tubes to allow for more natural lighting throughout the building. london \u2019 s solarcentury is behind the project \u2019 s solar engineering, working in conjunction with engineers from jacobs to incorporate solar generation into the station design ; the high - efficiency solar modules utilized by the project come courtesy of sanyo.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4655527438433322, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.815121"} {"text": "alternative power sources are able to do more than just save the planet. now, they can help save people, too. spectra watermakers, inc. of san rafael, calif. has introduced the new solar cube, a portable water treatment machine powered by solar and wind that can provide clean drinking water in disaster situations. powered by 24 - volt batteries, which are charged by integrated photovoltaic panels and a wind - powered generator on the machine, the solar cube is portable and easily assembled on - site in less than an hour. by placing a pump, which is also attached to the machine, into a polluted or saltwater source, the solar cube captures the water and pumps it through a series of filters, including a reverse osmosis membrane in the final stage, which eliminates microscopic bacteria, viruses, salts and dangerous chemicals. the solar cube can provide up to 3, 500 gallons of clean drinking water a day, enough to sustain hundreds of families during a disaster. it can provide enough energy to power other vital emergency functions, such as refrigeration equipment, laptops and communications equipment. it can be used also to provide water and electricity to remote locations or for developers working in rural areas. spectra watermakers manufactured the solar cube in cooperation with trunz metallchnik ag of switzerland. ec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.556138169191482, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.818314"} {"text": "last week, los angeles became the largest city in the nation to enact a ban against one of the most widely polluted items in history \u2013 the plastic bag. over the next 12 months, the use of plastic bags in the city will be phased out gradually. larger stores will have sixmonths to phase them out, while smaller stores will have a year. the ban will affect paper bag usage too : in a year, retailers will be required to charge 10 cents per bag. in addition to reducing waste in landfills and on streets, the ban will help decongest the city \u2019 s waterways, rivers, and ocean, which have become clogged with the bags in recent years. the ban is also expected to help conserve fossil fuels. it \u2019 s estimated that the 380 billion plastic bags consumed annually in the u. s. eat up 12 million barrels of oil. the city of los angeles reportedly uses 2. 7 billion plastic bags a year, making the recent ban no small drop in the barrel when it comes to scaling back our fossil fuel use. to get a better idea of its wide - ranging effects, here \u2019 s a quick rundown of the potential economic and environmental impacts of the plastic bag ban in los angeles. the plastic bag ban is estimated to save the city, and the taxpayer, a significant amount of money each year in cleanup fees. the county of los angeles flood control district spent over $ 24 million ( pdf ) in 2008 - 2009 ( the most recent year for which data are available ) on litter prevention, cleanup, and disposal. and that \u2019 s not counting the $ 12 million ( pdf ) the state \u2019 s department of transportation ( caltrans ) district 7 spent on cleaning up the 50, 000 cubic yards of litter and debris along the city \u2019 s highways. with plastic bags being a major contributor to litter on the streets, the ban will save the city a lot of money in cleanup fees alone. however, there is an economic con to this decision, and it falls on plastic bag manufacturers. many employees from manufacturing plants protested the city council \u2019 s decision, citing fears of unemployment. according to an industry group, the decision to ban the bags threatens the jobs of over 2, 000 workers. although the trend of banning plastic bags has had an effect on large retailers across the united states, many are taking adaptive measures and are joining the fight against plastic bags. in addition, the ban is not expected to put any stores out of business. marine pollution is one of the most pressing environmental concerns facing the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3942926598535539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.822204"} {"text": "large retailers across the united states, many are taking adaptive measures and are joining the fight against plastic bags. in addition, the ban is not expected to put any stores out of business. marine pollution is one of the most pressing environmental concerns facing the world today, and plastics amount to 90 % of the trash on the ocean \u2019 s surface. it harms marine life and breaks down into microscopic plastic dust, which attracts more debris and compounds the problem. a ban on plastic bags, especially in a place like los angeles with vital rivers, waterways and access to the ocean, is a critical effort to tempering the pollution problem in the world \u2019 s oceans. banning plastic bags also helps conserve non - renewable fossil fuels. plastic production is responsible for roughly 8 % of the world \u2019 s oil production. any reduction in plastic use will help decrease greenhouse gas emissions and overall energy consumption. finally, plastic bags take up room in landfills. although nobody likes the idea of a landfill, waste in a landfill is cut off from air and water, which prevents contamination. another one to three percent of the hundreds of billions bags produced each year end up as \u201c strays, \u201d which can be found around the globe. the plastic bag ban in los angeles is part of a growing trend of cities, states, and even countries banning or taxing their use. with a wide array of positive economic and environmental effects, this ban and similar initiatives are leading the way to cleaner and healthier communities and ecosystems. top image : courtesy flickr user frankservayge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4212132686548442, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.824343"} {"text": "consumption and saving review for ap economics review questions for this study guide can be found at : main topics : consumption and saving functions, marginal propensity to consume and save, changes in consumption functions the circular flow model illustrates the importance of consumption in the production of goods and the employment of resources. a better understanding of consumption allows us to build a model of the macroeconomy and see the role of policy in affecting macroeconomic indicators like gdp, employment, and inflation. consumption and saving functions though not the only factor, the most important element affecting consumption ( and savings ) is disposable income. disposable income ( di ) is what consumers have left over to spend or save once they have paid out their net taxes. with no government transfers or taxation, di = c + s. though not all consumers save part of their income, typical consumers spend the majority of their disposable income and save whatever is left over. to see the relationship between disposable income and consumption we create a consumption function. consumption and saving schedules the consumption and saving schedulesare the direct relationships between disposable income and consumption and savings. as di increases for a typical household, cand sboth increase. table 13. 1 provides an example. even with zero disposable income, households still consume as they liquidate wealth ( sell assets ), spend some savings, or borrow ( dissavings ). for every additional $ 100 of disposable income, consumers increase their spending by $ 80 and increase saving by $ 20. we can convert the above consumption schedule to a linear equation or consumption function : c = 40 +. 80 ( di ) the constant $ 40 is referred to as autonomous consumptionbecause it does not change as di changes. the slope of the consumption function is. 80. this function is plotted in figure 13. 1. at every level of di, the consumption function tells us how much is consumed. both table 13. 1 and figure. 13. 1 tell us that at incomes below $ 200, the consumer is consuming more than his income ; as a result saving is negative and this is referred to as dissaving. but at incomes above $ 200, the consumer is spending less than his income ; and so saving is positive. the saving schedule above can also be converted into a linear equation, or saving function : s = \u2013 40 +. 20 ( di ) the constant $ \u2013 40 is referred to as autonomous savingbecause it does not change as di changes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49165209238008206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.840920"} {"text": "positive. the saving schedule above can also be converted into a linear equation, or saving function : s = \u2013 40 +. 20 ( di ) the constant $ \u2013 40 is referred to as autonomous savingbecause it does not change as di changes. with zero disposable income, the household would need to borrow $ 40 to consume $ 40 worth of goods. the slope of the saving function is. 20. this function is plotted in figure 13. 2 marginal propensity to consume and save an important lesson from the study of microeconomics is the marginal concept. you can think of it in two equivalent ways. marginal always means an incremental change caused by an external force, or it is always the slope of a \" total \" function. the same is true here. the marginal propensity to consume ( mpc ) is the change in consumption caused by a change in disposable income. another way to think about it is the slope of the consumption function. mpc = \u03b4c / \u03b4di = slope of consumption function using table 13. 1, we see that for every additional $ 100 of di, cincreases by $ 80 so the mpc =. 80. the marginal propensity to save ( mps ) is the change in saving caused by a change in disposable income. another way to think about it is the slope of the saving function. mps = \u03b4s / \u03b4di = slope of saving function using table 13. 1, we can see that for every additional $ 100 of di, sincreases by $ 20 so the mps =. 20. there is a nice relationship between the mpc and the mps. for every additional dollar not consumed, it is saved. so if the consumer gains $ 100 in disposable income, he increases his consumption by $ 80 and increases saving by $ 20. in other words, mpc + mps = 1. if you know one, you can find the other. add your own comment today on education. com workbooksmay workbooks are here! activitiesget outside! 10 playful activities - kindergarten sight words list - the five warning signs of asperger ' s syndrome - what makes a school effective? - child development theories - why is play important? social and emotional development, physical development, creative development - 10 fun activities for children with autism - bullying in schools - test problems : seven reasons why standardized tests are not working - should your child be held back a grade? know your rights - first grade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5223005421154265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.845570"} {"text": "a thyroid scan uses a radioactive tracer and a special camera to measure how much tracer the thyroid gland absorbs from the blood. the tracer can be swallowed or can be injected into a vein. it travels through your body, giving off radiation signals. the camera \" sees \" the signals and can measure how much tracer the thyroid absorbs from the blood. a thyroid scan can show the size, shape, and location of the thyroid gland. it can also find areas of the thyroid gland that are overactive or underactive. the camera takes pictures of the thyroid gland from three different angles. the radioactive tracer used in this test is either iodine or technetium. a radioactive iodine uptake ( raiu ) test may also be done to find problems with how the thyroid gland works, such as hyperthyroidism. for more information, see the medical test radioactive iodine uptake test. another type of thyroid scan, a whole - body thyroid scan, may be done for people who have had thyroid cancer that has been treated. the whole - body scan can check to see if cancer has spread to other areas of the body. why it is done a thyroid scan is done to : how to prepare tell your doctor if you : before a thyroid scan, blood tests may be done to measure the amount of thyroid hormones ( tsh, t3, and t4 ) in your blood. to prepare for a thyroid scan : your doctor may ask you to eat a low - iodine diet for several days if this test is being done to check for thyroid cancer. for a thyroid scan, you will either swallow a dose of radioactive iodine or be given technetium in a vein ( intravenously ) in your arm. when and how you take the radioactive tracer depends on which tracer is used. just before the test, you will remove your dentures ( if you wear them ) and all jewelry or metal objects from around your neck and upper body. before a thyroid scan, you need to sign a consent form that says you understand the risks of the thyroid scan and agree to have it done. talk to your doctor about any concerns you have regarding the need for the test, its risks, how it will be done, or what the results will mean. to help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form ( what is a pdf document? ). how it is done a thyroid scan is done in the nuclear medicine section of a hospital ' s radiology department by a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4938746271548195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.866566"} {"text": "to help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form ( what is a pdf document? ). how it is done a thyroid scan is done in the nuclear medicine section of a hospital ' s radiology department by a person trained in nuclear medicine ( nuclear medicine technologist ). the tracer used in this test is either radioactive iodine or technetium. you will either swallow a dose of iodine 4 to 24 hours before the scan or be given technetium in a vein ( intravenously ) in your arm 15 to 30 minutes before the scan. for this test, you will lie on your back with your head tipped backward and your neck extended. it is important to lie still during this test. a special camera ( called a gamma scintillation camera ) takes pictures of your thyroid gland from three different angles. the test takes about 30 minutes. for a whole body thyroid cancer scan, the camera will scan your body from head to toes. after a thyroid scan, you can do your regular activities. but you will be asked to take special precautions when you urinate. this is because your body gets rid of the radioactive tracer through your urine. this takes about 24 hours. it is important to flush the toilet and wash your hands thoroughly after each time you urinate. how it feels you may find it uncomfortable to lie still with your head tipped backward. there is always a slight chance of damage to cells or tissue from radiation, including the low levels of radiation used for this test. but the chance of damage from the radiation is usually very low compared with the benefits of the test. this test is not done for pregnant women because of the chance of exposing the baby ( fetus ) to radiation. this test is also not recommended for breast - feeding women or young children. a thyroid scan uses a radioactive tracer and a special camera to make a picture of the thyroid gland. the radioactive tracer used in this test is usually iodine or technetium. a thyroid scan is done to help find problems with the thyroid gland. a whole - body scan will show whether iodine is in bone or other tissue ( iodine uptake ) after the thyroid gland has been removed for cancer. the whole - body scan can check to see if cancer has spread to other areas of the body. what affects the test reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include : what to think about emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4731893780436127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.869413"} {"text": "the anatomy of anxiety the anatomy of anxiety buried deep in the brain is an area known as the limbic system. the limbic system connects to key parts of the brain such as the amydala and the hippocampus, where all memories begin and are stored for later playback. the limbic system is the emotional storehouse of the brain where anxiety is born. when you are under stress, the limbic system acts like an alarm, sending message of anxiety, fear and panic. as a storehouse of emotional memories, it also plays back painful traumas or stressful episodes of the past. if the stress is chronic, the unceasing signals can break down the master controller of the brain ' s reasoning and decision making centers, resulting in anxiety, panic, insomnia, chronic fatigue and phobias. one out of five children and adults suffer from anxiety in the united states alone. according to the national institute of mental health, some twenty - four million americans will suffer from an anxiety disorder at some time in their life. in children, constant anxiety, can contribute to attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity. thousands of children are given this diagnosis and ritalin is prescribed, yet the problem is anxiety related. major symptoms of anxiety : pounding heart, skipping, racing heart unable to relax, constant tension, nervousness feeling of loss of control, uncertainty mental confusion, memory problems restless sleep, restlessness neck and shoulder pain, muscle spasms difficulty breathing, cannot take a deep breath. rush of panic and fear, adrenaline rush bottomless stomach, diarrhea, constipation loss of sex drive knots in the stomach there are medical disorders that may provoke anxiety symptoms. they include : cardiovascular - cardiac arrythmias, congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, heart attack. respiratory - asthma, emphysema, hyperventilation, hypoxia endocrine cushing ' s syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism. neurological - epilepsy, huntington ' s disease, migraine headaches, multiple headaches, wilson ' s disease, vertigo, chronic pain. many times the drugs that are given for the medical problems can cause rebound anxiety, some of these are stimulants, sedatives, tranquilizers, mao ' s ( monoamine oxidase inhibitors ), tricyclics and antidepressants. there are numerous anxiety symptoms, those related to panic are physical. those with anxiety", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46431511653730445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.882017"} {"text": "1536 act of unionthe 1536 act of union combined england and wales into a single state. it was passed during the reign of king henry viii of england. his father, henry vii was welsh - born and very conscious of it, and henry viii declared himself proud of his welsh blood. his motive in merging the two countries was not mere domination ; wales benefited in many ways from the legislation. although the native welsh rulers had long since been subdued, the english king remained concerned about the power of the marcher lords and his government ' s general lack of control over the principality. he therefore instructed his chief administrator, thomas cromwell, to seek a solution. the effect of the act was to make wales as an integral part of england : the country of wales justly and righteously is \u2026 incorporated, annexed, united and subject to and under the imperial crown of the realm, as a very member and joint of the same. it was not unpopular with the welsh, who recognised that it would help give them equality with their neighbours in law. under the act, the marcher lordships were abolished and replaced by counties. for the first time, wales was entitled to send members to the parliament at westminster. justices of the peace were created to administer the law and justice at a local level, in line with the english practice. another effect of the act was to outlaw the welsh language from official use, replacing it with english. this did not trouble the landed gentry, who were already largely anglicised, but it made life difficult for the common people, who were no longer able, for example, to understand court proceedings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4575529609554142, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.887694"} {"text": "think green, act green. this message is not limited to governments alone any more. it has become everyone \u2019 s concern to take measures to save the environment as much as we can before it is too late. each one of us can contribute to make the planet eco - friendly by doing small things on an everyday basis \u2013 for example, turning off the computer when it is not in use, switching lights off when no one is in the room, or using recycled paper. read on to find more measures you can take. these steps will also save you money. 5. using recycled paper using recycled paper is a big way to save trees. business cards can be printed on recycled paper. you can also print using a green printer. and you should print only when required and use two - sided printouts. though these are small steps, if everyone were to follow them across the globe, think how many trees could be saved. turn off your computer when it ' s not in use for a long time. the monitor uses around 90 % percent of the power used to run the machine. if nothing else, turn off the monitor and put the computer in sleep mode. when you turn off the machine, switch off the main plug as well because it also uses energy. also, use lcd monitors if you want to save energy. the initial cost may be high but they use a fraction of the energy guzzled by crt screens. only use a monitor, ups and cpu that are standardized by the government in your country. there is much software available that can be used to save the battery and to better manage power. software like granola and batterycare, for example. help in saving your battery. 3. car pooling car pooling is practiced by people who are environmentally friendly. you too can join the team. when going to the office, a party or anywhere for that matter, accommodate more people who have the same route in a single vehicle. this way, many can save fuel. take turns when car pooling. this way you not only spread less co2 into the air but you can also save a few bucks. 2. virtual vs. paper use less paper. this is among the best ways to be eco - friendly. in our modern times, make use of your computer to take notes instead of writing them down on paper. using word processing software will make your task even simpler as you can use the spell check option. also, avoid relying on paper bills ; instead, make all your payments online. 1. recycling e - waste all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44578341178599884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.892627"} {"text": "the future of toxicity testing is here epa tox21 partnership taps high - tech robots to advance toxicity testing. today there are around 80, 000 chemicals that exist in food and consumer products, and 1, 500 new synthetic chemicals are introduced into the marketplace every year. most of these chemicals, both new and old, have not been tested for toxicological information, presenting a serious challenge to those tasked with protecting human health from potentially harmful chemical exposures. epa researchers are working to change that. they and their partners are advancing the scientific basis for hazard identification and risk assessment by helping usher in innovative new fields of study and by tapping powerful modern technologies such as super computers and other emerging technologies \u2014 including robots. as part of the agency \u2019 s computational toxicology research program ( comptox ), epa has partnered with the national institute of environmental health sciences ( niehs ) national toxicology program, the national institute of health ( nih ) chemical genomics center, and the food and drug administration ( fda ) in a collaboration known as tox21. by combining their collective expertise and pooling existing resources \u2014 including research results, funding, and testing tools \u2014 tox21 aims to revolutionize chemical toxicity test methods by advancing high throughput, mechanism - based test methods. the partnership is ushering in the future of toxicity testing. that \u2019 s where the robots come in. the collaboration recently unveiled a high speed screening system that tests chemicals for harmful human health effects. the mechanized system greatly reduces the need for lab animals in toxicity testing, working instead with 3 - by - 5 - inch test plates that are moved precisely through a series of steps by giant yellow, constantly moving robot arms. each plate contains 1536 small wells that can hold various living animal cells \u2014 typically skin, liver, or brain cells of rats or humans \u2014 and a sample of a particular chemical. \u201c each one of those wells is filled with a single chemical sample that we use to expose the cells to, so in essence we have 1536 chemical toxicity tests on a single plate, \u201d explains dr. robert kavlock, director of epa \u2019 s national center for computational toxicology. the robot uses a pin tool, which has corresponding pins for each well, in order to dispense a drop or two of the chemical being tested. the robot \u2019 s arm then puts the tray in a digital imaging device that scans the sample for changes in the cell that could mean biological activity. the robot receives software instructions on what types of biological activity to \u201c look for \u201d in the exposed cells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45069726728286874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.904732"} {"text": ". the robot \u2019 s arm then puts the tray in a digital imaging device that scans the sample for changes in the cell that could mean biological activity. the robot receives software instructions on what types of biological activity to \u201c look for \u201d in the exposed cells. positive results are flagged, triggering an alert that the computer sends to project scientists \u2019 computers outside the 20 - by - 20 foot robot lab. scientists interpret the results so they can then identify chemicals that warrant further screening or study. just because a chemical shows a reaction with an isolated cell ( skin, liver, etc. ) does not necessarily mean that it will have the same effect when interacting with a living person. to address this, dr. kavlock \u2019 s team at epa is developing algorithms that predict whether a person \u2019 s organs and body as a whole will react to chemical exposure the same way their individual cells did in the preliminary tests. tox21 is revolutionizing the way chemical testing is done. traditional toxicity testing is built on animal - based studies that require relatively large investments in time and resources, including money. in the past, epa has had to test one chemical at a time, completing only a couple dozen assessments a year : \u201c a single human researcher may work on ten chemicals a year, or 20, \" says kavlock. \" we are doing 10, 000 in a week. \u201d tox21 \u2019 s new robot system significantly reduces the cost and duration of chemical testing, which will allow epa to better identify potentially harmful chemicals and serve its core mission to safeguard human health and the environment. it also allows the fda to better analyze unexpected toxicity, opening the door for better drug development. the partnership built around tox21 and the high - tech robot testing is also an exemplary government partnership. \" you read a lot in the papers about the duplications of government, \" kavlock explained in a recent new york times article about the project. \" this is the case where there ' s un - duplication. we are really bringing \u2014 between niehs, nih genomics center and epa \u2014 a really significant complementary expertise. \" tox21 \u2019 s robot system is now testing chemicals found in industrial and consumer products, food additives and drugs, for evidence they might lead to adverse health effects. the end goal is to create a comprehensive database detailing tested chemicals with particular emphasis on toxic and harmful ones. thanks to the tox21 collaboration and its new robot technology, the future of toxicity testing \u2014 and the protection of human health \u2014 is now.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5010127546898753, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.905841"} {"text": "the lecture series is presented by the environmental science institute and the jackson school of geosciences ut campus, welch hall 2. 224 5 : 45 - 7 - pre - lecture fun 7 - 8 - lecture 8 - 8 : 30 - q & a session the live webcast will start at 7pm. please log on at least 15 minutes before 7pm to download the necessary plug - ins to view our webcast. welch is located on the corner of 24th street and speedway. building & parking maps in the news : bbc news - whales ' recovery ' vastly overestimated ' whale populations are too low to resume commercial hunting, geneticists find science news for kids abc science online - gene study blows whaling out of the water discover - extent of great whale slaughter worse than previously thought thursday, november 16, 2006 - 7 pm ct archived lecture available soon the history and future of whales by dr. stephen r. palumbi professor of biological sciences, stanford university ' s hopkins marine station what is the lecture about? stephen r. palumbi is a professor of biological sciences at stanford university ' s hopkins marine station. he and other research scientists in the palumbi lab study genetics, evolution, conservation, population biology, and systematics of a diverse array of marine organisms. he uses molecular genetic techniques in conservation - related research, including the identification of whale and dolphin products available in commercial markets and the genetics of marine reserves designed for conservation and fisheries enhancement. his 2003 publication in the journal science on whales before whaling in the north atlantic suggests that whale populations were 10 times larger than historical records indicate, which has critical implications for the future of whaling and whale conservation. dr. palumbi received his ph. d. from university of washington in marine ecology in 1984. in 1996, he received a pew fellowship for marine conservation research. he has published on the genetics and evolution of butterflyfishes, bryozoans, cone snails, corals, sea urchins, sharks, spiders, shrimps, and whales. his recent books include the evolution explosion : how humans cause rapid evolutionary change and marine reserves : an ecosystem tool for marine management and conservation. lecture materials are for educational purposes only. we request that the use of any of these materials include an acknowledgement of the presenter and the hot science - cool talks of the environmental science institute. also include the disclaimer : may not be duplicated or commercially distributed as they are intended for education and private / classroom audiences. the hot science - cool talks outreah lecture series is sponsored", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4788035895929684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.910064"} {"text": "a venous skin ulcer is a shallow wound caused by venous insufficiency, a condition in which the valves in the blood vessels are damaged and allow some blood to back up in the veins. the slowed circulation causes fluid to seep out of the overfilled veins into surrounding tissues, causing tissue breakdown and ulcers. venous skin ulcers, also called stasis leg ulcers, typically develop on either side of the lower leg, above the ankle and below the the first sign of a skin ulcer is an affected area of skin that turns dark red or purple. it may also become thickened and dry and itchy. without treatment, an open wound ( ulcer ) may form. venous skin ulcers often weep clear fluid and are covered with yellowish film. the most effective treatment for venous skin ulcers is frequent elevation of the legs above the level of the heart and use of compression stockings during waking hours. august 31, 2011 e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine & margaret doucette, do - physical medicine and rehabilitation, wound care, hyperbaric medicine how this information was developed to help you make better health decisions to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. this site and third parties who place advertisements on this site may collect and use information about your visits to this site and other websites in order to provide advertisements about goods and services of interest to you. if you would like to obtain more information about these advertising practices and to make choices about online behavioral advertising, please click here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43158175518208347, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.913367"} {"text": "strength training after breast surgery by margaret snow, md \u201c \u2026 weightlifters had fewer swelling flare - ups, and on average, reported their symptoms as somewhat less bothersome \u2026 \u201d lymphedema is fluid buildup and swelling that develops in a limb or other part of the body when the lymphatic system that ordinarily carries fluid back to the heart is disrupted. this disruption may be congenital or caused by surgery, trauma, or radiation. a common byproduct of breast cancer treatment, lymphedema may affect the arm on the same side of the breast that is treated with surgery or radiation. the swelling and impaired lymph function can cause pain, infection, and loss of arm mobility. overuse or injury can cause lymphedema to flare up, and arm swelling may worsen over time. patients with lymphedema have traditionally been advised to avoid heavy exertion and weightlifting in the arm or on the side affected by lymphedema. however, experts know that weightlifting is an effective strategy to use muscle and build strength so the arm or affected limb will be less prone to injury. previously, small studies suggested weightlifting as a safe strength - building regimen in these patients. kathryn h schmitz, phd, from abramson cancer center at the university of pennsylvania, conducted the physical activity and lymphedema ( pal ) study to definitively answer the question of weightlifting safety in lymphedema patients. the study recruited women who developed lymphedema after treatment for unilateral breast cancer. each patient was carefully measured by specially - trained physical therapists before the study and throughout. the researchers also collected surveys of patient symptoms. the 141 patients were divided into two groups : an exercise group and a control group that did no exercise. the exercise group worked out at local ymcas with fitness trainers who had undergone three days of training with dr. schmitz to learn how to work with breast cancer survivors with lymphedema. both groups of patients were fitted with custom lymphedema sleeves ; the exercise group was asked to use the sleeves whenever they performed the recommended armstrengthening, trunk and leg exercises. the weight was gradually increased with a focus on building strength. the pal study found that patients who participated in the weightlifting program increased their strength when compared to the control patients. women who lifted weights did not have any more swelling than the control patients who did not exercise. in fact, they had fewer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45664701065130475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.917956"} {"text": "building strength. the pal study found that patients who participated in the weightlifting program increased their strength when compared to the control patients. women who lifted weights did not have any more swelling than the control patients who did not exercise. in fact, they had fewer swelling flare - ups, and on average, reported their symptoms as somewhat less bothersome after a year compared to the control patients. because none of the measures of lymphedema severity were worse in the exercise group than in the control group, the authors concluded that the study \u201c reduced the concerns that weightlifting would worsen arm and hand swelling \u2026 and supports the potential benefits \u201d of a weightlifting program for breast cancer survivors with lymphedema. as a result of the study, dr. schmitz and her colleagues developed the physical activity and lymphedema ( pal ) weight training program. the program should not be undertaken unless you have completed supervised sessions with a physical therapist to learn how to do the upper body exercises properly. you can learn more about the program at lymphnet. org. dr. margaret snow is a previvor and a physical medicine and rehabilitation physician who enjoys golfing and photographing birds. she serves as force \u2019 s west michigan outreach coordinator. disclaimer : health links are made available for educational purposes only. this information should not be interpreted as medical advice. all health information should be discussed with your health care provider. please read our full disclaimer for more information. this site has been made possible by a generous grant from morphotek.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4389676853468588, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.919198"} {"text": "new granada ( gr\u0259na\u02c8d\u0259 ) [ key ], former spanish colony, n south america. it included at its greatest extent present colombia, ecuador, panama, and venezuela. between 1499 and 1510 a host of conquerors explored the caribbean coast of panama and south america. after 1514, pedro arias de avila was successful in assuring permanent colonization of the isthmus of panama. at santa marta ( 1525 ) and cartagena ( 1533 ), spanish control of the colombian coast was firmly established, and in the next few years the northern hinterland was explored. german adventurers, notably nikolaus federmann, penetrated the venezuelan and colombian llanos between 1530 and 1546. by far the greatest of the conquerors was gonzalo jimenez de quesada, who in 1536 ascended the magdalena river, climbed the mighty andean cordillera, where he subdued the powerful chibcha ( an advanced native civilization ), and by 1538 had founded santa fe de bogota, later known simply as bogota. he named the region el nuevo reino de granada [ the new kingdom of granada ]. during the next 10 years the conquest was virtually completed. no civil government was established in new granada until 1549, when an audiencia court, a body with both executive and judicial authority, was set up in bogota. to further stabilize colonial government, new granada was made a presidency ( an administrative and political division headed by a governor ) in 1564, and the audiencia was relegated to its proper judicial functions. loosely attached to the viceroyalty of peru, the presidency came to include panama, venezuela, and most of colombia. disputes with \u2014 and the great distance from \u2014 lima led to the creation ( 1717 ) of the viceroyalty of new granada, comprising colombia, ecuador, panama, and venezuela. later the captaincy general of venezuela and the presidency of quito were detached, creating a political division that was to survive the revolution against spain and the efforts of simon bolivar to establish a republic of greater colombia. the struggle for independence began in 1810, and by 1830 venezuela and ecuador had seceded, and the remnant ( colombia and panama ) was renamed the republic of new granada. this became the republic of colombia in 1886, from which the present panama seceded in 1903. see a. j. kuethe, military reform and society in new granada ( 1978 ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4218368566549059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.921867"} {"text": "chavin de huantar chavin de huantar ( chaven\u02c8 da wan\u02c8tar ) [ key ], archaeological site in the northeastern highlands of peru, near the headwaters of the maranon river. it flourished between c. 900 b. c. and 200 b. c. the site features two monumental temples and intricate stone carvings depicting snarling human deities and a variety of animals, including caimans, jaguars, snakes, birds of prey, and mythical beasts. the site also features residential architecture covering c. 18. 5 acres ( 7. 5 hectares ). the term \" chavin \" ( or \" chavinoid \" ), used as an adjective, refers to the intricate art style present at this site, which eventually spread throughout much of central and n peru. once considered one of the earliest large - scale ceremonial centers of the central andes, archaeologists now realize that monumental architecture actually emerged considerably earlier in other parts of peru. the spread of the chavin style in media such as metallurgy, textiles, and ceramics dates to the last phase at the site ( c. 400 \u2013 200 b. c. ), when chavin de huantar was undoubtedly the most prestigious religious and urban center in peru. see j. a. mason, ancient civilizations of peru ( 1961 ) ; j. h. rowe, chavin art : an inquiry into its form and meaning ( 1962 ) ; e. p. benson, ed., dumbarton oaks conference on chavin, 1968 ( 1971 ) ; c. kano, origins of the chavin culture ( 1979 ) ; r. l. burger, chavin and the origins of andean civilization ( 1992 ). see more encyclopedia articles on : archaeology : general", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42117349400214693, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:35.959413"} {"text": "going, going, gone : the impact of land fragmentation on texas agriculture and wildlife a new breed of landowner for generations, land in texas was a legacy. it was passed down from one generation of farmers or ranchers to the next. in today ' s world, however, traditional farming and ranching have become questionable propositions. fewer and fewer people are willing to take on the challenges of a life on the land. a new breed of landowners, excited about staking their claim to a bit of texas, is eager to step in. younger, more educated and more affluent, the newcomers are quite different from their predecessors. for them a \" farm \" or \" ranch \" is not a place to raise crops or cattle, but rather a weekend retreat from the city or a place to raise a family in the country. unlike previous owners, they don ' t need the large acreages of land required to make farming or ranching profitable. instead, they merely want a place where they can hunt, fish and find a little solitude. huge expanses of land aren ' t required for such things. as a result, prices aren ' t driven by what the land can produce, but rather by its scenic and recreational value. those natural amenities have become precious commodities. in many counties across texas they have pushed prices for land to record levels. the fragmentation study found that while the average agricultural value of farm and ranchland grew only 4 percent between 1992 and 2001, there were 25 counties where the development and recreational value of land increased between 86 percent and 292 percent. ( look at a map of this disparity between land values ) the study found that such increases in \" non - agricultural \" values were a good early indicator that large farms and ranches would likely be divided into smaller ownerships. the study also revealed that this land fragmentation is often accompanied by changes in land use and fragmentation of wildlife habitats. the researchers found that \" mid - sized \" family ranches of 500 to 2, 000 acres were particularly susceptible to fragmentation. during the 1990s, these properties disappeared at a rate of a quarter - million acres a year because families who had lived and worked on those lands for generations sold them and moved on. ( more information on the decline of mid - sized ranches ) the decision to sell is often a matter of simple, heartbreaking economics. with developers offering far more money than they can make from the land by farming or ranching, landowners accept the offers, often reluctantly, and move on. as they depart, a major piece of texas ' rural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4468630446117249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.002346"} {"text": "fdr and housing legislation 75th anniversary of the wagner - steagall housing act of 1937 september 1, 2012 is the 75th anniversary of the wagner - steagall housing act, a piece of late - new deal legislation that reflected the government \u2019 s recognition of adequate housing as an important societal need. franklin roosevelt had been interested in housing issues as governor of new york, and he brought his support for housing reforms to the federal level when he became president in 1932. the home owner \u2019 s loan corporation ( holc ) was created in 1933 to provide mortgage relief to home owners at risk of losing their homes through foreclosure. the holc also developed a comprehensive housing plan that served as the basis for the national housing act of 1934. this law created the federal housing administration ( fha ) that insured banks, mortgage companies, and other lenders, thereby encouraging the construction of new homes and the repair of existing structures. it was fdr \u2019 s hope that the law would also spur employment in the construction industry. although the 1934 national housing act and the fha met the needs of existing home owners and those americans financially able to purchase homes, it did little to address the housing needs of the poor, including many african - americans living in slums. but there was fierce political opposition to low - cost public housing for low - income americans. landlords and the real estate industry believed that rental and sales markets would be undercut by cheaper public housing. fiscal conservatives in congress were afraid of the budgetary impact of a costly public housing program. and many congressman from more rural parts of the country feared that such a program would help cities instead of smaller communities. senator robert wagner of new york thought differently, and he became the driving force behind the wagner - steagall housing act of 1937. wagner introduced public housing bills in three successive congresses, 1934, 1935, and 1936. the latter two bills were never even reported out of the house banking committee because its chairman, rep. henry steagall of alabama, believed public housing initiatives were socialistic and favored big cities. president roosevelt lent his full support to wagner \u2019 s efforts and made adequate and affordable housing a priority in his second term. in his state of the union message of january 6, 1937, president roosevelt spoke of the urgent need for the new congress to address the housing situation : \u201c there are far - reaching problems still with us for which democracy must find solutions if it is to consider itself successful. for example, many millions of americans still live in habitations which not only fail", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41171712352270085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.014619"} {"text": "for the new congress to address the housing situation : \u201c there are far - reaching problems still with us for which democracy must find solutions if it is to consider itself successful. for example, many millions of americans still live in habitations which not only fail to provide the physical benefits of modern civilization but breed disease and impair the health of future generations. the menace exists not only in the slum areas of the very large cities, but in many smaller cities as well. it exists on tens of thousands of farms, in varying degrees, in every part of the country. \u201d two weeks later, roosevelt made the point more succinctly in his second inaugural address : \" i see one - third of a nation ill - housed, ill - clad, ill - nourished.... the test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much ; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little. \u201d fdr then worked behind the scenes with lawmakers and administration officials on the housing bill. issues such as financing of projects, caps on costs per unit, and the staffing and governance of the proposed housing authority were sorted out in conferences held at the white house. with the major concerns of various congressmen \u2014 including rep. steagall \u2014 resolved, the bill finally went to a vote. president roosevelt signed the wagner - steagall housing act into law on september 1, 1937. the new law established the united states housing authority ( usha ) that provided $ 500 million in loans for low - cost housing projects across the country. under the new law, the usha acted as a loan granting agency to state and local housing authorities to build low - cost housing in both small and large urban areas. the usha was empowered to advance loans amounting to 90 % of project costs, at low - interest and on 60 - year terms. by the end of 1940, over 500 usha projects were in progress or had been completed, with loan contracts of $ 691 million. the goal was to make the program self - sustainable through the collection of rents : one - half of rent from the tenants themselves, one - third paid by contributions from the federal government ; and one - sixth paid by annual contributions made by the localities themselves. during world war ii, the usha was instrumental in planning and constructing housing for defense workers. to franklin roosevelt, adequate housing was not just a need, but a right. the wagner - steagall housing act of 1937, along with other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4306453260321861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.016601"} {"text": "last updated : 4 / 12 / 12 setup and water preferences links and pictures for information on my betta ' s tank, visit my aquarium page. common names : betta, siamese fighting fish scientific / latin names : betta splendens maximum length : 2 to 3 inches colors : bright reds, yellows, blues, purples, oranges, and greens as well as peach, white, and black temperature preference : 75 to 90 degrees f ph preference : 6 to 8 hardness preference : soft salinity preference : low to medium compatibility : two males will fight ; male may pester females ; females generally get along ; compatibility with other species varies ( see below ) life span : 3 to 5 years ease of keeping : easy ease of breeding : moderate the betta or siamese fighting fish is very well known. along with goldfish and guppies, they are commonly kept and usually it less - than - ideal homes. the betta, betta splendens, is a small labyrinth fish from thailand, cambodia, and nearby areas. it is able to use oxygen in air to survive. thus, it can live in small and / or polluted waters. males do not tolerate other males. it is for this reason that males are kept in tiny containers of water by themselves. females are rarely even sold. they are a little smaller or seem so because their fins are much shorter. they have less flashy coloration and are more tolerant of other bettas. males grow to about three inches and are brightly colored. colors may include green, red, yellow, orange, purple, blue, white, black, and more! most bettas are mostly red or blue / green. females contain these same colors but more in a pastel shade. they have more apricot colored areas too ( non - colored ). females grow to about two inches. setup and water preferences bettas like soft, slightly acidic water. a ph from about 6 to 8 will do. they need warm temperatures of at least 75 degrees f but can take short periods ( less than a day ) in the 60 ' s. low temperature is one of the most frequent causes of death for bettas. they do not do well at \" room temperature \" if that temperature is below 75 degrees f for long periods of time. one disadvantage of keeping them in cups and bowls is this lack of temperature control. for a fish that can take down to about 50 degrees f in a bowl, a paradise fish is a better choice ( although it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4489838518870299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.036572"} {"text": "f for long periods of time. one disadvantage of keeping them in cups and bowls is this lack of temperature control. for a fish that can take down to about 50 degrees f in a bowl, a paradise fish is a better choice ( although it is a bit larger and more active and would prefer a tank ). bettas prefer to eat small, live foods but will eat most small, meat - based foods. live brine shrimp are a favorite food. my betta ate brine shrimp on his first day with me but strangely on the second day, he took every live brine shrimp he could find into his mouth and then spat them out! then, he switched to flakes! many bettas like the small pelleted foods. bettas spend most of their time at the water ' s surface so they find it easiest to eat floating foods. my betta also explored other levels in the tank but slept at the top. male bettas are sold to be kept in tiny containers of water all by themselves. because they can gulp and use atmospheric oxygen, they can survive in small puddles of water or small cups. but, just because they can does not mean they have to do so or even should. i put one in my 20 gallon community tank ( see below for precautions ). he was a bit confused at first, never having seen other fish, plants, and room to move! but, then he loved it! bettas kept in less than a gallon of water should have the water changed at least a few times a week or as it gets dirty. because males fight with one another, breeders with lots of fish have no choice but to keep the fish individually in small containers, like bowls, vases, or pickle jars. bettas are often sold with a \" betta vase \" which is just a small container usually with a plant stuck in it. while a few microbes or algae might be on the roots short term, the betta will quickly eat those. he may pick at the roots to gather oxygen as well. but, the betta cannot live off the plant alone and must be fed at least a few times a week. small containers can also foul quickly so frequent 50 % water changes are good. the water should never be cloudy or stinky. if you would not drink it based on how it looks ( not knowing a fish had been in it ), it is not fit for your betta. please do not keep bettas in tiny containers. see this site for more information. compatibility", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41246867055743597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.038869"} {"text": ". if you would not drink it based on how it looks ( not knowing a fish had been in it ), it is not fit for your betta. please do not keep bettas in tiny containers. see this site for more information. compatibility of bettas with other fish : a male betta attacks other males, females when he sees fit, and fish that he thinks look like a betta too. he will \" fight \" with his reflection. fighting males spread out their gills like wings, lunge, and bite off pieces of fin. fish with flowing fins may find them nipped by a male betta. these include fancy goldfish ( who do not like the heat that a betta likes anyway ), fancy guppies, and other longfinned fish. female bettas are more tolerant. they generally can tolerate other females but there are tales of females who think they are male and nip other fish. fast moving and nippy fish like many barbs and danios will often nip at slow bettas ' fins. if a male betta is put in a warm community tank with no other fish that looks like a betta ( no flowing fins ) and no fish that may nip or eat him, then he will get along fine. goldfish and bettas are not a good mix. this is for a number of reasons : the betta may nip the goldfish, the goldfish may pester the betta to death or rip his fins, the goldfish likes it cool while the betta likes it warm, and the piggy goldfish will eat any food added for the betta. single - finned goldfish grow over a foot long while bettas stay at an inch or two. goldfish like to move around at a good pace making a mess while bettas like to take their time to move around. i love both goldfish and bettas but just not together. on 7 / 31 / 06, jennifer pointed out the following : \"... although females can get along with each other and sometimes with males, the tank setup makes a huge difference in whether or not the attempt is successful. having plenty of hiding places and room to get away from each other will go a long way in keeping the bettas from hassling each other to death. i mention this because a number of customers in my store commonly misunderstand the idea that females are relatively peaceful to mean that they can toss two or three bettas into a small bowl without a problem as long as only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3526555616409376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.041605"} {"text": "gourami follow the betta with his feelers out, trying to make contact! fifi got along well with the other fish. i named him fifi which is sort of short for fighting fish ( the first two letters of each word ). fifi was gorgeous! my only concerns were the water movement which may be too much for the betta who has never had to deal with that and also that he may get his fins sucked into the filter intake if he rests near there. really though, the filter was mild especially once the surface was nearly 100 % covered in floating fern which broke up the water movement. by his second day with us, fifi was swimming more vigorously ( making up for lost exercise! ) and eating flake food. on 8 / 3 / 01, i discovered that fifi had ick. since i did not quarantine ( bad me! ), i had to treat the entire tank with increased temperature, salt, and ick medication. he recovered easily but nine other fish in the tank died ( out of 18 ) within the few weeks after they were cured of ick. fifi ' s photo on 8 / 4 / 01 is at the top of the page. unfortunately, fifi died on 12 / 19 / 01 for unknown reasons. he had not been himself for a few days and not coming to eat. there were no signs of external parasites, funguses, or infections of any sort. i am not sure if he died from non - visible parasites or from old age. bettas are known for only living a few years. i only had him five months but have no idea what his age was when i got him. since they take about 6 months to be large enough to be sold and then often sit in the store for months, he could already have been a year or two old when i got him. i miss fifi because he was always eager to be fed, would seem to look at me, and moved around the tank with real purpose making funny movements as he eyed in on something and would nip at it. homer and marge : on 10 / 19 / 07, i finally got another betta after almost six years. i wanted some fish in my basement pond and decided on a betta. my 2. 5 year old niece wanted a purple one so i got one that is kind of white / pink in the body with blue and purple fins. i named him homer. i added a little aquarium salt, stress coat, stress zyme, melafix", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43431574863797273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.047253"} {"text": "5 year old niece wanted a purple one so i got one that is kind of white / pink in the body with blue and purple fins. i named him homer. i added a little aquarium salt, stress coat, stress zyme, melafix, and aquarisol ( for ick prevention ) to the tub pond. here are some photos. the first three were taken while he was in the cup i got him in. : homer - right side homer - left side homer - top view the basement pond with homer in it homer started making a lot of bubble nests. i felt bad that he was destined to be alone. i decided to buy him a female friend. i obviously cannot house a lot of bettas so i will not try to raise any resulting fry apart from their parents. if any survive, i will certainly take care of them ( i have three aquariums that can take some if needed ). i added marge on 11 / 16 / 07. she is half his size and definitely was not egg laden ( yet ). she was kind of naturally colored with light blue fins ( initially ). i will let you know if bart, lisa, and maggie show up. i had always read that male bettas are so mean, especially to female bettas. well, when i put her in, he saw her. instead of attacking, he swam away from her! it has only been a day now that she has been in there but i have not seen her again as she is hiding. there is plenty of room in there to hide. he, on the other hand, comes right up when he sees me and shows off. he is really getting pretty now that he is out of the horrid cup he was in. homer is not bothering marge but she is also still in hiding. here are two not so good photos taken on 11 / 16 / 07 before i put marge into the pond. i am sorry that my camera would not focus on her. marge - top view marge - top view aha! on 11 / 24 / 07, i finally spotted marge after 8 days. she is fine. she has gone from light in color to almost black with really blue fins, almost like that female betta shown above ( photo someone sent me ). i think she may be trying to show him who is boss. her fins might be a little tattered ( hard to tell from above ), and she seems to have already grown ( although she is still tiny ). i could see both of them at the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4165164455137455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.049174"} {"text": "may be trying to show him who is boss. her fins might be a little tattered ( hard to tell from above ), and she seems to have already grown ( although she is still tiny ). i could see both of them at the same time ( they could see each other ), and they were not bothering each other. when i fed them, i saw both of them eat. i noticed that homer was guarding about a dozen eggs on 12 / 24 / 07. they were gone a few days later, and he stopped guarding that spot under the big white fake floating plant. i do not know if any hatched but i do not think that any survived. there were pond snails ( that came in with the plants from my pond ) who were driving around the eggs but marge may have also eaten some. sometimes homer chases her to nip at her but she is faster. other times they will both be close when i put in food, and he does not go after her. i think the aggression of bettas is overrated ( except for males with males which i have not done or suggest! ). on 1 / 17 / 08, i noticed that homer was guarding a nice batch of eggs. there was a little pond snail there too though. i feel bad not rescuing the eggs but also know it is hard to raise fry, especially with bettas where the males have to live separately as adults. marge on 1 / 13 / 08. you can see the intense blue on the edges of her dorsal and caudal fins. the rest of her is pretty much black. the red thing is the adjustment dial on the submerged heater. behind her is the black intake of the penguin mini filter. i noticed in early march that i had not seen marge in a while. i realized the morning of 3 / 11 / 08 that something was stuck to the filter intake. i feared it was her. i confirmed that when i got home from work and took it off. i do not know if homer contributed to her demise but it is certainly possible. when i had seen them interact the last few months, it was never overly aggressive, just mild chasing. she had not been damaged by him before. i guess all it would have taken was for him to have one attack mode. her body was too degraded to tell if she had been bitten. i do not plan to get another betta so do not worry. on 3 / 14 / 08, i bought seven rosy red minnows in an attempt to get my turtle to eat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38846625729407336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.052229"} {"text": "body was too degraded to tell if she had been bitten. i do not plan to get another betta so do not worry. on 3 / 14 / 08, i bought seven rosy red minnows in an attempt to get my turtle to eat. he killed two but ate none so i had to find a place for the five minnows. i moved homer from the basement pond and put him in to the 20 gallon aquarium on 3 / 18 / 08. the minnows then went in the pond. homer really seems to like the 20 gallon tank! he is getting along with the fish, frogs, and shrimp. i was worried he might bother the shrimp but homer is a slow mover with a tiny mouth. he is enjoying the added food variety. here is a photo of homer in the 20 gallon tank right after i put him in there. it was the best betta photo i have ever taken so i also put it at the top of the page! homer on 3 / 18 / 08. homer on 4 / 5 / 08. on 11 / 7 / 08, i realized that homer was developing what so many bettas get. his tummy is starting to bulge. whether it is dropsy, fish tuberculosis, or some kind of tumors, it seems to be what afflicts the bettas of most of the people who contact me. i hope homer hangs on and does as best as he can. i have had him a year. most bettas are almost a year old when bought at the store and only live a few years. here is a photo of homer from 12 / 13 / 08 when he was moderately bloated up ( filled with fluid ). as i type this on 12 / 26 / 08, he is huge and probably will not live much longer. homer continues to get larger. i can see through his body to the other side. it is just full of water inside. this photo is from 1 / 8 / 09 : homer died on 2 / 14 / 09. my niece and i will miss him. she always would ask, \" where ' s homer? \" or say \" i see homer! \" with such zest. i impulsively bought another betta for my 20 gallon tank on 6 / 19 / 09. this time, i got a female. she was powder blue. i named her pretty because she was. these photos of pretty are from 6 / 19 / 09 : pretty - two adult panda cories are in the photo ; you can see how small pretty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3891073322894214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.054821"} {"text": "time, i got a female. she was powder blue. i named her pretty because she was. these photos of pretty are from 6 / 19 / 09 : pretty - two adult panda cories are in the photo ; you can see how small pretty is. pretty has done well but already a problem has appeared. sometime in early september of 2009, she started to develop a small growth, cyst, or infected tumor on her right gill plate. i hope it does not get any larger. i was saddened to find pretty dead on 10 / 31 / 09. i did not think she would die so soon and suddenly. i will not get another betta anytime soon. i got a new betta on 3 / 9 / 12 for the 20 gallon tank. i wanted him to be strong so his name is rambo. he is a double tail male betta. he is still small with a dark body and white fins. he is having fun exploring after a life of tiny containers. i took these photos of rambo on 3 / 9 / 12 on the day that i got him. rambo - in the cup they had him in rambo - in the cup rambo - from above, in a bowl during acclimation i saw rambo on 3 / 15 / 12, and his fins were red as from septicemia. i do not know what is wrong or why. he is mostly hiding. i hope he can hang in there. i have not seen rambo since. no body was found. he is presumed dead. i will update if he shows up. i will make a note to never get a betta again. i thought his life would be better in a 20 gallon tank than a bowl but i was wrong. links and pictures betta faq - this is an archived version as the site is now gone. the last archive says they did not pay their bill so this is the archive before that. california betta society and betta faq betta talk - a great site, especially for beginners tera ' s bettas - information, breeder lists, breeding, etc. the betta faq bcbetta - a betta breeder with lots of gorgeous photos of fancy bettas and some information on breeding, etc. fish profile on betta healthy betta - \" your source to keep your betta happy and healthy. \" not trash pets - a site dedicated to spreading the word that small animals are not trash pets. ultimate bettas - a betta forum photos are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4391061582632081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.056725"} {"text": "profile on betta healthy betta - \" your source to keep your betta happy and healthy. \" not trash pets - a site dedicated to spreading the word that small animals are not trash pets. ultimate bettas - a betta forum photos are listed from oldest to newest. here is a photo of a male betta that sascha sent to me on 6 / 9 / 05. the betta has a kinked spine and scales sticking out. he most likely had dropsy. the poor guy died about a week later. deb sent me this photo on 8 / 14 / 05 of her female betta. gina sent me these photos of her betta on 3 / 6 / 06. his name is ub. ub right side ub right side ub left side ub front view gina later sent these four photos on 6 / 29 / 06 of another male betta, a real beauty named pinky. when she first got him, he was all white and sick but look at how gorgeous he turned out! pinky - right side pinky - right side pinky - right side pinky - left side go to this page to see photos of a betta with a tumor that diana treated with surgery. xochitl sent photos of his sick male betta on 9 / 10 / 06. the betta has some sort of swelling on the right side. it is hard to tell from the photos what it is but it may contain fluid. betta - top view. betta - side view. meg sent this photo of her male betta, pinot griso on 10 / 2 / 06. melissa sent these photos of her sick betta with dropsy on 7 / 24 / 07. his name was guido and he died shortly after the photos were taken. paul sent this photo of his male betta umb on 10 / 21 / 07. he is a multicolored crowntail. : paul sent another photo of umb on 12 / 14 / 07. umb died of dropsy in the fall of 2008. wind & weather sells neat things for your garden! the world ' s largest pet store is your source for discount aquarium, pond, and pet supplies! there have been 27, 174, 652 visitors ( file views since 2006 ) to fishpondinfo from october 1, 2003 through may 18, 2013. copyright \u00a9 1997 - 2013 robyn rhudy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4372391000602519, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.058629"} {"text": "distribution map : based on vouchered plant specimens only. view county names by placing the mouse cursor over a particular county. * * not applicable or data not available. \u2013 denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. show these synonyms only wetland assessment procedure ( wap ) : source - southwest florida water management district, wetland assessment procedure instruction manual for isolated wetlands ( march 2005 ). source - florida exotic pest plant council ' s 2007 list of florida ' s most invasive species category i - species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in florida. this definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused. category ii - species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. these species may become ranked as category i, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural florida communities. wetland status, department of environmental regulation ( dep ) : source - delineation of the landward extent of wetlands and surface waters, chapter 62 - 340, florida administrative code. 1994. wetland status ( nwi ) : source - national list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. us fish & wildlife service biological report 88 ( 24 ). national wetlands inventory, us fish & wildlife service. 1988. a positive ( + ) or negative ( - ) sign is used with the facultative indicator category to more specifically define the regional frequency of occurrence in wetlands. the positive sign indicates a frequency toward the higher end of the category ( more frequently found in wetlands ), and a negative sign indicates a frequency toward the lower end of the category ( less frequently found in wetlands ). identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons. ( definitions from : american heritage science dictionary ) intro paragraph to be provided by new york. this numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 ( very rare ) to 5 ( common ). these ranks carry no legal status. each species ' global rank is determined by natureserve. these ranks carry no legal weight. the global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity. view a list of all ecological communities for more information, contact : dr. richard wunderlin or dr. bruce hansen \u00a9 2013 institute for systematic botany | data last modified : 5 / 23 / 2013 web development : | the florida center for community design + research a member of the university of south florida family of plantatlas. org websites wunderlin, r. p., and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5238233035823956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.073649"} {"text": "systematic botany | data last modified : 5 / 23 / 2013 web development : | the florida center for community design + research a member of the university of south florida family of plantatlas. org websites wunderlin, r. p., and b. f. hansen. 2008. atlas of florida vascular plants ( http : / / www. plantatlas. usf. edu / ). [ s. m. landry and k. n. campbell ( application development ), florida center for community design and research. ] institute for systematic botany, university of south florida, tampa. select the criterion by which you wish to search ( scientific name, genus, family, etc. ) and enter that information into the provided field. hint : correct spelling is necessary for desired results, but because this function is a string search the full name need not be entered. any correct part of a taxon name can be entered and a choice of the correct one made from the small list of resulting matches. for example, matching the full name exactly in a scientific name search for piptochaetium avenacioides may be difficult, but strings of either tium aven or avenaci or m avenac or pipto will all result in very small lists of matches. the intended name can then be chosen from any of those lists. usually, the last letter ( or two ) of a given genus, a space, and the first few correct letters of the specific epithet will provide a sufficiently short list containing the desired taxon. a similar example in a common name search is virginia snakeroot. searching using \" snake root \" will yield no results due to the extra space, but searching \" snake \" will generate a short list of plants with the word \" snake \" in the common name. furthermore, a search of \" virginia snake \" or even \" nia snak \" yields one result : virginia snakeroot. if, after following the above advice, then difficulties are still encountered please use the \" browse \" feature. a voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. a voucher may be a record of a plant ' s occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation. proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data. only plant populations vouchered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4925070945467914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.075610"} {"text": "mrs. dixon ' s home page \u00bb treasure key in dixon den we have special keys that allow students to bring in a \" treasure \" to share with the class. much like show and tell, the first grader with the key stands up in front of the class to tell all about the treasure he / she has brought to share. the holder of the key should be able to tell why the item is a treasure to him / her and be able to tell important information about the treasure. if your child brings home the key, please help him / her to choose something interesting to share with our class. some good ideas include : a few pictures or a souvenir from a recent trip, part of a collection, pictures of a pet, a favorite book, a special or unusual gift, or something from nature. help your first grader put the key and the treasure in his / her backpack that evening so nothing will be forgotten the next morning. in order to share, a child must bring both the treasure and the key. dixon den first graders look forward to their turn with the key! it gives them an opportunity to practice speaking in front of a group and it makes them feels special! amy dixon ' s site mott road elementary school 7173 mott road fayetteville, ny 13066", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48043336058401687, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.078909"} {"text": "nanobiosensors hold considerable potential as future areas of development for nanotechnology, according to a recent study. however, \u2018 nanobiotechnology perspectives. role of nanotechnology in the food industry : a review \u2019, which is to be published in the journal of food science and technology, claims case - by - case toxicity studies are needed. \u201c advances in microfluid and inorganic nanoparticle production have enabled the preparation of efficient sensors to rapidly detect pathogens or pesticides in food or on the farm or in the product on the market, \u201d the authors conclude. \u201c the nanobiosensor can also be applied in environmental pollution control in the food industry. functionalised food with nanoparticles as flavours and nutrients carriers can enhance food quality and safety. \u201c the important issue in the immediate future will be the toxicity of these nanomaterials in plants, animals and humans and then it must be studied case to case. \u201d electronic noses and tongues, which use arrays of nanosensors, have considerable potential in assessing beer quality, especially at the fermentation stage, the research claims. recently developed electronic noses have also been applied to the detection of fungal contamination of cereal grain samples. in particular, the researchers state : \u201c electrochemical nanosensors, especially amperometric ones, are of great interest nowadays, because of their high sensitivity for the detection of important components or pollutants in agriculture and in foods. \u201d pathogen and mycotoxin detection studies suggest nanobiosensors can be used in pathogen and mycotoxin detection in foods, they add, with salmonella, e. coli and listeria being most studied. for example, an antibody - functionalised carbon nanotube nanosensor has been used for detecting salmonella in a nutrient broth solution. and a cholesterol biosensor containing multiwall carbon nanotubes and cholesterol oxidase has been constructed on glassy carbon electrodes with excellent performance. there is evidence to suggest that nanoparticles of poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plga ) could combat salmonella and listeria, the researchers state. shelf life could be improved through encapsulation of nitric oxide in nanostructures that improve its stability, they note, citing one example in which its incorporation into packaging had enhanced the preservation of button mushrooms. use of edible nanofilm could also help preserve food such as fresh produce, meat, confectionery,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5127404657904023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.081776"} {"text": "the price of energy has a very strong influence on the energy choices governments and individuals make. i sometimes hear people ask \" why are we still building coal - fired power plants? \" or \" why don \u2019 t we replace more petroleum with biomass? \" one reason is that biomass is generally more difficult to use from a logistical point of view. another is that there just isn \u2019 t enough biomass to meet present energy demands. but a major factor comes down to price. the price and convenience of energy sources are ultimately the keys to customer acceptance. homes can be heated with wood, heating oil, natural gas, or electricity. automobiles can be fueled with gasoline, ethanol, natural gas, diesel, electricity, and a wide variety of more unconventional fuels. if consumers have a choice and the supply is convenient, they will tend toward the cheapest energy source they can get. below i have compiled a list of current prices for some of the more common energy options on an energy equivalent basis \u2013 the british thermal unit ( btu ). a btu is simply the amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of one pound of water by 1 degree fahrenheit. everything has been converted into u. s. dollars per million btu ( mmbtu ). the sources for the data are listed below. i have included the cost of electricity, although it is important to note that the efficiency of electric motors is higher than for internal combustion engines. for comparison, i have also included the cost of the federal ethanol tax credit ( volumetric ethanol excise tax credit ), which is $ 0. 45 per gallon of ethanol for 2010. energy prices per million btu the list above illustrates why wood pellets for home heating are flowing out of canada and the u. s. and into europe. wood pellets are much more expensive and generally less convenient to use than natural gas in north america. it isn \u2019 t difficult then to see why wood pellets have a difficult market in north america. for people with access to natural gas, the lower price and convenience of natural gas is compelling. in europe, natural gas supplies aren \u2019 t as secure, so they have more incentive to consider wood pellets as an option. the cost of the ethanol subsidy is interesting. taxpayers presently pay more for the subsidy than natural gas costs. however, if you consider that the subsidy is on a per gallon basis \u2013 and a large fraction of that gallon of ethanol is fossil fuel - derived, the subsidy for the renewable component is higher. for instance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5205701859524965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.085733"} {"text": "more for the subsidy than natural gas costs. however, if you consider that the subsidy is on a per gallon basis \u2013 and a large fraction of that gallon of ethanol is fossil fuel - derived, the subsidy for the renewable component is higher. for instance, consider an energy output of 1. 5 btus of ethanol ( and by - products ) per btu of fossil fuel input ( this is approximately where today \u2019 s corn ethanol plants operate ). in this case the renewable component per gallon is only 1 / 3rd of a gallon ; the rest of the subsidy is essentially subsidizing the fossil fuel inputs. ( an energy return of 1. 5 indicates that it took 1 btu of fossil fuel to produce 1. 5 btus of ethanol ; hence the renewable component of the ethanol in that case is 1 / 3rd ). that means that the subsidy on simply the renewable component is actually three times as high \u2013 $ 17. 76 / mmbtu. also bear in mind that this is only the subsidy ; the consumer then has to pay $ 23. 46 / mmbtu for the ethanol itself. of course there are many other considerations, and government subsidies can tilt the playing field toward or away from different options. but if you ever wonder why those long railroad cars filled with coal are headed east from wyoming, or why we tend to heat homes in north america with natural gas or heating oil, now you know. sources for data 1. u. s. energy information administration ( eia ), coal news and markets report for the week ending 1 / 15 / 2010. ( link ). 2. eia, natural gas futures prices for 1 / 15 / 2010. ( link ). 3. u. s. department of energy, volumetric ethanol excise tax credit ( veetc ). ( link ). 4. eia, spot prices for 1 / 15 / 2010. ( link ). 5. eia, world crude oil prices, u. s. average price for 1 / 15 / 2010. ( link ). 6. woodpelletprice. com, typical premium wood pellet prices for 1 / 15 / 2010. ( link ). 7. cme group, chicago board of trade ethanol futures for february 2010 contract. ( link ). 8. eia, wholesale day ahead prices at selected hubs for new england 12 / 31 / 09. ( link ). 9. poet, poet announces cost reductions in cellulosic ethanol. ( link ). petroleum \u2013 138, 000 bt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42753438903642815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.086591"} {"text": "dirk van borne ( 16th century ) dirk van borne, a printer of deventer, dutch province of overijssel, had printed and published the groot wonderboek by david joris. he was seized july 1544 ; in january 1545 he was placed under house arrest until august 1545, and even then he was not allowed to leave the town. dirk was not a follower of david joris ; he was a catholic and defended himself by saying that he had not known that the book of david joris, which jurriaen ketel had given him for printing, was a heretical book. doopsgezinde bijdragen ( 1919 ) : 22 - 23. hoop scheffer, jacob gijsbert de. inventaris der archiefstukken berustende bij de vereenigde doopsgezinde gemeente to amsterdam. 2 v. amsterdam : uitgegeven en ten geschenke aangeboden door den kerkeraad dier gemeente, 1883 - 1884 : i, no. 309. adapted by permission of herald press, harrisonburg, virginia, and waterloo, ontario, from mennonite encyclopedia, vol. 2, pp. 64 - 65. all rights reserved. for information on ordering the encyclopedia visit the herald press website. \u00a91996 - 2013 by the global anabaptist mennonite encyclopedia online. all rights reserved. mla style : van der zijpp, nanne. \" dirk van borne ( 16th century ). \" global anabaptist mennonite encyclopedia online. 1956. web. 23 may 2013. http : / / www. gameo. org / encyclopedia / contents / dirk _ van _ borne _ 16th _ century. apa style : van der zijpp, nanne. ( 1956 ). dirk van borne ( 16th century ). global anabaptist mennonite encyclopedia online. retrieved 23 may 2013, from http : / / www. gameo. org / encyclopedia / contents / dirk _ van _ borne _ 16th _ century.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3923624354658721, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.090062"} {"text": "the release of the 5200 supersystem in 1982 represented atari ' s attempt to replace their outdated 2600 model and pull ahead of rival, high - quality platforms like intellivison. by 1982, atari game programmers realized that they were severely limited by the capabilities of the 2600 system. the designers incorporated technology into the 5200 ( called \" pam \" in developmental stages ) which they had just developed for their own 8 - bit 400 and 800 series personal computer systems. the 5200 is basically a game console version of their home computer, substituting a controller in place of a keyboard. the intellivision system had raised the stakes in the gaming industry with its 16 - position controller. atari ' s own 2600 offered only 8 positions. in hopes of obliterating the competition, atari designer, craig asher helped engineer the \" analog \" controller. it gives players full, 360\u00b0 control of the action on - screen. the 5200 controller contains two other features which made atari ' s unique to any other system built by 1982 : first, it offers speed variability. when a joystick is held in a single direction long enough, a player can increase his or her rate of on - screen movement. second, it contains an easy - access pause button, enabling players to easily freeze their games indefinitely. this immediately became a normal feature on most every subsequent system controller. unfortunately there turned out to be a major drawback to this groundbreaking technology. the analog controllers never caught on with consumers because they are \" non - centering, \" meaning they do not feature a neutral position. there is no way to come to an immediate stop. this factor will tend to inflict a high level of frustration on any 5200 player who tackles a game which requires precision stopping and starting movements like frogger or pac - man. the controllers were also apparently not made with durability in mind and are quite easily broken. when atari released the 5200 it was incompatible with 2600 cartridges. consumers who had loaded up on games for the 2600 were understandably reluctant to invest in an entirely new platform. its initial retail price of $ 330 didn ' t cause units to fly off of the shelves either. the 5200 also improved on the 2600 in its switch box. the 2600 system requires players to walk behind the television and change the setting on the box setting from tv to game. the 5200 automatically switches to game after the power is turned on. also, when changing cartridges, the 5200 shifts to a black screen instead of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46163081942684414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.094758"} {"text": "players to walk behind the television and change the setting on the box setting from tv to game. the 5200 automatically switches to game after the power is turned on. also, when changing cartridges, the 5200 shifts to a black screen instead of the annoying, white noisy static players get between games with the 2600. when the platform was launched in 1982, atari chose not to support it with any \" must have \" new titles. instead they decided to re - release improved versions of former best seller for the 2600 like space invaders or galaxian. later, they did offer more sought - after titles like joust, space dungeon and ms. pac - man, but by that time the gaming market was on the verge of collapse. in 1983, between : atari ( with the 5200 and 2600 ), colecovision and intellivision, the vcs ( video computer system ) market was stuck in a glut due to an oversaturation of product. consumers were also demanding that their computers perform more functions than just play games. at that point the commodore 64 and atari 800xl home computers had just been released. even after a slow start, 1983 sales for the 5200 plummeted. warner communications ( atari ' s former parent company ) reported second quarter losses of $ 283. 4 million. by the end of the year, atari had posted losses of $ 536 million. they ended production of the 5200 in 1984. the best game titles for the 5200 : berzerk, missile command, centipede, qix, pengo, wizard of wor, space dungeon, rescue on fractalas! and montazuma ' s revenge. ~ dave beuscher, all game guide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4285434838202282, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.095946"} {"text": "born within 40 years of martin luther ' s death, heinrich schutz ( 1585 - 1672 ) conferred musical greatness on protestant church music in the german language. he left behind around 500 works \u2013 almost exclusively settings of texts from the luther bible. schutz was born in kostritz and is remembered there with events and exhibitions at the heinrich schutz house \u2013 his birthplace, a former inn. schutz was a choirboy aged 13 when he was discovered by the landgrave of hesse - kassel, who paid for his tuition including under gabrieli in venice. it was later with reluctance that he allowed his protege to move to dresden. in dresden, schutz held the post of court kapellmeister to the elector of saxony for 55 years. they were difficult times because the thirty years ' war ( 1618 - 1648 ) was raging in germany. schutz ' s legacy is commemorated in dresden ' s church of our lady, by a stele near the zwinger palace and at the heinrich schutz house on frauengasse. in 1651 schutz purchased a house to which to retire in weissenfels, where he had spent his youth. it was there that he wrote his swan song, an eleven motet setting of psalm 119 for two choirs. the heinrich schutz house in weissenfels is largely preserved in its original state.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40242222165832814, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.098675"} {"text": "an abbrev is a word that has been defined to expand into a specified expansion. when you insert a word - separator character following the abbrev, that expands the abbrev \u2014 replacing the abbrev with its expansion. for example, if \u2018 foo \u2019 is defined as an abbrev expanding to \u2018 find outer otter \u2019, then typing f o o. will insert \u2018 find outer otter. \u2019. abbrevs expand only when abbrev mode, a buffer - local minor mode, is enabled. disabling abbrev mode does not cause abbrev definitions to be forgotten, but they do not expand until abbrev mode is enabled again. the command m - x abbrev - mode toggles abbrev mode ; with a numeric argument, it turns abbrev mode on if the argument is positive, off otherwise. see minor modes. abbrevs can have mode - specific definitions, active only in one major mode. abbrevs can also have global definitions that are active in all major modes. the same abbrev can have a global definition and various mode - specific definitions for different major modes. a mode - specific definition for the current major mode overrides a global definition. you can define abbrevs interactively during the editing session, irrespective of whether abbrev mode is enabled. you can also save lists of abbrev definitions in files, which you can the reload for use in later sessions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5584316685330124, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.100142"} {"text": "archaeological places in lima from immemorial times different pre - inca cultures that appeared in the history inhabited the rimac valley and territories around lima. in its origins an old fishermen town was located here, with great religious tradition. in later period the pre - inca cultures of maranga and aramburu were developed, then followed the collas, huachos and the huallas cultures, and finally they were conquered by the incas. the incas respected the religions of the conquered people and they added their gods, reason for which many pre - inca religious centers stayed until the arrival of the spaniards. all these towns and cultures left archaeological remains, some of them, at the moment well conserved and others restored, outstanding among those : ( unesco world heritage site ) the sacred city of caral 5000 - year - old and 626 - hectare is an archaeological site situated on a dry desert terrace overlooking the green valley of the supe river, 184 km. north of lima city. it dates back to the late archaic period of the central andes and is the oldest centre of civilization in the americas. located 31 km ( 19 miles ) from lima on the pan - american highway south ( 45 minutes by car ), in the valley of lurin. it was the most important pre - inca ceremonial center on the peruvian coast. main pre - inca adoration and ceremonial center of the inhabitants ' of the valley of rimac in which the god pachacamac was venerated. the investigations presume that this place was inhabited since the year 200 up to 1533. pre - inca and inca archaeological construction. from the pre - inca constructions stand out the \" templo pintado \" ( colored temple ) and the \" templo viejo \" ( old temple ), built with small adobes and pyramids with ramps. after the inca conquest ( 1440 - 1533 ) they built next to them the \" templo del inti \" ( temple of sun ) and an \" acllahuasi \" ( house prepared for the chosen girls ). the temple of inti has a flight of stairs made of stones and passages that go along the edge of the main structure, built with adobes. on him a great terrace exists with view to the sea, and is related with the islands in front of this group with an old legend. pachacamac was the god creator of life and of the universe and it was not personified. the state of conservation of this location and its restoration offer a great show of cultural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.392984987930338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.104229"} {"text": "with the islands in front of this group with an old legend. pachacamac was the god creator of life and of the universe and it was not personified. the state of conservation of this location and its restoration offer a great show of cultural historical interest. site museum : daily attention from 09 : 00 to 17 : 00, exhibition of archaeological remains found in this complex, ceramic, textile, idols, etc. located in the intersection of avenida el rosario and avenida nicolas de rivera, san isidro district. visiting hours : tue. \u2013 sun. 9 : 00 a. m. \u2013 5 : 00 p. m.. pre - inca adoration place, pyramidal huaca built with adobes ( bricks made with mud ), it is restored. site museum houses pieces found during the excavations of the area. located in general borgono street, block 8 ( near avenida angamos oeste, block 4 and avenida arequipa, block 45 ) in miraflores. visiting hours : wed. \u2013 mon. 9 : 00 a. m. \u2013 5 : 00 p. m. a ceremonial center dating from earliest stages of the lima culture. huaca with a pyramidal shape, pre - inca adoration site dedicated to the god pachacamac. sometimes, events or musical shows take place there. you can also find a site museum that exhibits pieces found in the excavations. puruchuco ( quechua voice : hat of feathers ) located kilometer marker 4, 5. carretera central east of lima. visiting hours : mon. \u2013 sun. and holidays \u2013 8 : 30 a. m. \u2013 4 : 30 p. m. inca archaeological site, the inca buildings ( 1440 a. d. \u2013 1533 a. d. ) are made of mud and adobe. palace in which \" caciques \" ( political chief of the city ) or important people exercised domain over the valley of rimac. the space is distributed along geometric lines and divided into three sectors, the most interesting being the area of patios and lookouts. during the excavation process, several mummies were recovered, characterized by being placed in a fetal position and accompanied by everyday objects. you will find an interesting site museum. located at kilometer marker 10 carretera central, take the turnoff on the right hand side of the rimac river and drive 5 km ( 3 miles ) lower part of the jicamarca gorge, east of lima, in the denomi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4775522138805404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.105174"} {"text": "laconian kylix ( vase / cup ) - 560 bc hand - made ceramic copy of a greek corinthian kylix from the black figure period of ancient greek ceramic art, depicting a mythological scene. the original was made around 560 b. c. and features an unusual contemporary scene \u2014 king arkesilas of cyrene overseeing a group of workmen. the weighing motif suggests an egyptian model, but the lively details and crisp decorative friezes make it a fine example of laconian pottery. approx. 20 cm in diameter ( 7. 9 \" ). * this is a hand - painted reproduction, individually signed by the artist. due to special handling requirements, product may require 2 - 4 weeks for delivery depending on availability. express delivery available upon request. greek black figure pottery the black - figure pottery ( ' \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03b1, melanomorpha ) technique is a style of ancient greek pottery painting in which the decoration appears as black silhouettes on a red background. the pale, iron - rich clay turned a reddish - orange color when fired, and then the design was sketched in outline and filled in using refined clay as paint. details would be added with an engraving tool, scratching through the paint layer to the clay below. originating in corinth during the early 7th century bc, it was introduced into attica about a generation later. other notable black - figure potteries existed at sparta, athens, and in eastern greece. the technique flourished until being practically replaced by the more advanced red - figure pottery technique in 530 bc, although later examples do exist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4314003030204342, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.107363"} {"text": "two researchers from the state key laboratory of millimeter waves at southeast university from nanjing, china, have discovered and prototyped a device that acts like a black hole for electromagnetic waves in the microwave spectrum. it consists of 60 concentric rings of metamaterials, a class or ordered composites that can distort light and other waves. qiang cheng and tie jun cui called their device \u201c omnidirectional electromagnetic absorber \u201d. the 60 rings of circuit board are arranged in concentric layers and coated in copper. each of the layers is printed with alternating patterns, which resonate or don \u2019 t resonate in electromagnetic waves. what is indeed very amazing is that their device can spiral 99 % of the radiations coming from all directions inside it and convert them into heat, acting like an \u201c electromagnetic black body \u201d ( or \u201c hole \u201d ). the omnidirectional electromagnetic absorber could be used in harvesting the energy that exists in form of electromagnetic waves and turn them into usable heat. of course, turning the heat back into electricity isn \u2019 t a 100 % efficient process ( far from it ), but directly harvesting electromagnetic waves in the classic antenna - fashion is way too inefficient compared to this black hole. \u201c since the lossy core can transfer electromagnetic energies into heat energies, we expect that the proposed device could find important applications in thermal emitting and electromagnetic - wave harvesting. \u201d possible uses can vary from powering your phone with the existing electromagnetic energy that surrounds it, to wireless power transmission and even powering space ships \u2013 it all depends on the wavelength that the device is tuned to. the question that arises is : would this kind of devices have other uses than these constructive ones mentioned above? more like this article not what you were looking for? search the green optimistic! join the discussion4046 total comments so far. what ' s your opinion? electromagnetic wave harvesting? extremely fascinating. when one thinks about it, it makes sense. electromagnetism is one of the more powerful forms of the universe ( next to gravity and strong / weak nuclear forces ). the inner sci - fi geek in me loves the idea and can only imagine what an em device could do for humanity in the future. but of course the part of me stuck in reality is still skeptical of such technologies and what their applicable use would be. very very cool science though! - consumer energy alliance \" a balanced approach towards america ' s energy future \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6100286685466307, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.110705"} {"text": "the big mover in the first two years is wind. small amounts of photovoltaic solar, geothermal and biomass are also added, helping to back - up the new wind power. the combination of wind ' s massive growth, assisted by other technologies and immediate efficiency gains allows the first polluting coal plants to be retired. the capacity of other coal plants, including hazelwood and munmorah, is halved. several new technologies pick up pace, including concentrating solar power ( csp ). australia ' s dirtiest power station, hazelwood, closes in early 2013 after 42 years ' operation. in nsw, wind and csp combine to replace coal plants at liddell and munmorah. other plants close down or reduce output in queensland and wa. renewables are now making major headway in australia ' s power sector. ocean energy makes its first appearance supplying electricity to victoria, while geothermal and solar continue to expand faster. south australia becomes the first state to phase out coal - fired electricity, as geothermal and wind power combine to replace northern power station. ocean energy expands in victoria, and begins supplying significant power needs for tasmania, wa and sa. large - scale solar projects in sa and north - western victoria help build the region ' s energy hub that geothermal power initiated. continued closures and phase - outs of coal plants, including eraring in nsw. the widespread deployment of csp is the main source of around - the - clock electricity that replaces the remaining 10 coal plants. by the end of 2020, australia has replaced all of its coal - fired power stations with renewable energy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45230371314159157, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.113643"} {"text": "no more chernobyls time heals everything, doesn ' t it? it has been 25 years since the name chernobyl became the infamous nuclear accident that devastated the lives of millions of people in western russia, belarus and the ukraine. 25 years on, and the nightmare for thousands of people is still frightening. view of the destroyed no. 4 reactor of the chernobyl nuclear power station. following the explosion the fire and radiation leaks was not brought under control till 9 days after the accident. the chernobyl catastrophe released one hundred times more radiation than the atom bombs dropped over hiroshima and nagasaki. yet many seem to just dismiss the accident as a part of history and forget what large doses of radiation actually do to human lives. sadly, focussing solely on the disputed statistics of chernobyl has dehumanised what happened. the effects of chernobyl touched millions of people and thousand still endure very visible and painful effects. we are telling the stories of just a few of those thousands, to bring to light the reality of nuclear energy. independent scientists and economists know that nuclear energy is the most expensive electricity source available, counting the cost of building, running and decommissioning the power stations. but an economic analysis alone cannot calculate the costs due to the damage done to our genes, the very foundation of life. there are many other costs to take into consideration - the insurance and the cost of potential accidents, the long - term disposal of waste when no reliable solution has yet been found. nuclear power is not a solution for climate change. the massive subsidies needed to keep the nuclear industry alive are slowing and undermine the renewable energy revolution that is the real solution to climate change. all the above are facts about nuclear energy, however, no scientist or economist can tell you a life story of misplacement, diseases, trauma and fear... only the victims can. take action for clean and safe renewable energy - select your country below :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4829299354911279, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.115850"} {"text": "does this test have other names? what is this test? this test measures the level of iron in your blood. iron is an essential trace element in your blood. it helps your body make healthy red blood cells. red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your bloodstream. having too little or too much iron can lead to health problems. too little iron in your body can cause a condition called anemia. when this happens, your blood doesn ' t have enough iron to make the number of red blood cells needed to provide the amount of oxygen your body needs. iron - deficiency anemia is most often caused by blood loss, such as after an injury or surgery, or because of heavy menstrual bleeding. too much iron can be caused by hemochromatosis. this is a genetic condition that causes your blood to absorb too much iron. why do i need this test? you may need this test if your doctor suspects that you have too much or too little iron in your blood. common symptoms of anemia include : less common symptoms of anemia are brittle nails, restless leg syndrome, and a sore tongue. signs and symptoms of too much iron include liver problems, weakness, fatigue, darkening of the skin, and joint pain. what other tests might i have along with this test? your doctor may also order a total iron binding capacity test to measure the level of transferrin in your blood. transferrin is a protein that carries iron from your digestive system to the cells in your body that need it. your doctor may also measure your level of ferritin, another protein that helps store iron in your body. he or she may also order a complete blood count, or cbc, to get the full picture of the parts of your blood. what do my test results mean? many things may affect your lab test results. these include the method each lab uses to do the test. even if your test results are different from the normal value, you may not have a problem. to learn what the results mean for you, talk with your health care provider. results are given in micrograms per deciliter ( mcg / dl ). normal ranges of iron in the blood are 60 to 170 mcg / dl. if your results are lower, it means you may have iron - deficiency anemia. your doctor will confirm this with other tests. if your results are higher, it means you may have hemochromatosis. too much iron in the blood can also be from taking too many iron supplements or iron - enriched", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5165666352424392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.118393"} {"text": "flora & fauna areas fr. polynesia flora | want to travel to french polynesia? most travelers enter french polynesia via the international airport in tahiti, from which they can fly east to the marquesas or the tuamotus, or west to the other society islands such as moorea and bora bora. sailboats can be charted in the major islands ( tahiti and raiatea ) allowing access to smaller islands without airports. cars can be rented on most of the society islands ( tahiti to bora bora ). bicycles are a good option on all but the largest islands. hiking is a great way to get into the forests of the marquesas. this section highlights some of the interesting flora and fauna - - plants, animals and birds - - of the islands of french polynesia. this includes the island groups of the marquesas, the tuamotus, and the society islands which include tahiti, moorea and bora bora. located approximately 3, 500 miles from the south american continent, and about the same distance from the australian continent, the french polynesian islands almost define the word \" isolation. \" after the astounding wildlife of the galapagos, french polynesia seemed somewhat sterile in terms of birds and land animals. the plants, however, are as varied and magnificent as those of the eastern caribbean, and the underwater life is bountiful and exciting. binoculars and camera in hand, we spend many hours exploring our environment. on board, we use several valuable reference books to terrestrial flora and fauna : a field guide to the birds of hawaii and the tropical pacific by pratt, burner, and berrett, 520 pages. seabirds : an identification guide by peter harrison is a superb guide to seabirds of the world that should be in every serious bird - watchers library. a naturalist ' s guide to the tropics by marco lambertini, 338 pages. collins guide to tropical plants by lotschert and beese - a descriptive guide to 323 ornamental and economic plants. and, less technical, but easy reading and full of anecdotes is the lonely planet guide to tahiti & french polynesia which helps put each country into perspective geologically, environmentally, and culturally. the largest land animals are the small yellow geckos that inhabit the trees and eaves of the island homes. large, nocturnal coconut crabs leave evidence of their existence by their 8 \u2011 12 \" ( 20 \u2011 30 cm ) holes in the sand. more obvious are the hermit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41447027868044667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.124251"} {"text": "the small yellow geckos that inhabit the trees and eaves of the island homes. large, nocturnal coconut crabs leave evidence of their existence by their 8 \u2011 12 \" ( 20 \u2011 30 cm ) holes in the sand. more obvious are the hermit crabs which scuttle about on the sandy shores scavenging for food and new and better shells to inhabit. there are no dangerous land animals and no snakes in french polynesia. | while hiking over the top of moorea with friends karen and jon, we suddenly heard jon yelp. a 3 \" brown spider had launched itself onto his collar from one of the tahitian chestnut trees. he didn ' t let it sit on his shoulder long enough to prove that \" there are no poisonous spiders in french polynesia. \" | | while driving around huahine ( in the society islands ) we came upon a stream in which live the islander ' s sacred blue \u2011 eyed eels. we thought we would be lucky to find an eel. to our surprise, about a dozen of the 2 \u2011 3 foot brown eels emerged from behind a retaining wall to check out the bread crumbs we tossed on the water. fresh water eels ( and crabs ) can be found in most of the society islands streams. | birds of french polynesia the tiny, blue - faced zebra dove the bird life in french polynesia is scant compared to the americas, or australia, with introduced species slowly pushing out the endemic land birds. in 1903 the aggressive indian myna was imported to help wipe out a beetle. it has also wiped out several endemic birds by robbing their nests. the island of maupiti ( the western - most inhabited island in the society islands ) brags more native birds than elsewhere due to the lack of mynas. in addition to the mynas a few song birds can be seen flitting from branch to branch such as the red - vented bulbul, common waxbill, chestnut - breasted mannikin, and silvereye. a very common companion along trails and roadsides was the tiny blue faced zebra dove, not endemic, but introduced from australia to tahiti in 1950. it is also known as the barred or peaceful dove. more than 27 species of sea birds migrate to and from the islands, though a few do nest here. commonly seen over the anchorages are magnificent frigate birds, the all - white fairy terns, great terns, and black and brown noddies with a distinctive white patch on the head. other avian friends of ours from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3968464604109093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.125187"} {"text": "do nest here. commonly seen over the anchorages are magnificent frigate birds, the all - white fairy terns, great terns, and black and brown noddies with a distinctive white patch on the head. other avian friends of ours from the galapagos are the red - footed boobies and masked boobies. for bird identification in french polynesia we generally used two books : seabirds : an identification guide by peter harrison ( a superb guide ), and a field guide to the birds of hawaii and the tropical pacific by pratt, burner, and berrett. | the wandering tattler is a commonly seen migratory shorebird, arriving in the northern winter from alaska and nw canada. it feeds on rocky shores by running and probing, while characteristically bobbing its tail. one took a long break from feeding to rest on the bow rail of ocelot one afternoon in raiatea. | | the pacific reef heron is occasionally seen standing very still on the water ' s edge. similar to the little blue heron, the pacific reef heron has a more crouched stance and yellow - greenish legs. it is often solitary, but nests ashore in small groups on rocky ledges or trees. it occurs throughout french polynesia. | | boobies and frigate birds soar and circle above the sea in the late afternoon. this shot was taken on the day we left maupiti to sail to the kingdom of tonga. we occasionally saw sea birds hundreds of miles from land. most were petrels or shearwaters. they are very difficult to positively identify while on the wing, at sea. | a red - footed boobie rests on the ocean between acrobatic flights and dives to capture a meal just outside the reef in bora bora. despite their name which implies a clown - like appearance and demeanor, we find the boobies to be graceful and strikingly beautiful with their blue faces, clearly delineated feather colors, and bright red feet. also common in the islands are the brown boobies with their brown heads, back and wings, and white breast. they, too, have light blue on their bills, but less than the red - footed boobies. | top level : home | destinations | cruising info | underwater | boat guests | ocelot | sue | jon | amanda | chris | site map | make a comment | this site is copyright \u00a9 2000 \u2011 2013 jon and sue hacking - - hackingfamily. com, svocelot. com. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3825150745078405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.126228"} {"text": "niagara falls events schedule niagara falls illumination schedule each night, 365 days a year niagara falls are bathed in a rainbow of colours. during summer months the falls are lit up from 9pm to midnight. start time varies throughout the year, but begin at nightfall. fireworks over the falls witness as spectacular firework displays light up the night sky over niagara falls! enjoy the show every friday, and sunday from may 15 to october 9 at 10pm! special holiday displays : - may 18, 25 - july 1, 4 - august 3 new this summer, experience the excitement three times a week! fridays, sundays and wednesdays in july and august at 10pm! - july 1, 3, 4, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 19, 22, 24, 26, 29, 31 - august 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 28, 30 all firework display times and dates are subject to change and dependent on weather and wind conditions. niagara falls facts - the word \" niagara \" was derived from the iroquois indian word \" onguiaahra \" meaning \" the strait \" - niagara falls is 12, 000 years old - niagara falls are the second largest falls in the world next to victoria falls in south africa. what makes niagara falls spectacular is the combination of volume and height. - 2800 cubic meters of water flows over the edge of the falls per second during the summer peak, and falls at a speed of 65 km / hr. - the sound of the falls has been described as thunder, and is caused by air bubbles breaking as they are slammed up and out of the water. - the plunge pool beneath the falls is 35m ( 100 feet ) deep. - it is estimated that niagara falls erodes at the rate of 1foot per year. - the niagara generating stations supply one quarter of all power used in new york state and ontario. - all the water flows from 4 great lakes ( lakes superior, michigan, huron, and erie ) north through the niagara river into lake ontario and through the st. lawrence river to the atlantic ocean. - as one of the seven natural wonders of the world, niagara falls attracts more than 12 million visitors a year. effective june 1, 2009 all citizens of canada, united states and mexico will require a passport or approved document including an enhanced driver ' s licence or enhanced identification card to travel through north america by land or air. children 15 years of age and under must present a valid passport for air travel however are only required to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4254731859041814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.131410"} {"text": "and mexico will require a passport or approved document including an enhanced driver ' s licence or enhanced identification card to travel through north america by land or air. children 15 years of age and under must present a valid passport for air travel however are only required to present proof of citizenship when entering the country by land or water. this change in the required documents is the result of the 9 / 11 commission recommendations under the western hemisphere travel initiative ( whti ). for more information, please visit www. travel. state. gov, http : / / www. getyouhome. gov / or cbsa - asfc. gc. ca / media / release - communique / 2007 / 0212toronto - eng. html. the government of canada has announced the intention of eliminating the goods and service tax rebate, and announced the introduction of the foreign convention and tour incentive program. as of march 31, 2007 visitors to canada who purchase goods and export them, will no longer be entitled to a rebate of the gst paid. the foreign convention and tour incentive program offers rebate to certain property and services used in the course of holding a foreign convention in canada. for more information on the visitor rebate program or foreign convention / tour, visit www. cra - arc. gc. ca / tax / nonresidents / visitors / menu - e. html. you can also phone : - from within canada, call toll - free at 1 800 668 - 4748 - from outside canada, call ( 902 ) 432 - 5608 ( long distance charges will apply ). while the hotels will accept both canadian and american currency, the best method of payment when using us dollars is by credit card as the exchange is handled by the credit card company and based on the exchange rate of the day. please be aware that exchange rates may vary within the tourist district when paying by cash with american currency. the legal age for gambling and drinking in ontario is 19 years old.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4386397616129377, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.132150"} {"text": "health services : gardasil for men gardisil is the vaccination that prevents infection with human papillomavirus ( hpv ) types 6, 11, 16, and 18 which cause approximately 70 % of cervical cancer in women and 90 % of genital warts. why should men consider gardasil? boys and young men age 11 - 26 should be vaccinated against human papillomavirus, or hpv, to protect against anal and throat cancers that can result from sexual activity the advisory committee on immunization practices of the centers for disease control and prevention and american academy of pediatrics recommended young men receive the series of 3 gardisil vaccines. men who are protected against hpv are less likely to pass the infection to their sex partner ( s ). men who have receptive anal sex could benefit from gardasil because the vaccine is shown to be 78 % effective in preventing anal intraepithelial neoplasia, a precursor to anal cancer. why should men be concerned about hpv? hpv is the most common sexually transmitted virus in the u. s. and is spread by skin - to - skin contact and with vaginal or anal sex. researchers believe that most sexually active people have hpv at some point in their lives. there is no treatment for hpv infection and most infections don \u2019 t cause any symptoms, but the conditions it causes can be treated. in men and women, hpv can cause genital warts that look like painless, fleshy skin growths. they may be small and hard to see. women who are infected with some types of hpv are at increased risk for cervical cancer. men and women who have receptive anal sex may be at increased risk for anal cancer associated with hpv. some facts for men and women about the gardasil vaccine : - gardasil vaccine is given in three doses 2 and 6 months after the first dose and three doses are required for protection. - gardasil is not a substitute for regular exams by your health care provider. - gardasil helps prevent genital warts but will not treat them. - gardasil will not prevent the transmission of other sexually transmitted infections. - gardasil does not protect against hpv types not included in the vaccine. - gardasil will not protect against hpv types which you may have been exposed to previously. - you may benefit from gardasil if you already have hpv. this is because most people are not infected with all four types", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4319810114299262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.135396"} {"text": "\u0438\u0440\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043b\u0438\u043f\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0442 holocaust denial on trial, trial judgment : electronic edition, by charles graytable of contents 6. 60 whilst it would not be right to say that there is no issue between the parties in relation to the existence of a policy of deporting jews eastwards, the differences in the parties ' respective case appear to me to be comparatively unimportant. the topic can therefore be taken quite shortly. 6. 61 according to longerich, the nazi policy towards the jews evolved over the years. in the 1920s and 30s various legal and economic sanctions were applied to jews in germany with a view to compelling them to emigrate. longerich draws attention to various statements made by hilter at this time which foreshadow a more radical solution to the jewish question. towards the end of the 1930s pressure for the emigration and even expulsion of the jews intensified. the term endlosung ( final solution ) came into use, carrying with it the implication that all jews would be removed from nazi germany. 6. 62 hitler ' s attitude at this time is reflected in an entry in goebbels ' s diary for 24 august 1938 : \" we discuss the jewish question. the fuhrer approves my procedures in berlin. what the foreign press writes is insignificant. the main thing is that the jews be pushed out. in 10 years they must be removed from germany. but in the interim we still want to keep the jews here as pawns \". 6. 63 from the outbreak of war in september 1939 the policy towards the european jews in those countries invaded by the nazis was to find for them a \" territorial solution \", that is, to find an area at the periphery of the nazi empire to which the jews might be deported and where they might very well perish. at this stage, longerich agrees, the policy was not a homicidal one, although he adds the rider that there already existed what he called the \" perspective \" of mass murder. his argument is that this is discernible from the comments made at the time which suggest that it was recognised that it was unlikely that the jews would survive for long after their deportastion. they would perish through disease or starvation. 6. 64 it is the defendants ' case, largely although not entirely accepted by irving, that the hard - line policy towards the jews manifested itself when the nazis invaded and conquered poland in september 1939. there were two aspects : the first was the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5126748804068841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.140086"} {"text": ". 6. 64 it is the defendants ' case, largely although not entirely accepted by irving, that the hard - line policy towards the jews manifested itself when the nazis invaded and conquered poland in september 1939. there were two aspects : the first was the establishment of a reservation in poland between the vistula and the bug into which all jews under nazi domination would be deported. the second was a programme to execute selected jews in poland as a means among others of rendering the country leaderless and destroying it a nation. according to longerich, the first aspect commenced with the deportation from about the autumn of 1941 of jews from the central europe into the ghettoes in eastern europe. the intention was to deport them further east later, probably in the spring of 1942, when they would perish. 6. 65 on 18 september himmler wrote to the gauleiter in warthegau, greiser, informing him : himmler forewarned greiser of the arrival of jewish transports from the reich. hitler appears therefore to have initiated the programme of deportation some time before mid - september 1941. \" the fuhrer wishes that the old reich and the protectorate be emptied and freed of jews from west to east as quickly as possible. i am therefore striving to transport the jews of the altreich and the protektorat in the eastern territories that became part of the reich two years ago. it is desirable that this be accomplished by the end of this year, as a first and initial step in deporting them even further to the east next spring. i intend to remove a full 60, 000 jews of the altreich and the protektorat to the litzmannstadt ghetto for the winter. this has, i have heard, the space to accommodate them \". 6. 66 the deportations, which were initially to ghettoes in lodz, rikga and misk, began in early to mid - october 1941. although six trainloads of jews were summarily executed on their arrival at kovno and in riga, longerich agreed that the policy at this time in relation to european jews was to deport them and not to kill them or at least not to kill them on the spot. the defendants say that vast numbers of jews were deported from the altreich, the protektorat, austria, france, slovakia, croatia and romania to the east. many of these european jews may have been led to believe that they were going to a new life in the east. that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4596645878646646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.140982"} {"text": "deported from the altreich, the protektorat, austria, france, slovakia, croatia and romania to the east. many of these european jews may have been led to believe that they were going to a new life in the east. that explains why they travelled with food and in some cases with the tools of their trade ( although longerich points out that the food was provided by the jewish commission and not by the nazis ). irving put it to browning ( and browning accepted ) that the extant records relating to deportations, consisting mainly of transport documents, are incomplete. in consequence, suggested irving, the estimates of the numbers deported vary enormously. irving maintains that the scale of the intended deportation was nowhere near as comprehensive as the defendants maintain. in france for example estimates of the number of deportees range from 25, 000 to 200, 000. ( browning asserted that the consensus now is 75, 000 french jews were deported ). 6. 67 irving recognised the emergence of a policy of wholesale deportation of european jews. he accepted that hitler was an advocate of this policy. indeed irving ' s case is that the deportation of the jews continued to be hitler ' s preferred solution to the jewish question until 1942. the so - called \" magagascar plan \", whereby the jews were to be deported from the reich to the island off the east coast of africa, was not abandoned until then. thereafter it is irving ' s case that hitler wanted the entire jewish question put off until after the end of the war ( see section v ( ix ) above under the heading \" the schlegelberger note \" ). whether or not irving is right about that, he firmly rejected the contention for the defendants that the evidence shows that there was to the knowledge of hitler a genocidal implication underlying the policy of deportation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48139528305211493, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.141677"} {"text": "charter of rights for people who experience mental health issues the charter of rights is for all people who experience mental illness or mental health problems, no matter who they are, regardless of their age, their gender identity, their sexual orientation, their religion, their culture, what language they speak, what their diagnosis is, what their level of ability is and whether they are rich or poor. act charter of rights this charter of rights states how people who experience mental illness or mental health problems can expect to be treated by people who care for and work with them. it sets out those rights that explicitly support people to be free from discrimination and to access high quality health and social care services. this charter will help everyone better understand their rights and safeguard them in the act. people who experience mental illness or mental health problems have the same rights as everyone. | download : | | act charter of rights for people who experience mental health issues ( pdf file - 290k ) | charter of rights community feedback report ( pdf file - 538k ) charter of rights pamphlet ( pdf file - 540k ) charter of rights poster ( pdf file - 1267k ) people who can help me ( pdf file - 381k ) related legislation, charters, standards and rights based documents ( pdf file - 216k ) in this section :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4713436111069115, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.143058"} {"text": "program priority : women ' s health in many parts of the world, women \u2019 s health is neglected in research, budget, and policy priorities. among the most critical areas is maternal mortality. the world health organization estimates that approximately 500, 000 women die in pregnancy and childbirth each year. millions more suffer lasting injuries or disability. maternal mortality is the leading cause of early death and disability among women of reproductive age in many developing countries ; often, women die because technology that has been available for decades is not present when they are pregnant and when they give birth. the world bank reports that there is no single cause of death for men that comes close to the scale of maternal mortality. a myriad of reasons exist for this, one of which is the failure to fulfill women \u2019 s right to health information, education, and services. women are often unable to exert control over their own reproductive health in part because they are uninformed about available services as well as the health risks and benefits of procedures or practices. in other cases, the infrastructure and training to deliver essential maternal care have not been developed, and few mechanisms exist to make it easier for women in rural or poor areas to access essential care. often, the lack of community - based data means that the number of maternal deaths and disabilities is not accurately measured. healthright international \u2019 s response : saving lives through education, information, and health system capacity healthright international is committed to lowering maternal and infant mortality rates, expanding access to health care for women, providing education and services addressing reproductive health, and empowering women to advocate for appropriate health services for themselves and their communities. healthright programs work to build lasting access to health for women through a comprehensive set of approaches, including : - building and improving health system infrastructure, such as maternity wards and systems for gathering data - building provider capacity \u2013 at facilities and in the community \u2013 to provide quality maternal and reproductive health care - disseminating accurate and comprehensive information on healthy practices as well as services available for women \u2019 s health, and empowering women to make decisions to promote their and their family \u2019 s health - raising community awareness about women \u2019 s health needs and challenges, engaging women, men, and community leaders ranging from government officials to village chief successes and recent initiatives in kosovo, healthright developed a model for and constructed women \u2019 s wellness centers, providing women with access to a continuum of reproductive health services and counseling under one roof. since 2005, the centers \u2013 now owned and operated by the kosovo ministry of health \u2013 have provided services to tens of thousands of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.439424867222866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.149022"} {"text": "and constructed women \u2019 s wellness centers, providing women with access to a continuum of reproductive health services and counseling under one roof. since 2005, the centers \u2013 now owned and operated by the kosovo ministry of health \u2013 have provided services to tens of thousands of women in kosovo. in the northern rift valley of kenya, healthright \u2019 s partnership for maternal and neonatal health, working in collaboration with the local ministry of health staff, has taken a multi - pronged approach to improving women \u2019 s access to maternal health care, including renovating facilities for delivery and emergency obstetric care, developing mobile clinics to reach isolated communities, and training hundreds of health providers and community members. in russia, ukraine, and most recently in viet nam, healthright \u2019 s mama + project is a comprehensive model for ensuring access to information, services, and support for hiv - positive pregnant women and mothers, and empowering them to care for their children in the family environment. the model takes a client - centered approach to treating and caring for those living with hiv. since 2005, the mama + project has provided a continuum of services to hundreds of women, their children, and other family members. in nepal, healthright has partnered with local organizations serving women and girls who are survivors of trafficking and gender - based violence. healthright established health clinics at six locally - run shelters across nepal, providing access to quality on - site health services and counseling to thousands of shelter residents and community members.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44804518265998367, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.149620"} {"text": "is world war ii bringing the same result? on the night of september 1, 1939, hitler sent his legions thundering over the polish border. two years later, with virtually all of europe engulfed, the war spread to the pacific as well. as before, our allies found increasing need for the products of our farms, forests, and factories, our mills and mines. as a result, the united states entered upon the greatest era of prosperity it has ever known. and farmers shared fully in it as agricultural prices soared to record levels and production rose by leaps and bounds. let us see exactly what the war has done. great britain, cut off from the food resources of continental europe, turned to us as in 1914 \u2013 18 for more and more of her food imports. the soviet union, some of its fertile cropland, such as the ukraine, occupied by the nazis for almost three years, sought food from us to help sustain the red armies and to eke out the scanty diet of its civilian population. we shipped huge amounts under lend - lease - 2, 144 million dollars \u2019 worth of food to great britain and 915 million dollars \u2019 worth to the soviets in the period from march 11, 1941, to june 30, 1944. there is a basic distinction, however, between the foods sought by our allies in 1914 \u2013 18 and in the present war. in the last war, there was a demand for bulky foods. in this war ; there has been emphasis on prepared foods ( dehydrated eggs, canned fish, and the like ) and on processed meats. the slogan in this war has been \u201c food is a weapon of war \u2014 as important as guns and ammunition! \u201d in response american farmers have planted more acreage, especially to high - nutrient crops like soybeans and peanuts, raised more livestock, particularly hogs, and produced more dairy products \u2014 cheese, butter, and eggs needed by our allies. despite a shortage of labor and machinery, but with the help of very favorable weather, 1942 agricultural production, including crops, livestock, and livestock products, rose 24 per cent and 1943 production 29 per cent above that of the average years 1935 \u2013 39. what will follow this war \u2014 boom or depression? will the present high prices and extraordinary demands for farm products continue after the war or will the balloon burst swiftly, as it did in 1920? what do the experts think? it is generally agreed that the two main requirements for a. healthy agriculture in the united states are : ( 1 ) full employment and high national income", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43022002593156417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.156149"} {"text": "the war or will the balloon burst swiftly, as it did in 1920? what do the experts think? it is generally agreed that the two main requirements for a. healthy agriculture in the united states are : ( 1 ) full employment and high national income to provide people with the money to buy the bulk of our farm output at prices profitable to the producer and ( 2 ) a large volume of foreign trade \u2014 both imports and exports \u2014 which would take care of agricultural surpluses. the first without the second will not bring farm prosperity. thus, a united states department of agriculture report on \u201c the farmer and war, \u201d issued in january 1944, says that \u201c if improved farm returns are to continue after the war, ways will have to be found to keep industry producing for our needs in times of peace somewhat comparable to the way we produce... in time of war, so that consumers of farm products retain their employment and can earn enough to buy the food and other things they need and want. \u201d. this report urges a freer international trade and suggests that the united states buy enough foreign goods to permit other countries to obtain the exchange \u2014 the dollars \u2014 needed to purchase our agricultural products. marion clawson, an economist of the united states department of agriculture, writing in the antioch review in the summer of 1944, says that after the war our capacity to produce farm commodities will be greatly increased. farms will be more mechanized. land now used to grow feed for work horses and mules will be released for the production of human food. better methods of cultivation and plant breeding will increase the yields from the same acreage and often from the same amount of labor. will acreage in cultivation decline? after every war plans have been made for settling veterans on the land. frequently, and especially after world war i, these plans fell short of success. this time, it is urged, we ought not to make the same mistakes. as dr. raphael zon, an eminent student of land - use problems, says, \u201c there should be no helter - skelter settlement in remote regions away from existing social and recreational facilities. new land settlement should not be developed simply as a haven of refuge for the unemployed... such settlements should be located on good land that has not been inflated in value, and the individual farms should be of sufficient size to provide a reasonably good income. \u201d it may be, as some students of the land problem declare, that farm acreage will have to be reduced after the war in order not to flood the market with surplus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4552976871687478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.157098"} {"text": "the individual farms should be of sufficient size to provide a reasonably good income. \u201d it may be, as some students of the land problem declare, that farm acreage will have to be reduced after the war in order not to flood the market with surplus farm products. in the crop year 1944, some 354 million acres were in crops. dr. bushrod allin of the united states department of agriculture estimates that after the war, if the national income stays at 150 billion dollars per year, overseas demand for american produce is sharply curtailed from wartime levels, and better farming methods and increased mechanization bring greater yields, 327 million crop acres will be sufficient to supply our own population. such a reduction would be difficult and painful. it would mean that thousands of farmers, especially those on poor land, would have to seek other ways of making a living, and some acreage now in crops would have to be put in pasture or allowed to revert to forest. on the other hand, some students believe that, in order to meet the nutritional needs of all our people, considerable areas must be added to our present cropland, and that such acreage is still available. an expansion can be justified, however, only if the demand for agricultural products increases, and if people who cannot now afford proper diets have enough, income to buy more adequate food. whatever happens, it is clear that opportunities for new farmers after the war will depend in some measure on expansion of acreage in cultivation. if there is an actual over - all reduction, not many new farmers will be needed. regardless of the general situation, a certain number of developed farms will be offered for sale or rent each year. there are a good many over - age farmers on the farms of the united states at the present time. many of them have done pretty well financially during the past few years and probably will want to retire soon after the war. if they do, they will make room for a good many young farmers. judging by the record of the last five prewar years and other factors, it is estimated that from 250, 000 to 350, 000 good family - size farms may come on the market in the first five years after the war. also, desirable farms of various sizes will become available if and when new lands are developed. their volume and location will depend on what kind of public work programs are undertaken, on the general condition of agriculture, and on the demand for additional farms. some private capital, of course, will be forthcoming for these land developments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4523224248906478, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.158126"} {"text": "on this day in 1944, french general jacques leclerc enters the free french capital triumphantly. pockets of german intransigence remained, but paris was free from german control. two days earlier, a french armored division had begun advancing on the capital. members of the resistance, now called the french forces of the interior, proceeded to free all french civilian prisoners in paris. the germans were still counterattacking, setting fire to the grand palais, which had been taken over by the resistance, and killing small groups of resistance fighters as they encountered them in the city. on august 24, another french armored division entered paris from the south, receiving an effusion of gratitude from french civilians who poured into the streets to greet their heroes \u2014 but still, the germans continued to fire on french fighters from behind barricades, often catching civilians in the crossfire. but on august 25, after gen. dwight eisenhower was assured by gen. charles de gaulle, leader of the french resistant forces, that allied troops could now virtually sweep into paris unopposed, ike ordered gen. jacques philippe leclerc ( a pseudonym he assumed to protect his family while under german occupation ; his given name was philippe - marie, vicomte de hauteclocque ) to enter the capital with his 2nd armored division. the remnants of german snipers were rendered impotent, and many german soldiers were led off as captives. in fact, the animus toward the germans was so great that even those who had surrendered were attacked, some even machine - gunned, as they were being led off to captivity. more than 500 resistance fighters died in the struggle for paris, as well as 127 civilians. once the city was free from german rule, french collaborators were often killed upon capture, without trial.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41237893461695047, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.160846"} {"text": "editorial : home non - energy - preparing homes for future blackouts we all have stories about losing power in our home for several hours \u2014 or days \u2014 and many people suspect that power interruptions are becoming more frequent. they may be right ; unfortunately, the utility data are so sketchy that nobody can say for certain. but declining investment in maintenance on the part of utilities, plus the increased frequency of extreme weather caused by climate change, are almost certain to keep the blackouts coming. one response is to buy a home generator. that \u2019 s understandable, and it \u2019 s justified for homes with critical needs. after hurricane sandy, generator sales are booming. but on - site generators are expensive, dangerous, and dirty. they are also unreliable, which consumers discover only when they actually need one. that \u2019 s the supply - side solution ; but it \u2019 s also worth considering how greater energy efficiency might play a role in dealing with the problem of blackouts. insulating a home beyond code makes it more blackout survivable. power outages have an unfortunate habit of happening when it \u2019 s hot, cold, or unpleasant outside ; indeed, extreme weather is often the cause of the outage. so a reasonable precaution is to enable the home to maintain habitable conditions for as long as possible without heating or cooling. that is best accomplished with more insulation and tighter construction. installing windows that ensure natural ventilation ( without compromising the home \u2019 s security ) also makes the home more livable during both extreme and normal conditions. building codes typically require insulation levels suitable for average weather, not for the exceptional cold snap or heat storm. also, building codes assume that the heating and cooling systems are functioning. that \u2019 s not the case when the power is out. modest thermal upgrades may be all that is needed to carry a home through a second night without power ( and avoid spending a night in a motel or shelter ). these upgrades may also prevent the pipes from freezing for a few critical hours. a superefficient refrigerator will prevent food from spoiling for a few more hours, too. unlike generators, these measures provide benefits all the time, not just during emergencies. maintaining operation of sump pumps is key to preventing irreversible damage in low - lying homes during a wet power outage. many people buy generators first and foremost to power their sump pumps. an especially efficient sump pump makes sense, because it can run longer off a battery, perhaps avoiding the need for a generator altogether. adding a dc power option", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46159398325909695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.164629"} {"text": "power outage. many people buy generators first and foremost to power their sump pumps. an especially efficient sump pump makes sense, because it can run longer off a battery, perhaps avoiding the need for a generator altogether. adding a dc power option \u2014 and linking that to a pv unit \u2014 would make a home even more self - reliant. it \u2019 s also essential to maintain emergency lighting and communications during a power outage. rapid progress in led lighting technologies now allows a superefficient primary lighting system to also function as a backup, possibly with an alternative dc supply. communications are more challenging. during hurricane sandy, subscribers to verizon \u2019 s fios network found that their internet and telephone systems quickly died because the backup batteries failed before the promised eight hours. network equipment could be designed to switch into more energy - saving modes ( mostly by operating at lower rates of data transfer ) during blackouts to extend battery life. these modes could also save energy during normal conditions. can these upgrades be sold? yes, if they are packaged as a new category of home performance based on resistance to extreme weather events and extended power interruptions. the package would include both supply - and demand - side measures. it would be selling peace of mind and security rather than payback time. ( people use different parts of their brain for those kinds of decisions. ) and even if there is no emergency, these homes will be saving more energy 99. 9 % of the time. - first page - previous page enter your comments in the box below : ( please note that all comments are subject to review prior to posting. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49079839386220686, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.165269"} {"text": "january 09, 2008 global warming is a hot topic in today \u2019 s news. people are seeking ways to save energy and protect the environment. reducing household energy consumption is one effective way to slow the trend toward global warming. utilities have successfully implemented demand response programs for commercial and industrial consumers. now more and more energy companies, such as san diego gas & electric ( sdg & e ) and burbank power and water ( bpw ), are switching residential consumers \u2019 old mechanical meters to new smart digital meters, in order to implement demand response programs in the residential sector ( see \u201c developing affordable smart thermostats, \u201d p. 16 ). these smart meters connect the utility to the home over a network. they can help consumers monitor and control their energy consumption, and help utilities decrease peak demand, reducing the need to use or build more inefficient and dirty power plants that come online only to meet peak loads. to read complete online articles, you need to sign up for an online subscription. once an order has been placed there is an automatic $ 10 processing fee that will be deducted with any cancellation. the home energy online articles are for personal use only and may not be printed for distribution. for permission to reprint, please send an e - mail to firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5243860294809756, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.166587"} {"text": "the previous post discussed why kalawao county, hawaii may not really be the smallest county in the united states because it is not actually a county except in name only. the next two smallest by area, new york county in new york and bristol county in rhode island are similarly problematic. if you are to believe no less of an authority than the beverage company snapple and their real fact # 146, you might consider what they \u2019 ve published on the inside of countless ice tea lids : \u201c the smallest county in america is new york county, better known as manhattan. \u201d this is flat - out wrong. if new york county is to be considered a functional entity then so does kalawao county, which is clearly smaller. at 22. 96 square miles, new york county is indeed small. but it \u2019 s not the smallest. view larger map new york county is roughly analogous to manhattan along with roosevelt island plus some outlying spots. it is part of a 1898 city - county consolidation that created a unified new york city with its five famous boroughs : the bronx, brooklyn, manhattan, queens and staten island. it is sometimes described as a sui generis arrangement ( \u201c one that is of its own kind \u201d ) as it is truly a unique creation. new york county is governed by the new york city charter. the 1898 consolidation did create the office of borough president which until recently had a meaningful influence on city budgets and land use. however this was declared unconstitutional by a 1989 united states supreme court case, board of estimate of city of new york v. morris. basically it was held to violated the \u201c one man, one vote \u201d doctrine due to population differences between the boroughs. today the borough president serves in a largely powerless advocacy position. therefore it can be logically concluded that new york county is a non - governing entity within greater new york city. manhattan is no doubt one of the most meaningful and influential places on the planet but new york county has been transformed into a county without stature. view larger map so now we \u2019 re forced to move on to the next larger county in an attempt to determine whether it might be the right candidate or whether it \u2019 s just another plot of land masquerading as a county. this is bristol county, rhode island with a landmass of 24. 68 miles. it is a pretty clear - cut case. rhode island disestablished its county structure as confirmed both by the office of the secretary of state of rhode island and the national association of counties. rather it has 39 self - governing municipalities. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4177532814686147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.169342"} {"text": "by imraan baccus ( hn, november 29, 2011 ) - as durban welcomes the world for the cop 17 meeting, the air is filled with some of the excitement that we all felt during the world cup last year. but the debates around environmentalism and the need to take serious action against climate change are often tending to the superficial. there is a lot of self - righteousness and hallmark style sentimentality around, when what we need is a clear look at the realities of the situation. climate change is a reality and for a low - lying country like bangladesh, it could be a very serious problem. there is no doubt that serious action needs to be taken and that it needs to be taken quickly. but when the debate slips, as it often does, into a sort of ' we are the world ' sentimentality it forgets some essential facts. one of these facts is that it is north america and western europe that have caused this problem. they industrialised first and they became rich countries. here in durban this morning, a debate around the north, civil society and who should be paying for clean energy alternatives emerged in a civil society discussion. what is clear is that the current crisis was caused by the north ' s industrialisation over the last two hundred years and they are therefore the ones with the moral responsibility to sort it out. they are also the ones with the resources to be able to afford clean alternatives to fossil fuels. when it is suggested that we must all sacrifice in the fight against climate change there is a slippage into the assumption that we are all equally responsible when that is clearly not the case. we are not all equally responsible and the industrialised north needs to pay climate reparations along with reparations for colonialism and slavery. when green technologies and energy sources are more expensive, countries in the global south must not be forced to use them. venezuela has a right to use its oil to meet the needs of its people. the rich countries in the north can afford to shift to clean energy and if it is necessary for the global south to follow suit, then this must be subsidised by the north. some governments in latin america have made this point very strongly and the logic of their argument is clear. but countries in the south cannot allow themselves to be bullied into shifting towards technologies that they cannot afford when the masses of their people remain in poverty. there is also a longstanding colonial tendency to assume that modern civilisation rightly belongs in the white west but should not corrupt the rest of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48267201690465245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.174247"} {"text": "to be bullied into shifting towards technologies that they cannot afford when the masses of their people remain in poverty. there is also a longstanding colonial tendency to assume that modern civilisation rightly belongs in the white west but should not corrupt the rest of the world. this romantic nonsense is just a ploy to keep the people in the global south in their place, and their countries attractive playgrounds for the global elite. all countries have the same right to modernise and to meet their people ' s needs. when environmentalists in the global south echo this colonial language that says that the natives are best left to their traditional ways they are often feted in the north. the indian environmentalist vandana shiva is a good example of this. but we should not forget that many progressive indian academics and activists are extremely critical of her romantic anti - modernism, which they see as being deeply complicit with colonial ideas about the noble savage. marxists, who are committed to modern forms of economic development, are often appalled by her ideas. the fact that china and india are now rapidly industrialising is sending all kinds of shock waves through the west, which is rapidly losing its position of dominance over the rest of the world. when the language of environmentalism is used in the north to question the rapid advance of india and china it often masks a desire to reserve industrialisation, and the economic power it brings, to the west. but the discomfort that many of us feel with the green agenda on the global scale is also replicated at home. many black south africans are deeply suspicious of the green agenda and there is good reason for this. conservation was historically used to evict africans from their land and the practise of evicting people in the name of ' eco - tourism ' has continued after apartheid. so called ' eco - estates ', in rural areas and in cities ', are very often nothing other than zones in which the more extreme edge of white privilege uses a green language to make its exclusionary privilege seem like some sort of ethical commitment. it ' s not unusual for middle class environmentalists that want to get rid of unsightly pollution, rubbish dumps or industrialisation in their areas to also want to get rid of poor african people from these areas. there is often a clear connection between environmentalism and racism in south africa and its quite unusual for the green agenda to take questions of social justice seriously. in fact its quite clear that for many white people, and some wealthy black people too, the language of environmentalism is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.502446062045636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.175168"} {"text": "clear connection between environmentalism and racism in south africa and its quite unusual for the green agenda to take questions of social justice seriously. in fact its quite clear that for many white people, and some wealthy black people too, the language of environmentalism is attractive because its gives its users the appearance of holding the ethical high ground without them having to question their own privilege with regard to other south africans \u2013 most of whom are black and poor. of course there are some real attempts to link environmental questions to social questions. here in durban the south durban community environmental alliance and the work of people like des d ' sa and bobby peek is deservedly famous. the struggle against pollution in south durban is a struggle lead by working class black people and it demands a clean environment for the people of wentworth, merebank and the bluff. it does not see poor or working class black people as ' pollution ', which is often a key assumption in much white environmentalism and much middle class black environmentalism. if the green agenda is to have a future in south africa it must face up to the historical responsibility of the north when it comes to climate change and it must find ways to, as has been done in south durban, link environmental questions to social questions. in latin america mass movements have been built that successfully link environmental questions to social questions but there in south africa it remains a field that is dominated by white and middle class interests and often carries a deep hostility to poor black people. buccus is research fellow in the school of politics and at the democracy development programme. the views expressed are his own and should not be attributed to any of his institutional affiliations. this commentary first appeared on the website of the south african civil society information service ( sacsis ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4563640518565525, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.175874"} {"text": "hydroponics is the method of growing plants sans soil under controlled environment. starting a hydroponic garden is not hard, as long as you plan and prepare for the task. a few weeks before planting, you need to decide what you want to grow with your system and accordingly you have to prepare seedlings for your hydroponic growing. moreover, you have to decide how many plants you want to grow and estimate the size of the area according to your needs. to set your own garden, you need pump, garden watering system, and 100 to 150 liter drum to house the nutrient solution. to start your garden, you need to take out the seedlings from their respective pots and wash them carefully to remove the soil from roots. next, place your clean seedlings in the growing medium such as perlite, rockwool, coir clay balls, or nft channeling. prepare a hydroponic solution of nutrients and water by maintaining ph level between 5. 5 and 6. maintain the grow room temperature between 75 to 80 degree f. always try to place your plants somewhere they can get sufficient amount of light and air, otherwise it is essential to supply plenty of artificial lights. you need to create an ideal environment for your hydroponic plants by maintaining the humidity level properly. the ideal humidity for a normal hydroponic plant should be around 50 percent. you need to keep the pests away from your hydroponic plants with the help of hydroponic gardening supplies to get a healthy garden. hydroponic gardening supplies are mostly pest free and therefore there is no need to use any chemical pesticides. the growth rate on a hydroponic plant is 30 to 50 percent faster than a soil plant, grown under the same conditions. hydroponic crops are fed with all essential nutrients required for growth without exposing them to harmful toxins, pesticides, and pathogens.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4285390820425417, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.178038"} {"text": "' even the smallest person can change the course of the future. ' the prophetic words of galadriel, addressed to frodo as he prepared to travel from lothlorien to mordor to destroy the one ring, are just as pertinent to j r r tolkien ' s own fiction. for decades, hobbits and the other fantastical creatures of middle - earth have captured the imaginations of a fiercely loyal tribe of readers, all enhanced by the immense success of peter jackson ' s films : first \" the lord of the rings \", and now his new \" the hobbit \". but for all tolkien ' s global fame and the familiarity of modern culture with gandalf, bilbo, frodo and sam, the sources of the great mythmaker ' s own myth - making have been neglected. mark atherton here explores the chief influences on tolkien ' s work : his boyhood in the west midlands ; the landscapes and seascapes which shaped his mythologies ; his experiences in world war i ; his interest in scandinavian myth ; his friendships, especially with the other oxford - based inklings ; and the relevance of his themes, especially ecological themes, to the present - day. \" there and back again \" offers a unique guide to the varied inspirations behind tolkien ' s life and work, and sheds new light on how a legend is born. \u2018 generations of readers have responded to the power, precision, and delicacy of j r r tolkien \u2019 s linguistic imagination. this absorbing new study of the hobbit brings a philologist \u2019 s eye to that work \u2019 s creation, structure, and expression, positioning it within the broader development of tolkien \u2019 s professional thinking about the evolving mythography of his creative writings. \u2019 \u2013 vincent gillespie, j r r tolkien professor of english literature and language, university of oxford \u2018 mark atherton is that ideal combination : a reader and critic deeply appreciative of tolkien \u2019 s literary artistry, his imaginative scope and his linguistic invention, who is also, like tolkien himself, a distinguished scholar of medieval language and literature. in this highly readable and accessible study, atherton brings his own scholarship to bear on tolkien \u2019 s sources for the hobbit, and in the process illuminates the whole of tolkien \u2019 s remarkable oeuvre. essential reading for all tolkien fans. \u2019 \u2013 heather o \u2019 donoghue, vigfusson rausing reader in ancient icelandic literature and antiquities, university of oxford \u2018 mark atherton", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48210766580369024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.180786"} {"text": "book authors : warren g. bennis, robert j. thomas book review by : anil kumar kartham faculty associate, icmr ( ibs center for management research ) dleadership, cross - generational leadership, wisdom, skill, era, changing the world, organization, how people become leaders, crucible, individual factors, iq, self - grooming, adaptive capacity, leadership competencies the theory of leadership attempts to describe the process of leadership making. era is an important aspect of their theory of leadership. thus, it is relevant to ask how is \" era \" different in case of geeks and geezers? at the age of 25 - 30, geeks are more ambitious and have larger goals compared to geezers at the same age. they dream of \" changing the world \" and \" making history. \" the geezers on the other hand, were concerned more about making a living. the geeks seek to balance their lives by giving enough importance to both work and family. the geezers hardly bothered about balance at this age. the geezers worshiped heros. they chiseled their image of successful leader based on these heroes. the geeks had none of that sort. their parents or teachers or even their friends were their heroes. the authors point to \" era \" as the creator of these differences. this doesn ' t mean they had no commitment to their jobs. they were dedicated as long as they were with the company. and they were ready to leave whenever they found greener pastures. the loyalty described by whyte in organization man lost favor in 1980s. the geeks valued \" balanced life \" more than the geezers did. they were persistent in maintaining the balance. the following quote of a geek makes it clear : if i can ' t do it with balance, then i don ' t want to do it. or i ' m not buying into your model of success. they were not shy in acquiring wealth, unlike the geezers. they did not see money as evil. rather the love of it as evil. the geeks and the geezers are not as dissimilar as they appear on the surface. they are made of the same stuff and in the same process. they are similar in their learning. both groups of leaders are highly enthusiastic about learning. and they yearn and struggle to go beyond limits : individual limits such as strength or learning ability or institutional limits such as racial and / or sexual discrimination. more important similarity, the authors say they uncovered, is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5637735763483344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.183350"} {"text": "national household survey on drug abuse, 1998 ( icpsr 2934 ) alternate title : nhsda 1998 principal investigator ( s ) : united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. office of applied studies summary : the national household survey on drug abuse ( nhsda ) series measures the prevalence and correlates of drug use in the united states. the surveys are designed to provide quarterly, as well as annual, estimates. information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of united states households aged 12 and older. questions include age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past - month usage for the following drug classes : marijuana, cocaine ( and crack ), halluci... ( more info ) this data is freely available. warning : this study is over 150mb in size and may take several minutes to download on a typical internet connection. united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. office of applied studies. national household survey on drug abuse, 1998. icpsr02934 - v4. ann arbor, mi : inter - university consortium for political and social research [ distributor ], 2013 - 05 - 06. doi : 10. 3886 / icpsr02934. v4 persistent url : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 3886 / icpsr02934. v4 this survey was funded by : - united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. office of applied studies ( 283 - 97 - 9007 ) scope of study summary : the national household survey on drug abuse ( nhsda ) series measures the prevalence and correlates of drug use in the united states. the surveys are designed to provide quarterly, as well as annual, estimates. information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of united states households aged 12 and older. questions include age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past - month usage for the following drug classes : marijuana, cocaine ( and crack ), hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, alcohol, tobacco, and nonmedical use of prescription drugs, including psychotherapeutics. respondents were also asked about personal and family income sources and amounts, substance abuse treatment history, illegal activities, problems resulting from the use of drugs, need for treatment for drug or alcohol use, criminal record, and needle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46140855206640613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.191752"} {"text": "including psychotherapeutics. respondents were also asked about personal and family income sources and amounts, substance abuse treatment history, illegal activities, problems resulting from the use of drugs, need for treatment for drug or alcohol use, criminal record, and needle - sharing. questions on mental health and access to care, which were introduced in the 1994 - b questionnaire ( see national household survey on drug abuse, 1994 [ icpsr 6949 ] ), were retained in this administration of the survey. also retained was the section on risk / availability of drugs that was reintroduced in 1996, and sections on driving behavior and personal behavior were added ( see national household survey on drug abuse, 1996 [ icpsr 2391 ] ). the 1997 questionnaire ( national household survey on drug abuse, 1997 [ icpsr 2755 ] ) introduced new items that the 1998 nhsda continued on cigar smoking, people who were present when respondents used marijuana or cocaine for the first time ( if applicable ), reasons for using these two drugs the first time, reasons for using these two drugs in the past year, reasons for discontinuing use of these two drugs ( for lifetime but not past - year users ), and reasons respondents never used these two drugs. both the 1997 and 1998 nhsdas had a series of questions that were asked only of respondents aged 12 to 17. these items covered a variety of topics that may be associated with substance use and related behaviors, such as exposure to substance abuse prevention and education programs, gang involvement, relationship with parents, and substance use by friends. demographic data include gender, race, age, ethnicity, marital status, educational level, job status, income level, veteran status, and current household composition. subject terms : alcohol, alcohol abuse, alcohol consumption, amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, demographic characteristics, drug abuse, drug use, drugs, hallucinogens, health care, health insurance, heroin, households, inhalants, marijuana, mental health, mental health services, methamphetamine, prescription drugs, sedatives, smoking, stimulants, substance abuse, substance abuse treatment, tobacco use, tranquilizers, youths geographic coverage : united states date of collection : unit of observation : individual universe : the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the united states aged 12 and older, including residents of noninstitutional group quarters such as college dormitories, group homes, shelters, rooming houses, and civilians dwelling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4789185641781926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.192739"} {"text": "the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the united states aged 12 and older, including residents of noninstitutional group quarters such as college dormitories, group homes, shelters, rooming houses, and civilians dwelling on military installations. data types : survey data data collection notes : data were collected and prepared for release by research triangle institute, research triangle park, nc. the national household survey on drug abuse questionnaire and estimation methodology changed with the implementation of the 1994 - b survey. therefore, estimates produced from the 1998 survey are not comparable to those produced from the 1994 - a and earlier surveys. this version of the 1998 nhsda public release file does not contain data collected on the parenting experiences answer sheet ( # 21 ) or the questionnaire roster ( qd - 47 ) contained in the \" non - core \" demographics section, nor does this file include various recoded variables that are typically created from the roster data and have been included in past public release files. all the necessary processing of these data and weight calculations for use of these data had not been completed by the data producers at the time of the data deposit. the data producers anticipate release at a later date of an updated version of the 1998 nhsda public use file, containing additional questionnaire data, variables derived using these data, and additional weights. for selected variables, statistical imputation was performed following logical imputation to replace missing responses. these variables are identified in the codebook as \"... logically imputed \" and \"... imputed \" for the logical procedure or by the designation \" imputation - revised \" in the variable label when the statistical procedure was also performed. the names of statistically imputed variables begin with the letters \" ir \". for each imputation - revised variable there is a corresponding imputation indicator variable that indicates whether a case ' s value on the variable resulted from an interview response or was imputed by the hot - deck technique. hot - deck imputation is described in the codebook. the \" basic sampling weights \" are equal to the inverse of the probabilities of selection of sample respondents. to obtain \" final nhsda weights, \" the basic weights were adjusted to take into account dwelling unit - level and individual - level nonresponse and then further adjusted to ensure consistency with intercensal population projections from the united states bureau of the census. to protect the privacy of respondents, all variables that could be used to identify individuals have been encrypted or collapsed in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5146042971762731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.193837"} {"text": "##response and then further adjusted to ensure consistency with intercensal population projections from the united states bureau of the census. to protect the privacy of respondents, all variables that could be used to identify individuals have been encrypted or collapsed in the public use file. these modifications should not affect analytic uses of the public use file. users who wish to replicate results published in the nhsda main findings report or other samhsa reports should use the 1998 nhsda imputed data for prevalence estimates rather than raw data from the questionnaire or drug answer sheets. for some drugs that have multiple names, questions regarding the use of that drug may be asked for each distinct name. for example, even though methamphetamine, methedrine and desoxyn are the same drug, their use was measured in three separate variables. sample : multistage area probability sample design involving five selection stages : ( 1 ) primary sampling unit ( psu ) areas ( e. g., counties ), ( 2 ) subareas within primary areas ( e. g., blocks or block groups ), ( 3 ) listing units within subareas, ( 4 ) age domains within sampled listing units, and ( 5 ) eligible individuals within sampled age domains. the 1998 nhsda used the same 115 psus selected for the 1995 through 1997 nhsdas, 6 supplemental psus from arizona and california, and an additional 16 noncertainty psus from 13 purposely selected states. the 115 psus were selected to represent the nation ' s total eligible population, including areas of high hispanic concentration. these psus were defined as metropolitan areas, counties, groups of counties, and independent cities. of the 115 psus, 43 were selected with certainty and 72 were randomly selected with probability proportional to size ( pps ). the national sample was supplemented by a pps selection of 14 noncertainty psus from arizona plus 4 noncertainty psus from california. because the national sample provided representation for certainty psus in each state, no additional certainty psus were added to either sample. the 1998 nhsda used all available segments that had adequate listing units from the 1997 nhsda. only 24 percent of the 1998 sample, or 640 segments, consisted of a new segment sample selected for the 1998 nhsda. the remaining 76 percent, or 2, 030 segments, overlapped with the 1997 survey year. the five age groups were : ages 12 - 17, 18 - 25, 26 - 34, 35 - 49, and 50 and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4926656797560538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.194747"} {"text": "1998 nhsda. the remaining 76 percent, or 2, 030 segments, overlapped with the 1997 survey year. the five age groups were : ages 12 - 17, 18 - 25, 26 - 34, 35 - 49, and 50 and older. the three race / ethnic groups were : whites / others, non - hispanic blacks, and hispanics. blacks and hispanics were oversampled in the 115 psus that comprised the national study component. there was no oversampling of hispanics in the arizona / california supplement because each state ' s hispanic allocation in the national study component was large enough to satisfy state - level precision requirements. consequently, the three racial / ethnic groups were sampled in the supplement so that the combined national study and supplemental samples would result in a proportionally allocated sample. mode of data collection : personal interviews and self - enumerated answer sheets ( drug use ) response rates : the study yielded an 85. 4 percent completion rate for screening sample households and 93. 0 percent for screening eligible households. the interview response rates for the three racial / ethnic groups were : 74. 1 percent for whites / others, 79. 7 percent for blacks, and 80. 5 percent for hispanics. the overall interview response rate was 77 percent. a completed interview had to contain, at a minimum, data on the recency of use of marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol. extent of processing : icpsr data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. icpsr also routinely creates ready - to - go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. in addition to these procedures, icpsr performed the following processing steps for this data collection : - performed consistency checks. - created online analysis version with question text. - performed recodes and / or calculated derived variables. - checked for undocumented or out - of - range codes. original icpsr release : 2000 - 06 - 21 - 2013 - 05 - 06 data collection instrument released. - 2008 - 04 - 25 new files were added. these files included one or more of the following : stata setup, sas transport ( cport ), spss system, stata system, sas supplemental syntax, and stata supplemental syntax files, and tab - delimited ascii data file. - 2000 - 08 - 04 erroneous codes for missing values were deleted for the variable irage2 in the sas and spss setup files", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4716437778985713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.196455"} {"text": "a new kind of computer interface, combining advantages of a computer mouse, a touchpad and a touch screen. introduction - current state and proposed solutionthe advantages of touch screens are commonly known and include, inter alia, simplicity and comfort of use. however, such screens are at the same time not free from defects. these include above all provoking painful fatigue of the operator \u2019 s hand, especially when the display is situated in the position close to vertical, which is common while working on a notebook pc for instance ( so - called gorilla arm ). another drawback is the very limited precision of pointing caused by relatively big sizes of human fingers. also, this type of interface results in fingering the screen of the computer device and making it opaque. the possibility of working with a hand resting on a basis / mouse and greater precision are the main merits of a computer mouse. but yet, the necessity to move the whole device as well as the pointing system \u2019 s incompatibility with the spreading prevalence of the touch technique ( e. g. windows 8 ) are on the minus side. by contrast, although a touchpad eliminates the necessity to move the whole device, its week point is - like in a mouse - the limited compatibility with the touch technology. generally speaking, the touch technique is being widely implemented as the most intuitive and comfortable. on the other hand it is not fully functional in certain situations. the proposed device is supposed to eliminate these shortcomings. it introduces a new quality in non - keyboard computer handling. the interface combines the feature of a computer mouse, that makes it possible to work with a hand supported by a basis, with the feature of a touch screen, which is the possibility to point with fingers ; it also brings additional benefits such as no need to move the whole hand ( just the fingers ) and the more accurate - than in touch display - pointing. the system of precise pointing has been named the \u201c virtual finger \u201d. device description and principle of operationthe device is a kind of a \u201c sensor \u201d in the shape of a flat plate with applicable software. it is used for \u201c scanning \u201d the movements of the operator \u2019 s fingers, wireless \u201c transmitting \u201d of the movements to the computer system, their visualization on the screen, and for activating the right action after touching the surface of the device ( called \u201c sensory surface \u201d hereinafter ). the device recognizes and follows the movement of the fingers above the \u201c sensory surface \u201d starting with certain boundary distance and transmits it to the computer display", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.602529287056224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.202604"} {"text": "right action after touching the surface of the device ( called \u201c sensory surface \u201d hereinafter ). the device recognizes and follows the movement of the fingers above the \u201c sensory surface \u201d starting with certain boundary distance and transmits it to the computer display in the form called \u201c shadow \u201d hereinafter. while bringing one or a few fingers at the sufficient distance to the device ( shorter than 3 cm ), a \u201c shadow \u201d / \u201c shadows \u201d of the finger / fingers appear on the screen. bringing the fingers closer to the sensory surface diminishes the circumferences of the \u201c shadows \u201d and increases their intensity ( concurrently the \u201c shadows \u201d remain translucent, so that the icons under them are still visible ). at the last stage of pointing an even more distinct pointer emerges ( e. g. index finger icon ). when the operator finally touches the \u201c sensory surface \u201d of the device, it reacts as if there was a click on the mouse. the proposed name of the device : \u201c shad - pad \u201d ( from shadow pad ). it would be nice if alienware offered higher - gamut or ips matte screens. many potential customers require the gpu power of an alienware and use their laptops outside or for professional work. alienware ' s competitors offer high - quality matte screens, and such screens are already available for dell ' s xps and precision models. good anti - glare screens would remove the need for customers to create costly, risky modifications to replace the glossy lcd or remove the plexiglass above. even if alienware offered matte screens as optional upgrades to the glossy panels now available, the option would provide much additional value for alienware laptops. the flip design is an awesome idea. however, i would like a bigger screen. why does a tablet have to be so small? please make one of these with a 15 \" or bigger screen with more power and memory - and i will buy 3 of them : 1 for each of my student children and one for my wife and i. beef it up! please, please, please! the \" dot \" key on all keyboards is one of the most used. make the \" dot \" key white, so it will stand out, with a black dot on it for easier identification.... i do this on my keyboards with a small piece of adhesive white tape. in past we have seen os which runs all kind of softwares, then comes os for mobile which limits to selected and lightwait software", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4986079126501263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.203632"} {"text": "easier identification.... i do this on my keyboards with a small piece of adhesive white tape. in past we have seen os which runs all kind of softwares, then comes os for mobile which limits to selected and lightwait software. current market and products : market is fragmented between os that run everything ( locally e. g. windows or cloud e. g. google book ) and os that runs on mobile. cost and size of machine and os depends upon where they are for everything or for mobile. new market and product : idea here is to have an os which run only browser i. e. machine which run only browser. so we need to have os and machine which is trimmed to run only browser. benefit : its a new market and product lineit will bring down costlarge community which need gadget only for internetmore use cases, i will be providing based on further request. i hope if we can share other the cinima from our laptop just by switch the screen from work resolution into cinma resolution by include the projector beside the whole of camera and it could be reflected on the wall from the laptop a website where home gardners and small farmers can put up their crops that they are planning, planting, growing, harvesting - and see, by \" locality, \" what others are planting in their neighbourhood. the idea is that they can then perhaps change their minds and plant something no - one else is growing, leading to greater diversity of foods available in their region. people can then either opt to buy these direct from the grower, or trade them for something that they grow themselves, and the idea is to make every region able to grow good local food. the \" locality \" should be an area that makes sense for local food, i. e. not much more than 20 - 50 miles, to encourage people to use less fuel transporting food around. people should be able to \" pledge \" either a certain percentage of a planted or harvested crop, or pledge some labour on the grower ' s property ( sort of like community gardening ) or tools and materials ( wire netting, compost scraps, etc ) in exchange for some of the crop. additionally, users should be encouraged to share their experiences of what grows well locally, what needs special techniques, and so forth. within a few years, a site such as this should be able to even out local food production, provide detailed, locality - based advice on what can be grown and how to grow it, and ( if advertiser", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.495844037958227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.204654"} {"text": "techniques, and so forth. within a few years, a site such as this should be able to even out local food production, provide detailed, locality - based advice on what can be grown and how to grow it, and ( if advertisers are chosen carefully and with relevance, i. e. home handyman, gardening, nursery, and so forth ) be able to produce an income by presenting locally - targeted advertising to users, who can use these ads to find the best local services and materials. it would be a crowdsourced agricultural and gis database, as well. this can be stripped of identifying data, and sold / donated to research foundations and government departments to provide detailed knowledge of soil and weather and local plants etc on an ongoing basis. the information provided would give valuable knowledge to such organisations about the health of the ecosphere and the weather systems. on the purely humane side, it would allow a much wider audience to have access to local food, thus strengthening local economies and reducing food miles and handling costs. i think an idea such as this is one of theose things where a large company has nothing to lose by devoting a few resources to it and advertising / publicising it, and then if the site doesn ' t take off, it ' s a relatively small loss. if it does take of though, it would establish the green credentials of the company and give them some very good publicity! in any type education, it is essential the use of interactive notebooks, it would be helpful that electronic notebooks were invented or manufactured, allowing manual writing and connection with books related to the level of education without letting use different programs or applications. with the fulfilment of these conditions it would be avoided the situation of carrying both notebooks and books in a backpack use the same account login and password for ideasstorm as the store. dell. com. why have two accounts? i have a chair and a desk combination in mind that is adjustable and ergonomic so folks using laptops can be more comfortable and we can prevent carpel tunnel syndrome. dell can add this to their product line up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.492670646466172, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.205494"} {"text": "saint thomas aquinas was a catholic priest in the dominican order and one of the most important medieval philosophers and theologians. he was immensely influenced by scholasticism and aristotle and known for his synthesis of the two aforementioned traditions. although he wrote many works of philosophy and theology throughout his life, his most influential work is the summa theologica which consists of three parts. the first part is on god. in it, he gives five proofs for god \u2019 s existence as well as an explication of his attributes. he argues for the actuality and incorporeality of god as the unmoved mover and describes how god moves through his thinking and willing. the second part is on ethics. thomas argues for a variation of the aristotelian virtue ethics. however, unlike aristotle, he argues for a connection between the virtuous man and god by explaining how the virtuous act is one towards the blessedness of the beatific vision ( beata visio ). the last part of the summa is on christ and was unfinished when thomas died. in it, he shows how christ not only offers salvation, but represents and protects humanity on earth and in heaven. this part also briefly discusses the sacraments and eschatology. the summa remains the most influential of thomas \u2019 s works and is mostly what will be discussed in this overview of his philosophy. the birth - year of thomas aquinas is commonly given as 1227, but he was probably born early in 1225 at his father \u2019 s castle of roccasecea ( 75 m. e. s. e. of rome ) in neapolitan territory. he died at the monastery of fossanova, one mile from sonnino ( 64 m. s. e. of rome ), mar. 7, 1274. his father was count landulf of an old high - born south italian family, and his mother was countess theodora of theate, of noble norman descent. in his fifth year he was sent for his early education to the monastery of monte cassino, where his father \u2019 s brother sinibald was abbot. later he studied in naples. by about 1243 he determined to enter the dominican order ; but on the way to rome he was seized by his brothers and brought back to his parents at the castle of s. giovanni, where he was held a captive for a year or two and besieged with prayers, threats, and even sensual temptation to make him relinquish his purpose. finally the family yielded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4463115430422401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.220931"} {"text": "and brought back to his parents at the castle of s. giovanni, where he was held a captive for a year or two and besieged with prayers, threats, and even sensual temptation to make him relinquish his purpose. finally the family yielded and the order sent thomas to cologne to study under albertus magnus, where he arrived probably toward the end of 1244. he accompanied albertus to paris in 1245, remained there with his teacher, continuing his studies for three years, and followed albertus at the latter \u2019 s return to cologne in 1248. for several years longer he remained with the famous philosopher of scholasticism, presumably teaching. this long association of thomas with the great polyhistor was the most important influence in his development ; it made him a comprehensive scholar and won him permanently for the aristotelian method. around 1252 thomas went to paris for the master \u2019 s degree, which he found some difficulty in attaining owing to attacks, at that time on the mendicant orders. ultimately, however, he received the degree and entered ceremoniously upon his office of teaching in 1257 ; he taught in paris for several years and there wrote certain of his works and began others. in 1259 he was present at an important chapter of his order at valenciennes at the solicitation of pope urban iv. therefore not before the latter part of 1261, he took up residence in rome. in 1269 - 71 he was again active in paris. in 1272 the provincial chapter at florence empowered him to found a new studium generale at any place he should choose, and he selected naples. early in 1274 the pope directed him to attend the council of lyons and he undertook the journey, although he was far from well. on the way he stopped at the castle of a niece and became seriously ill. he wished to end his days in a monastery and not being able to reach a house of the dominicans he was carried to the cistercian fossanova. there he died and his remains were preserved. the writings of thomas may be classified as : ( 1 ) exegetical, homiletical, and liturgical ; ( 2 ) dogmatic, apologetic, and ethical ; and ( 3 ) philosophical. among the genuine works of the first class were : commentaries on job ( 1261 - 65 ) ; on psalms, according to some a reportatum, or report of speeches furnished by his companion raynaldus ; on isaiah ; the catena aurea, which is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39390653577033546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.221914"} {"text": "of the first class were : commentaries on job ( 1261 - 65 ) ; on psalms, according to some a reportatum, or report of speeches furnished by his companion raynaldus ; on isaiah ; the catena aurea, which is a running commentary on the four gospels, constructed on numerous citations from the fathers ; probably a commentary on canticles, and on jeremiah ; and wholly or partly reportata, on john, on matthew, and on the epistles of paul ; including, according to one authority, hebrews i. - x. thomas prepared for urban iv : officium de corpore christi ( 1264 ) ; and the following works may be either genuine or reportata : expositio angelicce salutationis ; tractatus de decem praeceptis ; orationis dominico expositio ; sermones pro dominicis diebus et pro sanctorum solemnitatibus ; sermones de angelis, and sermones de quadragesima. of his sermons only manipulated copies are extant. in the second division were : in quatitor sententiarum libros, of his first paris sojourn ; questiones disputatce, written at paris and rome ; questiones quodlibetales duodecini ; summa catholicce fidei contra gentiles ( 1261 - c, 4 ) ; andthe summa theologica. to the dogmatic works belong also certain commentaries, as follows : expositio in librum beati dionysii de divinis nominibits ; expositiones primoe et secundce ; in boethii libros de hebdomadibus ; and proeclare quoestiones super librum boethii de trinitate. a large number ofopuscitla also belonged to this group. of philosophical writings there are cataloged thirteen commentaries on aristotle, besides numerous philosophical opuscula of which fourteen are classed as genuine. the greatest work of thomas was the summa, and it is the fullest presentation of his views. he worked on it from the time of clement iv ( after 1265 ) until the end of his life. when he died he had reached question ninety of part iii, on the subject of penance. what was lacking was afterward added from the fourth book of his commentary on the \u201c sentences \u201d of peter lombard as a supplementum, which is not found in manuscripts of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. the sum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4183363087808383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.222753"} {"text": "iii, on the subject of penance. what was lacking was afterward added from the fourth book of his commentary on the \u201c sentences \u201d of peter lombard as a supplementum, which is not found in manuscripts of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. the summa consists of three parts. part i treats of god, who is the \u201c first cause, himself uncaused \u201d ( primum movens immobile ) and as such existent only in act ( actu ), that is pure actuality without potentiality and, therefore, without corporeality. his essence is actus purus et perfectus. this follows from the fivefold proof for the existence of god ; namely, there must be a first mover himself unmoved, a first cause in the chain of causes, an absolutely necessary being, an absolutely perfect being, and a rational designer. in this connection the thoughts of the unity, infinity, unchangeableness, and goodness of the highest being are deduced. the spiritual being of god is further defined as thinking and willing. his knowledge is absolutely perfect since he knows himself and all things as appointed by him. since every knowing being strives after the thing known as end, will is implied in knowing. inasmuch as god knows himself as the perfect good, he wills himself as end. but in that everything is willed by god, everything is brought by the divine will to himself in the relation of means to end. therein god wills good to every being which exists, that is he loves it ; and, therefore, love is the fundamental relation of god to the world. if the divine love be thought of simply as act of will, it exists for every creature in like measure : but if the good assured by love to the individual be thought of, it exists for different beings in various degrees. in so far as the loving god gives to every being what it needs in relation practical reason, affording the idea of the moral law of nature, so important in medieval ethics. the first part of the summa is summed up in the thought that god governs the world as the universal first cause. god sways the intellect in that he gives the power to know aid impresses the species intelligibileson the mind ; and he ways the will in that he holds the good before it as aim, and creates the virtus volendi. to will is nothing else than a certain inclination toward the object of the volition which is the universal good. god works all in all,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5270031466706233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.223846"} {"text": "will in that he holds the good before it as aim, and creates the virtus volendi. to will is nothing else than a certain inclination toward the object of the volition which is the universal good. god works all in all, but so that things also themselves exert their proper efficiency. here the areopagitic ideas of the graduated effects of created things play their part in thomas \u2019 s thought. the second part of the summa ( consisting of two parts, namely, prima secundae and secundae, secunda ) follows this complex of ideas. its theme is man \u2019 s striving after the highest end, which is the blessedness of the visio beata. here thomas develops his system of ethics, which has its root in aristotle. in a chain of acts of will man strives for the highest end. they are free acts in so far as man has in himself the knowledge of their end and therein the principle of action. in that the will wills the end, it wills also the appropriate means, chooses freely and completes the consensus. whether the act be good or evil depends on the end. the \u201c human reason \u201d pronounces judgment concerning the character of the end, it is, therefore, the law for action. human acts, however, are meritorious in so far as they promote the purpose of god and his honor. by repeating a good action man acquires a moral habit or a quality which enables him to do the good gladly and easily. this is true, however, only of the intellectual and moral virtues, which thomas treats after the mariner of aristotle ; the theological virtues are imparted by god to man as a \u201c disposition \u201d from which the acts here proceed, but while they strengthen, they do not form it. the \u201c disposition \u201d of evil is the opposite alternative. an act becomes evil through deviation from the reason and the divine moral law. therefore, sin involves two factors : its substance or matter is lust ; in form, however, it is deviation from the divine law. sin has its origin in the will, which decides, against the reason, for a changeable good. since, however, the will also moves the other powers of man, sin has its seat in these too. by choosing such a lower good as end, the will is misled by self - love, so that this works as cause in every sin. god is not the cause of sin, since, on the contrary, he draws all things to himself. but from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48785433695422836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.224807"} {"text": "such a lower good as end, the will is misled by self - love, so that this works as cause in every sin. god is not the cause of sin, since, on the contrary, he draws all things to himself. but from another side god is the cause of all things, so he is efficacious also in sin as * - ctio but not as ens. the devil is not directly the cause of sin, but he incites by working on the imagination and the sensuous impulse of man, as men or things may also do. sin is original. adam \u2019 s first sin passes upon himself and all the succeeding race ; because he is the head of the human race and \u201c by virtue of procreation human nature is transmitted and along with nature its infection. \u201d the powers of generation are, therefore, designated especially as \u201c infected. \u201d in every work of god both justice and mercy are united, and his justice always presupposes his mercy since he owes no one anything and gives more bountifully than is due. as god rules in the world, the \u201c plan of the order of things \u201d preexists in him ; i. e., his providence and the exercise of it in his government are what condition as cause everything which comes to pass in the world. hence follows predestination : from eternity, some are destined to eternal life ; while others \u201c he permits some to fall short of that end. \u201d reprobation, however, is more than mere foreknowledge ; it is the \u201c will of permitting anyone to fall into sin and incur the penalty of condemnation for sin. \u201d the effect of predestination is grace. since god is the first cause of everything, he is the cause of even the free acts of men through predestination. determinism is deeply grounded in the system of thomas ; things with their source of becoming in god are ordered from eternity as means for the realization of his end in himself. on moral grounds thomas advocates freedom energetically ; but, with his premises, he can have in mind only the psychological form of self - motivation. nothing in the world is accidental or free, although it may appear so in reference to the proximate cause. from this point of view miracles become necessary in themselves and are to be considered merely as inexplicable to man. from the point of view of the first cause all is unchangeable ; although from the limited point of view of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5151613096083496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.225720"} {"text": "from this point of view miracles become necessary in themselves and are to be considered merely as inexplicable to man. from the point of view of the first cause all is unchangeable ; although from the limited point of view of the secondary cause miracles may be spoken of. in his doctrine of the trinity, thomas starts from the augustinian system. since god has only the functions of thinking and willing, only twoprocessiones can be asserted from the father. however, these establish definite relations of the persons of the trinity to each other. the relations must be conceived as real and not as merely ideal ; for, as with creatures relations arise through certain accidents, since in god there is no accident but all is substance, it follows that \u201c the relation really existing in god is the same as the essence according to the thing. \u201d from another side, however, the relations as real must be really distinguished one from another. therefore, three persons are to be affirmed in god. man stands opposite to god ; he consists of soul and body. the \u201c intellectual soul \u201d consists of intellect and will. furthermore the soul is the absolutely indivisible form of man ; it is immaterial substance, but not one and the same in all men ( as the averrhoists assumed ). the soul \u2019 s power of knowing has two sides ; a passive ( the intellectus possibilis ) and an active ( theintellectus agens ). it is the capacity to form concepts and to abstract the mind \u2019 s images ( species ) from the objects perceived by sense. however, since the abstractions of the intellect from individual things is a universal, the mind knows the universal primarily and directly, and knows the singular only indirectly by virtue of a certain reflection. as certain principles are immanent in the mind for its speculative activity, so also a \u201c special disposition of works, \u201d or the synderesis ( rudiment of conscience ), is inborn in the scholastics. held to creationism, they therefore taught that the souls are created by god. two things according to thomas constituted man \u2019 s righteousness in paradise - the justitia originalis or the harmony of all man \u2019 s powers before they were blighted by desire, and the possession of the gratia gratum faciens ( the continuous indwelling power of good ). both are lost through original sin, which in form is the \u201c loss of original righteousness. \u201d the consequence of this loss is the disorder and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.533799206481976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.226865"} {"text": "the gratia gratum faciens ( the continuous indwelling power of good ). both are lost through original sin, which in form is the \u201c loss of original righteousness. \u201d the consequence of this loss is the disorder and maiming of man \u2019 s nature, which shows itself in \u201c ignorance, malice, moral weakness, and especially in concupiscentia, which is the material principle of original sin. \u201d the course of thought here is as follows : when the first man transgressed the order of his nature appointed by nature and grace, he, and with him the human race, lost this order. this negative state is the essence of original sin. from it follow an impairment and perversion of human nature in which thenceforth lower aims rule contrary to nature and release the lower element in man. since sin is contrary to the divine order, it is guilt, and subject to punishment. guilt and punishment correspond to each other ; and since the \u201c apostasy from the invariable good which is infinite, \u201d fulfilled by man, is unending, it merits everlasting punishment. the way which leads to god is christ : and christ is the theme of part iii. it can not be asserted that the incarnation was absolutely necessary, \u201c since god in his omnipotent power could have repaired human nature in many other ways \u201d : but it was the most suitable way both for the purpose of instruction and of satisfaction. the unio between the logos and the human nature is a \u201c relation \u201d between the divine and the human nature which comes about by both natures being brought together in the one person of the logos. an incarnation can be spoken of only in the sense that the human nature began to be in the eternal hypostasis of the divine nature. so christ is unum since his human nature lacks the hypostasis. the person of the logos, accordingly, has assumed the impersonal human nature, and in such way that the assumption of the soul became the means for the assumption of the body. this union with the human soul is the gratia unionis which leads to the impartation of the gratia habitualis from the logos to the human nature. thereby all human potentialities are made perfect in jesus. besides the perfections given by the vision of god, which jesus enjoyed from the beginning, he receives all others by the gratia habitualis. in so far, however, as it is the limited human nature which receives these perfection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5076842777473657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.228584"} {"text": "jesus. besides the perfections given by the vision of god, which jesus enjoyed from the beginning, he receives all others by the gratia habitualis. in so far, however, as it is the limited human nature which receives these perfections, they are finite. this holds both of the knowledge and the will of christ. the logos impresses the species intelligibiles of all created things on the soul, but the intellectus agens transforms them gradually into the impressions of sense. on another side, the soul of christ works miracles only as instrument of the logos, since omnipotence in no way appertains to this human soul in itself. furthermore, christ \u2019 s human nature partook of imperfections, on the one side to make his true humanity evident, on another side because he would bear the general consequences of sin for humanity. christ experienced suffering, but blessedness reigned in his soul, which, however, did not extend to his body. concerning redemption, thomas teaches that christ is to be regarded as redeemer after his human nature but in such way that the human nature produces divine effects as organ of divinity. the one side of the work of redemption consists herein, that christ as head of humanity imparts perfection and virtue to his members. he is the teacher and example of humanity ; his whole life and suffering as well as his work after he is exalted serve this end. this is the first course of thought. then follows a second complex of thoughts which has the idea of satisfaction as its center. to be sure, god as the highest being could forgive sins without satisfaction ; but because his justice and mercy could be best revealed through satisfaction he chose this way. as little, however, as satisfaction is necessary in itself, so little does it offer an equivalent, in a correct sense, for guilt ; it is rather a \u201c super - abundant satisfaction, \u201d since on account of the divine subject in christ in a certain sense his suffering and activity are infinite. with this thought the strict logical deduction of anselm \u2019 s theory is given up. christ \u2019 s suffering bore personal character in that it proceeded out of love and obedience. it was an offering brought to god, which as personal act had the character of merit. thereby christ \u201c merited \u201d salvation for men. as christ still influences men, so does he still work in their behalf continually in heaven through the intercession ( interpellatio ). in this way christ as head of humanity effects the forgiveness of their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4879200150877301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.229591"} {"text": "\u201c merited \u201d salvation for men. as christ still influences men, so does he still work in their behalf continually in heaven through the intercession ( interpellatio ). in this way christ as head of humanity effects the forgiveness of their sins, their reconciliation with god, their immunity from punishment, deliverance from the devil, and the opening of heaven \u2019 s gate. but inasmuch as all these benefits are already offered through the inner operation of the love of christ, thomas has combined the theories of anselm and abelard by joining the one to the other. the doctrine of the sacraments follows the christology ; for the sacraments \u201c have efficacy from the incarnate word himself. \u201d the sacraments are signs which not only signify sanctification, but also effect it. that they bring spiritual gifts in sensuous form, moreover, is inevitable because of the sensuous nature of man. the res sensibles are the matter, the words of institution are the form of the sacranieits. contrary to the franciscan view that the sacraments are mere symbol, whose efficacy god accompanies with a directly following creative act in the soul, thomas holds it not unfit to say with hugo of st. victor that \u201c a sacrament contains grace, \u201d or to teach of the sacraments that they \u201c cause grace. \u201d thomas attempts to remove the difficulty of a sensuous thing producing a creative effect by a distinction between the causa principalis et instrumentalism. god as the principal cause works through the sensuous thing as the means ordained by him for his end. \u201c just as instrumental power is acquired by the instrument from this, that it is moved by the principal agent, so also the sacrament obtains spiritual power from the benediction of christ and the application of the minister to the use of the sacrament. there is spiritual power in the sacraments in so far as they have been ordained by god for a spiritual effect. \u201d this spiritual power remains in the sensuous thing until it has attained its purpose. thomas distinguished the gratia sacramentalis from the gratia virtutum et donorum in that the former in general perfects the essence and the powers of the soul, and the latter in particular brings to pass necessary spiritual effects for the christian life. although, later this distinction was ignored. in a single statement the effect of the sacraments is to infuse justifying grace into men. christ \u2019 s humanity was the instrument for the operation of his divinity ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4991339312005317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.230578"} {"text": "spiritual effects for the christian life. although, later this distinction was ignored. in a single statement the effect of the sacraments is to infuse justifying grace into men. christ \u2019 s humanity was the instrument for the operation of his divinity ; the sacraments are the instruments through which this operation of christ \u2019 s humanity passes over to men. christ \u2019 s humanity served his divinity as instrumentum conjuncture, like the hand ; the sacraments are instruments separate, like a staff ; the former can use the latter, as the hand can use a staff. of thomas \u2019 eschatology, according to the commentary on the \u201c sentences, \u201d only a brief account can here be given. everlasting blessedness consists for thomas in the vision of god ; and this vision consists not in an abstraction or in a mental image supernaturally produced, but the divine substance itself is beheld. in such a manner, god himself becomes immediately the form of the beholding intellect ; that is, god is the object of the vision and at the same time causes the vision. the perfection of the blessed also demands that the body be restored to the soul as something to be made perfect by it. since blessedness consist in operation, it is made more perfect in that the soul has a definite opcralio with the body. although, the peculiar act of blessedness ( that is, the vision of god ) has nothing to do with the body. the author of this article is anonymous. the iep is actively seeking an author who will write a replacement article last updated : may 6, 2009 | originally published : may / 6 / 2009 article printed from internet encyclopedia of philosophy : http : / / www. iep. utm. edu / aquinas / copyright \u00a9 the internet encyclopedia of philosophy. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5190223019483744, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.231260"} {"text": "unlike drugs, which are used to treat sick people, vaccines are used in healthy people to prevent certain illnesses. before a vaccine can be used in the united states, it must be shown to be safe and effective. to make these determinations, the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) conducts a rigorous review of data regarding the vaccine \u2019 s safety and efficacy. because healthy children are typically the recipients of vaccines, safety requirements are especially stringent. many federal agencies and private organizations are involved in ensuring the safety of vaccines and for promoting the health of the population : the fda regulates vaccines that are used in the united states, ensuring that they are shown to be safe and effective before they are approved for use. the vaccine first undergoes laboratory studies, then studies with animals, and then with humans. the results of the studies at every step in the process must show that the vaccine does what it is supposed to do, and that it does not harm people who receive it. the fda also inspects the manufacturing plant and makes sure the vaccine is made in a safe and consistent manner. vaccine licensure is a lengthy process that may last up to 10 years. vaccines must go through three phases of clinical trials in human beings before they are licensed for public use. to establish basic safety, phase one trials are small, involving only 20 - 100 volunteers and lasting only a few months. to continue to gather information on efficacy and safety of each vaccine, phase two trials are larger ( with several hundred volunteers ), and last anywhere from a few months to a few years. phase three trials have several hundred to several thousand participants and typically last many years. if the fda approves the vaccine for use in humans, the manufacturer can market the vaccine. each batch of vaccine made by the manufacturer must be tested for safety, potency, and purity before being put on the market. a sample from each lot must be sent to the fda. in addition, the fda requires that doctors report reactions that occur after vaccination. more on this program may be found in the \u201c monitoring vaccine safety \u201d section below. after a new vaccine is approved by the fda, committees of experts decide whether it should be recommended for use in the general population. these committees evaluate the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. they also determine how the vaccine should be used, estimate how new recommendations would affect other health care issues, and consider cost - effectiveness issues. in addition to making recommendations on new vaccines, the committees of experts also review and update recommendations on existing vaccines. the policies for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48110196474494793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.235120"} {"text": "how the vaccine should be used, estimate how new recommendations would affect other health care issues, and consider cost - effectiveness issues. in addition to making recommendations on new vaccines, the committees of experts also review and update recommendations on existing vaccines. the policies for vaccines change along with the changes in the threat of disease. the committees of experts include : acip is a scientific advisory committee with 10 to 15 members. although acip is federally chartered, the experts are chosen from outside of government. for each vaccine, the acip reviews a broad range of materials : the acip considers how the use of the new vaccine might fit into existing child and adult immunization programs. the committee also considers how the vaccine is stored and administered, cost - effectiveness, how the vaccine might affect other health care delivery systems, and other factors. members of the coid are selected on the basis of their knowledge of infectious disease and their expertise in vaccines. in addition to the 12 core committee members, liaisons represent the fda, cdc, and other organizations. coid works closely with these federal agencies and private organizations in an effort to avoid conflicting recommendations. committees of experts make recommendations on the use of vaccines in the united states, but it is the responsibility of the individual states to determine which vaccines are required by law. it is up to states to pass and enforce compulsory immunization statutes. school immunization laws are established to prevent epidemics of certain contagious diseases, such as measles. currently, all 50 states have school immunization laws. all 50 states allow children to be exempted from mandated immunizations for medical reasons. nearly all ( 48 ) states allow religious exemptions and 20 allow philosophical exemptions. if an outbreak of a vaccine - preventable disease occurs, those children who are not vaccinated may be prohibited from going to school until the outbreak is resolved. for further information, read indications, recommendations and immunization mandates.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4887325720848509, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.236278"} {"text": "a spice commonly used in indian foods could also double as a powerful weapon to fight against cancer, diabetes, and inflammation. if recent studies on the spice \u2019 s effect to continue producing promising results are any indication, dr. saraswati sukumar of johns hopkins university hopes curcumin, which gives turmeric its yellow color, will help people fight off or prevent diseases such as diabetes and cancer. in an interview with india - west, sukumar explained how she and a colleague, dr. anirban maitra, are paying close attention to promising clinical trials of curcumin. curcumin is the extract of turmeric and may soon be used in pill form. the spice is commonly integrated into many indian dishes. sukumar will be giving a presentation jan. 24 in west palm beach, florida, about the positive health benefits of curcumin. while more clinical trials are still needed to further understand how the common spice is beneficial to the human body, sukumar believes a curcumin pill currently in experimental format could have a dramatic impact in fighting certain diet - induced diseases that are becoming more commonplace. \u201c the talk i am going to be giving in palm beach, florida, really covers the field to let people know what \u2019 s involved with this, what does curcumin do, what are the positive effects, so on and so forth, \u201d sukumar told india - west in a telephone interview earlier this week. in addition to being a strong weapon against diabetes and inflammation, steady consumption of curcumin can also counteract skin damage that result from cancer - based radiation treatment. \u201c it has very strong anti - inflammatory activity, \u201d sukumar told india - west of curcumin \u2019 s health benefits. \u201c is that the only activity that \u2019 s really causing it to be this effective? we don \u2019 t think so. we think it has effects on multiple other pathways that are just beginning to be understood. \u201d with an estimated 26 million people diagnosed with diabetes, sukumar said curcumin can also be a great benefit in fighting the metabolic disease. sukumar explained how an experiment where mice with obesity - induced diabetes were given doses of curcumin and experienced glucose levels returning to near normal levels within 20 days, thanks to an increased production of \u201c good fat \u201d hormones. when a follow - up clinical trial was performed in a double - blind study with pre - diabetic patients, sukumar cited that none of the 119 subjects who were given curcumi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4667859949073562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.239882"} {"text": "thanks to an increased production of \u201c good fat \u201d hormones. when a follow - up clinical trial was performed in a double - blind study with pre - diabetic patients, sukumar cited that none of the 119 subjects who were given curcumin developed the disease. however, 19 out 116 pre - diabetic patients in that same trial who were given a placebo did develop the disease. \u201c it has an effect, indirectly, on the fat content as well as \u2026 diabetes, \u201d the indian american researcher told india - west, adding that the clinical trial tested patients over a nine - month period, and another follow - up study with more time passed would be needed to further validate the promising results. both sukumar and maitra hope to eventually have a water - soluble curcumin pill available on the market sometime soon. however, early clinical trials of the experimental pill have not yet yielded the desired results. in current trials, sukumar pointed out several grams of curcumin need to be consumed in order to be effective. whether small doses of the spices can be consumed in pill format in order to have the desired effect on the body remains to be seen. nevertheless, sukumar expressed her excitement about further discovering the health benefits of turmeric and curcumin. \u201c i really feel extremely positive about setting out, spending energy, and telling the world about what curcumin can do. and it \u2019 s just a spice off your rack, \u201d sukumar said. she added that the spice can still be used in its natural state, similar to how it is mixed into many indian food dishes. to incorporate curcumin into one \u2019 s lifestyle, sukumar simply suggests obtaining large portions of turmeric. \u201c get a bag of turmeric and use it lavishly in your food, \u201d sukumar told india - west. \u201c it adds some flavor but it \u2019 s not going to hurt you. \u201d she also suggested adding turmeric to the grilling of foods such as garlic, mushrooms, and onions. it is also best combined with warm oil. sukumar will be speaking at an annual women \u2019 s health symposium, \u201c a woman \u2019 s journey, \u201d next week at the palm beach county convention center.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4347678835123396, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.240710"} {"text": "it ' s the 40th anniversary of title ix of the education amendments of 1972, which prohibits discrimination in educational settings on the basis of sex, and while the landmark legislation has done much to level the playing field in academics and athletics, there remains work to be done. that ' s what the national coalition for women and girls in education, an alliance of more than three dozen national organizations including the american association of university women and the american civil liberties union, says in a lengthy new report analyzing the state of title ix at 40. there ' s still room for improvement in how universities and the government apply and enforce title ix in athletics, sexual harassment, the stem fields and other areas, the report says. but it also identifies a handful of recommendations that span all the areas covered by title ix. in short, they are : improved public awareness of title ix with active education efforts on the part of all stakeholders, including advocacy groups and the federal government ; continued and enhanced enforcement by the u. s. education department ' s office for civil rights, including compliance reviews in areas not currently monitored, such as the treatment of pregnant and parenting students ; a requirement by congress for schools and colleges to provide \" enhanced \" education data collection and reporting, including more detailed cross - tabulation by campus sub - groups ; better identification, training, communication and transparency regarding title ix coordinators ; and restored federal funding to state education agencies for gender equity work, including funding state title ix coordinators and programs and for technical assistance with compliance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4286151246128609, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.243026"} {"text": "what is it? a friction blister is a soft pocket of raised skin filled with clear fluid caused by irritation from continuous rubbing or pressure. friction blisters usually occur on the feet, where tight or poor - fitting shoes can rub and irritate delicate toes and heels for long periods. this type of irritation causes minor damage to the skin and the tissue just beneath the skin, then fluid accumulates just beneath the outermost layer of skin. if the irritation is enough to damage small blood vessels, the blister also may contain blood, and is then called a blood blister. a friction blister is a small pocket of puffy, raised skin containing clear fluid. it is usually painful when touched. a blister can appear anywhere. blisters can be diagnosed by looking at them. in short, if it looks like a blister and feels like a blister, and if it ' s in a place that could have been irritated by pressure or rubbing, it likely is a blister. friction blisters typically drain on their own within days. a new layer of skin forms beneath the blister, and eventually the blistered skin peels away. if pressure or friction continues in the same area, the blister may last two weeks or longer. continued friction may rub away the delicate top skin layer, and the blister may break open, ooze fluid and run the risk of becoming infected or developing into a deeper wound. if the irritation is mild, the blister may heal despite continued irritation, and eventually a callus will form. the best way to prevent friction blisters is to wear shoes that fit your feet well, so that the shoe is not tight anywhere and does not slide up and down your heel when you walk. wear socks with shoes to protect your feet and prevent irritation, and try to keep your feet dry. if another activity is causing blisters - - for example, if learning to play golf is causing blisters on your hands - - ask an instructor to point out other ways to perform the same activity in a nonirritating way, and take advantage of protective devices, such as gloves. because blisters typically get better on their own in just a few days, generally no special treatment is required other than to keep the blisters clean and dry. because the skin provides a natural protection against infection, a blister should be left intact if possible. do not try to drain the blist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47684985572614086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.249431"} {"text": "few days, generally no special treatment is required other than to keep the blisters clean and dry. because the skin provides a natural protection against infection, a blister should be left intact if possible. do not try to drain the blister or pierce or cut away the overlying skin. try to avoid further irritation, or protect the blister with a sterile bandage if continued irritation is unavoidable. if the blister breaks on its own, wash the area with soap and water, gently pat dry, use an antibacterial ointment and cover it with a bandage. people with diabetes and people who cannot reach blisters easily ( because of a physical disability or other ailment ) may need to have their blisters evaluated by a foot specialist ( podiatrist ) or other health care professional. people with diabetes often have nerve or circulation problems that make it more difficult to recognize wounds, and that cause wounds to heal more slowly. in these people, a simple foot blister might go unrecognized and could become infected. people with diabetes need to care for their feet daily and examine them for sores or blisters. when to call a professional widespread blistering, itchy blisters or blistering in a place that has not been exposed to rubbing or pressure should be evaluated by a physician. these are signs of an illness, not friction blisters. for typical blisters, medical care is needed only if an infection develops. this is more likely to occur if the skin over the blister has been pierced, broken or popped. these types of blisters need to be watched for a few days to make sure they heal properly. see your doctor immediately if you think you have an infection, see significant redness, notice drainage that is not clear fluid or develop a fever. also, seek professional help if the blister is so large or painful that walking or other activities become difficult. people with diabetes who get blisters frequently or have blisters that don ' t seem to heal should see a health care professional. most blisters heal on their own in a few days. if there is continued pressure or friction to the area, it may take two weeks or longer for the blister to go away. american diabetes association attn : customer service 1701 n. beauregard st. alexandria, va 22311 american academy of podiatric sports medicine 4414 ives st. rockville, md", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39508757489257307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.250497"} {"text": "| | | minding your mind | | | autism and older fathers last reviewed and revised on june 17, 2011 by michael craig miller, m. d. harvard medical school a study published in the september, 2006 issue of the archives of general psychiatry may give older prospective fathers pause before plunging into biological parenthood. the authors found a significant increase in the risk of autism and similar disorders as fathers got older. | what is autism? | autism is a profoundly disabling disorder that starts in early childhood. the key features are : - abnormal social development little or no eye contact, prefers to be alone - difficulty communicating impaired language ability, uses gestures or pointing rather than words - unusual behavior spins objects, doesn ' t like being cuddled - evidence of strong abilities sometimes in non - verbal areas, such as math or music - older people with autism may have some ability to interact with people, but about two - thirds are mentally retarded and most cannot live on their own unfortunately, the incidence of this illness appears to be on the rise. some experts think autism is diagnosed more often simply because more people are aware of it. but that ' s probably not the whole explanation. genetic factors almost certainly play a big role in understanding what causes autism. so researchers are eager to discover anything that might be responsible for increasing a person ' s genetic vulnerability for the illness, such as having parents who are 40 or older. the risk was smallest for children of fathers younger than 20 and greatest for children of fathers older than 50. a man in his 40s, for example, was almost 6 times as likely to have an autistic child as a man age 20. this relationship held even after researchers adjusted the results for the year of the person ' s birth, their socioeconomic status, or the mother ' s age. this is not the first discovery of its type. health care professionals have long known that as parents age, the risk of giving birth to a child with certain illnesses goes up. older mothers, for example, are more likely to have a child with down syndrome. in recent years, studies have revealed a link between aging fathers and schizophrenia. the archives study took advantage of the extraordinarily complete health records of over 300, 000 israeli men and women. they underwent a complete health assessment when they were 17 - year olds, prior to entering military service. using this database, researchers were able to determine the incidence of autism in the population. the researchers had access to intellectual, medical and psychiatric evaluations of almost all israeli boys and three", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4926942081683534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.255524"} {"text": "when they were 17 - year olds, prior to entering military service. using this database, researchers were able to determine the incidence of autism in the population. the researchers had access to intellectual, medical and psychiatric evaluations of almost all israeli boys and three - quarters of girls. ( their identities were kept secret, however. ) for most individuals, the father ' s age at birth was known. although boys were more likely to develop autism than girls, the risk for girls also increased as fathers got older. when fathers were young, about 1 in 6 children with autism were girls. after fathers passed the 40 year - old mark, the proportion of girls with autism rose to about 1 in 3. this suggests that the genetic factors in play for offspring of older fathers are different from those for offspring of younger fathers. back to top what causes these genetic errors? all children inherit genetic material in equal amounts from both parents. in the case of autism, scientists think that the genetic material in the sperm of these older fathers has somehow become altered in harmful ways. these flaws make the child more vulnerable to developing the disease. according to one theory, mutations ( changes ) are more likely to develop as men get older. germ cells give rise to sperm throughout a man ' s life. these cells make copies of themselves and after several decades, the germ cells are copies of copies of copies. a second theory suggests that the offending genes passed down by older men are not properly marked or \" imprinted. \" accurate marking which establishes whether a gene is from the father or the mother determines if it will be active or not. if there is an error, the gene may function abnormally. back to top should older men stop fathering babies? it ' s true that medical technology and general improvements in health have made life much more enjoyable for people in middle to late life. maybe 50 is the new 30 when it comes to some aspects of aging. but a healthy and active lifestyle does not make 50 - year - old sperm the new 30 - year - old sperm. the increased risk of passing on any genetic vulnerability to a child is significant when you are older. when it comes to autism, however, the numbers are sobering. a man younger than 30 has no more than a 1 in 1, 000 chance of fathering a child with autism. but the risk bumps up to approximately 3 in 1, 000 for a man in his 40s and 5 in 1, 000 above age 50. if a father in his fifties has a son, the risk of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4662662351898579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.256458"} {"text": "of fathering a child with autism. but the risk bumps up to approximately 3 in 1, 000 for a man in his 40s and 5 in 1, 000 above age 50. if a father in his fifties has a son, the risk of autism may approach 1 in 100. this study has important implications for what causes autism, but it also has limitations : - the researchers did not have specific information about the severity of mental retardation or language ability. - it ' s possible that the autistic traits arose as the father aged, but were passed on because they were part of the fathers ' genetic make - up all along. - maybe people with autistic traits are more likely to become fathers later in life, slanting the data. - older fathers could have passed along genes for other psychiatric disorders that have traits that look like autism. - the researchers did not have access to information about the child ' s birth environment or development. until recently, health care professionals have focused almost exclusively on the mother ' s age as a risk factor for health problems in the child. but we now know that the father ' s age also adds to the risk of potentially devastating diseases. and there is no practical way to detect these illnesses during pregnancy. for those weighing the risks, the decision can be wrenching. adoption and in some instances a sperm donation may be acceptable alternatives to older fathers wanting to build a healthy family. michael craig miller, m. d. is editor in chief of the harvard mental health letter. he is also associate physician at beth israel deaconess medical center and assistant professor at harvard medical school. he has been practicing psychiatry for more than 25 years and teaches in the harvard longwood psychiatry residency program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45707503066452226, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.257157"} {"text": "| | | food for thought | | | healthy eating in wintertime last reviewed and revised by faculty of harvard medical school on january 16, 2013 by caitlin hosmer, m. s., r. d., l. d. n. and heather hawkes brigham and women ' s hospital winter ushers in a time of the year when we choose heavier foods and are typically less active. does this winter shift sound familiar to you? while the temperatures drop outside, it is easy for us to drop good eating and exercise habits. we are most vulnerable to weight gain in the six - week interval between thanksgiving and new year ' s day. a study conducted by the national institutes of health ( nih ) suggested that a typical one - pound gain during the holiday season for americans may be small, but can accumulate through the years and contribute to obesity later in life. once we put on that extra pound or more, we often don ' t get back to our baseline weight later in january. how does it happen? volunteers in the nih study were asked about factors that might influence weight change, including stress, hunger, activity level, changes in smoking habits, and number of holiday parties they attended. two factors stood out : those who were much less hungry or much more active were the least likely to gain weight over the holidays. conversely, those who were less active and hungrier had the most holiday weight gain. there are lots of food choices during the holidays. pick ones that satisfy without adding to the bulge : the gardens may be done for the year, but there are still many fresh foods available. fresh produce satisfies us with fiber, and provides additional vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients to boot. - greens and oranges are the colors for winter produce. these are packed with vitamins and minerals to help ward off winter illnesses. - kale and mustard greens are great additions to soups and stews or they can be sauteed. - squash, sweet potatoes and pumpkin make great baked dishes that are high in fiber. do keep in mind that these root vegetables are dense and filling, so keep portions moderate. - an easy way to get your fruit this time of year is to make a winter fruit salad. cut up in - season and readily available pineapples, citrus and apples ; mix together and keep the bowl handy in your fridge for snacking. back to top as the days get shorter and the temperatures fall, we tend to reach for our favorite comfort foods to lift our moods.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46288428790176334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.264746"} {"text": "available pineapples, citrus and apples ; mix together and keep the bowl handy in your fridge for snacking. back to top as the days get shorter and the temperatures fall, we tend to reach for our favorite comfort foods to lift our moods. here are some helpful tips for making healthier choices, while keeping comfort foods comforting and hunger at bay with moderate portions : - when it ' s cold outside, it feels good to warm our insides. when eating for warmth, try broth - based soups, such as minestrone, and add some of those winter vegetables! in the morning, start your day off right with a bowl of oatmeal. this high - fiber cereal will stick with you all morning, especially with a small handful of nuts added for protein. - there are also many simple substitutions you can make when cooking to decrease fat and calories. for a lower - fat macaroni and cheese, use low - fat dairy products : skim or reduced - fat milk and cheese. add tomatoes and onions for flavor. - reading labels can give you a lot of information about what you ' re eating. look at the serving size. how does your portion compare to the serving on the package? package servings are often smaller than what we actually consume. back to top maintaining your pre - holiday weight if you are trying to maintain or lose weight, the holidays can be a scary time. we surround ourselves with family and friends and an abundance of food. - the day of a party, don ' t skip meals. maintain a regular eating schedule so you won ' t be starving and overeat when you arrive at the party. - go for the nut bowl. having a small handful of nuts will satisfy you more than the chips and dip, and you ' ll eat less throughout the course of the evening. - help yourself to the fruit and veggie platters. the fiber is filling and balances out heavier, starchy foods. - scan the spread of food and then make your choices. have small amounts of your favorite foods and desserts. try leaving space on the plate between food items to limit how much gets piled on. eat slowly to enjoy holiday foods longer. and remember that holiday gatherings are also about people talking slows down eating. back to top don ' t succumb to the inactivity blues typically it requires greater effort to be physically active in the winter the time when we most need this antidote to eating more and feeling more stress. not only are we more se", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4473909912278725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.265742"} {"text": "back to top don ' t succumb to the inactivity blues typically it requires greater effort to be physically active in the winter the time when we most need this antidote to eating more and feeling more stress. not only are we more sedentary because of the weather, but indoor behaviors, such as watching tv, lend themselves to snacking when we ' re not hungry. - build your winter wardrobe for outdoor exercise. you don ' t have to spend a fortune at a sports store. discount department stores offer lower - budget gear. layering is the key. this allows you to stay at the right temperature. as you get moving you can shed layers, and then add them back as you cool down. make sure you have good footwear for traction, water - resistance and warmth. - if venturing outdoors doesn ' t appeal, try an exercise video that you can do from the comfort of your home, or join a local gym. this may be the perfect time to try an exercise class, such as yoga, step or pilates. it ' s important to remember you can ' t just exercise eight or nine months out of the year. physical activity needs to be done on a regular basis to maintain the benefits. - activity is stimulating to our body and mind. our moods are already prone to being \" down \" in the winter. physical activity can help to give you that boost in energy and attitude. for those who experience seasonal affective disorder ( sad ), one study found that an hour ' s walk in winter sunlight was as effective as 2\u00bd hours under bright artificial light, an alternate therapy. no matter what time of year, staying healthy is a balance of good eating and physical activity. with winter come barriers that require us to be more diligent about food choices and exercise. keep in mind these tips and you ' ll be looking and feeling better this winter! back to top roberts sb, mayer j. \" holiday weight gain : fact or fiction? \" nutrition reviews. 2000 ; 58 ( 12 ) : 378 - 9. back to top caitlin hosmer, m. s., r. d., l. d. n., is the manager of the nutrition consultation service at brigham and women ' s hospital. she earned a bachelor of science degree with honors from cornell university. she completed her dietetic internship at frances stern nutrition center and new england medical center, and received a master ' s degree in nutrition at tufts university. heather hawkes is a dietetic intern at brigham and women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44961316351615155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.266861"} {"text": "idea award winner 2008 geography - independent cancer research tools - george thoma, chief, communications engineering branch, national library of medicine at the national institutes of health - sameer antani, staff scientist, national library of medicine at the national institutes of health - rodney long, electronics engineer, national library of medicine at the national institutes of health - mark schiffman, senior investigator, national cancer institute oncologists, gynecologists, and healthcare workers are increasingly relying on network - based tools developed by the national library of medicine. these tools include databases with images that range from 20 megabytes to tens of gigabytes, real - time collaboration tools, as well as professional education and development tools. these tools have changed the way geographically distant cancer researchers are able to collaborate. over 40 researchers across 6 countries have conducted over 10 studies in just 2 years. prior to these tools, collaboration relied on the physical exchange of photographic and glass histology slides via postal mail, with considerable logistical challenges and delays. moreover, the convenient and accurate correlation of patient records and physical slides posed further challenges. taking advantage of high speed networks the nlm - developed tools have made it possible to implement simultaneous views, searches, and exchange of large volume data. these and other tools being developed aid current cancer research, and are being extended to other areas of biomedical research. for example, one tool module now enables shape - based retrieval for a collection of 17, 000 digitized x - ray images of cervical and lumbar spine x - ray images and related text information. furthermore, by extending accessibility to images and information, these tools help meet the urgent need to apply the results of biomedical research to clinical medicine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5264231125817582, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.269273"} {"text": "the arrow of time we are all aware of an intuitive \" flow \" of time from past to future. not only do we feel this flow of time, but we also see it manifested in the behaviour of objects which change over time. many objects seem to behave differently in the forward time direction when compared to the backward time direction. for example, we don ' t see a spilt glass of water jumping up and going back into the glass, we don ' t see a broken egg reforming itself. these effects all add to the impression that there is some sort of \" forward direction \" in the time dimension. this directionality is called the arrow of time. however, this \" arrow of time \" is something of a mystery to physicists because, at the microscopic level, all fundamental physical processes appear to be time - reversible ( we ' ll consider this later ). also, as shown on the time and the block universe page, our universe appears to have a spacetime structure in which all of time is laid - out in a \" block universe \", i. e., there is no actual \" flow \" of time, no movement of a \" now \" point. so on this page we will investigate the cause of this mysterious \" arrow of time \". entropy can be considered the amount of disorder in a system. for example, a car that has rusted could be said to have a greater entropy value than a new car : bits of the car may have fallen off, the paint may be flaking. basically, the molecules of the car have become more disordered over time : entropy has increased. as has just been just discussed, all microscopic processes appear to be time - reversible. the question of why we see an \" arrow of time \" in macroscopic processes has therefore presented physics with a long - standing conundrum. for this reason, much attention has focussed on the fact that the entropy of a closed system increases with time, i. e., a system will gradually become more disordered with time. eventually the system ( gas in a closed container, for example ) will reach a state when all its molecules are completely randomly orientated. this state is called thermal equilibrium. the rule that entropy increases with time is called the second law of thermodynamics. the reason for this increase in entropy can be seen from a purely probabilistic argument : a system will have many more possible disordered states than ordered states, so a system which changes state randomly will most likely move to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6439141224802722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.287208"} {"text": "perfect unbroken eggs in egg cups. and these objects are basically falling apart around us as they inevitably move to higher entropy states : cars rust, eggs fall on the floor and break. hence, the increase in entropy in our ordered world is one reason why we detect an apparent \" arrow of time \". but change of entropy is fundamentally time - symmetrical!! however, this is a good time to clear - up a very widely - held misconception about the change of entropy : that change of entropy is in some way fundamentally time - asymmetric, that entropy change behaves fundamentally differently in the forward time direction to the backward time direction. this is absolutely not the case. in the general case, entropy increases in the backward time direction in just the same way as it increases in the forward time direction : change of entropy is symmetrical with time. ( however, a very small minority of physicists might still believe change of entropy is time - asymmetric - see my comments at the bottom of this discussion with the notoriously tetchy physicist lubos motl here ). the probabilistic basis of the second law of thermodynamics simply says that a system will have many more possible disordered states than ordered states, so a system which changes state randomly will most likely move to a more disordered state. this seems very clear and obvious - such a simple statement is never going to be the cause of something so mysterious as fundamental time - asymmetry. indeed, this change to a more disordered state is just as applicable in the reverse time direction as in the forward time direction : it ' s just a change of state, independent of time. but what about the second law of thermodynamics which states that \" entropy increases with time \"? this seems to imply a fundamental time - asymmetry to entropy. but we have to realise that the second law only applies to special - case systems : objects with low entropy, the sort of objects we generally encounter in everyday life ( rusting cars, etc. ). in fact, if we consider general - case objects ( i. e., objects in thermal equilibrium ), objects which have never been arranged into any sort of order, then their entropy is at a maximum already so their entropy can only decrease with time - completely at odds with the second law! this generally - held misconception that change of entropy is fundamentally time - asymmetrical is revealed by the loschmidt paradox. the loschmidt paradox considers the apparently fundamental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5958974811025728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.289289"} {"text": "with time - completely at odds with the second law! this generally - held misconception that change of entropy is fundamentally time - asymmetrical is revealed by the loschmidt paradox. the loschmidt paradox considers the apparently fundamental time - asymmetry of entropy implied by the second law and states that this is at odds with the known time symmetry of fundamental processes. it is only when we realise that the second law is frequently badly stated and hence contains unstated assumptions ( which have been just considered ) that the loschmidt paradox is resolved. ( wikipedia describes this resolution of the paradox, showing how one of the key assumptions of boltzmann ' s version of the second law of thermodynamics was flawed - see here ). but if change of entropy is time - symmetric, why do we see the entropy of the universe as only increasing? roger penrose considers this question in his book the road to reality. penrose considers what we might expect to happen if we trace the entropy of the universe back in time from the state it is in now. if change of entropy is really time - symmetrical, then we should expect to see entropy increasing as we trace the universe into the past, just as we will see entropy increasing into the future. but we know, in fact, that the universe had a lower entropy in the past : i. e., the entropy of the universe actually reduces in the past. so where does this asymmetry come from? as roger penrose goes on to reveal, the time - asymmetry of change of entropy within the universe is explained by the extraordinarily low entropy of the universe at its origin : basically, the low - entropy past of the universe \" fixes \" the experiment. if we want to get a symmetrical answer then we have to be careful to conduct a symmetrical experiment. rather than starting with a special - case low entropy universe, we have to imagine a universe which started in thermal equilibrium and has reached its current state unaided, purely by chance : after that low - entropy point is reached, we then see entropy starting to increase according to the second law. but the key thing is that if we trace the entropy of the universe back in time past the low - entropy point we now see that symmetry that roger penrose sought. hence, change of entropy is fundamentally symmetrical. in fact, throughout this discussion on the arrow of time we will find that the arrow of time is caused by the time - symmetric second law of thermod", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.601766165761755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.290239"} {"text": "see that symmetry that roger penrose sought. hence, change of entropy is fundamentally symmetrical. in fact, throughout this discussion on the arrow of time we will find that the arrow of time is caused by the time - symmetric second law of thermodynamics, together with the very special, low - entropy initial conditions of the universe. ( this discussion on time - symmetric entropy change is based on an example by j. richard gott in his book time travel in einstein ' s universe in which the role of the universe is played by an ice cube - see here. the ice cube example is considered in detail in chapter 6 of brian greene ' s book the fabric of the cosmos. ) we all have a very strong feeling of a directionality of time, which has a flow in a forwards direction. as michael lockwood says in his book the labyrinth of time : \" we regard the forward direction in time, in stark contrast to the backward direction, as the direction in which causality is permitted to operate. causes, we assume, can precede their effects, but cannot follow them. \" but we have just seen how physical processes appear to be time - symmetrical, with no distinction between the forward and backward directions. so where does that leave causality? as michael lockwood again says about the passage of time : \" we find no hint of this in the formalism of newtonian physics. not only is there no explicit reference to a passage or flow of time ; there is not even any reference to cause and effect. indeed, there is not even any directionality \". \" but \", you might protest, \" surely causality works in only one direction : forwards in time? i kick a football - the football doesn ' t kick me. \" well, let ' s consider the example immediately below of forward causality. we see a snooker cue coming in from the left, hitting the white ball, which then causes the white ball to hit the red ball : however, if you shoot a movie of that sequence, and then play it backwards, it still makes perfect physical sense. as you can see below, we then have the red ball coming in from the right, hitting the white ball, which then causes the white ball to hit the cue backwards. so, because of the symmetry of the laws of physics, this process of causality - which we thought only applied to the forward direction of time - in fact applies equally to the backward direction of time as well : the reason why we don ' t see causality happening in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6147188723940715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.291207"} {"text": "symmetry of the laws of physics, this process of causality - which we thought only applied to the forward direction of time - in fact applies equally to the backward direction of time as well : the reason why we don ' t see causality happening in the backward direction is purely because of a bias in our psychological systems : something about the complexity of our psychological system ( our brains! ) causes our thought processes to work only in the forward direction of time ( this will be considered below ). the great advantage of recording the sequence on a movie and then playing the movie backwards ( to reveal the time symmetry of causality ) is that a movie camera works in a much more simple fashion than our brains and thus has no such psychological bias in the forward direction : it works in exactly the same way forward as backward. so if causality is time - symmetrical, we could in fact think of our current situations are being caused by time - reversed future events as much as by past events! for example, as i sit here by my desk in work this morning, i could consider my position as being caused by me being in my apartment this evening, and driving my car from there backward in time, backward down the road the work, to put me in work this morning! it ' s a bit brain - bending, but it ' s equally valid as saying \" i got up this morning, and drove forwards to work \". it seems strange, but that ' s only because of our psychological bias. the movie of my complete day at work would tell the correct ( time - reversible ) story. the quantum mechanical arrow of time as has just been explained, almost all known physical principles ( from newtonian mechanics through to einstein ' s relativity ) have a completely symmetric treatment of past and future. nowhere in any of these equations is there anything which distinguishes a forward direction of time from a backward direction of time. the exception to this rule appears to be quantum mechanics. on the page on the quantum casino it was explained how, when we make a measurement of a quantum observable, there is a \" collapse of the wavefunction \" in which a probability wave collapses to generate a single observed value from a range of possible values. this process appears to work in the forward time direction only, i. e., it is irreversible. an explanation for this apparent \" collapse of the wavefunction \" is presented in detail on the page on quantum decoherence, so i don ' t want to repeat it here. suffice to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6182900742217243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.292179"} {"text": "., it is irreversible. an explanation for this apparent \" collapse of the wavefunction \" is presented in detail on the page on quantum decoherence, so i don ' t want to repeat it here. suffice to say that the coherent phase relationships of the interference terms are destroyed when a particle interacts with the environment. the dissipation of these terms into the wider environment can be interpreted in terms of increasing entropy ( again, see the section on \" decoherence and entropy \" on the quantum decoherence page for full details ). quantum decoherence can then be understood as a thermodynamic process : after decoherence, the process is said to be thermodynamically irreversible. so once again the underlying physical principles appear to be time symmetric, with no fundamental preference for either the forward or backward time direction. the apparent arrow of time produced by the \" collapse of the wavefunction \" is once again shown to be a result of increasing entropy. as andreas albrecht explains in his paper cosmic inflation and the arrow of time ( when considering decoherence in the double - slit experiment ) : \" a double - slit electron striking a photographic plate is only a good quantum measurement to the extent that the photographic plate is well constructed, and has a very low probability of re - emitting the electron in the coherent ' double slit ' state. good photographic plates are possible because of the thermodynamic arrow of time : the electron striking the plate puts the internal degrees of freedom of the plate into a higher entropy state, which is essentially impossible to reverse. furthermore, different electron positions on the plate become entangled with different states of the internal degrees of freedom, so there is essentially no interference between positions of the electron. from this point of view, the quantum mechanical arrow of time is none other than the thermodynamic arrow of time. \" why can ' t we remember the future? if physical processes all appear to be time - reversible at a fundamental level, we might ask the question \" why can ' t we remember the future? \" after all, we can remember the past, and physics seems to make no distinction between past, present, and future. so why don ' t we already have prior knowledge of what is going to happen in the future? in order to answer this question, we shall consider the reasoning of james hartle which is based around the radiative arrow of time : the radiative arrow of time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6640334066791902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.296273"} {"text": "we already have prior knowledge of what is going to happen in the future? in order to answer this question, we shall consider the reasoning of james hartle which is based around the radiative arrow of time : the radiative arrow of time in his paper the physics of \" now \", james hartle makes the point that the reason we can ' t remember the future is because we have not yet received any information about future events. this thinking is based on the idea of a \" light cone \", the shape of which is defined by the speed of light : at first glance, this might seem a very straightforward explanation of why we are unable to remember the future : it takes time for a light ray ( photons ) carrying information to reach us from a distant event. basically, in the future we will have more information about distant events than we have at present. it is hard to imagine a situation in which light behaves differently - it would appear that light will always take time to travel from a point a to a point b : this principle - that light will always take time, travelling forwards in time between two points - is called the radiative arrow of time ( also known as the electromagnetic arrow of time ). but this apparently clear - cut principle is not as clear - cut as it first appears. it turns out that the \" world line \" of the photon is the same for a photon travelling forwards in time from point a to b as it is for a photon travelling backward in time from point b to point a : in fact, if we temporarily forget about the little arrows on the world lines ( which indicate \" cause \" and \" effect \" ) then we see that the world lines of both the forward and backward photons are precisely identical : this principle is clearly illustrated by a feynman diagram of particle interactions which can be rotated at will, showing particle interactions work exactly the same backward in time as forward in time : it makes no sense to talk about the entropy of a single photon ( entropy is a statistical property of a large group of particles ), so a single photon has no arrow of time. however, we do not receive our information about distant events in the form of single photons. rather, it appears we receive information in the form of light rays which are composed of billions of photons ( bosons are quite happy to congregate in the same state, and gather together in a cooperative fashion to create light rays ). for this reason, studies of the radiative arrow of time have concentrated on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5979583602718987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.297344"} {"text": "composed of billions of photons ( bosons are quite happy to congregate in the same state, and gather together in a cooperative fashion to create light rays ). for this reason, studies of the radiative arrow of time have concentrated on studying the maxwell electromagnetic field equations which treats light as a field with a wave nature ( rather than considering the path of individual particles ). it is often quoted that maxwell ' s electromagnetic field equations are time - reversible and so allow for advanced ( backward - in - time ) waves as well as retarded ( forward - in - time ) waves. however, in practice it is much easier to produce a retarded wave than an advanced wave, and this reveals the limitations of maxwell ' s equations as a full description of the behaviour of light. we need to combine maxwell ' s equations with something else in order to derive a radiative arrow of time. james hartle attempts to use maxwell ' s equations to deduce the radiative arrow of time in appendix a of his aforementioned paper the physics of \" now \" which is called the cosmological origin of time ' s arrow. his approach ( based on principles described in h. dieter zeh ' s book the physical basis for the direction of time ) combines the time - symmetric maxwell ' s equations with the time - asymmetric boundary conditions of the universe as a whole ( he considers the asymmetrical total amount of electromagnetic radiation ). the approach suggests that because there were no free electromagnetic fields at the start of the universe, but there are fields in the future, those fields must all be caused by retarded waves that have their sources in the past. however, i don ' t see how the radiative arrow of time can depend on the total of electromagnetic fields in the universe in this way. there ' s no equivalent of the second law of thermodynamics ( increasing entropy ) for electromagnetic fields. the total of electromagnetic field in an isolated system does not tend to increase ( as is the case with entropy ). the radiative arrow of time must surely depend on the increasing sum total of entropy in the universe, not the total of electromagnetic field. surely the radiative arrow of time must have the same cause as the thermodynamic arrow of time. at the beginning of the last century, walter ritz proposed that only retarded ( forward - in - time ) waves were physically possible ( i. e., the process was fundamentally time - asym", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6054199544445495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.298422"} {"text": "time. \" could it be possible to remember the future? if we consider the hypothetical situation in which we have found a way to circumvent the limitations imposed by the radiative arrow of time, it is interesting to ask if it could ever be possible to remember the future. and, if so, what would our \" memories \" by like? in this respect, the scottish philosopher donald mackay suggested an interesting \" thought experiment \". mackay wondered if it could ever be possible to predict how someone will behave in the future, and, if so, what would be the consequences for human free will. if we had complete knowledge of the current state of a person ' s brain, would we be able to accurately predict a person ' s actions in the short - term future? basically, if we are able to predict how a person will behave - and the decisions they will make - in the future then human free will is shown to be a fallacy, an illusion. however, mackay suggested that it would be impossible to predict a person ' s future decisions if that predicted future was made known to the person. this is because the person could then choose to act in a different way from how you have told him he will behave. this is described by john d. barrow in his book impossibility : \" consider a person who is asked to choose between soup or salad for lunch. if we introduce a brain scientist who not only knows the complete state of this person ' s brain, but that of the entire universe as well at present, we could ask whether this scientist can infallibly announce what the choice of lunch will be. the answer is ' no '. the subject can always be stubborn, and adopt a strategy that says ' if you say that i will choose soup, then i will choose salad, and vice versa '. under these conditions it is logically impossible for the scientist to predict infallibly what the person will choose if the scientist makes his prediction known. \" so if a person gains access to knowledge about his future behaviour, it would appear that it becomes impossible to predict that future. but this knowledge about future behaviour is precisely what a person will gain if he is able to remember the future. so if a person is able to remember the future, he could then choose to act in a different way to how his memory of the future tells him he will act! there would appear to be a logical inconsistency here : if a person is able to remember the future, then those memories of the future instantly become", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5770936316884849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.300671"} {"text": "preparing for urban disasters - challenges and recommendations some 360, 000 people remain displaced after haiti \u2019 s 2010 earthquake ( file photo march 2010 ) bangkok, 10 january 2013 ( irin ) - electrical engineers and hazardous waste experts join emergency rosters. power mapping becomes as important as hazard mapping in emergency prevention and response. # fragilecities shows up as often as # fragilestates in twitter searches. humanitarian science fiction? no, welcome to what demographers call the new urban millennium and the challenges, as well as changes, aid groups face responding to emergencies in urban areas. \u201c people are using the same recipe from a rural camp situation in cities. aid tools and strategies have been cut and paste. this does not work, \u201d said the director of the france - based research, training and evaluation ngo, urgence, rehabilitation et developpement ( urd ), francois grunewald, who has researched urban risks and responses for more than a decade. it is not enough to ask \u201c did we do it right? \u201d by meeting basic humanitarian aid standards known as sphere, but also, \u201c did we do the right thing? \u201d said grunewald. more often than not, the answer has been no, he concluded. irin analysed evaluations to highlight some lessons emerging from recent urban disasters. what follows are challenges and recommendations reported by groups from manila to mogadishu ; insights from experts consulted over the past year ; and an \u201c urban \u201d aid toolbox organizations have begun assembling but which they admit is far from complete. experts generally agree : humanitarians are still ill - prepared for urban emergencies, whether it be civil conflict in syria or a \u201c complex \u201d disaster like japan \u2019 s 2011 earthquake followed by a tsunami, resulting in fires, chemical spills and nuclear power accidents. some 3. 3 billion people live in urban areas, with one billion of them in slums, a number that is growing by 25 million annually, according to the un human settlements programme ( un - habitat ). such growth threatens to \u201c become the tipping point for humanitarian crises, \u201d noted the journal, forced migration review ( fmr ) in february 2010, which went to press soon after haiti \u2019 s capital was hit by a 7. 0 - magnitude earthquake that killed more than 220, 000 people, injured more than 300, 000 and has left some 360, 000 others still displaced almost three years later. photo : phuong tran / irin | post - quake there were 19 million cubic metres of rubble and debris in port -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43013447652883363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.315157"} {"text": "000 people, injured more than 300, 000 and has left some 360, 000 others still displaced almost three years later. photo : phuong tran / irin | post - quake there were 19 million cubic metres of rubble and debris in port - au prince, enough to fill a line of shipping containers stretching end - to - end from london to beirut \u201c urban drr [ disaster risk reduction ] and preparedness, mitigation, response and reconstruction will come to dominate humanitarian policies and programmes in the coming decades, \u201d noted the review. and mea culpas from the aid response in haiti are still piling up : not consulting local groups ; no exit strategy ; importing foreign vehicles and goods without checking locally ; coordination between the military and humanitarians based on personality rather than protocol ; focusing on transitional, rather than permanent, shelters. agencies need to learn the \u201c new rules of the game \u201d of urban disaster response, as the uk - based disasters emergency committee ( dec ), an umbrella group of some 15 humanitarian aid groups, wrote in 2011 in its compilation of lessons from haiti but what exactly are those rules? what sets apart acute vulnerabilities from chronic poverty? how do you rebuild communities when there is scarce land? what are humanitarians \u2019 responsibilities to host communities and the urban poor? and just when is a humanitarian \u2019 s job done in a chronic emergency? urban interventions present humanitarians with similar challenges to other chronic emergencies ( kenya, democratic republic of congo, the sahel ) not tied to a specific geographic area that often lacked clear \u201c triggers \u201d of engagement. lessons aid workers have compiled from urban disasters - including philippines \u2019 2009 typhoon ketsana, haiti \u2019 s 2010 earthquake, and japan \u2019 s 2011 twin disasters - still leave a \u201c huge gap \u201d, said george deikun, director of un - habitat \u2019 s humanitarian affairs office in geneva and one of the authors in fmr \u2019 s february 2010 special urban issue. \u201c there is a lot of literature, but \u2026 it doesn \u2019 t bring together the critical and necessary elements in the whole cycle of humanitarian assistance to development, \u201d he told irin recently. humanitarians \u2019 work typically has had a \u201c shelf life [ intervention period ] of 90 days while governments in urban areas are looking to leverage assistance to move on beyond saving lives to re - establishing sustainable communities. \u201d experts calculate that urban areas \u2019 population growth - including residents and refugees fleeing conflict - plus unenforced or non - existing building codes can be fatal for urban residents already cut off from city services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3818807360537928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.316435"} {"text": "beyond saving lives to re - establishing sustainable communities. \u201d experts calculate that urban areas \u2019 population growth - including residents and refugees fleeing conflict - plus unenforced or non - existing building codes can be fatal for urban residents already cut off from city services due to lack of income, security or identification photo : sophia paris / un photo | food distribution point at stadium in leogane, haiti while experts differ on how fast the countryside is emptying into urban areas, most agree urban areas in sub - saharan africa are growing more quickly than elsewhere, and that the asia - pacific region has the largest number of urban residents, 1. 8 billion as of 2011 ( 43 percent of region \u2019 s population ). how the displaced manage in cities, how their needs compare to the urban poor and just what humanitarians \u2019 responsibilities are to address chronic ( rather than acute ) needs is still debated, according to research on urban displacement and vulnerability by the uk - based overseas development institute \u2019 s humanitarian practice group, which noted that the best ways to support the urban displaced are \u201c poorly understood \u201d. cities, the crossroads of so many legal and illegal transactions, are also becoming battlegrounds for a \u201c ` new \u2019 kind of armed conflict \u2026 a variation of warfare, often in densely populated slums and shanty towns [ featuring ] pitched battles between the state and non - state armed groups, \u201d wrote kevin savage from world vision international and robert muggah, research director at igarape institute, a brazilian think tank focusing on violence prevention and reduction. at a meeting focused on \u201c adapting humanitarian efforts to an urban world \u201d convened last january by the active learning network for accountability and performance ( alnap ), a uk - headquartered network of humanitarian experts and organizations, participants concluded that even with their experience from urban disasters, \u201c collective understanding is patchy, informal and still largely undocumented. it is still too early to say how best to respond to the challenge of urban disasters : the rules have yet to be written. \u201d in 2009 the inter - agency standing committee ( iasc ) - an umbrella group of humanitarian groups that sets policy for the aid community - formed a reference group on \u201c meeting humanitarian challenges in urban areas \u201d, setting a two - year action plan in 2010. the group pledged to prepare the industry better to respond to crises in urban areas, by, among other things, launching a database of urban - specific aid tools that aimed to be the clearinghouse for all information on aid in urban emergencies ( done ) ; strengthening technical surge capacity for urban emergency response", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4438084025619474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.317636"} {"text": "to respond to crises in urban areas, by, among other things, launching a database of urban - specific aid tools that aimed to be the clearinghouse for all information on aid in urban emergencies ( done ) ; strengthening technical surge capacity for urban emergency response ( partially done ) ; developing or adapting humanitarian tools for urban areas ( partially done ) ; promoting protection of vulnerable urban populations ( done ). developing guidance on supporting food security in post - crisis areas and building preparedness and community resilience into humanitarian policymaking are still incomplete as of early january 2013. photo : jodi hilton / irin | children at a camp in atma ( northern syria ) for the conflict - displaced. fighting has uprooted two to three million people the un office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs ( ocha ), un - habitat, the kenyan government and ngos are trying to pilot a \u201c multi - hazard response plan \u201d created in kenya that brought together local and national governments and almost 100 groups working in urban areas to prepare for future urban emergencies. kenya \u2019 s election violence in december 2007 killed an estimated 1, 200 persons and displaced more than 660, 000, many of whom sought refuge in cities and have yet to return home. but even bringing together urban actors can be complicated, if not impossible, noted urd. according to a report the group published in december 2011, new \u201c players \u201d in urban settings include : gangs controlling the population, churches exploiting their distress, social networks linked to the diaspora, community - based organizations trying to attract aid for their constituency, and private companies looking for clients in the aid industry. the group is finalizing a \u201c concept note \u201d to call attention to the impact on urban areas of syria \u2019 s ongoing fighting, which the un estimates has killed 60, 000 people since protests turned violent in 2010. according to the syrian network for human rights, in 2012 some 8, 200 people died in areas surrounding the country \u2019 s capital, damascus. on the housing front, shelter project, led by the norwegian refugee council \u2019 s internal displacement monitoring centre and the geneva - based ngo shelter centre, working with other humanitarian groups and agencies, is developing guidelines for moving people out of emergency shelters into permanent housing. a draft is expected by mid - 2013. the world food programme ( wfp ) is reviewing food - targeting practices and with food and agriculture organization ( fao ) is developing global guidelines to strengthen urban food security and nutrition in emergencies. for all the recommendations proffered following recent urban disasters ( see sidebar ), five key challenges", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4052139980486126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.318710"} {"text": "is reviewing food - targeting practices and with food and agriculture organization ( fao ) is developing global guidelines to strengthen urban food security and nutrition in emergencies. for all the recommendations proffered following recent urban disasters ( see sidebar ), five key challenges remain : \u201c international agencies are king in rural areas versus cities where they play a supporting role, \u201d said one aid worker. the challenge of working with leaders from neighbourhoods and communities ( which researchers note are not necessarily the same ), as well as civil society staff and officials from multiple levels of government - all necessary partners - becomes more complicated when the government is a combatant in conflict, as in syria according to urd, \u201c multi - sector geographical coordination \u201d makes more sense in urban areas - where all aid is delivered by a single level of authority - rather than the current \u201c cluster \u201d model of crisis coordination in place since mid - 2006, which divides aid by issues, such as food, shelter or education., leadership posts of many sectors were vacant. once in place, the system was \u201c too heavily bureaucratic \u201d and not able to carry out quick needs assessments ; the health sector alone had more than 400 groups participating at one point. theme - specific groupings were unable to meet multi - sector challenges. cluster meetings were primarily conducted in english to accommodate the large number of anglophone emergency responders, which was often too fast - past paced for local francophone or creole - speaking groups. targeting vulnerable communities. photo : jason gutierrez / irin | flooded slum in manila, philippines, august 2012 in cities the most vulnerable tend to be highly mobile, untraceable and scattered. refugees and internally displaced persons may seek out sprawling urban areas for anonymity due to fears of harassment, detention or eviction, making it difficult to track, profile, register or document them. in turn, the task of measuring the impact of satisfying humanitarian versus economic needs is hard because conventional needs assessments do not distinguish acute needs ( such as war - inflicted health trauma ) from chronic ones ( cholera borne of slum living and urban poverty ). identifying and targeting assistance in cities is a \u201c huge challenge \u201d said un - habitat \u2019 s deikun. \u201c the problem with emergency response is that it has to be done quickly and be done by yesterday. it relies on existing data that is not always correct, and may be politically distorted. mapping vulnerable urban populations in high - risk environments before the emergency strikes is rarely done. \u201d seeking urban experts. emergencies in urban areas require expertise often in short supply : adapting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4385591547817886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.319863"} {"text": "relies on existing data that is not always correct, and may be politically distorted. mapping vulnerable urban populations in high - risk environments before the emergency strikes is rarely done. \u201d seeking urban experts. emergencies in urban areas require expertise often in short supply : adapting water and sanitation projects to complex, dense and underserviced urban environments ; conducting urban vulnerability and community resilience analyses and plans ; developing land use management plans and tenure guidelines ; removing debris ; reconstruction of urban housing ; resettlement of affected populations from emergency shelter and trauma surgery - to name a few. following haiti \u2019 s earthquake, the lack of trauma specialists and surgeons led to inappropriate treatment, excessive unnecessary amputations and health complications, according to multiple evaluations. the iasc reference group on humanitarian challenges in urban areas has created and is disseminating generic terms of reference for a number of these specialists capable of responding to urban disasters. humanitarians are the \u201c last ones \u201d to develop an exit strategy, said urd \u2019 s grunewald. \u201c the humanitarian is focused on saving lives. we only think of it at the end. \u201d the problem is when there is no strong governance to take over and \u201c the principal activities of many agencies seem to be stuck in an extended relief mode, \u201d dec noted. bring along an urban adviser or development specialist as early as the damage assessment, grunewald counselled, to decide when to exit. he concluded humanitarians can only do so much. \u201c [ humanitarian ] ngos want to become engaged in slums. but all the money from all the donors would only be a drop in the bucket - and there would still not be an exit strategy \u2026 the band - aid system is messy and can only be a band - aid. \u201d | | work with and through municipalities wherever possible | | find and use neighbourhood networks and capacities, such as home - owner associations, while recognizing that community and neighbourhood is not the same | | work with the local private sector ; do not compete unfairly | | focus on long - term homes, rather than short - term shelter | | keep people in or close to their neighbourhoods, if safe | | assume skills and resources can be found locally | | use cash to stimulate markets | | prepare now for the next big urban disaster | | health providers : use a common format for medical records | | avoid mass burials / cremations | | build violence - prevention into agency activities | | use community radio | | employ urban - oriented minimum standards | | track populations - and health epidemics - through mobile phones |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46250390842179206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.320883"} {"text": "common format for medical records | | avoid mass burials / cremations | | build violence - prevention into agency activities | | use community radio | | employ urban - oriented minimum standards | | track populations - and health epidemics - through mobile phones | | consider alternatives such as mobile medical clinics to avoid large - scale relief distributions, which can invite violence | | be aware that agency logos on relief items can, in urban markets with consumers more attuned to image and branding, stigmatize recipients | | crowdsourcing - information gathered from the public through sms text messages or the internet - can be a valuable source of information to assess locations and needs, though it is still problematic in terms of accuracy and ease - of - use | | conduct \u201c one - hit \u201d assessments instead of subjecting a community to multiple visits | | build resilience during recovery operations | | consider renters and squatters in resettlement plans | | avoid relocation camps on a city \u2019 s periphery as they can increase displacement by drawing surrounding populations to camp services. rather, construct camps as close to neighbourhoods of origin as possible | | establish strict admission criteria for emergency care : it may be the only free health care available and could quickly become overwhelmed | | focus on psychosocial support, often overlooked in an emergency response | sources : dec 2011, unisdr 2012, alnap november 2012, un - habitat 2011, december 2012 interview with george deikun, un - habitat / chair of iasc reference group on meeting humanitarian challenges", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4286328710662604, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.321540"} {"text": "an animal detection system with the warning lights activated resulted in 1. 52 mi / h lower vehicle speeds ( compared to warning lights off ) for passenger cars and pick - ups. alerting drivers to the presence of large animals in the road at yellowstone national park. the study area was on us highway 191 inside of the yellowstone national park, with a posted speed limit of 55 mi / hour. the data collection period occurred over two weeks in which there was mostly no precipitation. researchers installed three traffic counters and road tubes outside and inside of the detection area. the counters recorded the date, time, vehicle type, vehicle speed and gap ( in seconds ) between vehicles. when vehicles moved in platoons, only the speed of the first vehicle in a platoon was used as a data point when the signs were activated ( since the following vehicles may be influenced by the speed of the first one ). a sample size of 2, 428 vehicles per 24 hour period was used. the deployment of an animal detection system at yellowstone national park found that passenger cars, pick - ups, vans, and trucks with two units or more had lower vehicle speeds by 1. 52 mi / hour with warning signs activated compared to warning signs off. although the difference is small, it is important to note that small reductions when vehicles are traveling at high speeds have a disproportionate decrease in the probability of severe accidents. the data also showed that the number of collisions with large animals was 58 to 67 percent lower than was expected ( but could not be tested for significance due to the variability in the number of collisions and just one year of post installation collision data ). driver opinion of the system documented in interviews revealed that a majority ( 59 percent ) would have liked to see the system stay in place. the system was removed in the fall of 2008 due to high maintenance and a lack of spare parts. author : m. p. huijser, t. d. holland, a. v. kociolek, a. m. barkdoll and j. d. schwalm published by : oregon department of transportation research unit and the federal highway administration source date : march 2009url : http : / / ntl. bts. gov / lib / 31000 / 31600 / 31698 / animal - vehicle _ crash _ mitigation _ phase _ 2. pdf average user rating typical deployment locations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5096634747512393, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.324364"} {"text": "use exponent rules to simplify. write as a single power, dont need to find the value. [ ( 11 / 20 ) ^ 4 x ( 11 / 20 ) ^ - 8 ] ^ 5 and ( 11 / 20 ) ^ - 6 you cant leave an number to the power of a negative exponent. you have to change it like this ex : 2 ^ - 3 = 1 / 2 ^ 3 = 1 / 8 - a store sells 28 ounces of peanut butter for $ 2. 24. the store also sells 32 ounces of teh same peanut butter for $ 2. 40. which is a better buy? 12. the delhi sultanate ruler radiyya first took power chiefly because a. she proved herself in battle. b. she wore men ' s clothes. c. she killed her brother. d. her father chose her as his successor. i chose c ok can u atleast check if it makes sense? i wanna pass i found it can i send a recording?? r these correct?? plz help en la 11. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ te llame. de la oscuridad me llamaste. reconoci tu 12. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. reconociste la mia. vente para aca, 13. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. respondiste : \u00bf donde estas, papa? no te 14... thanks anyway : ( no i listen to the cd and fill in the blanks for further reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47352801310495607, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.328499"} {"text": "kom ombo is an agricultural town in egypt famous for its temple. it was originally an egyptian city called nubt, meaning city of gold ( not to be confused with the city north of naqada that was also called nubt / ombos ). it became a greek settlement during the greco - roman period. the town ' s location on the nile 50 km north of aswan ( syene ) gave it some control over trade routes from nubia to the nile valley, but its main rise to prominence came with the erection of the temple in the 2nd century bc. in antiquity the city was in the thebaid, the capital of the nomos ombites, upon the east bank of the nile. ombos was a garrison town under every dynasty of egypt, pharaonic, macedonian, and roman, and was celebrated for the magnificence of its temples and its hereditary feud with the people of tentyra. ombos was the first city below syene at which any remarkable remains of antiquity occur. the nile, indeed, at this portion of its course, was ill - suited to a dense population in antiquity. it runs between steep and narrow banks of sandstone, and deposits but little of its fertilizing slime upon the dreary and barren shores. there are two temples at ombos, constructed of the stone obtained from the neighboring quarries of hadjar - selseleh. the more magnificent of two stands upon the top of a sandy hill, and appears to have been a species of pantheon, since, according to extant inscriptions, it was dedicated to aroeres ( apollo ) and the other deities of the ombite nome by the soldiers quartered there. the smaller temple to the northwest was sacred to isis. both, indeed, are of an imposing architecture, and still retain the brilliant colors with which their builders adorned them. they are, however, of the ptolemaic age, with the exception of a doorway of sandstone, built into a wall of brick. this was part of a temple built by tuthmosis iii in honor of the crocodile - headed god sobek. the monarch is represented on tress, the door - jambs, holding the measuring reed and chisel, the emblems of construction, and in the act of dedicating the temple. the ptolemaic portions of the larger temple present an exception to an almost universal rule in egyptian architecture. it has no propylon or dromos in front of it, and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.35604822966925453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.332407"} {"text": "and in the act of dedicating the temple. the ptolemaic portions of the larger temple present an exception to an almost universal rule in egyptian architecture. it has no propylon or dromos in front of it, and the portico has an uneven number of columns, in all fifteen, arranged in a triple row. of these columns thirteen are still erect. as there are two principal entrances, the temple would seem to be two united in one, strengthening the supposition that it was the pantheon of the ombite nome. on a cornice above the doorway of one of the adyta is a greek inscription, recording the erection, or perhaps the restoration of the sekos by ptolemy vi philometor and his sister - wife cleopatra ii, 180 - 145 bc. the hill on which the ombite temples stand has been considerably excavated at its base by the river, which here strongly inclines to the arabian bank. the crocodile was held in special honor by the people of ombos, and in the adjacent catacombs are occasionally found mummies of the sacred animal. juvenal, in his 15th satire, has given a lively description of a fight, of which he was an eye - witness, between the ombitae and the inhabitants of tentyra, who were hunters of the crocodile. on this occasion the men of ombos had the worst of it, and one of their number, having stumbled in his flight, was caught and eaten by the tentyrites. the satirist, however, has represented ombos as nearer to tentyra than it actually is, these towns, in fact, being nearly 100 miles from each other. the roman coins of the ombite nome exhibit the crocodile and the effigy of the crocodile - headed god sobek. in kom ombo there is a rare engraved image of cleopatra vii in the walls of the main temple and also the engraving of what is though to be the first representation of medical instruments for performing surgery, including scalpels, curettes, forceps, dilator, scissors, and medicine bottles dating from the days of the roman egypt. the city was a bishopric before the muslim conquest, and ombos was a titular see of the roman catholic church, ombi, which has been vacant since 1966. karol wojty\u0142a ( the future pope john paul ii ) was titular bishop of ombi from 1958 until 1963, when he was appointed archbishop of krakow. journeys trips that include kom ombo : ancient wonders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4278720304031956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.334356"} {"text": "definition of a crime victim the attorney general ' s guidelines for victim and witness assistance define a victim as a person that has suffered direct physical, emotional, or pecuniary harm as a result of the commission of a federal crime. if the victim is a non governmental institution, such as a bank or corporation, this definition includes a representative of that institution. government agencies are not considered victims for the purpose of victim services but federal government employees who are harmed in the performance of their duties are considered victims. if the victim is deceased, under 18 years of age, incompetent or incapacitated, this definition includes one of the following persons ( in order of preference ) : a spouse, a legal guardian, a parent, a child, a sibling, another family member ; or another person designated by the court. definition of a witness the attorney general ' s guidelines for victim and witness assistance define a witness as a person who has information or evidence concerning a crime, and provides information regarding his or her knowledge to a law enforcement agency. where the witness is a minor, the term witness includes an appropriate family member or legal guardian. the term witness does not include a person who is solely a defense witness. the u. s. attorney \u2019 s office will make its best efforts to ensure your rights are protected. you may seek the advice of an attorney with respect to these rights. if you believe that an employee of the united states attorney \u2019 s office failed to provide you with one or more of these rights, you may file an administrative complaint, as provided under 28 cfr \u00a7 45. 10. please contact the united states attorney \u2019 s office to obtain information about these procedures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4648693231143331, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.336113"} {"text": "new green up program helps buildings to save money while reducing emissions by : meirav even - har, toronto regular readers of this blog may have noticed i cover the subject of buildings quite often. responsible for as much as 40 % of global ghgs, buildings remain, for the most part, under the public awareness radar. however, for the companies that own and manage commercial, institutional and residential buildings, the story is a little different. progress has been made. there are greater numbers of new and existing green buildings. many canadian property managers have engaged in a variety of energy, water and waste reduction campaigns. less energy and water used means a lower carbon footprint. to continue driving further reduction in energy and water use in existing buildings, the canada green buildings council ( cagbc ) has launched a new program called green up\u00ae. the program includes \" a national database and information system designed to improve the energy and environmental performance of buildings in canada. \" how does green up work? the following is a brief overview using the steps outlined on the green up program website : step 1 : measure real estate portfolio ' s energy and water use. first, green up users provide program staff with available energy billing data for each registered building. once inputted, participants are able to track monthly energy use and associated carbon footprint. the program offers access to performance data in office, multi - family, long - term healthcare, hotel, retail, k - 12 school, and government buildings. step 2 : compare buildings to those of peers and within portfolio. building performance can be measured for both individual buildings, as well as portfolios. it can then be compared building to building, or as a group ( portfolio ) against industry best practices. the peer comparison numbers are based on energy star portfolio manager ( energy star ) metrics, for energy [ thermal ( heating / cooling and electricity ), and water use. step 3 : set building performance targets and implement projects. measuring and tracking performance is important. however, it ' s what you do with the information that really counts. setting building performance targets is a component of the green up program that caught my attention, because it includes tools to help owners and managers develop actionable plans to drive improvements. for example, the investment decision guide dashboard helps \" identify where to target funds for certification, operational and renewal projects. \" it also enables users to conduct \" what - if \" scenario analysis, by shifting investment criteria, as well as buildings, regions or types. while green up is not a certification program, it is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4638707834821537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.339541"} {"text": "funds for certification, operational and renewal projects. \" it also enables users to conduct \" what - if \" scenario analysis, by shifting investment criteria, as well as buildings, regions or types. while green up is not a certification program, it is a tool that can be beneficial for those working on certification projects such as : leed\u00ae canada eb : o & m ( leed for existing buildings ). step 4 : track savings from retrofit, operational, and occupant improvement connecting to the business case, this final step allows participants to link dollars to realised and / or potential energy savings for an entire portfolio, as well as individual buildings. in a press release for the program ' s launch, cagbc president and ceo thomas mueller remarks, \" by giving those involved in managing buildings this comprehensive and accessible tool we are helping them identify where they can improve building performance and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \" understanding the big picture while helping integrate sustainability into operations is key to move the industry forward. to learn more about green up click here cagbc : green up program webpage http : / / www. cagbc. org / content / navigationmenu / programs / greenup / default. htm cagbc : green up information sheet http : / / www. cagbc. org / am / pdf / greenup / cagbc _ gu - 06 - 2012 - en. pdf cagbc : press release june 2012, canada green building council launches green up building performance program image : green up logo courtesy of canada green building council ( cagbc )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47591836528579096, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.340210"} {"text": "people in the mountains celebrated festivities with the harvest yielded in the fields on the holy territory within the house of worship. part of the harvested crops was used in ritual bread baking and beer brewing. the first spring works in khevsureti started by plowing cornfield. on a friday, the chief of the community would stand on the flat deck roof of one of the houses and announce the beginning of plowing. it was an obligatory work for all, and once the people finished plowing the area, then they would start working on their own patches of land. it is interesting to note, that as the process of harvest served the divine deeds, it acquired a ritual character. when it was the time to reap the fields, the chief of clan would announce so and appoint the day of reaping. by this time the beer would have been brewed, the parish would get together, select the sacrificial animals and would sacrifice to the deity. the chief would open the beer cask and fill the silver chalices, light the candles nearby the offerings, and chief say prayers. everybody would toast with beer to the glory of the house of worship. then the chief would go out into the field with the sickle, cut some barley, and then hand the sickle to the reapers. the latter were offered the drink by people carrying the tuns with beer. reaping was accompanied with songs. after the process was finished, one of the reapers would start chanting, \" god bless the iakhsar and the iakhsar bless your people \" ( iakhsar is one of the pagan deities of the people of tusheti, khevsureti, pshavi ) and the people around would start echoing and this meant that the reaping was over. the crop harvested in the holy field was considered sacred. if the house of worship had its own barn, the harvest would be stored there. if not, then it would be taken to the cleanest attic of one of the houses, which was strictly guarded. it was such a sacred product that its theft, appropriation or wasting in any way was strictly precluded. the most of the wheat crop was used in beer brewery, which was the main ritual drink and no blessings and toasting would be possible without this drink at the feasts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44671461220924497, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.342308"} {"text": "england could spice up its food production by growing more herbs and spices, says a report looking at the nation ' s future food security. it said it could become possible if the uk ' s climate changes, as could growing chickpeas \" for roti - bread flour \". experts involved in the government - convened green food project also called for improvements in yields, resource efficiency and wildlife protection. the findings will be unveiled by farming minster jim paice. continue reading the main story throughout history, the impact of plant pests and diseases, such as potato blight, can devastate lives plant pests : the biggest threats the department for environment, food and rural affairs set up the project in order to bring together representatives in farming, manufacturing, science and conservation to look at measures to ensure the uk ' s food system can cope with future pressures. among the issues facing the sector are climate change, a growing population, changes in diet and eating habits. \" with our increasingly hungry world, every country must place its part to produce more food and improve the environment, \" mr paice said. \" we ' re not talking about soviet - style targets but an overall approach in which the whole food chain pulls together. \" food for thought the project consisted of five subgroups to look at particular areas within the food system - wheat, dairy, bread, curry and geographical areas - with the goal of consider ways to \" reconcile how we will achieve our goals of improving the environment and increasing good production \". the project ' s steering group identified a number of \" strategic steps \" that could be taken to strengthen the food chain, including : research and technology - improve knowledge base and science capability ; also improve forecasting potential scenarios the sector will face in the future knowledge exchange - improve the way in which research and advice is shared between food, farming and environmental sectors investment - giving farmers and businesses confidence that investments will improve future performance ecosystem services - develop a clear understanding of the economic costs and environmental risks of allowing such services to deteriorate consumption and waste - initiate further work on how to tackle problems within the food system surrounding consumption, demand and waste among the organisations represented were the national farmers ' union, the british retail consortium, the food and drink federation, wwf and the rspb. commenting on the report, rspb conservation director and member of the steering group martin harper said : \" it is clear that food production and consumption urgently need to change. \" the project is an important first step towards working out what england ' s contribution should be to help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44059365318930155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.345387"} {"text": "waste is defined as something that is unwanted or unusable. according to the office of national statistics, a staggering 342m tonnes of waste is produced in the uk each year. instead of going to landfill sites to be buried or burnt, a vast proportion of this waste could be cut using the following steps : reduce \u2013 change manufacturing processes so that less materials are used or change consumer habits so that less wasted material is bought reuse \u2013 choose goods and products that can be used again and reuse rubbish for other purposes recycle \u2013 make sure that waste is processed and made into another product wherever possible. composting is also recycling : the nutrients in organic waste are processed and returned to the soil to help more plants to grow reducing your waste any building or environment where people live or work will produce a certain amount of waste, and children \u2019 s centres are no exception. reducing waste may involve taking an in - depth look at the types of resources your centre buys and considering ways of cutting down. there are numerous ways a children \u2019 s centre can reduce the amount of waste produced and handle waste in a more environmentally friendly way. does the centre recycle and, if so, what types of waste do you recycle? could you recycle more or re - use materials such as paper and yoghurt pots? instead of paying companies to remove your waste, by recycling it you will save money in the long - term as you won \u2019 t need to pay contractors to take it away. you may also be able to sell some of your metal and glass to companies who can recycle it. ensure that paper recycling bins are placed in every classroom and discuss with the children what they are and why they are needed. encourage children to use both sides of paper and when they \u2019 re finished to use the recycling bins. composting is a great way of disposing of food waste in an environmentally friendly way. place compost bins around the centre grounds and ask the children to help empty the food into the bins. children could then draw pictures of the different foods which are composted. ask children to look into their lunch box and identify what waste can be composted and what can \u2019 t. explain how certain items such as yoghurt pots can be re - used to make paint pots etc. visit our resources & links to download a rupert bear themed waste dot to dot activity. this section also provides details of organisations that will be able to help your centre tackle the waste topic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5164071942233217, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.349458"} {"text": "according to miguel angel ortiz, a professor at the pontifical university of the holy cross in rome, benedict wasn \u2019 t so much addressing the specific issue of remarried divorcees but addressing the relation between the spouses \u2019 personal faith and the validity of marriage, including its commitment to fidelity. in a 2005 question - and - answer session with priests, the pope said he once believed that lack of faith was enough to declare a marriage invalid. but, after tasking theologians to look into the issue, he had \u201c understood that the problem was very difficult \u201d and required further study. at the time, benedict said it was \u201c particularly sad \u201d to see people marry in the church out of tradition instead of a faith commitment only to subsequently find faith and remarry. for ortiz, the pope \u2019 s reflection could \u201c speed up the process of declaring a marriage invalid \u201d without changing the substance of the process itself. read it all. filed under : * culture - watch history marriage & family religion & culture * religion news & commentary other churches roman catholic pope benedict xvi * theology ethics / moral theology pastoral theology posted january 30, 2013 at 8 : 00 am to comment on this article : go to article viewthe url for this article is http : / / www. kendallharmon. net / t19 / index. php / t19 / article / 47442 / \u00a9 2013 kendall s. harmon. all rights reserved. for original material from titusonenine ( such as articles and commentary by dr. harmon ) permission to copy and distribute free of charge is granted, provided this notice, the logo, and the web site address are visible on all copies. for permission for use in for - profit publications, please email ksharmon [ at ] mindspring [ dot ] com < < return to mobile view ( headlines )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4456399615712734, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.351277"} {"text": "kenya - the useful plants project in kenya, the useful plants project aims to enhance the ex - situ conservation of plants that are beneficial to human wellbeing. ex - situ conservation involves conserving seeds outside their native habitat and helps to protect plant life for our future. the project is working closely with local communities to increase their capacity to propagate useful species. the main objectives of the project in kenya are to : - identify the most useful plant species for conservation - conserve these important plants ex - situ - carry out research in order to support the conservation and sustainable use of selected useful species - enhance the capacity of government of kenya ( gok ) agencies and local growers to cultivate target species activities in kenya through literature review and ethnobotanical surveys, investigating the use of plants within community groups, the project team have identified the most useful plant species. four nurseries have been selected for enhancement. they have been surveyed to discover which useful species were already propagated by the local people, identify those with propagation problems and highlight plants of particular interest. the upp team is running workshops in the communities to educate local people about the importance of conserving useful species and preserving local knowledge. training is provided and teaches techniques for seed collecting, conservation and propagation, enhancing the ability of the local community to cultivate useful plants. outside tharaka, the team collects nationwide ; germination tests are carried out at the national museums of kenya ( nmk ) with assistance from the genebank of kenya, at the kenya agricultural research institute ( kari ), where seeds are conserved. the seeds are duplicated at kew \u2019 s millennium seed bank to ensure their long term conservation. the jomo kenyatta university of science and technology ( jkuat ) is assisting with the propagation of difficult plants, while kew scientists from the jodrell laboratory are collaborating with kenyatta university to study the phytochemestry of the african satinwood ( zanthoxylum gilletii ) in different geographical areas. 24 - 26 february 2010 collaborators in kenya institutes involved in the project in kenya are : - the national museums of kenya ( nmk ) - the genebank of kenya at the kenya agricultural research institute ( kari ) - kenyatta university - jomo kenyatta university of science and technology ( jkuat ) people in kenya - dr helida oyieke, useful plants project manager in kenya - alice wagura, useful plants project project co - ordinator in kenya", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48137456067072454, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.354938"} {"text": "how reflective listening can help you communicate more effectively reflective listening is a communication style that can be employed to steer a conversation toward being healthy and productive. it originates from the idea of \u201c client - centered therapy, \u201d the favored method of psychologist carl rogers. this technique is a valuable tool in de - escalating arguments and clearing up confusion. when properly employed, reflective listening will enable you to have a conversation free from emotional triggers and regretful words. it can help you to create a situation where a reasonable understanding can be reached. we \u2019 ve all been part of a conversation that has gone off track and strayed in to unfriendly territory. once emotions start to flair, it seems that the risk of misunderstanding is high. if things continue to escalate without resolution, abusive language \u2013 and even violence \u2013 can ensue. how it \u2019 s done in effect, reflective listening consists of respectfully listening to someone, thoughtfully considering what they are saying, and confirming with them that you understand what they have said. when a conversation turns volatile, this style of communication can be a saving grace. follow these guidelines when practicing this method. - listen closely to what is being said \u2013 be present in the moment and allow the person to fully state their case. - observe the person \u2019 s body language as well as other cues that can clue you in to how they are feeling. - empathize \u2013 put yourself in the other person \u2019 s place as well as you can to try and understand where they are coming from. - restate what has been said and ask if your interpretation is accurate. paraphrase, using your own words, to show that you are not just parroting what they \u2019 ve said, but that you understand. - focus on the issue at hand. if the conversation starts to divert from the main point of discussion, steer it back right away. don \u2019 t banter or get sidetracked. - be specific. say exactly what you mean. - reduce distractions. reflective listening is optimally effective when the conversation can take place in a calm quiet environment. minimize the presence of others, especially those who would interfere in your discussion. - acknowledge the other person \u2019 s feelings and treat them as valid. - stay calm and rational at all times. how not to do it - don \u2019 t use criticism or judgmental statements. your goal is to solve the problem at hand, not to assess the person \u2019 s character or morality. - don \u2019 t argue or engage in a debate - style conversation. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47832715553408206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.363364"} {"text": "to do it - don \u2019 t use criticism or judgmental statements. your goal is to solve the problem at hand, not to assess the person \u2019 s character or morality. - don \u2019 t argue or engage in a debate - style conversation. this idea isn \u2019 t to find right or wrong, simply to cut through confusion and achieve true understanding. - don \u2019 t support them or agree with them if they are complaining. this is a way of enabling them to continue dwelling in the problem instead of working to solve it. - don \u2019 t feel sorry for the person. you want to empathize, not sympathize. when you effectively use reflective listening, you avoid the usual pitfalls of communication and take control of the situation. by commandeering the conversation in a positive way, you create a safe place where constructive problem solving can happen. by engaging someone in this way, you will encourage them to communicate openly in the future \u2013 you are setting a new mood for the way your interactions with this person will go. you will become enlightened as to how they people are really feeling because and emotional behavior usually masks the real problem and conversations blow up into arguments or are ended without resolution because neither party wants to truly empathize or understand. successfully employing this method will likely get you noticed in a good way at work. bosses will see you as a valuable leader if you are able to effectively manage disagreements. perhaps most rewardingly, people will want to confide in you because they trust that you will use your reflective listening skills to make them feel comfortable and understood.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49654696796530584, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.364096"} {"text": "click here for an introduction to some basic concepts and design principles of secret key cryptography. 3 - way is a simple and fast cipher designed by joan daemen. 3 - way features a 96 - bit key length and a 96 - bit block length. 3 - way is an iterated block cipher that repeats some relatively simple operations a specified number of rounds. david wagner, john kelsey, and bruce schneier of counterpane systems have discovered a related key attack on 3 - way that requires one related key query and about 222 chosen plaintexts, described in this paper. 3 - way is unpatented. blowfish is a block cipher designed by bruce schneier, author of applied cryptography. blowfish combines a feistel network, key - dependent s - boxes, and a non - invertible f function to create what is perhaps one of the most secure algorithms available. schneier ' s paper is available is also described in the concepts of cryptography page. the only known attacks against blowfish are based on its weak blowfish is implemented in kremlin. cast, designed by carlisle adams and stafford taveres, is shaping up to be a solid algorithm. its design is very similar to blowfish ' s, with key - dependent s - boxes, a non - invertible f function, and a feistel network - like structure ( called a substitution - permutation network ). david wagner, john kelsey, and bruce schneier have discovered a related - key attack on the 64 - bit version of cast that requires approximately 217 chosen plaintexts, one related query, and 248 offline computations ( described in this paper ). the attack is infeasible at best. cast is patented by entrust technologies, which has generously released it for free use. the cast cipher design process is described in this paper and the 128 - bit version is described in this addendum. carlisle adams has submitted a version of cast ( cast - 256 ) as an aes candidate. cast - 128 is implemented in kremlin. cmea is the encryption algorithm developed by the telecommunications industry association to encrypt digital cellular phone data. it uses a 64 - bit key and features a variable block length. cmea is used to encrypt the control channel of cellular phones. it is distinct from oryx, an also insecure stream cipher that is used to encrypt data transmitted over digital cellular phones. it has been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6436163141824734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.379685"} {"text": "block length. cmea is used to encrypt the control channel of cellular phones. it is distinct from oryx, an also insecure stream cipher that is used to encrypt data transmitted over digital cellular phones. it has been broken by david wagner, john kelsey, and bruce schneier of counterpane systems. their paper, which also provides an excellent description of the cmea algorithm, is available here. designed at ibm during the 1970s and officially adopted as the nist standard encryption algorithm for unclassified data in 1976, des has become the bastion of the cryptography market. however, des has since become outdated, its long reign as official nist algorithm ending in 1997. though des accepts a 64 - bit key, the key setup routines effectively discard 8 bits, giving des a 56 - bit effective keylength. des remains widely in use. during the design of des, the nsa provided secret s - boxes. after differential cryptanalysis had been discovered outside the closed fortress of the nsa, it was revealed that the des s - boxes were designed to be resistant against differential cryptanalysis. des is becoming weaker and weaker over time ; modern computing power is fast approaching the computational horsepower needed to easily crack des was designed to be implemented only in hardware, and is therefore extremely slow in software. a recent successful effort to crack des took several thousand computers several months. the eff has sponsored the development of a crypto chip named \" deep crack \" that can process 88 billion des keys per second and has successfully cracked 56 bit des in less than 3 days. des is implemented in kremlin ( accessible through kremlin sdk api ). a variant of des, triple - des ( also 3des ) is based on using des three times. this means that the input data is encrypted three times. the triple - des is considered much stronger than des, however, it is rather slow compared to some new block ciphers. deal is an interesting aes submission and, like all aes submissions, it uses a 128 bit block and accepts 128 bit, 192 bit, and 256 bit keylengths. it uses des as its inner round function and its authors suggest at least 6, preferably 8 rounds ( there are some attacks against deal ). there is a paper available here that describes some attacks, all of which can be cured by using at least developed by the nippon telephone & telegraph as an improvement to des, the fast data encipherment algorithm ( feal )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6170367997357302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.380705"} {"text": "against deal ). there is a paper available here that describes some attacks, all of which can be cured by using at least developed by the nippon telephone & telegraph as an improvement to des, the fast data encipherment algorithm ( feal ) is very insecure. feal - 4, feal - 8, and feal - n are all susceptible to a variety of cryptanalytic attacks, some requiring as little as 12 chosen plaintexts. feal is patented. gost is a cryptographic algorithm from russia that appears to be the russian analog to des both politically and technologically. its designers took no chances, iterating the gost algorithm for 32 rounds and using a 256 bit key. although gost ' s conservative design inspires confidence, john kelsey has discovered a key - relation attack on gost, described in a post to sci. crypt on 10 february 1996. there are also weak keys in gost, but there are too few to be a problem when gost is used with its standard set of s - boxes. you can read the official gost algorithm description ( translated from russian ) here. there is also a description of the gost algorithm here. idea, developed in zurich, switzerland by xuejia lai and james massey, is generally regarded to be one of the best and most secure block algorithm available to the public today. it utilizes a 128 - bit key and is designed to be resistant to differential cryptanalysis. some attacks have been made against reduced round idea. unfortunately, idea is patented ; licensing information can be obtained from ascom. loki was designed as a possible replacement for des. it operates on a 64 - bit block and a 64 - bit key. the first version of loki to be released was broken by differential cryptanalysis and was shown to have an 8 - bit complementation property ( this means that the number of keys that need to be searched in a brute force attack is reduced by 256 ). loki was revised and re - released as loki91. loki91 is secure against differential cryptanalysis, but loki easily falls to a chosen - key attack. the designers of loki have proposed loki97 as an aes candidate, but linear and differential attacks on loki97 have already been proposed. lucifer was one of the first modern cryptographic algorithms. it was designed at ibm in the 1960s by horst feistel, of feistel network fame. lucifer is often considered to be a precursor to des. there are several incarnations of lucifer, each with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.611769586754761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.381650"} {"text": "the first modern cryptographic algorithms. it was designed at ibm in the 1960s by horst feistel, of feistel network fame. lucifer is often considered to be a precursor to des. there are several incarnations of lucifer, each with the same name, which creates a good deal of confusion. no version is secure. a paper on the differential cryptanlysis of lucifer was written by ishai ben - aroya & eli macguffin is a cipher developed by matt blaze and bruce schneier as an experiment in cipher design. it uses a feistel network ( see the cryptography overview for details ), but does not split the input evenly, instead dividing the 64 bit block into one 16 bit part and another 48 bit part. this is called a generalized unbalanced feistel network ( gufn ). details are available here. a differential attack on macguffin has been found that requires approximately 251. 5 chosen plaintexts. mars is ibm ' s aes submission. there is a mars web page with a link to the mars paper. mars uses 128 bit blocks and supports variable key sizes ( from 128 to 1248 bits ). mars is unique in that it combines virtually every design technique known to cryptographers in one algorithm. it uses addition and subtractions, s - boxes, fixed and data dependent rotations, misty is a cryptographic algorithm developed by mitsubishi electric after they broke des in 1994. it is designed to withstand linear and differential cryptanalysis, but has not yet been cryptanalysed. as it has not undergone intensive peer review, the usual caution is recommended. it is being considered for inclusion into the set 2. 0 standard. visit web page or read the author ' s paper mmb was designed as an alternative to idea that uses a 128 - bit block instead of idea ' s 64 - bit block. it was designed using the same principles as idea. unfortunately, it is not as secure as idea and several attacks exist against it. its author, joan daemen, abandoned it and designed although newdes was developed by robert scott to possibly replace des, newdes has fallen short of expectations. newdes has been proven to be weaker than des, requiring 24 related - key probes and 530 chosen plaintext / ciphertext queries, as described in this newdes is implemented in kremlin rc2, like rc4, was formerly a trade secret, but code purporting to be rc2 was posted to sci. crypt. it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6294954766903259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.382553"} {"text": "/ ciphertext queries, as described in this newdes is implemented in kremlin rc2, like rc4, was formerly a trade secret, but code purporting to be rc2 was posted to sci. crypt. it is archived here. david wagner, john kelsey, and bruce schneier discovered a related - key attack on rc2 that requires one related - key query and approximately 234 chosen plaintexts. rc2 is not patented by rsa data security, inc ; it is just protected as a trade secret. rc5 is a group of algorithms designed by ron rivest of rsa data security that can take on a variable block size, key size, and number of rounds. the block size is generally dependent on the word size of the machine the particular version of rc5 was designed to run on ; on 32 - bit processors ( with 32 - bit words ), rc5 generally has a 64 - bit block size. david wagner, john kelsey, and bruce schneier have found weak keys in rc5, with the probability of selecting a weak key to be 2 - 10r, where r is the number of rounds. for sufficiently large r values ( greater than 10 ), this is not a problem as long as you are not trying to build a hash function based on rc5. kundsen has also found a differential attack on rc5. rc5 is described in this rsa document. rc5 is patented by rsa rc6 is ronald rivest ' s aes submission. like all aes ciphers, rc6 works on 128 bit blocks. it can accept variable length keys. it is very similar to rc5, incorporating the results of various studies on rc5 to improve the algorithm. the studies of rc5 found that not all bits of data are used to determine the rotation amount ( rotation is used extensively in rc5 ) ; rc6 uses multiplication to determine the rotation amount and uses all bits of input data to determine the rotation amount, strengthening the avalanche effect. there are two versions of the redoc algorithm, redoc ii, and redoc iii. redoc ii is considered to be secure ; an attack has been made against one round of redoc ii, but could not be extended to all 10 recommended rounds. redoc ii is interesting in that it uses data masks to select the values in the s - boxes. redoc ii uses a 160 - bit key and works on an 80 - bit block. redoc iii was an attempt to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5795404145198597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.383420"} {"text": "10 recommended rounds. redoc ii is interesting in that it uses data masks to select the values in the s - boxes. redoc ii uses a 160 - bit key and works on an 80 - bit block. redoc iii was an attempt to make the painfully slow redoc ii faster. redoc iii, like redoc iii, operates on an 80 - bit block, but can accept keys up to 20480 bits. however, redoc iii falls to differential cryptanalysis, as described in this rijndael is an aes winner by joan daemen and vincent rijmen. the cipher has a variable block and key length, and the authors have demonstrated how to extend the block length and key length by multiples of 32 bits. the design of rijndael was influenced by the square algorithm. the authors provide a rijndael specification and a more theoretical paper on their design principles. the authors have vowed to never patent rijndael. safer was developed by robert massey at the request of cylink corporation. there are several different versions of safer, with 40, 64, and 128 - bit keys. a weakness in the key schedule was corrected, with an s being added to the original safer k designation to create safer sk. there are some attacks against reduced round variants of safer. safer is secure against differential and linear cryptanalysis. however, bruce schneier, author of applied cryptography, recommends against using safer because, \" safer was designed for cylink, and cylink is tainted by the nsa. \" safer sk - 128 is implemented in kremlin. serpent is an aes submission by ross anderson, eli biham, and lars knudsen. its authors combined the design principles of des with the recent development of bitslicing techniques to create a very secure and very fast algorithm. while bitslicing is generally used to encrypt multiple blocks in parallel, the designers of serpent have embraced the technique of bitslicing and incorporated it into the design of the algorithm itself. serpent uses 128 bit blocks and 256 bit keys. like des, serpent includes an initial and final permutation of no cryptographic significance ; these permutations are used to optimize the data before encryption. serpent was released at the 5th international workshop on fast software encryption. this iteration of serpent was called serpent 0 and used the original des s - boxes. after comments, the key schedule of sperpent was changed slightly and the s - boxes were changed ; this new iteration of serpent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5551110010817759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.384343"} {"text": "workshop on fast software encryption. this iteration of serpent was called serpent 0 and used the original des s - boxes. after comments, the key schedule of sperpent was changed slightly and the s - boxes were changed ; this new iteration of serpent is called serpent 1. serpent 1 resists both linear and differential attacks. the serpent paper is available here. square is an iterated block cipher that uses a 128 - bit key length and a 128 - bit block length. the round function of square is composed of four transformations : a linear transformation, a nonlinear transformation, a byte permutation, and a bitwise round - key addition. square was designed to be resistant to linear and differential cryptanalysis, and succeeds in this respect. the designers of square have developed an attack on square, but it cannot be extended past 6 rounds. a paper on square is and there are links to the paper and source code on the designers ' web in what surely signals the end of the clipper chip project, the nsa released skipjack, its formerly secret encryption algorithm, to the public. skipjack uses an 80 bit key. a fuzzy scan of the official nsa paper is available here at the nist web site, but it has been transcribed by the folks over at jya. com. a reference implementation ( in c ) is available here, and an optimized version is available here. eli biham and adi shamir have published some initial cryptanalytic results ( which are growing more and more interesting as time progresses ). tiny encryption algorithm ( tea ) tea is a cryptographic algorithm designed to minimize memory footprint, and maximize speed. however, the cryptographers from counterpane systems have discovered three related - key attacks on tea, the best of which requires only 223 chosen plaintexts and one related key query. the problems arise from the overly simple key schedule. each tea key can be found to have three other equivalent keys, as described in a paper by david wagner, john kelsey, and bruce schneier. this precludes the possibility of using tea as a hash function. roger needham and david wheeler have proposed extensions to tea that counter the above attacks. twofish is counterpane systems ' aes submission. designed by the counterpane team ( bruce schneier, john kelsey, doug whiting, david wagner, chris hall, and niels ferguson ), twofish has undergone extensive analysis by the counterpane team. there is a paper available from the twofish web page and source", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5987472310481425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.385278"} {"text": ". sha1 is similar in design to md4. the original published algorithm, known as sha, was modified by nsa to protect against an unspecified attack ; the updated algorithm is named sha1. it produces a 160 - bit digest - - large enough to protect against \" birthday \" attacks, where two different messages are selected to produce the same signature, for the next decade. the official fips description of sha1 can be found sha1 is implemented in kremlin. snefru is a hash function designed by ralph merkle, the designer of the khufu and khafre encryption algorithms. 2 - round snefru has been broken by eli biham. snefru 2. 5, the latest edition of the hash algorithm, can generate either a 128 - bit or a 256 - bit digest. tiger is a new hash algorithm by ross anderson and eli biham. it is designed to work with 64 - bit processors such as the digital alpha and, unlike md4, does not rely on rotations ( the alpha has no such rotate instruction ). in order to provide drop - in compatibility with other hashes, tiger can generate a 128 - bit, a 160 - bit or a 192 - bit digest. the tiger home page contains more information. want to add to the list of algorithms ( or found a mistake )? please", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6068236385392929, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.387797"} {"text": "atp hydrolysis in f1 - atpase why is f1fo - atp synthase so important? f1fo - atp synthase, or atp synthase for short, is one of the most abundant proteins in every organism. it is responsible for synthesizing the molecule adenosine tri - phosphate ( atp ), the cells \u2019 energy currency. atp is depicted in fig. 1 and used to power and sustain virtually all cellular processes needed to survive and reproduce. even when at rest, the human body metabolizes more than half its body weight in atp per day, this figure rising to many times the body weight under conditions of physical activity. what do we know about f1fo - atp synthase? researchers have been trying to uncover the \" secret \" behind atp synthase \u2019 s very efficient mode of operation for quite some time. unfortunately, even after more than 30 years of study, we still don \u2019 t fully understand how f1fo - atpase really works. the protein consists of two coupled rotary molecular motors, called fo and f1, respectively, the first one being membrane embedded and the latter one being solvent exposed. one of the most important breakthroughs in the field was the determination of an atomic resolution x - ray crystal structure for the f1 part of atp synthase. this allowed researchers, for the first time, to connect biochemical data to the three dimensional structure of the protein ( abrahams et al., nature 370 : 621 - 628, 1994 ). the x - ray structure beautifully supported paul boyer \u2019 s \" binding change mechanism \" ( boyer, bioch. bioph. acta 215 - 250, 1993 ) as the modus operandi for atp synthase \u2019 s rotational catalytic cycle and lead to the 1997 nobel prize in chemistry for boyer and walker. f1 - atpase in its simplest prokaryotic form ( shown schematically in fig. 2 ) consists of a hexameric assembly of alternating \u03b1 and \u03b2 subunits arranged in the shape of an orange. the central cavity of the hexamer is occupied by the central stalk formed by subunits \u03b3, \u03b4 and \u03b5. due to a lack of high resolution structures for the fo part of atp synthase, much less is known about this subunit. it is currently thought that a transmembrane proton gradient drives rotation of the c - subunit ring of fo which is then coupled to movement of the central stalk. the rotation of the latter eventually causes conformational changes in the catalytic sites located in f1 leading to the synthesis of atp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5236068365622761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.392266"} {"text": "and the catalytic core region as well as several computational mutation studies identified the \" arginine finger \" residue \u03b1r373 as the most significant element involved in this change in energetics. several important conclusions can be drawn from our simulations : efficient catalysis proceeds via a multi - center proton pathway and a major factor for atpase \u2019 s efficiency is, therefore, the ability to provide the proper solvent environment by means of its catalytic binding pocket. furthermore, the sidechain of the arginine finger residue \u03b1r373 is found to be a major element in signaling between catalytic sites to enforce cooperation since it controls the reaction barrier height as well as the reaction equilibrium of the atp hydrolysis / synthesis reaction. zooming in on atp hydrolysis in f1. markus dittrich and klaus schulten. journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes, 37 : 441 - 444, 2005. atp hydrolysis in the btp and bdp catalytic sites of f1 - atpase. markus dittrich, shigehiko hayashi, and klaus schulten. biophysical journal, 87 : 2954 - 2967, 2004. on the mechanism of atp hydrolysis in f1 - atpase. markus dittrich, shigehiko hayashi, and klaus schulten. biophysical journal, 85 : 2253 - 2266, 2003. other qm / mm projects this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no. 0234938. any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5625549816162778, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.396412"} {"text": "what it means for you if you follow discussions about the rising costs of serials or the \u201c crisis \u201d in scholarly communication, you may have heard the term \u201c open access \u201d applied to either journals or publishing in general. and if you are like many people, you can barely keep up with developments in your field, let alone those that may be considered tangential. this article will explain the open access publishing model, and help you understand why it matters to you and how you can participate. open access refers to a publication that meets two conditions according to the bethesda statement on open access publishing. the first condition is that the author ( s ) and / or copyright holder ( s ) of an article grants all readers \u201c free, irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual right of access \u201d to the article as well as the right to \u201c distribute, transmit and display \u201d the work with proper attribution of authorship. the second condition is that a complete version of the article be included in a stable online repository set up for the purpose of enabling open access. open access can be the property of an individual article or it can be the policy of a specific journal. in plain language, this means that the authors retain copyrights to their work, so that no second or third party may profit from it, and the work immediately goes into a publicly accessible archive. the goal of the open access movement is to decrease the obstacles between the discovery of scientific information and the application of it to our lives. under the traditional model of publishing, scientific discoveries were published in journals owned and operated by outside parties, who then assumed all copyrights to the articles, and could turn around and profit from them. based on the traditional model, publishers were able to profit from the research of the scientific community by essentially charging scientists for access to their own work via library subscriptions. during the 1980 \u2019 s and 1990 \u2019 s, the publishing industry experienced significant consolidation through a flurry of corporate mergers. the result of this was not only diminished diversity in the marketplace, but inflation in journal prices. for example, in 1991 reed - elsevier acquired pergamon, which resulted in a 10 percent price increase for reed - elsevier journals. similar increases have been documented in relation to other mergers. most striking, however, is the fact that between 1986 and 2000 inflation rates for journal subscriptions surpassed that of both college tuition and medical care! inflation in journal prices ultimately sucked money away from other areas of the library budget ; students and faculty suffered as librarians made excruciating decisions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5303858048629335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.403728"} {"text": "that between 1986 and 2000 inflation rates for journal subscriptions surpassed that of both college tuition and medical care! inflation in journal prices ultimately sucked money away from other areas of the library budget ; students and faculty suffered as librarians made excruciating decisions to cancel journal subscriptions. finally, scientists, consumers, librarians, and other interested parties banded together to figure out how to leverage the flexibility of the internet to their advantage. thus the open access movement was born. the national institutes of health ( nih ) and the national library of medicine have led the movement to make quality information available over the internet. pubmed, the publicly accessible interface for searching medline, became freely available to users worldwide in 1997. this was followed in 1998 by the creation of medlineplus, a consumer oriented website that aims to take the science of pubmed and arrange it in a way that consumers can understand. the use of the internet to provide quality information was taken to a new level in 2003 when the national library of medicine partnered with the american college of physicians - american society of internal medicine foundation to provide clinicians with information prescription pads they could give their patients. the pads contained internet resources culled from medlineplus that patients could use to get more information on their condition. to further the cause of open access, the nih recently introduced proposed rules stating that the results of the research they fund must be disseminated through open access journals and included in pubmed central, the archive they maintain. but the nih initiative is not the only one out there. currently there are many projects underway to help expand access to scholarly research. examples include the directory of open access journals ( doaj ), biomed central, highwire press ( partial open access ), and the public library of science ( plos ). many open access sources include an \u201c embargo \u201d period for some journals ; typically a three to six month delay before the articles are available for free. this provision is designed to help publishers retain their competitiveness, as the most recent editions still require payment for use. each of these initiatives includes many journals on a variety of topics. pubmed central alone contains 161 full text open access biomedical journals, all of which meet the criteria for scholarly journals. the embargo period for pubmed central ranges from 0 to 24 months. the doaj archive currently has 60, 090 articles from 1266 journals covering topics from agriculture to zoology. some open access archives, like biomed central, require that authors pay the fees associated with publishing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46649134575928286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.404945"} {"text": "##med central ranges from 0 to 24 months. the doaj archive currently has 60, 090 articles from 1266 journals covering topics from agriculture to zoology. some open access archives, like biomed central, require that authors pay the fees associated with publishing. if author pay plans become the predominant model for open access journals, it is likely that the cost of publishing will be included in the grant funds. the scholarly publishing and academic resources coalition ( sparc ) is an organization of academic libraries and others who are working together to address and correct publishing \u201c market dysfunction \u201d. sparc has helped academic librarians to formulate strategies for dealing with skyrocketing journal prices and the challenge of communicating with faculty about the crisis in publishing. jmu libraries is supporting open access by making a number of open access journal collections available to our students and faculty alongside the rest of the scholarly literature. users can use our periodical locator to search for these titles by choosing the option to \u201c browse by online collection \u201d and choosing an open access provider. faculty at jmu can support open access by publishing in, editing for, and peer reviewing for open access journals. while this may be impractical in some cases, we encourage scholars to help support publishers who are making a transition to open access. when evaluating your colleagues \u2019 tenure and promotion materials, consider inclusion in open access journals as a criterion. preliminary research has shown that articles published in open access journals are cited more often than those published in traditional journals. scholars who intentionally choose open access journals as a means of disseminating their findings are making a significant contribution to society as a whole. additionally, sparc has written an \u201c author \u2019 s addendum \u201d that can be attached to a publisher \u2019 s copyright form, to assure that authors retain copyright to their own work. if you do research that is funded by the national institutes of health it is likely that you will be hearing a lot about open access in the coming months. and if the nih rule requiring that sponsored research be published in open access journals goes into effect, it is possible that other agencies will follow suit. open access publishing benefits scholars by making research findings more widely available, libraries by making journal subscription prices more reasonable and the public by making research findings more accessible. illustration source : open access now website at http : / / www. biomedcentral. com / openaccess /. copyright \u00a9 2002. jmu libraries. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4218728408994604, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.406079"} {"text": "what is chiropractic treatment? is an alternative medicine to treat back pain through manipulation of the spine. chiropractic technique involves use of the practitioners \u2019 hands to press, pull and otherwise adjust the spine, neck, joints and surrounding soft tissues. spinal manipulation is thought to correct misaligned vertebrae, helping lessen back pain and reduce muscle spasms. insurance companies typically cover visits to the chiropractor. the hypothesis behind how chiropractic treatment works maintains that disorders of the spine adversely affect overall health and that chiropractic can help improve overall health. however, no evidence has conclusively proven this hypothesis. chiropractors believe the vertebra becomes out of normal alignment, which interferes with the nervous system. this misalignment is called \u201c subluxation. \u201d the u. s. agency for health care policy and research recognizes chiropractic treatment as being effective for lower back pain. who are chiropractors and what do they do? chiropractors are health professionals who diagnose, treat and seek to prevent spine disorders or back pain. chiropractors are considered part of the alternative health care field and focus on improving patients \u2019 health and well - being without resorting to drugs or surgery. chiropractic treatment typically includes not only spinal manipulation, but also a regimen of exercise and counseling about health and lifestyle. chiropractors typically attend college for a bachelor \u2019 s degree \u2013 or obtain a two - year degree \u2013 and attend four postgraduate years in a doctor of chiropractic school. the last year of school, students practice chiropractic techniques while being supervised. students graduate as doctors of chiropractic ( d. c. ). some states require additional exams to practice. some chiropractors focus on musculoskeletal adjustments, while others are also trained in physical therapy, electrical stimulation, soft - tissue therapy and ultrasound. what should i expect during an initial chiropractor appointment? a first visit to a chiropractor takes an hour or longer. the chiropractor will compile a complete medical history and may perform tests, such as x - rays, mris or neurological tests. once a problem is detected, subsequent visits to a chiropractor typically take a few minutes to complete the spinal manipulations and adjustments. from appointment to appointment, a chiropractor will monitor changes in a patient \u2019 s spine and level of back pain using tests, observation,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.500732025302594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.408793"} {"text": "journal of scientists, physicists, mathematicians, engineers, inventors, nature, biology, technology, animal kingdoms, and science projects. kids to 12 if you have questions concerning this website, contact firstname. lastname @ example. org make a gas balloon by jeanette cain 2. baking soda 3. soft drink bottle when a volcano erupts, it gives off gases. this experiment shows how the buildup of gas pressure can inflate a balloon. caution : you will need an adult to help. there is also the possibility that putting too much gas - making mixture in the bottle can cause the balloon to explode! this is what happens inside a volcano : gas pressure builds up causing an ernormous explosion to take place. this explosion often releases a deadly, hot gas cloud. place the funnel in the top of the bottle. add some baking soda. ( the funnel needs to be dry or the baking soda will stick to it. ) using the funnel, pour vinegar into the bottle. this part requires steady, but quick hands : remove the funnel and quickly slip the balloon over the bottle ' s top. by now, the soda and vinegar are fizzing because they are giving off gas bubbles. your balloon begins to inflate due to the pressure ( force ) of the gas in the bottle ; the more gas, the more the balloon inflates. caution : don ' t pop the balloon! please visit our affiliate partners that keeps our site up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4279548282260077, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.410243"} {"text": "| vii. why is the progress of evolution cyclic? question is one which necessarily appalls us and makes us wonder. let us, therefore, deal with it as follows : certain ideas are involved in the thought of cyclic progression, and these ideas it might pay us well to contemplate. 1. the idea of repetition this repetition involves the following factors : - repetition in time : the thought of cyclic activity necessitates periods of time of differing length - greater or lesser cycles - but ( according to their length ) of uniform degree. a manvantara, or day of brahma, is always of a certain length, and so is a mahamanvantara. the cycles wherein an atom of any plane revolves upon its axis are uniform on its own plane. - repetition in fact : this involves the idea of a key measure, or sound of any particular group of atoms that go to the composition of any particular form. this grouping of atoms will tend to the makeup of a particular series of circumstances and will repeat the measure or sound when an animating factor is brought to bear upon them. when the vitalizing force is contacting at stated periods a certain set of atoms, it will call forth from them a specific sound which will demonstrate objectively as environing circumstances. in other words, the interplay of the self and the not - self is invariably of a cyclic nature. the same quality in tone will be called forth by the self as it indwells the form, but the key will ascend by gradual degrees. it is similar to the effect produced in striking the same note in different octaves, beginning at the base. - repetition in space : this concept is involved deep in the greater concept of karma, which is really the law that governs the matter of the solar system, and which commenced its work in earlier solar systems. we have, therefore, cycles in order, and repetition in an ever - ascending spiral, under definite law. the thoughts thus conveyed might be expressed likewise as follows : chain repeating its activity - repetition in time. consecutive reverberation of a plane note, of a subplane note, and of all that is called into objectivity by that note - plane repetition. of atoms to perpetuate their activity, and thus produce similarity of circumstance, of environment, and of vehicle - form repetition. - the solar system repeating its activity - repetition in space. carry these ideas on to every plane in the solar system, and from thence to the cosmic planes, we have opened up for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5864745070995075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.412852"} {"text": "cancer cells in bloodstream show great diversity : study tuesday, may 8 ( healthday news ) - - there is a great deal of genetic diversity in cells shed by cancerous tumors into the bloodstream, a new study has found. some cells have genes that enable them to lodge themselves in new locations, helping the cancer spread between organs, while other cells have different patterns of gene expression that might make them more benign or less likely to survive in other locations in the body. some circulating tumor cells even express genes that could predict their response to a specific cancer treatment, the researchers said. \" within a single blood draw from a single patient, we ' re seeing [ varied ] populations of circulating tumor cells, \" senior study author dr. stefanie jeffrey, chief of surgical oncology research at the stanford university school of medicine, said in a university news release. the researchers said their findings highlight how multiple types of treatment may be needed to cure what appears to be a single kind of cancer and suggest that the current cell - line models of human cancers need to be improved upon. the study, which used blood samples from breast cancer patients, is the first to look at circulating tumor cells one by one instead of taking the average of many of the cells. it also is the first to show the extent of genetic differences between circulating tumor cells, the researchers said. scientists have long known that circulating tumor cells move through the bloodstreams of cancer patients. over the past five years, though, many cancer researchers have begun to think the cells could be the key to tracking tumors noninvasively. the study appears online tuesday in the journal plos one. the u. s. national cancer institute has more about cancer. source : stanford university, news release, may 7, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5090724855965807, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.416372"} {"text": "full pantry plus too little sleep is recipe for weight gain monday, march 11 ( healthday news ) - - too little sleep with unlimited food availability leads to too much eating and weight gain, according to a small new study. \" i don ' t think extra sleep by itself is going to lead to weight loss, \" kenneth wright, director of the sleep and chronobiology laboratory at the university of colorado, boulder, said in a university news release. \" problems with weight gain and obesity are much more complex than that. but i think it could help. \" wright and colleagues monitored 16 young, lean, healthy male and female adults who lived for about two weeks at the university of colorado hospital, which has a sleep suite. for the first three days, all the participants had the opportunity to sleep nine hours a night and were given meals that contained only enough calories to maintain their weight. for the next five - day period, the participants were split into two groups. one group ' s sleep was limited to five hours a night, while the other group could sleep for nine hours. both groups were offered larger meals and had access to healthy and unhealthy snacks throughout the day. after those five days, the groups switched. on average, participants whose sleep was limited to five hours burned 5 percent more energy than those who could sleep for nine hours, but they consumed 6 percent more calories. participants who got less sleep also tended to eat smaller breakfasts but binged on after - dinner snacks. the total number of calories they consumed in evening snacks was larger than the calories in any single meal, according to the study, which is scheduled for march publication in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences. that finding adds to growing evidence that overeating at night may contribute to weight gain, the researchers said. men and women responded differently to having as much food as they wanted, the study found. men gained some weight even with sufficient sleep, while women maintained their weight. both men and women gained weight when their sleep was limited to five hours. \" if we can incorporate healthy sleep into weight - loss and weight - maintenance programs, our findings suggest that it may assist people to obtain a healthier weight, \" wright said. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention explains how to prevent weight gain. source : university of colorado, boulder, news release, march 11, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4555531076781759, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.418669"} {"text": "kids and obesity : a growing problem by kenneth cooper obesity rates in children continue to climb. eating more and exercising less are the two most commonly mentioned culprits, but what are the best ways to reverse this trend? on may 25 at 4 p. m. et ( 1 p. m. pt ), come discuss managing your child ' s weight, when to be concerned about health problems, and who to turn to for help with our guest, kenneth cooper, md, founder of the cooper clinic. if you have questions about your health, you should consult your personal physician. this event is meant for informational purposes onlymoderator : welcome back to webmd live, dr. cooper. please give us an overview of the growing obesity problem in our younger population. it ' s estimated that 10 % of children, or at least 155 million youngsters, are overweight or obese. it is most severe in the united states, where the prevalence of obese children aged 5 to 17 is about 10 % and more than 30 % are overweight. ten percent to 20 % of children in northern europe have prevalence to being overweight, and once a health problem for the industrialized world, is now spreading to developing countries. along with the increase in childhood obesity we ' re beginning to see an epidemic of adult onset, or type 2, diabetes in children 9 to 12. if that child develops diabetes before they ' re 14 years of age they are shortening their life span by 17 to 27 years. this has reached such a state that this may be the first generation in which the parents outlive the children. i believe the reasons for obesity are as follows : so the question is, is my child obese? for adults, we use the body mass index, which is your weight in pounds multiplied by 703, divided by the height and inches squared. in adults, a body mass index of 18 to 25 is normal weight, 25 to 30 is overweight, and above 30 is obese. we now have an estimated 64. 5 % of adults who are overweight, of which some 31 % are obese. projections are by the year 2010 more than 50 % american adults will be considered obese. two hours is a safe limit for tv ; greater than two hours increases the risk for weight gain. \" unfortunately, most adults don ' t consider their child obese. studies released from london said that parents are so accustomed to seeing overweight youngsters that many fail to realize when their own children are obe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4403637021883301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.425596"} {"text": "two hours increases the risk for weight gain. \" unfortunately, most adults don ' t consider their child obese. studies released from london said that parents are so accustomed to seeing overweight youngsters that many fail to realize when their own children are obese. a third of the mothers and 57 % of dads actually saw their obese child as being normal weight. three - hundred 7 - year - old children and their parents were asked about their perception of body size. in one - third of mothers and half of fathers who were either overweight or obese rated themselves \" about right. \" when the child was a normal weight according to the bmi, most of their parents, regardless of their own size, knew there was no problem, but when the child was overweight, only a quarter of the parents knew it, and when the children were obese, 40 % of the parents were not concerned about their child ' s weight. tell us more about the background for these recommendations, and what we can do to implement them. for example, it ' s easy to say cut back on juice and high - sugar drinks, but kids seem to get a taste for them so early in life! what ' s a parent to do? kids naturally like sweet and salty foods. they reject the unknown, the unfamiliar. \" it may be good for me, but if the taste doesn ' t taste good, i ' m not going to eat it, \" is the attitude of most children. use a low - key approach. children want what mom and dad are eating. don ' t eat junk food yourself. set a good example. put balanced meals on the table, and offer foods 15 times, not just two or three. control food in the house ; pack the refrigerator and pantry with healthy options. keep undesirable foods out of the house ; restricting foods leads to thinking \" i better eat it now, it ' s my only chance. \" those are just some things that have been suggested by dr. berenson, from the tulane university bogalusa heart study. in this longitudinal study following 14, 000 children for more than 30 years, he made this comment : grownup problems begin in childhood. fatty streaks are seen in the aorta as early as 3 years of age. damaged coronary arteries are seen by 10 years of age. so obesity in children is a major health problem that is getting worse, not better. as recently as may 4, 2004, in the journal of the american medical association, two different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45094279239995616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.430011"} {"text": "age. damaged coronary arteries are seen by 10 years of age. so obesity in children is a major health problem that is getting worse, not better. as recently as may 4, 2004, in the journal of the american medical association, two different studies pointed out that u. s. kids suffer blood pressure rises ( showing an increase in blood pressure ). these were more than 5, 000 children 8 to 17 years of age, followed from 1988 to 1994 and again from 1999 to 2000. they found that the systolic, or upper, pressure increased 1. 4 millimeters, and the diastolic, or lower, pressure increased 3. 3 millimeters. increases occurred in both readings among black, mexican - american, and white boys and girls of all ages, but the mexican - american and black children recorded average levels two to three points higher compared with the whites. another study showed that caffeinated soft drinks and other beverages might play a role in pushing up blood pressure levels among black youths, but for mexican americans the higher readings were due largely to a sharper increase in the numbers who were overweight. so diet and exercise are both extremely important if we ' re going to be solving the problem of obesity in children. so obesity in children is a major health problem that is getting worse, not better. \" let ' s talk about tv viewing, since it ' s a major problem with obesity. what about other problems, such as attention deficit in children? this comes from the april 4, 2004, issue of the journal of pediatrics. they point out very young children who watch television face an increased risk of attention deficit problems by school age, suggesting that tv might overstimulate and permanently \" rewire \" the developing brain. for every hour of television watched daily, two groups of children, aged 1 and 3, faced a 10 % increased risk of having attention problems at age 7. the american academy of pediatrics says that children younger than 2 should not watch television. not only is it related to attention deficit problems, but it ' s also associated with obesity and aggressiveness. in this one study, 36 % of 1 - year - olds watched no tv, while 37 % watched one to two hours daily and had a 10 % to 20 % increased risk of attention problems. these are 1 - year - olds! fourteen percent watched three to four hours daily and had a 30 % to 40 % increased risk of attention problems. among 3 - year - olds, only 7 % watched no tv, 44 % watched one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4509876062496867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.431561"} {"text": "the previous discussion of entertainment as a world paradigm only hinted at the origin of that paradigm. more to the point, it dabbled in connections between music as art and entertainment, and suggested that such a duality could be relatively recent in origin. in some sense, this distinction is about upper - and lower - class activity, and the simplest historical narrative involves a flip - flop of power between the two. in the current economic climate, the lower classes, by virtue of number ( i. e. democracy ), have achieved \" artistic \" control. one can construct a basic linear progression of this type, from the utter dominance of ancient tyrants to the mass - market politics of today. a progression of that sort can be rather illuminating with regard to the balancing act which established the classical style. however, such a naive progression makes a basic underlying assumption, namely that popular music of earlier centuries was rather distinct from \u2014 even contemptuous of, as it is today \u2014 elite music. in fact, many people take very strong views on this point, related especially to what they retrospectively view as religious & other oppression. they are certain, often on whim alone, that a lively & distinct popular culture existed in the medieval era, and might even ( paradoxically ) associate some surviving songs with it. they reconstruct today ' s divisions in their minds. fundamentally, the survival of sources is about writing, an elite activity, so that associations with a distinct popular culture can only be considered fanciful \u2014 at least insofar as one presumes a distinct or even hostile relation. what sort of historical relation can we find between \" popular \" & elite music? moreover, can we trace art - or entertainment - based musical priorities? any answers must be fairly tentative, given the relative lack of information. working backward in time somewhat to the fringe of the modern era, we know that sacred & secular music intermingled closely. themes \u2014 even forms themselves \u2014 were freely borrowed in the franco - flemish era. i have immediately side - stepped some important terminological concerns, by introducing a sacred - secular juxtaposition. we have no real reason to believe that the polyphonic courtly chanson was related to what we would recognize as popular music today. however, this era also presents us with the survival of manuscripts ( bayeux, say ) which we conclude to have represented the popular music of the time. these themes then intermingle directly in courtly secular and sacred music. as near as we can believe, and by the 1500s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5301056048108745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.437109"} {"text": "the survival of manuscripts ( bayeux, say ) which we conclude to have represented the popular music of the time. these themes then intermingle directly in courtly secular and sacred music. as near as we can believe, and by the 1500s the survival of narrative writing becomes fairly substantial, there was no real barrier between popular & elite music at that time. the same composers were certainly involved in both sacred & secular music, and we have at least some reason to believe that prominent composers were behind some popular tunes. of course, the hardcore democrat might continue to assert that such composers were leaching the basic tunefulness of the general populace, which remained oppressed and unable to articulate its resentment of elite culture. more extreme views of that sort aside, the close intermingling of elite & popular in the early renaissance does not necessarily mean that such a situation existed earlier. one might speculate wildly that the great creativity of the era was facilitated by the breaking of such barriers, just as the classical era was facilitated by the rise of the middle class. perhaps to some degree, but what we know of earlier eras also suggests intermingling : juxtaposition of sacred & secular themes ( and even texts ) in the early motet, and work in all forms by individual composers such as machaut. the earliest secular music we know arose directly from the aristocracy, but the class distinction between troubadour & jongleur is not believed to have been reflected in a significant distinction in repertory or activity. note, in fact, that this little historical survey directly conflates the distinction originally sought. indeed, as far as we know, the aristocracy invented \" music for entertainment. \" after all, they had the leisure time \u2014 the need \u2014 to be filled. in these terms, the \" classical flip - flop \" becomes about which class ( es ) could demand entertainment. in turn, it becomes about the sophistication of that entertainment. returning to the previous fifteenth century context, it is very clear that music for art was music for entertainment and vice versa, at least for the most part. it is essentially impossible to make a distinction. the significant component of musical life removed from the foregoing equation is sacred music, i. e. music for ritual. before that era, however, all indications are that there was less distinction between music for entertainment and music for ritual. speculating about prehistory, the mere act of creating a song must have been cathartic, as vocal ritual helped to tame the psychological traumas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4845752102599006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.438146"} {"text": "however, all indications are that there was less distinction between music for entertainment and music for ritual. speculating about prehistory, the mere act of creating a song must have been cathartic, as vocal ritual helped to tame the psychological traumas of nature. the courtly love song was created as a sort of ritual, albeit a non - or even anti - religious one. from there, we find some evidence of intellectual divergence in the church ' s protestations regarding increasingly elaborate ars nova liturgical music. presumably there were conservative theologians at several points in medieval history who frowned upon a new artistic license entering the domain of sacred music. nonetheless, if nothing else, surviving protestations prove that these concerns were frequently combined, even as their differing goals were prescribed. again returning to a fifteenth century orientation, sacred works made heavy use of secular ( art ) material. ritual mixed closely with art. to return to our underlying question, given uncertainties regarding earlier eras, we cannot necessarily know if there was a divergence between art & entertainment, but nonetheless i will accept that there was not, and look for such a bifurcation in the modern era. at the very least, one can reasonably suppose that there was a bifurcation after the 1500s. the more unsteady distinction in those earlier eras was between sacred & secular music. one might even hypothesize that ritual music was the basic stuff of lower - class music - making before the arrival of secular literature, seeing as it was intended to provide protection from the hazards of the world. communion was a real need. from this point of extreme historical uncertainty on our part, there are various points at which sacred & secular music - making seem more or less close \u2014 a cyclical pattern which maintained after the 1500s as well, with differing religious or artistic movements sometimes increasing or decreasing that distance. today we cannot necessarily separate art and religious music. for the most part, though, we can separate them from entertainment, at least as i have contrasted aesthetic & entertainment paradigms. jumping ahead from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century, we can again observe clearly that music for art & music for entertainment operated in the same space, indeed were basically interchangeable. so the bifurcation we seek did not occur until the establishment of the composer as supreme alongside the distinct popular markets of the nineteenth century, and was not consummated until the unprecedented technological revolution of the twentieth. with it, we see bifurcations of complexity, masterpieces, and then the dissolution of a mainstream reference", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5127195880740367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.439228"} {"text": "boston, dec. 19 - - an experimental lab - on - a - chip can accurately detect cancer cells circulating in the blood, researchers here said. the chip - - slightly more than 1. 5 square inches in area - - detected circulating cancer cells in 115 of 116 blood samples from patients with metastatic cancer for a sensitivity of 99. 1 %, according to daniel haber, m. d., director of the massachusetts general hospital cancer center, and colleagues. and it found no cancer cells in the blood of healthy volunteers, for a specificity of 100 %, the researchers reported in the dec. 20 issue of nature. \" clearly this has tremendous potential for early diagnosis, \" dr. haber said, but it also has the potential to allow physicians to monitor the success or failure of treatment more closely and to begin to solve some of the puzzles that surround metastasis. circulating tumor cells are found in patients even before a cancer has begun to spread, but they are rare - - as few as one in a billion hematologic cells even in the metastatic case - - and hard to isolate, the researchers said. current approaches use complicated analytic techniques - - including centrifuging and washing samples - - that generate very low yield and purity, they said. in contrast, their \" microfluidics \" approach is highly sensitive, has a 99 % yield, and a purity approaching 50 %, compared with less than 1 % for other methods, the researchers said. the development of the chip \" bring [ s ] us closer to having a fully automated instrument that can detect circulating tumor cells with exquisite sensitivity, \" said jonathan uhr, m. d., of the university of texas southwestern medical center in dallas, writing in an accompanying comment. dr. uhr said such a device \" would allow routine monitoring of blood for tumor cells as part of a medical examination, and could result in early detection and treatment. \" the researchers said that a number of engineering challenges remain before the system can be used for clinical applications, although it could be used now for research. microchips have been used for a range of analytic chores, such as flow cytometry, but have not been applied to tasks where milliliter - sized samples of whole blood must be analyzed, he and colleagues noted. on theoretical grounds, they concluded that a microchip array of 78, 000 tiny silicon posts - - coated with an antibody to a molecule specific to tumor cells - - would overcome that barrier. the posts were coated with an antibody", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5190673089739647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.442868"} {"text": "and colleagues noted. on theoretical grounds, they concluded that a microchip array of 78, 000 tiny silicon posts - - coated with an antibody to a molecule specific to tumor cells - - would overcome that barrier. the posts were coated with an antibody to anti - epithelial - cell adhesion - molecule, or epcam, which is found on tumor cells, but not on blood cells. tests showed that when the researchers processed blood samples spiked with tumor cells, the epcam - coated posts captured them easily, although the posts also captured some white blood cells. to test the chip in the real world, the researchers tested 116 blood samples from 68 patients with metastatic epithelial cancers including non - small - cell lung, prostate, pancreatic, breast, and colon, as well as 20 samples from healthy volunteers. except for one sample that was smaller than average - - 0. 9 milliliters compared with 2. 7 milliliters - - the system found circulating tumor cells in all samples from patients, but none in the samples from healthy volunteers. in addition, circulating tumor cells were isolated in seven out of seven patients with early - stage prostate cancer. in a separate analysis, dr. haber and colleagues tested sequential samples from nine patients undergoing treatment and found that the percentage change in the number of tumor cells they captured correlated well with percentage change in tumor size. ( the pearson ' s correlation coefficient was 0. 68, which was significant at p = 0. 03. ) \" much of cancer [ drug ] treatment now is trial and error, \" dr. haber said. the chip might potentially allow doctors to find the correct treatment more quickly. one advantage of the system, dr. haber said, is that captured cells remain alive, opening the door to more detailed understanding of how they function and perhaps what causes some to become the root of new cancers while the majority commit cell suicide. \" we ' d like to study exactly what they are, \" he said. | the study was supported by the nih and a doris duke distinguished clinical scientist award. dr. haber reported no conflicts. | primary source : nature nagrath s, et al \" isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology \" nature 2007 ; 450 : 1235 - 41.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5245974061512121, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.445031"} {"text": "definition of aging aging : the process of becoming older, a process that is genetically determined and environmentally modulated. research into aging : to sum up the state of research into aging is well beyond the confines of this space ( and this writer ' s talents ). however, here is one type of research into the genetics of aging. a gene has been discovered that helps determine the life - span of the fruit fly drosophila. when the gene is mutated ( altered ), it can extend the life - span of fruit flies. it doubles their life - span. the gene has been named indy ( for i ' m not dead yet ). it appears that the protein encoded by this gene transports and recycles metabolic byproducts. defects in the gene may lead to production of a protein that renders metabolism less efficient so that its body functions as if the fruit fly were dieting, even though its eating habits are unchanged. mutations in indy thus appear to create a metabolic state that mimics caloric restriction, which has been shown to extend life - span. reference : rogina b, reenan ra, nilsen sp, and helfand sl. extended life - span conferred by cotransporter gene mutations in drosophila. science dec 15 2000 : 2137 - 2140. some useful suggestions for extending life : no known substance can halt aging or extend life, but here are some useful tips for improving the chances of living a long time and staying healthy : last editorial review : 6 / 14 / 2012 back to medterms online medical dictionary a - z list need help identifying pills and medications? get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5867601319407657, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.446807"} {"text": "fasting girls is a victorian term for young females, usually preadolescent, who, it was claimed, were capable of surviving over indefinitely long periods of time without consuming any food or other nourishment. fasting girls were not only girls who refused food but who also drew attention to their fast by claiming to have special religious and / or magical powers. the ability to survive without nourishment was attributed to some saints during the middle ages, including catherine of siena and lidwina of schiedam, and regarded as a miracle and a sign of sanctity. numerous cases of fasting girls were reported in the late 19th century. believers regarded such cases as miraculous. in some cases, the fasting girls also exhibited the appearance of stigmata. doctors, however, ascribed the phenomenon to fraud and to hysteria on the part of the girl. joan jacobs brumberg believes it to be an earlier incarnation of anorexia nervosa. mollie fancher, otherwise known as the \" brooklyn enigma, \" was extremely well known for her claim of not eating, or eating very little for extended periods of time. she attended a reputable school and by all reports was an excellent student. at age 16, she was diagnosed with dyspepsia. at around the age of 19, reports came out that she had abstained from eating for seven weeks. it was after two accidents in 1864 and 1865 that she became famous for her ability to abstain from food. as a result of the accidents mollie fancher lost her ability to see, touch, taste, and smell. she claimed to have powers that involved her being able to predict events as well as to read without the ability of sight. by the late 1870s she was claiming to eat little or nothing at all for many months. her claim to abstinence from food lasted for 14 years. doctors and people in the public began to question her abilities and wished to perform tests to determine the truthfullness of her claims. the claims to abstinence were never verified, and she died in february 1916. a tragic case was that of sarah jacob ( may 12, 1857 - december 17, 1869 ), the \" welsh fasting girl, \" who claimed not to be eating any food at all after the age of twelve. a local vicar, initially skeptical, became convinced that the case was authentic. she enjoyed a long period of publicity, during which she received numerous gifts and donations from people who believed she was miraculous ; but doctors were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4649330447274803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.451380"} {"text": "at all after the age of twelve. a local vicar, initially skeptical, became convinced that the case was authentic. she enjoyed a long period of publicity, during which she received numerous gifts and donations from people who believed she was miraculous ; but doctors were becoming increasingly skeptical about her claims. doctors eventually proposed that she be monitored in a hospital environment to see whether her claims about fasting were true. in 1869, her parents agreed for a test to be conducted under strict supervision by nurses from guy ' s hospital. the nurses were instructed not to deny sarah jacob food if she asked for it, but to see that any she got was observed and recorded. after two weeks, she was showing clear signs of starvation. the vicar told the parents that she was failing and that the nurses ought to be sent away so that she could get food. the parents refused. they continued to refuse even when informed that the girl was dying, insisting that they had frequently seen her like this before and that lack of food had nothing to do with her symptoms. sarah jacob died of starvation a few days later because she had actually been consuming very little amounts of food, which she could no longer do under medical supervision. another tragic case was that of new jersey ' s lenora eaton in 1881. reputable citizens in eaton ' s town promoted her as someone who had \" lived without eating \". during these times, eaton was marked as a \" special person and symbol of faith in the miraculous \". when these claims were investigated and doctors were sent to help her, eaton continued to refuse to eat and died after forty - five days. in 1889, the boston globe ran a story, \" who took the cold potato? dr. mary walker says the fasting girl bit a doughnut. \" dr. walker reported that josephine marie bedard, known as the tingwick girl, was a fraud. the evidence was circumstantial : \" at the hotel i searched her clothing and found in one of her pockets a doughnut with a bite taken out of it.... on fast day i had a lunch served to me... i left a platter with three pieces of fried potato on it. i went there and one of the pieces was gone... when i returned, josephine had her handkerchief to her mouth. \" asked whether that was all the evidence, she said \" after i accused her of it she broke down and cried. \" writing in 1954, bergen evans called therese neumann ( 1898 - 1962 ) \" the most famous of contemporary non -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46622666091149256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.452493"} {"text": "her mouth. \" asked whether that was all the evidence, she said \" after i accused her of it she broke down and cried. \" writing in 1954, bergen evans called therese neumann ( 1898 - 1962 ) \" the most famous of contemporary non - eaters. the number of ecclesiastical and medical dignitaries who have vouched for the truth of her claims is impressive.... millions of sober, sensible people believe beyond doubt that this woman does not eat or drink. \" she claimed that after 1927, nothing but the eucharist had passed her lips. she was also a stigmatic. evans said \" the roman catholic church has never, officially, recognized her claims as true. \" because fasting girls were such a curiosity in the victorian era, many companies and individuals rushed to put them on display. in the case of josephine marie bedard, two different boston - based enterprises, the nickelodeon and stone and shaw ' s museum, competed in court for the right to \" exhibit the girl \" publicly. still, even as she was used for blatant commercial gain, there was also an element of scientific inquiry in regarding bedard as a medical phenomenon. this shows the general shift throughout the victorian era from seeing the fasting girls as pious figures to seeing them as diseased ones, and from regarding religion as the ultimate authority to putting that faith in science and medicine. saturday, may 9, 2009 wasting away - posted by m. christian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42093635127484136, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.453127"} {"text": "a group of individuals agreeing in common attributes, and designated by a common name ; a conception subordinated to another conception, called a genus, or generic conception, from which it differs in containing or comprehending more attributes, and extending to fewer individuals. thus, man is a species, under animal as a genus ; and man, in its turn, may be regarded as a genus with respect to european, american, or the like, as species. in science, a more or less permanent group of existing things or beings, associated according to attributes, or properties determined by scientific observation. a sort ; a kind ; a variety ; as, a species of low cunning ; a species of generosity ; a species of cloth. an officinal mixture or compound powder of any kind ; esp., one used for making an aromatic tea or tisane ; a tea mixture. a group of living things that appear to have common ancestry so closely related that their characteristics definitely separate them all from any other group ; a further division of a genus. n. ( l. species, particular kind ) a group of interbreeding individuals, not interbreeding with another such group, being a taxonomic unit including two names in binomial nomenclature, the generic name and specific epithet, similar and related species being grouped into a genus. a group of organisms that differ from all other groups of organisms and that are capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring. this is the smallest unit of classification for plants and animals. a group of closely related plants under the same genus. the lowest group of creatures in the tree of life. the hierarchy is as follows : kingdom ; phylum ; class ; order ; family ; genus ; species. the species is the group of creatures which share a great number of similarities and share a common name with other groups. a group of animals or plants of the same kind....... back a group of organisms ( individuals ) that can interbreed and reproduce with each other. used to distinguish sexually reproducing organisms into groups. individuals from two different species cannot have offspring. they are said to be reproductively isolated. the biologist ernst mayr formulated this definition of a species advancing our understanding of the mechanism of evolution of higher organisms. for microbes, the species definition does not properly apply, because they do not reproduce sexually, but have an efficient mechanism to exchange genetic material even between evolutionarily distant forms. this exchange of genes is known as horizontal gene transfer. unlike sexual reproduction, it usually involves only a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.617655352615557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.495554"} {"text": "definition does not properly apply, because they do not reproduce sexually, but have an efficient mechanism to exchange genetic material even between evolutionarily distant forms. this exchange of genes is known as horizontal gene transfer. unlike sexual reproduction, it usually involves only a fraction of an organisms genome that is being transferred and is a mechanisms of increasing genetic variability among microorganisms that does not depend on cellular reproduction ( cell division ). the scientific name of a plant ; the genus name and the specific epithet together ; also equal to the latin name or binomial a reproductively isolated aggregate of interbreeding organisms. in chemistry, a distinct kind of molecule, ion, or other structure. groups of actually ( or potentially ) interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. reproductive isolation implies that interbreeding between individuals of two species normally is prevented by intrinsic factors. in biological systematics, group of organisms of common ancestry that are able to reproduce only among themselves and that are usually geographically distinct. see nt chemical species. group of living things that share many common traits. each species is different from every other species in one or more ways. term used to describe the group of like individuals. classically species were defined as organisms that share certain characteristics. kind or sort a group of animals or plants that have one or more characteristics in common.............. back a certain type of plant or animal the division of animal classification below genus. a group of animals having common attributes, designated by a common name, that has the same structure, and that can breed together. a group of organisms that are very much alike and reproduce in their natural environment. we belong to the human species. a cohesive historical lineage of ancestral - descendant populations of organisms that maintains its identity from other such lineages. a species comes into being at a branching event ( when one lineage becomes one or more lineages ), and ceases to exist either at a branching event ( when it gives rise to new species ) or when the lineage is terminated through extinction. a group of animals or plants, whose members breed naturally only with each other. a single kind of organism ; white - tail and mule are different species of deer more information for scientifically naming a plant. the species name follows the genus. caesalpinia ( genus ) pulcherrima ( species ). red bird - of - paradise ( common name ). level of taxonomy below genus. the second part of a bird ' s scientific name", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.578560474593222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.496659"} {"text": "the species name follows the genus. caesalpinia ( genus ) pulcherrima ( species ). red bird - of - paradise ( common name ). level of taxonomy below genus. the second part of a bird ' s scientific name is the species name. the species name is never capitalized. a group of similar individuals that can breed among themselves. a biological category used to classify organisms. a group of plants or animals that are uniquely distinguished from others, sharing various characteristics, and usually that are able to reproduce. species are often broken down into additional subcategories, such as sub - species or varieties. one of the major classifying categories of taxonomy, representing divisions of a genus, and sometimes further classified into subspecies. used when naming plants. designates a specific species of the ' genus ' and is best described as the plant worlds equivalent to our christian names ( or first names ). will follow the genus name and is usually in latin. note : once a plants full name is used, i. e. hedera helix, future listings will abbreviate the genus name and follow it with the species name. an example would be, h. helix, as the next plant in a listing. group of organisms which interbreed and are reproductively isolated from all other such groups. the basic unit of taxonomic classification, designating a group of closely related individuals that are capable of interbreeding. a group of organisms defined by their ability to interbreed with only each other. a segment of a population - level lineage that is evolving separately from other such lineage segments as indicated by one or more lines of evidence ( e. g., distinguishability, reproductive isolation, monophyly, etc. ). the most specific taxonomic classification ; an interbreeding population of individual organisms ; often abbreviated as ' sp. ' in reference to a single species or ' spp. ' when referencing several species the fundamental biological classification consisting of very similar plants or animals. genetically distinct population ( s ) that interbreed but are reproductively isolated from other such groups. a group of individuals that share features and are able to interbreed under natural conditions to yield fertile offspring. a group of populations capable of successfully interbreeding and reproductively isolated from other such populations ( the white - tailed deer is a common species of mammal found in the pinelands. ) a biological type ; on msdss, species refers to the test animals - - usually rats, mice, or rabbits - - which were used to obtain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.531010452858176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.497630"} {"text": "( the white - tailed deer is a common species of mammal found in the pinelands. ) a biological type ; on msdss, species refers to the test animals - - usually rats, mice, or rabbits - - which were used to obtain the toxicity test data reported. a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name ; a category of biological classification ranking immediately below the genus or subgenus ; comprising related organisms or populations potentially capable of interbreeding. 1. freely interbreeding population of organisms. the organisms in a species usually share a large number of characters. their offspring are fertile. ( some species can interbreed, but their offspring are infertile. ) 2. generally the lowest level in a taxonomy. a category of animals or plants below a genus. sometimes breed is specified below it, such as for cultivated plants. a group of organisms that are closely related a taxonomic category of individuals or populations capable of breeding among themselves, but not usually with other individual or populations a group of organisms with many common characteristics ; a collection of closely related strains sufficiently different from all other strains to be recognized as a distinct unit. animals, plants or micro - organisms that are so similar that they are able to have offspring. group of similar individuals having a number of correlated characteristics and sharing a common gene pool. the species is the basic unit of taxonomy on which the binomial system has been established. the scientific name of a plant or animal gives the genus first and then the species as in abies ( genus ) grandis ( species ). species is both the singular and plural form of the word. groups or individuals of closely connected plants within a genus. a natural population that can breed and produce fertile offspring. a distinct population that tends, in nature, not to mix reproductively with other populations. a group of organisms that can breed or produce offspring taxonomic designation for the unique name of a living organism. a group of individuals of common ancestry that closely resemble each other structurally and physiologically and that can interbreed, producing fertile offspring. part of the plant classification system. this is used to describe closely related plants. see also genus and family. a class of individuals having some common characteristics or qualities. the taxonomic unit ( the most specific taxonomic category ). it designates individuals with similar morphologic structures, who can reproduce with each other. a particular kind of plant or animal ; all members of a species share certain characteristics and are known by a specific name. a subspecies is a division of a species. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.572697531510245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.498696"} {"text": "individuals with similar morphologic structures, who can reproduce with each other. a particular kind of plant or animal ; all members of a species share certain characteristics and are known by a specific name. a subspecies is a division of a species. it is hard to define a species absolutely because the process of one species becoming two or changing into another species is so slow that there is no point at which one can say ' now! it ' s a different species from yesterday! '. the most simple definition is a group of organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring. species are the smallest unit of biological taxonomy, and are grouped together with similar species to form a genus. the name given to a single kind of organism. species can be divided into sub - species. a group of interbreeding organisms that can produce offspring with the capacity for viable reproduction. the smallest unit in biological classification. members of the same species are able to breed among themselves successfully. similar species are grouped within one genus. a group of individuals with certain common characteristics a group of individuals or populations that are similar in structure and physiology and are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. separate species typically are different in structure and / or physiology from each other and normally do not interbreed. a species name is the second word of a scientific name and is not capitalized. living things such as plants and animals. a genetic subdivision whose numbers are capable of mating and producing fertile progeny group of animals or plants subordinate in classification to genus that can interbreed and differ only in minor details. a population of individuals that are more or less alike and that are able to breed and produce fertile offspring. a category of biological grouping just below the genus or subgenus level. a group of biologically distinct organisms that are self - perpetuating a naturally occurring population or group of potentially interbreeding populations that is reproductively isolated ( i. e., cannot exchange genetic material ) from such other groups. this definition does not apply to asexually reproducing forms such as many types of monera or protista, etc. individuals of the same type which are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring under natural conditions contributing to a common gene pool. living things that are grouped by their common attributes and can reproduce only among themselves. human beings are one species ; dogs are another. distinct kinds of individual plants or animals that have common traits and share a common name. population of organisms that can interbreed and produce offspring that can also reproduce with one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6025671870518289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.499903"} {"text": "can reproduce only among themselves. human beings are one species ; dogs are another. distinct kinds of individual plants or animals that have common traits and share a common name. population of organisms that can interbreed and produce offspring that can also reproduce with one another. a closed gene pool. taxon for biological species based on binomial nomenclature, italicized and using genus and trivial name ; e. g., triceratops horridus, tyrannosaurus rex. a group of related plants or animals that can interbreed to produce offspring. ( spe \u00b7 cies ). a population of interbreeding organisms that are capable of, and do under natural conditions, reproduce fertile offspring. a group of organisms that are similar and can interbreed. a group of animals that can have young who can also have young ( this word should really be in a science glossary ) a group of animals and plants that have many things in common, and are different in at least one other way from all others. a group of similar creatures that produce viable young when breeding. a population or group of populations that are in reproductive contact but are reproductively isolated from all other populations. a group of interbreeding plants or animals. subspecies and races are subgroups of individuals of the same species in the process ( called speciation ) of becoming a separate species. a distinct kind of wood. plants or animals that are the same as each other and breed only with one another. a population of plants whose members are potentially able to breed with each other and which is reproductively isolated from other populations. living things of the same kind that are potentially able to breed together and produce fertile offspring ( i. e., offspring that themselves can reproduce ). usually, different species cannot interbreed but this rule is not absolute ( for example, a horse and donkey can interbreed to produce a mule, although this animal cannot reproduce, see hybrid ). even within one species, interbreeding may not always occur because of natural barriers. among some plants and many micro - organisms, the concept of a species does not always work. in these groups, species that appear different may be able to successfully create offspring under certain circumstances. a group of similar organisms that have a shared origin and the ability to breed freely with one another. the basic category in the linnaean sequence. a species may best be defined as a group of inter - breeding individuals with so many features in common that they form a distinct, and generally recognisable, group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5761991562585385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.500913"} {"text": "breed freely with one another. the basic category in the linnaean sequence. a species may best be defined as a group of inter - breeding individuals with so many features in common that they form a distinct, and generally recognisable, group. in practice, the interbreeding criterion cannot always be used, for example with fossils, so species can often only be defined subjectively. one or more species are included in a genus. more on the species concept a group of individuals taxonomically ordered according to common attributes and designated by a common name. a single type of plant or animal, not a group like genus or family. each species has a two - word scientific name that includes the name of the genus it belongs to and then the name of the species. another way to think of this is the genus is the \" generic \" name and the species is the \" specific \" name. a specific kind of something ; \" a species of molecule \" ; \" a species of villainy \" a breeding population that can produce fertile offspring among its members, but not outside its group a classification of life forms that share enough genetic traits that they can interbreed to produce offspring that are still able to breed a collection of genetically similar individuals a collection of organisms that evolved according to darwin ' s five laws a collection of populations, all genetically related a constant succession of similar individuals that can reproduce together a diagnosable cluster of individuals within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent, beyond which there is not, and which exhibits a pattern of phylogenetic ancestry and descent among units of like kind a distinct, qualitatively definite state of living matter a freely interbreeding population whose members do not interbreed with those of other populations a grouping of individuals that interbreed successfully a group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such populations a group of animals or plants all of which are similar enough in form to be considered as minor variations of the same organism a group of animals which can breed together, but who can ' t breed with others a group of animals which have a number of features in common and which are not shared by any other group of animals a group of animals with similar physical characteristics that can and do interbreed and share the same gene pool a group of freely interbreeding individuals that will not interbreed with other members of the same genus in its natural environment a group of individuals that can reproduce together a group of insects having many characteristics in common which differ from all other forms in one or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.616974698756508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.501866"} {"text": "group of freely interbreeding individuals that will not interbreed with other members of the same genus in its natural environment a group of individuals that can reproduce together a group of insects having many characteristics in common which differ from all other forms in one or more ways a group of living organisms ( plants, animals, or microbes ) that breed under natural and to which many human cultures have become adapted a group of living organisms ( plants, animals, or microbes ) that breed under natural conditions and are reproductively isolated from other populations a group of morphologically similar organisms that can and do interbreed, thus sharing the same gene pool a group of morphologically similar organisms which can and do reproduce with one another a group of organisms - plant, animal, or microbe - of a single kind a group of organisms sharing a closely related common gene pool because of frequent interbreeding a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can interbreed a group of organisms that a ) have the same evolutionary ancestor a group of organisms that are so genetically similar that they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring a group of organisms that can interbreed and create viable offspring a group of organisms that can interbreed in nature to a group of organisms that can willingly and successfully interbreed, creating reproductively capable offspring of a similar type a group of organisms that have structural, functional, and developmental similarities and that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring a group of organisms that interbreed naturally among themselves but not with individuals from other groups a group of organisms that look alike and can breed among themselves and a genus is a broader division of classification a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature to produce fertile offspring a group of organisms that recognize each other for the purpose of mating and fertilization a group of organisms whose members can interbreed in nature and produce viable, offspring, though this concept cannot apply to organisms or to fossils a group of organisms with a unique set of characteristics ( body shape and behavior, for example ) that distinguishes them from other organisms a group of plants or animals that are genetically similar and so are able to reproduce with each other a group of plants or animals that breed together but do not breed outside the group a group of plants or animals whose genes are so similar that they can breed together and produce fertile offspring a group of populations through which genes can flow and whose offspring have a fitness equal to the parents a group of population s whose individual members would, if given the opportunity, interbreed a group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5500302986718395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.502848"} {"text": "so similar that they can breed together and produce fertile offspring a group of populations through which genes can flow and whose offspring have a fitness equal to the parents a group of population s whose individual members would, if given the opportunity, interbreed a group of populations whose individual members would, if given the opportunity, interbreed with individuals of other populations of that group a group of related individuals or populations which are potentially capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring a group of sexually - reproducing, interbreeding individuals that under normal conditions are unable to interbreed with another group a group of similar organisms that can mate to produce fertile, viable offspring a group or population of similar organisms that reproduce among themselves but do not naturally reproduce with any other kinds of organisms a life form that cannot breed successfully other than with its own kind a lineage ( an ancestor descendant sequence ) of populations or organisms that maintains its identity from other such lineages and which has its own evolutionary tendencies a more finely tuned group whose members share the same general characteristics an actually or potentially interbreeding population that does not interbreed with other such populations when there is opportunity to do so an arbitrary class or cluster of organisms given a name as a handle an array of populations which are actually or potentially interbreeding, and which are reproductively isolated from other such arrays under natural conditions ' an article from the business ( international ) category an assemblage of individuals agreeing with each other in all essential characters of vegetation and fructification, capable of reproducing perfect seed from which progeny can be reared an evolved or evolving, genetically distinctive, reproductively isolated, natural population an excellent diagnostic characteristic for s an important biological grouping of organisms whose members have similar structures, normally interbreed, and produce fertile offspring an intrabreeding population, which rarely breeds with a different breeding population an isolated group of individuals whose sum of characters tends to keep constant by natural inbreeding an organic form which, for periods of great and indefinite length as compared with the duration of human life, fluctuates only within narrow limits a particular kind of organism a pool of organisms that can exchange their genetic information a population of beings that can reproduce sexually and produce fertile offspring a population of individual organisms that can interbreed in nature, mating and producing fertile offspring in a natural setting a population of indiviuals who interbreed, as opposed to a population of organisms who merely share the same environment a population of organisms that can interbreed with eachother, not not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5735832685505744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.503832"} {"text": "mating and producing fertile offspring in a natural setting a population of indiviuals who interbreed, as opposed to a population of organisms who merely share the same environment a population of organisms that can interbreed with eachother, not not other populations a population of organisms which are capable, under natural conditions, of interbreeding and producing viable offspring, and which are reproductively isolated from other similar groups a population that interbreeds and is reproductively isolated from other populations a set of individuals who can interbreed and have fertile progeny a set of populations capable of combining with each other but not with other similar sets of populations on the basis of affinity and co - direction in ecological speciation a single lineage of ancestral descendant populations of organisms which maintains its identity from other such lineages and which has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate a single organism, not a group a single type of organism a special group a specific name given to a plant or animal a subjective unit insofar as it is based on only a sample of the population and insofar as the point of separation where there is some overlap must be arbitrary a group of related living things that have characteristics in common a group of animals that mate together successfully ; a naming classification a unique group of animals, different from other groups. a class of individuals or objects grouped by virtue of their common attributes and assigned a common name. populations of organisms that may interbreed and produce fertile offspring having similar structure, habits, and functions. a group of related animals or plants that differ only in minor attributes ; able to interbreed among themselves a group of individuals that are capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring under natural conditions. a basic taxonomic group consisting of individuals of common ancestry who strongly resemble each other physiologically and who interbreed, producing fertile offspring. the sub - genus classification of salmonids being sampled. a kind of organism ; organisms that are very similar to one another ; they usually reproduce only among themselves one of the lowest principal biological classification units, which recognizes distinct ( non - interbreeding ) groups of similar organisms. a particular group of plant or animal that can only reproduce with others of the same kind. usually, the smallest unit of classification ; includes individuals which can breed with each other, produce viable offspring, have the same chromosome number, and share a common gene pool. group of similar plants which can freely interbreed. a group of similar plants or animals which will interbreed a group of living things that is very closely related and can interbre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5957298740108485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.504805"} {"text": "have the same chromosome number, and share a common gene pool. group of similar plants which can freely interbreed. a group of similar plants or animals which will interbreed a group of living things that is very closely related and can interbreed. a gem with distinctive characteristics that are well defined. a group of very similar plants that can freely interbreed and are signified by the second word of the botanical name. see genus. the smallest taxonomic unit defining a group of animals or plants that are unable to breed to produce fertile offspring. the smallest taxonomic unit defining a group of animals that are unable to breed to produce fertile offspring. ( see classification ) a certain kind of animals within a closely related group subordinate classification to a genus ; reproductively isolated organisms that have common characteristics, such as eastern white pine or white - tailed deer. generally regarded as a group or organisms that resemble each other to a greater degree than members of other groups and that form a reproductively isolated group that will not normally breed with members of another group. the lowest - ranking common taxonomic rank. these names are not capitalized. the lowest major level of classification. a group of organisms that form an interbreeding population that is reproductively isolated from other populations all the individuals in a population that can breed and produce fertile young. a group of organisms different from all others in that they do not interbreed with any others. a group of individuals or populations that are similar and are able to mate and have offspring. a group of plants ( or animals ) showing intergradation among its individuals and having in common one or more characteristics which definitely separate it from any other group ; a kind of plant distinct from other plants. a group of similiar animals, reproductively isolated from all other such groups and able to breed and produce viable offspring. a group of plants or animals that share common characteristics a classification ranking just below the genus and made up of closely related plants that possibly can cross with one another. organisms that can reproduce their own kind ( see also genus ) ( a distinct animal or plant group that shares similar characteristics and can produce offspring within its group. ) a population of organisms which are able to interbreed freely under natural conditions. ( singular or plural ) : a group of plants or animals whose members breed naturally only with each other and resemble each other more closely than they resemble members of any similar group. a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name ; a logical division of a genus or more comprehensive class ( merriam - webster", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6028570024038985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.505876"} {"text": "breed naturally only with each other and resemble each other more closely than they resemble members of any similar group. a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name ; a logical division of a genus or more comprehensive class ( merriam - webster 1996 ). most specific level of scientific classification ; below genus the basic unit of classification which usually refers to one or several groups of plants or other living organisms that interbreed and maintain their distinctive identity through successive generations a class of individual plants or animals having some common characteristics or qualities which makes them distinct from other classes of plants or animals. the basic category of biological classification, ranking below the genus ; a species consists of related organisms or populations potentially capable of interbreeding ; a species is designated by a two part name consisting of its genus and a specific epithet ; see also subspecies a group of organisms ( living things ) capable of reproducing to give fertile off - spring. momo organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. a group of individuals biologically capable of interbreeding and which have a common ancestor. organisms that are genetically related, similar physically, and can reproduce viable offspring. this is the most useful taxonomical name because every living creature is assigned a unique species name, which is composed of two parts. a class of plants or animals having common attributes and designated by a common name. theoretically, plants or animals of different species cannot interbreed. however, occasionally this does not hold true. espece familienbezeichnung, f especie a population or series of populations whose individuals have the potential to freely breed with one another and that is discontinuous in variation from other populations or series of populations ; a fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking a kind of plant that is distinct from other plants. a group of organisms that are biologically capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring. it is the lowest normal taxonomic unit in use. meagher, 1991 a population of morphologically similar organisms that can reproduce sexually among themselves but that cannot produce fertile offspring when mated with other organisms. a group of organisms that have similar characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. this is the defining identification of a living organism. based upon taxonomy it is usually a latinised adjective or noun and is never capitalised and is usually italicised. species may only have varieties after it, although the specific name may also be double - barreled. the basic unit of biological classification. generally defined as an aggregation of individuals similar in appearance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6140107673922288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.507027"} {"text": "noun and is never capitalised and is usually italicised. species may only have varieties after it, although the specific name may also be double - barreled. the basic unit of biological classification. generally defined as an aggregation of individuals similar in appearance and structure, mating freely and producing young that themselves mate freely and bear fertile offspring. abbreviated to sp. for one species and spp. for two or more species. a group of organisms with a unique set of characteristics ( like beak shape and behaviour ) that distinguishes them from other organisms. if they reproduce, individuals within the same species can produce offspring that can make more offspring. groups of plant or animal organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. in the taxonomic hierarchy, ' species ' joins with the higher level ' genus ' to give the binomial term ' genus species '. a taxonomic category ranking which is beneath genus. individuals of the same species are genetically, morphologically, and physiologically differentiated from any other population. the specific name is designated by an uncapitalized latin noun or adjective, and it constitutes the second term in a scientific name. group of related organisms or populations capable of interbreeding. a group of organisms capable of interbreeding freely with each other but not with members of other species ( this is a simplified definition ; species concept is much more complex ). - a taxonomic rank below a genus, consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes ( gene ) or interbreeding. creatures that are extremely similar to one another belong to the same species. a group of organisms which are biologically capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring with each other but not with members of other species the fundamental category of biological classification, ranking below the genus and in some species composed of subspecies or varieties ; of various definitions, the most common is the \" biological species concept \" \" species are actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. \" numbers of domains present in a variety of selected taxa ( animal, archaea, bacteria, fungi, plants and protozoa ) are shown in annotation pages. all plants and animals are divided into groups with similar characteristics. the basic building block for this division is the species. organisms of the same species can interbreed. species with common characteristics are grouped into a genus ( plural genera ). genera with similar characteristics are grouped into a family. each species is given a scientific name of two words, the genus and species. these names are latin so they can be recognized worldwide. common names", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6070410388155701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.507982"} {"text": "characteristics are grouped into a genus ( plural genera ). genera with similar characteristics are grouped into a family. each species is given a scientific name of two words, the genus and species. these names are latin so they can be recognized worldwide. common names, on the other hand, vary from nation to nation, and even within a nation. examples : species : mallard scientific name : anus platyrhynchos species : northern pintail scientific name : anus acuta both the mallard and pintail are in the same genus anus and are also grouped into the family of ducks, geese, and swans. individual plants bearing certain characters in common. the fundamental and unique category in the classification of all living things, for example, the song sparrow, the bluebird, the monarch butterfly, the azure butterfly, the lion, the tiger, etc. a taxonomic level above genotype. all creatures in a species are similar on a functional and structural level, but not necessarily in all instruction positions on their genome. species can be used to study clouds around an archetype ( quasispecies ) in genome space. a biological classification that combines organisms sharing common characteristics and are able to mate and produce fertile offspring. a subdivision of a genus \u2014 second word in a plant ' s botanical name such as rosa moschata \u2014 musk rose a population of individuals that are more or less alike, and that breed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions. one or more animals which closely resemble one another. a group of them together forms a genus. the category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a genus consisting of related organisms capable of interbreeding. organisms that are capable of interbreeding and is designated by a binomial term in latin. the species designation of timber wolf or gray wolf is canis lupus. a group of organisms which resemble each other to a greater degree than members of other groups and which form a reproductively isolated group that will not normally breed with member of another group. similar species are grouped into genera, genera are grouped into families, families into orders, orders into classes, classes into phyla ( for animals ) and divisions ( for plants ), these are grouped into kingdoms. a group of individuals that share certain physical characteristics and are capable of producing fertile offspring. a group of living organisms that can interbreed to produce viable offspring. a category of biological classification ; a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name. \" species \" is always properly used with the \" s \" when referring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5713487274677442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.509006"} {"text": ". a group of living organisms that can interbreed to produce viable offspring. a category of biological classification ; a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name. \" species \" is always properly used with the \" s \" when referring to trees or other biological classifications. a biological species is a group of individuals that can actually or theoretically interbreed successfully with one another but not with members of other groups or species. a class of individual organisms having some common characteristics or qualities ; usually similar or alike in appearance ; always able to breed among themselves ; by some defintions unable to breed with members of other species. the following papers by kenneth cumming provide more information : on the changing definition of the term \" species \" | patterns of speciation | reticulate evolution a group of organisms that is formally recognized as distinct from other groups ; also a taxon of the rank of species, i. e., a category below genus. species is a group of living things that can mate to produce fertile offspring. groups of animals with shared characteristics that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring red - headed and red - bellied woodpeckers are two different species of woodpeckers. one or more populations of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated in nature from all other organisms. populations of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring. the least inclusive taxonomic category commonly used. picture one kind of organism. of sexually reproducing organisms, one or more natural populations in which individuals are interbreeding and are reproductively isolated from other such groups. a population or series of populations whose individuals have the potential to freely breed with one another and that is discontinuous in variation from other populations or series of populations ; a fundamental category of taxonomic classification that ranks below genus. a group containing all the individulas of a particular kind of plant. the basic lower unit of classification. biological species refers to individuals capable of interbreeding. a \" kind \" of bird, usually referring to a group of interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups ; a species represents a unique evolutionary lineage a distinction for a specific type of animals. for example, geese are a species and ducks are a species. there may be many breeds of each species. typically species cannot interbreed successfully, for example a duck and a goose can not produce offspring together. if species can cross the offspring are typically sterile like a mule ( horse x donkey ). the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.574948227551337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.511052"} {"text": ". there may be many breeds of each species. typically species cannot interbreed successfully, for example a duck and a goose can not produce offspring together. if species can cross the offspring are typically sterile like a mule ( horse x donkey ). the a\u20ac\u0153global familya\u20ac of a organism, that can breed or reproduce with one another ( a\u20ac\u0153global familya\u20ac refers to all of the human, rabbits, cats, dogs ; etc ; they all are the same, no matter the color of fur or eyes ; etc. ) ( both singular and plural ) a natural population or group of populations that are reproductively isolated and transmit specific characteristics from parent to offspring. a group of individuals that has similar characteristics and breeds only with another member of the same group group of organisms with common or similar characteristics and capable of inter breeding. a reproductively isolated group of interbreeding organisms. the main category of taxonomic classification into which living organisms are subdivided, comprising a group of similar individuals having a number of correlated characteristics. a group of closely related organisms capable of mating and producing fertile offspring. a group of natural relations that can interbreed. difficult to define rigorously in two or three lines. defined very simply in a phylogenetic context, species are the smallest lineages that are mutually exclusive of other lineages. the internal branches of a phylogeny may be viewed as ancestral species. note, however, that the unit lineages of a gene phylogeny are not species ( see also terminal ). a singular or plural term for a population or series of populations of organisms that are capable of interbreeding freely with each other but not with members of other species. includes a number of cases : endemic species : a species originating in, or belonging to, a particular region. both \" endemic \" and \" indigenous \" are preferred over \" native. \" exotic species : a species introduced accidentally or intentionally to a region beyond its natural range. \" exotic \" is preferred over \" alien, \" \" foreign \" and \" non - native. ' subspecies : a subdivision of a species. a population or series of populations occupying a discrete range and differing genetically from other subspecies of the same species. taxa ) richness : a biological index of river health, species ( taxa ) richness is the number of species or taxa present in a biological sample. a group of similar animals that are isolated reproductively and produce viable offspring. they may include on or more subspecies. all of the organisms that are capable of interbreeding with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5775065964916739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.512261"} {"text": "richness is the number of species or taxa present in a biological sample. a group of similar animals that are isolated reproductively and produce viable offspring. they may include on or more subspecies. all of the organisms that are capable of interbreeding with each other under natural conditions to produce fertile offsprings ( bisexual organisms ) or all of the morphologically and genetically similar descendants of some inferred ancestral individual ( asexual organisms ). the species is the primary or fundamental concept in the understanding of the forms of life. it is the basic unit in classification. species are combined into genera and variations or subordinate forms of these may be distinguished as subspecies, variety and form in descending order of the botanical hierarchy. a basic taxonomic category. members of a species of plants or animals can breed with another member and produce fertile ( capable of reproducing ) offspring. in this way, a species maintains its \u2018 separateness ' from other species ; for example, yellowfin tuna and bigeye tuna are two distinct tuna species, whereas the general term \u2018 tuna ' includes all tuna species. a type of animal or plant. the species designations of animals under study. the taxanomic category subordinate to a genus. a group of like individuals. the second part of a scientific name identifies a particular species. ( see genus ) species : organisms with similar phenetic and genetic characteristics that can mate and produce viable offspring that can also mate and produce viable offspring. biological _ a small group of organisms formally recognized by the scientific community as distinct from other groups. legal _ refers to joint policy of the usfws and nmfs that considers a species as defined by the esa to include biological species, subspecies, and dpss. ( spee\u00b4 shees ) [ l. : kind ] \u2022 the basic lower unit of classification, consisting of a population or series of populations of closely related and similar organisms. the more narrowly defined \" biological species \" consists of individuals capable of interbreeding freely with each other but not with members of other species. taxonomic groups, usually defined by inability to interbreed and produce viable offspring. species are reproductively isolated from each other. genes in one species cannot combine with genes from another species and produce a successfully reproducing vehicle ( individual ). a group of individuals, usually identifiable by a set of distinctive features, with a unique evolutionary history. classically, the members of a species can interbreed only with each other to produce fertile offspring. a class or specific type of organism ; a group of individuals related", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.589001451410775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.513272"} {"text": ", usually identifiable by a set of distinctive features, with a unique evolutionary history. classically, the members of a species can interbreed only with each other to produce fertile offspring. a class or specific type of organism ; a group of individuals related by descent, and able to breed among themselves but not with other animals ( sp ' sh z ) the category of organization for taxonomy below genus, representing animals capable of interbreeding with each other. the scientific name for a species is generally written with the genus in binomial form. example : homo sapiens. the basic unit of linnaean classification ; a taxonomic subdivision of genus represented by plants that can freely interbreed but rarely with other species. in the scientific name sambucus nigra, the genus is sambucus and the species epithet is nigra ; together sambucus nigra constitutes the species a group of animals or plants having common characteristics and able to breed together to produce fertile ( capable of reproducing ) offspring, so that they maintain their ' from other groups. for example, yellowfin tuna and bigeye tuna are two distinct tuna species, whereas general terms like ' and ' each represent groups of species. a taxon comprising one or more populations of individuals capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring. seeing, appearance, shape, kind or quality the smallest classification group of organisms. organisms of the same species mate and produce healthy young subdivision of biological classification composed of related organisms that share common characteristics and can interbreed. group within a genus, the members of which share similar characteristics and can breed successfully together. the basic unit of biological classification. this definition is open to very wide interpretation and what one person regards as just another species, may be seen by someone else, to be a totally separate genus or only a form. a group of plants or animals that have certain common features which set them apart from others. the species, an adjective, often refers to a place, the plant ' s characteristics / appearance, or the name of the person credited with discovering it. species is abbreviated sp. or spp. different definitions are available dependent upon the characters being used to define a species. see also biological species concept, morphospecies concept and phylogenetic species concept.... more a group of animals that have the same characteristics a group of organisms capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring a group of plants, animals, or microorganisms that have a high degree of similarity and generally can interbreed only among themselves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5913260835283658, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.514252"} {"text": "a group of animals that have the same characteristics a group of organisms capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring a group of plants, animals, or microorganisms that have a high degree of similarity and generally can interbreed only among themselves. a group of similar organisms whose members can breed with one another to produce fertile offspring. the second or specific part of the scientific name of a plant organisms in the same genus that have similar characteristics. the subdivision of genus ; the second name in latin nomenclature i. e. acer palmatum. a group of organisms that can interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspring. it is the fundamental unit of biological evolution. a population or series of populations of closely related and similar organisms. the individuals within a species are able to interbreed freely with each other, producing healthy, fertile offspring. members of a species are not able to interbreed successfully with members of other species. ( 1 ) a group of organisms that have a unique set of characteristics ( like body shape and behavior ) that distinguishes them from other organisms. if they reproduce, individuals within the same species can produce fertile offspring. ( 2 ) the basic unit of biological classification. scientists refer to species using both their genus and species name. the house cat, for example, is called felis catus. the taxonomic division of freely interbreeding population of wild or naturally occurring individuals below genus. living things of the same kind that are potentially capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring. theoretically, plants or animals of different species cannot interbreed. however, occasionally this does not hold true. database entry containing a sequence and associated information. not necessarily consistent with a taxonomic species any subspecies of fish, wildlife, or plants, and any distinct population segment of any species or vertebrate fish or wildlife that interbreeds when mature. a group of animals that under normal conditions can have offspring together. in the same or like form or kind. there are many species of finches available today, and many look a lot a like. always know what species of finch you have before attempting to locate a mate. society finches and zebra finches are examples of two different species. pl. a category of classification, ranking below a genus, consisting of closely related organisms capable of interbreeding. an organism belonging to a species is represented by an uncapitalized latin name and a capitalized genus name, as in hyacinthoides non - scripta, the bluebell. all the populations of organisms that are capable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5853396635305882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.515445"} {"text": "the bsc has interesting implications for the nature of the last universal common ancestor of all life, especially if horizontal genetic transfer was extensive then ( as it is today between the different unicellular \" species \" of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes ). a subdivision of a genus, almost identifcal organisms, a clone a group of interbreeding populations that are more or less reproductively isolated from all other kinds of organisms. division of plants or herbs which contain individuals capable of reproducing with each other. a classification of related organisms that can freely interbreed. a group of similar organisms within the same genus which are usually capable of interbreeding, and are distinctly different from other members of the genus. a group of organisms which normally can interbreed organisms that successfully reproduce among themselves and cannot reproduce successfully with other organisms. a group of similar fish that can freely interbreed. a group of animals or plants that are the same and breed together, eg. the new zealand robin. a single kind of plant or animal ; about 34, 000 species of spiders known so far worldwide in a little over 100 families ; presumably many more species are undiscovered the smallest unit of classification. individuals in a species are assumed to have emanated from a single original genetic source and are sexually compatible with each other. a group of generally related tree species for which similar management practices have been developed. depending on how they were listed under the esa, species is defined as species, subspecies, distinct population segment ( dps ), or evolutionarily significant unit ( esu ). a set of creatures which, in their natural setting, breed among themselves. different types of plants e. g. cocksfoot and ryegrass are different species species generally grouped for marketing convenience and identified with a single commercial name. ( see astm d 1165, standard nomenclature of domestic hardwoods and softwoods, for commercial practice in the united states and canada. ) a group of organisms that are similar in structure and can mate and produce fertile offspring species is a group of living things that breed with each other in nature and produce offspring that can also breed. coyotes can breed together, and the pups can breed when they grow up, so all coyotes are one species. bobcats can ' t breed with coyotes, so they ' re a different species. in nature, living things in the same species usually look pretty much alike. a taxon of the rank of species ; in the hierarchy of biological classification the category below", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6063587971873299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.517716"} {"text": ". bobcats can ' t breed with coyotes, so they ' re a different species. in nature, living things in the same species usually look pretty much alike. a taxon of the rank of species ; in the hierarchy of biological classification the category below genus ; the basic unit of biological classification ; the lowest principal category of zoological classification. organism classification that includes individuals that share the same heredity, are similar in morphology and behaviour, and can produce similar offspring. a subdivion of a genus in the classification of plants. species of plants are distinguished by the characteristics of fruits, flowers, leaves, bark and wood. the basic unit of classification in biology. examples are the bald eagle, the polar bear, the monarch butterfly, and the tawny mole cricket. the word is both singular ( a species ) and plural ( two species ). species are grouped into genera, and genera are grouped into family. the words kind, sort, type, strain, and variety are not part of this classification even though newspaper reporters often use them as if they were. a group of related organisms with common characteristics that are capable of interbreeding. loblolly and virginia pine are examples of two different tree species. a group of biological organisms that interbreed to produce fertile offspring or possess common characteristics derived from a common gene pool. groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reporductively isolated from other such groups the unit of classification for a plant having particular characteristics. in the botanical name of the plant, the species is identified by the second word of the name : for example acer palmatum. one or more populations of freely interbreeding organisms which are reproductively isolated ( for reasons other than geography ) from other closely related populations. a more modern definition might be a chronologically continuous genome which is isolated from other genomes by non - geographical factors. see also subspecies and species complex. the basic unit of linnaean classification ; a taxonomic subdivision of genus represented by plants that can freely interbreed but rarely with other species. in the latin name ulmus americana, the genus is ulmus and the species epithet is americana ; together ulmus americana constitutes the species taxonomic group whose members can interbreed group of animals or plants with common characteristics a taxonomic category subordinate to a genus ( or subgenus ) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. in taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a latin or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.577981161470831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.518694"} {"text": "to a genus ( or subgenus ) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. in taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a latin or latinised adjective or noun. in the same or like form or kind. for the purposes of the cwcp, we refer to scientific animal groupings of genus and then a subgroup called \" species. \" a group of living things that can interact to produce offspring like themselves. tigers do not have lion cubs, and an eagle and owl cannot interact to produce offspring like themselves. is a group of similar organisms with the ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. distinct populations of plants or animals that can and do interbreed and produce fertile offspring a species is a fundamental category of taxonomic classification ranking after genus and consisting of organisms capable of interbreeding. a category of closely related and similar organisms. more narrowly defined, a population of individuals capable of interbreeding but not of breeding with members of another species. a group of individuals that interbreed with each other but not with other such groups. there are however many definitions of species. a natural group of plants composed of similar individuals that can produce similar offspring. the basic unit of living things, consisting of a group of individuals which all look more or less alike and which can all breed with each other to produce another generation of similar creatures. many species are subdivided into sub - species. these normally inhabit different areas and they may differ in appearance, but they can still all interbreed. a group of living things that share common biological characteristics plant species are usually variable in the wild and may be split into three botanically recognized but occasionally overlapping subdivisions ; the subspecies ( subsp. ), the variety ( var. ) and the form ( forma, f. ). biological classification comprising related organisms that share common characteristics and are capable of interbreeding. type of plant genetically different from others. taxonomic division that generally refers to a group of animals which are similar in structure and descent and are able to breed among themselves. a population or group of potentially interbreeding populations that is reproductively isolated from other such populations or groups. a separate and integral reproductive community. ( eldrege ) a group of plants with very similar characteristics ; and, a plant originally found in the wild and not the result of hybridisation or plant breeding by horticulturalists a group of related organisms having common characteristics and capable of interbreeding. loblolly and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5713662326757327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.519797"} {"text": "group of plants with very similar characteristics ; and, a plant originally found in the wild and not the result of hybridisation or plant breeding by horticulturalists a group of related organisms having common characteristics and capable of interbreeding. loblolly and virginia pine are common tree species that can interbreed. a group of grasses with similar form and / or reproductive mechanisms ; the basic unit of biological classification. a distinct kind of plant. a fundamental biological classification, comprising a subdivision of a genus and consisting of a number of plants or animals all of which have a high degree of similarity, can generally interbreed only among themselves, and show persistent differences from members of allied species. an established classification into which similar individuals in the plant or animal kingdom are placed. a species is described as a morphologically distinctive and genetically isolated natural population. a particular type of plant, animal, or other organism. species differ from one another in at least one characteristic, and generally do not interbreed. in biology, species is a category that ' s part of the scientific system for grouping together related plants, animals and other organisms ( kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species ). used to refer to individual gems that have distinct characteristics which may be defined and verified. a group of animals or plants that share similiar characteristics such as can reproduce. individuals that are grouped together by having common characteristics and that are capable of interbreeding a group of organisms different fro... basic classification unit of plants comprised of individuals that are recognized as distinct from other species, and which can freely interbreed among themselves. a set of individuals sharing distinctive characteristics likely to produce common, fertile descendents. the notion of species is used in its broadest sense here and refers not only to species proper but also to subspecies, isolated geographic populations, strains and varieties, whether plant or animal. a genetically distinctive group of natural populations that share a common gene pool that are reproductively isolated from all other such groups. a group of closely related individuals that have the potential to reproduce with each other ; a unit of classification. a \" species \" is generally accepted as a group of individuals that look the same and can breed with each other but not usually with individuals of another species. \" species \" is the the lowest level of plant classification. this is part of the science called \" taxonomy \". scientists refer to living things by a combined \" genus \" and \" species \" name, using latin terms. for example, people are called \" homo sap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6097517298290378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.520793"} {"text": "is the the lowest level of plant classification. this is part of the science called \" taxonomy \". scientists refer to living things by a combined \" genus \" and \" species \" name, using latin terms. for example, people are called \" homo sapiens \". a white pine would be called \" pinus strobus \". a scientist anywhere in the world can look up information about any living organism by knowing the latin or scientific name. the genus name is always capitalized. the species name is usually not capitalized. incidentally, the word \" specie \" is incorrect. \" species \" is the correct singular and plural form of the word. [ to return to previous page, click your browser ' s back button then scroll through the page to your last location in biology a species generally taken to be either the lowest level of taxonomic classification or a group of interbreeding individuals that are reproductively isolated from other organisms. a species in biology is not a \" kind \" in plato ' s sense of the word. this is the scientific, taxonomic name of a living thing. in plant classification, a group of plants with common characteristics that can cross - breed with one another. a group of organisms that mate freely in nature and can produce viable offspring populations whose individuals freely breed with one another and vary only slightly from one another. the basic category of biological classification consisting of similar organisms that are capable of mating and reproduction is one of the most specific of several levels of classification for a plant. they are ranked in levels from largest to smallest groupings first by kingdom, then by phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. the name of a category that is part of the scientific classification of all organisms. the category species is located in the classification system after kingdom, phylum, class, order, family and genus. humans, for example, belong to the species sapiens and are identified by the scientific name homo ( genus ) sapiens ( species ). a group of closely related organisms that are capable of interbreeding and are reproductively isolated from other groups of organisms ( in other words, they can breed among themselves and not with others ) ; the basic unit of biological classification. major subdivision of a genus of plants. a biological classification composed of related plant individuals. the type of wood, such as spruce or fir. each species has different characteristics as well as strengths and weaknesses. a group of organisms that can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring a group of organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5523870488082536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.521789"} {"text": ". the type of wood, such as spruce or fir. each species has different characteristics as well as strengths and weaknesses. a group of organisms that can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring a group of organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. see also \" classification. \" ( n ) a group of animals or plants within a genus differing only in minor details form the others, and able to breed with each other but not with other groups an internationally established botanical classification of trees. a genetically distinct group, consisting of related individuals that resemble each other in appearance and behavior, and can breed among themselves but not, with some exceptions, with other species 1. in biological classifications, it is the lowest and most basic unit of the linnaean taxonomic hierarchy ( although it is also divisible into subspecies ), and one of the two required titles of a binomial name. in nature, a species is a group of organisms that breed only amongst themselves and produce offspring that are also capable of reproducing. 2. in chemistry, a group of constituents or molecules, that share major chemical similarities. for example, hg0 and hg + 2, or co and co2. abbreviated to spp. ( singular = sp. ). a group of individuals which interbreed with each other, but generally not with other species. a fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a genus. a group of related organisms which are capable of interbreeding. in classification, a species is a group of closely related organisms that can reproduce. a group of similar species forms a genus. in the scientific name of an organism, the second name is its species ( for example, people are homo sapiens - our species is sapiens ). the biological species concept is the most widely accepted method for categorizing living species, especially for vertebrates. it defines a species as members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not according to similarity of appearance. although appearance is helpful in identifying species, it does not define a biological species. a single, distinct class of living creature with features that distinguish it from others. a group of plants or animals that are of the same type or origin a group of interbreeding individuals, not interbreeding with another such group, being a taxonomic unit including two names in binomial nomenclature, the generic name and specific epithet, similar and related species being grouped into a genus. from the latin, species, \" particular kind. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5999787428657103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.523901"} {"text": "not interbreeding with another such group, being a taxonomic unit including two names in binomial nomenclature, the generic name and specific epithet, similar and related species being grouped into a genus. from the latin, species, \" particular kind. \" related strains of a plant that occur naturally. a group of organisms that are biologically capable of exchanging genes with each other but are incapable of exchanging genes with other such groups. n : the boundaries of this taxonomic level ( the most precise in the hierarchical system of binomial nomenclature ) are hotly debated among scientists and there is little real consensus about where to draw the lines between species, subspecies, morphs, races, variants, etc. in general, a species is a group of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, general behavior, ecological niche, chemical makeup and processes, and genetic structure. organisms that reproduce sexually are classified as members of the same species only if they can actually or potentially interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring. it should be noted that some ( though quite few ) taxonomists believe the species level of classification is frequently invalid and these scientists only recognize classifications down to the level of genus ( again, these taxonomists represent a very small minority view ). fundamental unit of biological taxonomy. generally spoken, two individuals belong to the same species if they can produce fertile offspring the basic category of biological classification, displaying a high degree of mutual similarity determined by a consensus of informed opinion ; a subcategory of genus. ( 16 ) group of closely related individuals, resembling one another in certain inherited characteristics. in biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. species is the smallest group of classification. a species generally consists of all the individual organisms of a natural population which are able to interbreed, generally sharing similar appearance, characteristics and genetics due to having relatively recent common ancestors. species ( used as a noun ) in metaphysics are defined by their genus ( genos ) and differentia ( diaphora ). the species film series is the group of films that take place in the species universe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5862300767739986, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.525241"} {"text": "this armor can be identified by its decoration as having belonged to pedro ii ( reigned 1683 \u2013 1706 ). the decoration includes the crowned monogram pr for pedro rex ( pedro the king ) and the cross of the commander of the order of christ, a hereditary office held by the kings of portugal. harquebusiers were armored cavalrymen generally equipped with a carbine ( known as a harquebus ) carried at the right side on a shoulder belt, a pair of pistols holstered at the front of the saddle, and a sword. this form of armor, consisting of a triple - barred helmet, a cuirass with a bulletproof reinforcing breastplate, and an elbow gaunlet, was commonplace in england up to about 1645. the armor of king pedro is significant not only as a very late example of this type but also as the probable work of the london armorer richard holden. a very similar armor made by holden in 1686 for james ii of england ( reigned 1685 \u2013 88 ) is in the royal armouries in the tower of london. the armor is shown with an associated buff coat. this sturdy leather defense, which provided effective protection against sword cuts, was worn throughout the seventeenth century, first in conjunction with armor and later alone.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39463793704287375, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.528409"} {"text": "- tea pouches - loose tea - iced tea - why mighty leaf? egcg, catechins, antioxidants and green tea catechins are a type of tannin commonly found in green tea - these chemicals provide both the active antioxidant property of green teas and also the slight astringent taste green teas are noted for. black tea also contains catechins, but in smaller amounts because the fermentation process used to make black tea chemically reduces catechins, making them lose their antioxidant properties. the class of chemicals called catechins are powerful, water soluble polyphenols and antioxidants that in can be easily chemically oxidized - making them special as antioxidants in the body. several thousand types of catechins occur naturally in the plants. as many as two thousand are known to have a flavon chemical structure and are thus called flavonoids. catechins are a subclass of flavonoids known for their strong anitoxidant properties. the most important catechin found in green tea is epigallocatechin gallate ( egcg ). egcg is the main active and water - soluble component of green tea - there is more egcg found in green tea than any other type of catechin, and it is known for being the potent antioxidant of the catechin group. egcg accounts for 9 - 13 % of green tea in net weight. because of its peculiar stereochemical structure, egcg possesses much stronger anti - oxidant activities and plays an important role in preventing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. in addition, new research suggests that egcg may potently be used as the reversal agent for multidrug resistance ( mdr ) effects often found in cancer treatment, which may improve the sensitivity of the cancer cell to chemotherapy drugs and reduce toxicity associated with chemotherapy on the heart. catechins in general are found in high concentrations in green tea because the black tea fermentation process reduces catechins in black tea. research aimed at finding the active compounds in green tea have revealed that its protective effects are due chiefly to catechins. tea contains four main catechin substances : ec, ecg, egc and egcg, all of which are inclusively called catechins. egcg as an antioxidant is about 25 - 100 times more potent than vitamins c and e.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49270822651729584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.533726"} {"text": "february has been named dental health awareness and prevention month in north dakota. the proclamation, which was made by governor jack dalrymple on thursday, promotes the encouragement of families to review preventive measures to ensure healthy teeth, gums and mouths. \" dental health is often an area of health care that is overlooked, but is so important for a person ' s overall health, \" said kimberlie yineman, director of the north dakota department of health ' s oral health program. \" by increasing awareness, we are hoping that we can prevent serious long - term health issues. \" according to the proclamation made by dalrymple, \" tooth decay affects more than one - fourth of u. s. children ages 2 to 5 years and half of those ages 12 to 15 years, and 20 percent of adolescents ages 12 to 19 years currently have untreated decay. \" the department of health encourages everyone to brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, floss once a day, visit a dentist regularly for checkups, and to get a professional cleaning on a regular basis. \" it ' s also important for parents to make sure that children are taking care of their teeth, \" yineman said, adding that limiting sugary snacks, soda and sports drinks between meals are among the simple ways to ensure good dental health.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4220311971485009, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.536734"} {"text": "1. to disable with alarm or apprehensions ; to depress the spirits or courage of ; to deprive or firmness and energy through fear ; to daunt ; to appall ; to terrify. \" be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed. \" ( josh. i. 9 ) \" what words be these? what fears do you dismay? \" ( fairfax ) 2. to render lifeless ; to subdue ; to disquiet. \" do not dismay yourself for this. \" ( spenser ) synonyms : to terrify, fright, affright, frighten, appall, daunt, dishearthen, dispirit, discourage, deject, depress. to dismay, daunt, appall. dismay denotes a state of deep and gloomy apprehension. to daunt supposes something more sudden and startling. to appall is the strongest term, implying a sense of terror which overwhelms the faculties. \" so flies a herd of beeves, that hear, dismayed, the lions roaring through the midnight shade. \" ( pope ) \" jove got such heroes as my sire, whose soul no fear could daunt, nor earth nor hell control. \" ( pope ) \" now the last ruin the whole host appalls ; now greece has trembled in her wooden walls. \" ( pope ) origin : oe. desmaien, dismaien, of. esmaier ; pref. es - ( l. ex ) + ohg. magan to be strong or able ; akin to e. may. in english the pref. es - was changed to dis - ( l. dis - ). see may. ( 01 mar 1998 ) | bookmark with : | | word visualiser | | go and visit our forums |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.508570865838088, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.539174"} {"text": "meet the other navy seals ( and dolphins ) cute \u2014 and creepy \u2014 photos of the us navy program that trains marine mammals as minesweepers and underwater sentries. you ' ve likely heard of the navy seal dog that took part in the raid that killed osama bin laden. now meet the other navy seals. actually, they ' re sea lions. and dolphins. for more than five decades, the navy has enlisted sea lions, dolphins, and other marine mammals as an elite corps of underwater sentries, searchers, and mine - sweepers. its marine mammal program started in 1960 when weapons researchers studied a pacific white - sided dolphin named notty to see if she might teach them something about designing speedier torpedoes. she didn ' t, but the service has remained intriguiged by sea mammals ' speed, stealth, sonar, and smarts. during the vietnam war, specially trained dolphins were deployed to protect ships in cam ranh bay. the navy denies that they were dispatched to kill enemy divers as part of a \" swimmer nullification program \", though more recently sea lions have been trained to \" attach restraint devices to swimmers. \" ( the notion of dolphins as trained killers inspired the day of the dolphin, a 1973 movie starring george c. scott. ) since the mid - 1970s, the program has expanded to include beluga whales, seals, and and killer whales, though bottlenose dolphins and californa sea lions have become its two mainstays due to their \" their trainability, adaptability, and heartiness in the marine environment. \" the navy says its 100 or so marine mammals ' primary missions are mine - hunting and \" swimmer defense. \" dolphins were first sent to the persian gulf in the late 1980s. in 1996, navy dolphins assisted the secret service ( pdf ) during the republican national convention in their home port of san diego, and nasa reportedly expressed interest in using sea lions to protect space shuttle launches ( pdf ). more recently, both dolphins and sea lions have been sent to the persian gulf and arabian sea to help clear mines and guard ships. the navy has hailed \" swimmer defense dolphins \" as \" a strong deterrent against terrorist attacks \" like the one on the uss cole in 2000. animal - rights activists have long objected to the navy ' s marine - mammal program, criticizing the use of benign sea creatures in military operations and the cramped conditions in which they are housed and transported. \" using animals for military defense is unnecessary and cruel and could very well cost lives \u2014 not save them, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41480999207783553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.545338"} {"text": "before you start your diabetes exercise plan fitness plays a special role for people who have diabetes. being fit means becoming healthier by adding activity to your day. talk to your doctor or other healthcare provider before getting started. he or she may want you to have a checkup before you become more active. also, having certain tests first helps you and your doctor learn how you will respond to a fitness program. a medical checkup helps ensure that your fitness plan will bring you the most benefit. as part of your checkup : you may have a test called a hemoglobin a1c. the a1c test measures your average glucose ( sugar ) level over 2 to 3 months. a1c is usually given as a percentage. but it is now also given as a number representing estimated average glucose ( eag ). unlike the a1c percentage, eag gives you a number similar to the numbers listed on your daily glucose monitor. your doctor may check the health of your heart. diabetes can cause heart problems. but a fitness program can help these problems get better. being fit can also help improve your cholesterol and blood pressure levels. your doctor may check the health of your feet. people who have diabetes can have problems with their feet. your doctor can check your feet before you become more active. if you have an exercise stress test an exercise stress test can show how your heart responds to activity. you will have small electrodes placed on your chest. you will then walk on a treadmill or ride an exercise bike while your heart rate is monitored. if you have this test, your doctor will give you more details.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4543099913525892, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.547375"} {"text": "common case and bracelet materials frequently asked questions is my bracelet scratch - proof or scratch - resistant? how do magnetic fields affect my watch? how do i get my watch appraised for insurance purposes? what is a \" swiss \" watch? do i need to wind my automatic ( self - winding ) watch? a mechanical movement that is wound through the motion of the wearer ' s arm during normal daily arm movement ; sufficient activity is required to build up a power reserve. also known as a \" self - winding \" watch. the part of the watch that secures the watch to the wrist. the two common types of bands are strap ( i. e. leather ) and bracelet. the rim which secures the crystal in place on the watch case and may be set with diamonds or other stones. bezels may also be rings which are graduated to track elapsed time, as in a diver ' s watch. some bezels are rotating and can be turned to perform different types of timekeeping. the ornament, often a dome - shaped or faceted precious stone such as a ruby or emerald used to accent the winding crown. also, the raised dome - shaped markers used to indicate the hours on some watch dials. the windows or subdials on the dial of a watch that display the day, date, month and / or year. also known as graphite fiber, carbon fiber consists of extremely thin fibers, predominantly of carbon atoms, bonded together in microscopic crystals. the vertical alignment of the crystals gives carbon fiber its unique texture, and makes it incredibly strong. often combined with a polymer, carbon fiber watch cases and dials are exceptionally tough. the metal housing that contains the internal workings of the watch ( the movement, dial and hands ). high - tech ceramic, an extremely hard material containing titanium carbide, is valued by watchmakers for its lightweight and exceptional scratch - resistance. high - polished ceramic timepieces are smooth - to - the - touch, ultra lightweight and durable. a watch that includes a stop watch feature : a timer that can be started and stopped to time an event. a timepiece that has met very high standards of accuracy, tested and certified by the c. o. s. c. ( an official watch institute in switzerland ). each chronometer comes with an individual certificate of precision. the tiny knob on the winding stem used to move the hands to set the time on the watch, and to wind a watch with a manual movement. the transparent \" glass \" which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5499978500222529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.560455"} {"text": "). each chronometer comes with an individual certificate of precision. the tiny knob on the winding stem used to move the hands to set the time on the watch, and to wind a watch with a manual movement. the transparent \" glass \" which protects the dial of the watch. there are three common types of crystals : acrylic, mineral and sapphire. a sapphire crystal is the most expensive, scratch - resistant and durable type of crystal. a buckle or clasp with a two or three piece inner element that folds onto itself securing the two ends of a strap or bracelet. this type fastener allows the wearer to slip on or remove the watch from their wrist with ease. also known as the watch \" face. \" it gives a watch its beauty and character, based on the material from which it is crafted and the style of the numerals, markers, texture and other details that define it. a sport watch built to withstand underwater pressure, often worn by scuba divers. among other features, these watches are typically equipped with a screw - down crown that creates a strong seal to prevent water from penetrating the case. must be water resistant to 20 atm ( the pressure equivalent of being 200m or 660 feet under water ) to be classified as a diver \u2019 s watch. a rotating bezel which can be used to indicate the hour in a second time zone, distinct from the time indicated by the hands on the dial. a rubber or plastic ring that is used to seal the watch case against dust, moisture and water. typically used on in conjunction with the crown, crystal and metal case. a type of design in which thin lines are engraved in a crossed or interlaced pattern to create a decorative textural effect on the dial of the watch. another name for a manual wind mechanical movement. see \" mechanical movement \". a small synthetic sapphire or ruby placed at various points in a mechanical or quartz watch movement which have been drilled, chamfered and polished to serve as bearings for watch gears reducing friction of mechanical parts to a minimum. growing in popularity, k1 mineral is a type of watch crystal that is more shatter - resistant than sapphire crystal, and more scratch - resistant than regular mineral crystal. extensions from either end of the case that hold the pin used to fasten the strap or bracelet to the case. watch hands coated with a substance, such as tritium and superluminova, that makes them glow in the dark. they are especially common in sports models for better visibility underwater. a type of mechanical movement, also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5383661098187484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.562873"} {"text": "or bracelet to the case. watch hands coated with a substance, such as tritium and superluminova, that makes them glow in the dark. they are especially common in sports models for better visibility underwater. a type of mechanical movement, also known as a \" hand - winding \" movement, in which the mainspring of the movement must be wound by hand daily, using the crown. see \" mechanical movement \". a watch movement comprised of a series of turning cog wheels and jewels, expertly calibrated by hand. a mechanical movement may be : automatic, also known as \" self - winding \" ( wound by the motion of the arm during daily wear ) or \" manual \", also known as \" hand - winding \" ( requiring regular / daily winding of the crown by hand ). a function on a watch that can announce the time in hours, quarter - hours, and minutes by means of a push button. an audible chime sounds when the push piece or button is depressed. a window, often half - moon shaped, in a watch dial that shows the current phase of the moon. this distinctive feature is usually seen in combination with other calendar - related features. the iridescent lining of the interior shell of a freshwater mollusk that can be thinly sliced and used to create a watch dial. while mother - of - pearl generally has a milky white luster, it is also available in other natural pearlescent colors such as gray, blue and pink. to ensure your watch \u2019 s water resistancy, we recommend inspection and maintenance of the case seals and gaskets every 12 - 24 months. this will help keep the watch movement safe from air, dust, and moisture, which over time can get into the watch and affect its ability to function properly. all watch movements will require periodic maintenance. we recommended that a mechanical movement be inspected for possible servicing every 3 to 5 years and quartz movements at each battery change. a calendar feature on a watch that automatically adjusts to account for the different number of days in each month, and for leap years. an aperture or subdial on a mechanical watch, often wedge - shaped, that indicates how much longer the watch will operate before requiring winding. a button that is pressed to operate ( start / stop ) a mechanism. pushers are usually found on chronographs and timepieces with minute strikers and alarms. the letters are an abbreviation for physical vapor deposit, a high - tech vacuum - coating procedure that produces wear - resistant finish. a watch movement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5627227664699184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.563927"} {"text": ". pushers are usually found on chronographs and timepieces with minute strikers and alarms. the letters are an abbreviation for physical vapor deposit, a high - tech vacuum - coating procedure that produces wear - resistant finish. a watch movement where time is \" tuned \" to, and measured by, the extremely rapid and consistent vibrations of a quartz crystal. the quartz crystal is powered by a battery. also known as an electronic quartz movement. a device that chimes the time when a button is pushed, or a slide is pulled. see \" minute repeater \". a crown that screws down into the case tube making the watch more water resistant. provides the best underwater shock protection ( against rocks, accidental knocks, scrapes, etc. ) to prevent water leakage. to set the time on a watch with a screw - down crown, the crown must first be unscrewed before it can be pulled out to any hand - setting position. a movement that converts mechanical energy generated by the force of gravity and natural movements of the wearer ' s wrist into electrical energy which is stored in an accumulator which powers a quartz movement. another name for an automatic mechanical movement. see \" automatic \" and \" mechanical \" movements. to be qualified as \" shock resistant \", a watch must have demonstrated the ability to withstand an impact equal to that of being dropped onto a wood floor from a height of three feet during testing. the dial of the watch is \" cut out \" to allow the inner workings of a watch ' s movement to be seen through the transparent crystal and dial on the front side, or a transparent crystal case back. in a watch with a \u201c skeletonized \u201d movement, the rotor, wheels and other moving parts are also painstakingly cut away, creating an elegant transparency all the way through the case. abbreviation stands for \" stock keeping unit \" ; an identifying number used when taking inventory. same as the watch \" model number \". a seconds hand that is mounted in the center of the watch dial ( vs. one positioned in a sub - dial ). a \" true \" sweep seconds hand is found only on mechanical watches, and has a motion that is undetectable to the human eye. on a quartz watch, the advance of the seconds hand is discernible in tiny step - by - step jumps. a feature found on chronographs consisting of a calibrated scale, usually found around the perimeter of the dial, that can be used to measure the wearer ' s speed of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6090426254004129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.564944"} {"text": "comes from adding copper color cannot \" wear off \" ; the gold is an integral part of the material a base metal with a thin layer of gold ( usually 18k to 23k ) applied in a process called electroplating thickness of the gold - plating can range from 2 - 10 microns in depth gives appearance of solid gold at lower price level not solid gold, so plated finish can wear off over time one of the most rare precious metals, it has a rich, white luster. platinum used in jewelry and watches is at least 85 - 95 % pure platinum, with only 5 - 15 % of a base metal one of the strongest and heaviest metals hypoallergenic and tarnish - resistant white, very durable metal stronger and lighter than stainless steel, but softer non - corrosive ; resistant to salt, perspiration, and high temperatures hypoallergenic ; does not contain nickel a metal that is a combination of tungsten and carbon compressed under extreme pressure extremely durable and highly scratch - resistant heavier than stainless steel will not tarnish or rust frequently asked questions a watch may be made of a scratch - resistant material, however no material is truly scratch - proof. therefore, please follow these steps when handling your watch : wrap your watch in a soft cloth prior to placing it on any hard surface. when possible, store your watch in the original box / case. avoid dropping the watch in a drawer or jewelry box, to prevent it from being scratched by coming in contact with other pieces of jewelry. avoid wearing your watch during high - risk activities, for example, when lifting or moving heavy objects or engaging in sports activities. avoid wearing your watch on the same wrist as another piece of jewelry. they could rub against and scratch each other. the exposure of your watch to strong magnetic fields will affect its time keeping and may cause it to stop. a quartz watch will resume working with original accuracy when it is removed from the magnetic field. a mechanical watch may require demagnetization. mgi can provide appraisals for watch brands that we manufacture. please download, complete and return the repair and service request form with your watch to the address below. on the form, indicate, \" please appraise my watch for insurance purposes \". after we receive your watch, we will mail you an estimate indicating the cost of the appraisal. 109 state street moonachie, nj 07074 movements made in switzerland, where watchmaking began centuries ago, enjoy a reputation throughout the world today for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5078727442535411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.567294"} {"text": "your watch, we will mail you an estimate indicating the cost of the appraisal. 109 state street moonachie, nj 07074 movements made in switzerland, where watchmaking began centuries ago, enjoy a reputation throughout the world today for superb craftsmanship, innovative design, and prestige. whether they are mechanical or quartz, are synonymous with exceptional quality. they are recognized for their accuracy, reliability, water resistance and shock resistance they are made with only the highest quality materials. they must meet certain criteria and pass strict testing in switzerland before they can be certified as \" swiss made. \" mechanical watches with automatic movements have a spring that is wound by the normal, daily motion of the wearer ' s arm. the arm movement causes a rotor inside the watch to transmit motion ( energy ) to the barrel, thus winding the mainspring. an important feature of every automatic winding watch is \" power reserve \". if the watch loses its power reserve because it has been idle for an extended period of time, you can wind it up manually ( approximately 20 turns of the crown ) to create an initial power reserve. to retain the power reserve, as stated above, the watch must be worn continuously and actively. if you plan on wearing your watch daily, you may want to manually wind it once every two weeks to keep the wheels in motion and the oil from drying out. if you do not plan on wearing it daily, we advise you wind the watch about three times a week to ensure continuous operation. finally, if you do not wear your automatic watch daily, you may want to use a winding box. this box mimics the natural motion of your arm to keep your automatic watch operating. in contrast, a \" manual \" mechanical watch does require the watch ' s mainspring to be hand - wound by turning the crown, and must be wound each time it loses that power.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.469197215952604, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.568234"} {"text": "by doug bradley, nami helpline coordinator one of the biggest stories in mental health over the past few years has been the proposed revision of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( dsm ). as the main guide used by psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers in the u. s. to diagnose mental illness, the dsm is an important factor in our mental health system. the manual often influences what type of care people get ( or should get ), how practitioners are reimbursed, and how people diagnosed with mental illness view themselves and their recoveries. while the dsm - 5 has not been finalized, there are several big changes from the last manual ( dsm - iv ) starting with the title. the american psychiatric association ( apa ) used roman numerals ( i. e., i, ii, iii ) on previous editions but will now use arabic numbers ( i. e., 1, 2, 3 ) for two reasons. firstly, arabic numbers are more universally recognized. secondly, updates to the manual will be easier to track. prior changes were denoted by abbreviations such as \u2013 r or \u2013 tr, which did not indicate which came first. new updates will be denoted dsm - 5. 1, dsm - 5. 2, etc., to clearly show which version is latest. another noticeable change is the lack of axes ( e. g., axis i for mood, anxiety and thought disorders ; axis ii for personality disorders ) to classify illnesses. the dsm - 5 work groups felt that there was no scientific basis for this separation and abandoned the axis system for this version. instead, an attempt has been made to group similar disorders into 20 categories. however, there have been changes to the familiar dsm - iv groupings. the former \u201c mood disorders \u201d chapter is now divided into two sections : \u201c depressive disorders \u201d and \u201c bipolar and related disorders. \u201d a brand - new category is \u201c obsessive - compulsive and related disorders \u201d which includes ocd, hoarding, compulsive hair - pulling, body dysmorphic disorder and others. while all these disorders can cause anxiety, their main distinguishing features are repetitive thoughts and behavior. also, as the treatment for them is often different than for other anxiety conditions, they have been separated from anxiety disorders, which in dsm - 5 still contains panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, etc. some other changes are elimination of aspergers as a separate disorder and merging it into autism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4628126759476673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.573692"} {"text": "different than for other anxiety conditions, they have been separated from anxiety disorders, which in dsm - 5 still contains panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, etc. some other changes are elimination of aspergers as a separate disorder and merging it into autism spectrum disorder ( asd ). the section on personality disorders has changed with new criteria for some and the elimination of schizoid, paranoid, histrionic and dependant personality disorders. researchers feel that people in these categories rarely needed professional help and that many of their symptoms could be better described by the remaining personality disorders. also, two controversial diagnoses ( attenuated psychosis and mixed anxiety - depression ) have been kept but are in a section for topics needing further study. as people following the creation of dsm - 5 know, this process has been more contentious than past revisions. opponents of the new manual feel that thresholds for the diagnosis of many disorders have been lowered and many people whose behavior is not currently considered \u201c disordered \u201d will now be labeled as ill. for example, some fear that the removal of the \u201c grief exclusion \u201d from major depressive disorder will cause a normal and necessary part of life to be treated as a sickness. the apa has tried to address this issue by adding a note to the proposed criteria for depression clarifying that while grief itself is not a disorder, grief and depression can co - occur. since this difference is not noted explicitly in the criteria, however, some feel that practitioners may overlook the distinction. on the other hand, the new definition of asd may result in fewer diagnoses. this possibility concerns some who feel that children may lose their asd diagnosis, ending their eligibility for public programs that their parents have found useful, if not invaluable, for their children \u2019 s development. critics also claim that researchers have not done all the testing needed to validate the new criteria, perhaps to meet deadlines in the development of dsm - 5. the apa counters that more field work and validity testing have been done for this revision than for any in the past. it also claims that there has been more input, partly thanks to the internet, from many mental health professionals and the public. opponents say that while the apa has accepted much input, it has disregarded most from outside the association. how will the new dsm affect the practice of psychiatry and people living with mental illness? will it change who is considered to be living with mental illness? the maddeningly vague answer is that we will only know after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4752743822750178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.574673"} {"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. saving women \u2019 s lives : strategies for improving breast cancer detection and diagnosis figure 3 - 4 mammographic sensitivity increases with a woman \u2019 s age. screens, but a higher percentage of abnormal mammograms, biopsies, and false - positive findings. therefore \u2014 if judged by rates of false positives \u2014 the apparent performance of a mammography service or individual radiologist would be influenced by the proportion of how many women are receiving their first mammogram. performance and volume a relationship between the volume of procedures performed and the outcome of those procedures has been established for many complex medical procedures, particularly in surgery and oncology. 55 many studies have suggested that the volume of mammograms read by a radiologist is correlated with accuracy, and mammography volume standards are mandated by federal law. however, relatively few studies have directly compared the number of mammograms read by a radiologist and the accuracy of their interpretations. the results of these are variable, and are shown in table 3 - 4. the most comprehensive study to date was the analysis by beam and his colleagues in 2003, 12 which indicated that the volume of mammograms interpreted by a radiologist accounts for less than 2. 5 percent of the variation. this means that more than 97 percent of inconsistency in interpretation is due to other factors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4917581380635799, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.576418"} {"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. rizes some of the more robust findings by listing some phyla from which rrnas were studied to the right and the inferred branching patterns of the rrnas on the left, with the implied appearance of some design elements in metazoan body plans indicated. a few of the design elements require comment. for present purposes, the unqualified terms \" hemocoel \" and \" coelom \" refer to fluid - filled spaces usually used as hydrostatic skeletons \u2014 the former being developed from the topological position of the blastocoel, the latter being developed within mesoderm. spaces devoted only to serving organs ( commonly as ducts or as buffering against solid tissues ) are termed \" organ hemocoels \" or ' ' organ coeloms. \" \" seriation \" refers to longitudinal repetition of organs, muscles, or other features but not necessarily in a correlated fashion, while \" segmentation \" refers to serial repetition with correlation among organ systems. many of the metazoan relationships indicated in figure 4 are quite conventional, such as the sequence of choanoflagellates / poriferans / cnidarians / platyhelminths, the sister - group relationship of platyhelminths with higher metazoans, and the sister - group relationship of protostomes with deuterostomes. less conventional, though hardly shocking, is the sister - group relationship of the arthropods with the unresolved cluster of protostomes, which includes mollusks and annelids. this is a particularly important branching, because it suggests that the last common ancestor of the protostomes was hemocoelic and that the coelom ( s ) of the deuterostomes arose independently of the coelom ( s ) of the protostomes. this branching also suggests that arthropod and annelid segmentation arose independently. the next deeper branching, between protostomes and deuterostomes, suggests that while their last common ancestor was not coelomic and need not have been hemocoelic, it did have a blood - vascular system. other interpretations are possible but they are less parsimonious. late precambrian body plans. the list of phyla on the right of figure 4 indicates the body plans of the living organisms studied but certainly does not indicate the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5717339827534772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.580880"} {"text": "the old town of narva the capital of estonia - tallinn ( old town ) is told to be a city, built in gothic style ; tartu is told to be a town of classicist style ( university, buildings of the central part of the town ). up to the world war ii, narva was famous for its universal style where the gothic, baroque and classicism were mixed. later, when narva started expanding and its suburbs were actively built, the old town began to be called the old narva. its story began with the terrible fire in 1659, after which only three houses and the fortress remained. after this accident, stone buildings were only allowed to be built in the central part of the town. incomes from the flourishing trade allowed to erect the stone buildings and, at the same time, build them at breakneck speed. thus, in two decades, the new stone town centre extended for approximately twenty hectares. for narva of the 17th century, the two - stored plastered buildings with plentifully decorated portals ( main entrances ) and the majestic weathercocks were typical. houses ' corner towers ( bay windows ) were one of the characteristic features of narva architecture. the heart of the old narva was at the town hall ' s square. town hall, a striking example of the classicism, was the most important building at the square. at the southern side of the square, the vazhnya was situated ( board of weights and measures ). there were baroque residential constructions beside it. moreover, there also was a chemist ' s shop. the exchange building ( 1695 - 1704 ), situated across the town hall, was opposite the vazhnya and the chemist ' s shop. the house of the burggraf jurgen thunder ( in the middle ages, the town ' s head with military and court duties ) situated in the eastern part of the square, at the corner of the suur and ruutli streets, across the town hall ' s building. narva ' s old town was destroyed because of the soviet union ' s air force ' s bombing attacks on march 6 and 8, 1944. in summer 1944, when german forces were retreating, they blew up a few churches, ivangorod ' s fortress, krenholm manufactory ' s production buildings and many houses. the majority of old narva buildings ' walls remained after the artillery and bombing attacks. first, the roofs and interior structures of the buildings were destroyed. a part of old narva was planned to be reconstructed soon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4325153686534926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.586150"} {"text": "' s production buildings and many houses. the majority of old narva buildings ' walls remained after the artillery and bombing attacks. first, the roofs and interior structures of the buildings were destroyed. a part of old narva was planned to be reconstructed soon after the war, and the whole old narva was taken under state ' s protection in 1947. in 1950, however, narva town authorities decided to pull down building ' s ruins, situated in the town centre. as a result, only three buildings were reconstructed - narva town hall and two houses. until the last moment it was planned to reconstruct peter the great ' s house and the exchange building. after all, its walls were also pulled down. it is frequently asked why old narva was not reconstructed. however, there is no direct response. then, the walls ' destruction was grounded on the necessity of obliterating wars ' vestiges. it was also said that the vagabondage was settling among the ruins. certainly, huge expenses, needed for its restoration were the main reason of the rejection of old narva reconstruction. at last, the point of the ideological causes is that the old town represented the culture of the west town architecture and, by taking the ruins away, it became possible to built there the soviet town. today, blue and yellow narva flag is hung out in the anniversary of the bombing of narva on march 6. the town hall being built at the end of 60ies of the 17th century, narva town hall was the most representative public - service building in narva. swedish king charles xi gave an order to the town authorities to build the town hall. the project of the master george teuffel from lubeck formed the basis of the building, the construction of which started in 1688. after three years, at the latest in 1691, the building was finished when a gold - plated forged weathercock in the form of a crane was put at the top of the tower ( it was made by master grabben ). interior furnishing lasted for another four years. in succeeding years, the clock was installed at the attic, building of the stairs in the town hall was finished and portal, brought from stockholm, was set. grate of the artistic smithery that connected stairs and handrails ( at that time it was gold - plated ) and the door - bell ( metal ring striking against the door used as a door - bell ) were finished last. indoor wall painting beautified the town hall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42496060266161195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.587311"} {"text": "that connected stairs and handrails ( at that time it was gold - plated ) and the door - bell ( metal ring striking against the door used as a door - bell ) were finished last. indoor wall painting beautified the town hall in abundance. during the world war ii, the town hall was severely damaged : the tower, the roof, the flooring were destroyed, the stairs and the figures at the portal got considerable damages. during the renovation works in the town hall ( 1956 - 1963 ), the tower was rebuilt, and the building attained the new roof ; the facade and the portal were reconstructed, and the grate that connected stairs and handrails was restored. during the reconstruction, festive entrance hall was only kept from the all - indoor decoration where the stair and the ceiling girders, decorated with the painting were restored. today the town hall is a three - stored stone building with a huge socle store. elevation of the building is divided by eight tuscan pilasters where there is a high roof with a well - proportioned tower and baroque cupola, crowning it. there is a crane, the symbol of the vigilance, at the top of the tower. the windows lie in the same plane with an outside wall, which is typical for narva town. the building is beautified by the portal with three figures that are symbols of three ethical principles : equity, wisdom and moderation. exactly on the basis of these principles, justice in the town hall had to be administered. historical town ' s emblem was situated among the figures : at the dark blue escutcheon, there were sword, sabre and three shots that are the symbols of importance of the town as a fortress at the border of the east ( sabre ) and the west ( sword ). two fishes were represented between the symbols of the boundary town. according to one of the hypothesis, they represent the fishery, given to the town by its rulers. in the old days, estonian ponds were renowned for its fair amount of fish. according to the folk rumours, peter the great, while ratifying the emblem of the town in 1585, said : \" be silent as fishes are, and thus you will be obedient to the new rule. \" after the renovation works in the town hall ( 1960 - 1963 ), there resided the palace of pioneers in the name of victor kingisepp. for the recent years, the town hall is abandoned. however, in the distant prospect, it is planned to become a representative building", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4647071175069598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.588304"} {"text": "nur khan rendered colossal services for the uplift of national sports of hockey, cricket and squash and enabled pakistan to reach the pinnacle. under his tenure as hockey chief, pakistan won two olympics, world cup and champions trophy titles with later two tournaments being his own brainchild apart from many new innovations to uplift these sports from decline and decadence. when he became chairman pcb ( then bccp ) in february 1980, he made the asia cup an enduring reality and introduced neutral umpiring in cricket matches. he also played a pivotal role in bringing the cricket world cup to the subcontinent for the first time. when nur khan took over the responsibility of reviving squash in the country, the game saw its zenith. his revolutionary steps for the uplift of the game included introduction of talent hunt scheme which paid dividends and produced a surfeit of world class pakistan players in the 70s : qamar zaman, gogi allauddin, hidayat jahan, mohibullah khan junior and others. ln 1975, his efforts bore fruit as qamar zaman brought back the british open title to pakistan after 12 years. he during his short stints as minister of education and governor of west pakistan made all endeavours to promote education and improve the social fibre of the nation. pakistan \u2019 s squash greats jahangir khan and jansher khan were discovered by the pia when air marshal had the administrative reins of the national career. an ace fighter pilot, a visionary commander and an epitome a leader, air marshal nur khan emerged on the global landscape a true icon, a legend and a national hero.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4567145332153786, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.590192"} {"text": "| bailey ' s ecoregions and subregions of the united states, puerto rico, and the u. s. virgin islands what this map layer shows : ecoregions defined by common climatic and vegetation characteristics, shown as domains, divisions, provinces and sections. ecoregions are ecosystems of regional extent. bailey ' s ecoregions distinguish areas that share common climatic and vegetation characteristics. a four - level hierarchy is used to differentiate the ecoregions, with the broadest classification being the domain. domains are groups of related climates and are differentiated based on precipitation and temperature. there are four domains used for worldwide ecoregion classification and all four appear in the united states : the polar domain, the humid temperate domain, the dry domain, and the humid tropical domain. divisions represent the climates within domains and are differentiated based on precipitation levels and patterns as well as temperature. divisions are subdivided into provinces, which are differentiated based on vegetation or other natural land covers. mountainous areas that exhibit different ecological zones based on elevation are identified at the province level. the finest level of detail is described by subregions, called sections, which are subdivisions of provinces based on terrain features. the purpose of ecological land classification is to provide information for both the development of resources and the conservation of the environment. government and private land managers use this information to estimate ecosystem productivity, to determine probable responses to land management practices, and to address environmental issues over large areas, such as air pollution, forest disease, or threats to biodiversity. this map layer was compiled by the usda the bailey ' s ecoregions and subregions of the united states, puerto rico, and the u. s. virgin islands map layer shows the ecoregion domains, divisions, provinces, and sections for this area. further information on domains, divisions, and provinces is available from the usda forest service rocky mountain research station page describing ecoregions of the united states, and detailed information on sections is available through the usda forest service page, ecological subregions of the united states. the national atlas also includes a map layer showing omernik ' s level iii ecoregions, which are defined by a wide variety of characteristics, including vegetation, animal life, geology, soils, water, climate, and human land use, as well as other living and non - living ecosystem components.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47540611870055627, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.592569"} {"text": "lovelace, the rockhopper penguin that answers life ' s questions in the animated film \" happy feet \", probably would be just as stumped as the researchers who reported friday that the population of his northern relatives has declined by 90 percent over the last 50 years. the population of northern rockhopper penguins once reached into the millions, but now the largest colonies are estimated at between 32, 000 to 65, 000 pairs on gough island, and 40, 000 to 50, 000 pairs on tristan da cunha island, according to a study in the journal bird conservation international. those two south atlantic islands, which are british overseas territories, account for more than 80 percent of the total species population. \" historically, we know that penguins were exploited by people, and that wild dogs and pigs probably had an impact on their numbers, \" richard cuthbert of the royal society for the protection of birds and lead author of the paper, said in a statement. \" however, these factors cannot explain the staggering declines since the 1950s, when we have lost upwards of a million birds from gough and tristan. \" \" the declines at gough since the 1950s are equivalent to losing 100 birds every day for the last 50 years \", he added. \" with more than half the world \u2019 s penguins facing varying degrees of extinction, it is imperative that we establish the exact reason why the northern rockhopper penguin is sliding towards oblivion, \" he said. \" understanding what ' s driving the decline of this bird will help us understand more about other threatened species in the southern ocean. \" possible factors, the researchers said, include climate change, shifts in marine ecosystems and overfishing. the royal society for the protection of birds accused british government agencies of internal bickering that has delayed any action to protect the species. \" they are completely disinterested, \" rspb staffer sarah sanders said of the government. \" it ' s ridiculous and embarrassing. we are meant to be world leaders in biodiversity conservation and we can ' t even decide who is responsible for the overseas territories. \" other penguin species had been considered in generally good health until recently. the u. s. fish & wildlife service last december proposed listing the african penguin as endangered under the endangered species act, and five others as threatened : the yellow - eyed penguin, the white - flippered penguin, the fiordland crested penguin and the erect - crested penguin, all from new zealand ; as well as the humboldt penguin of chile and peru. \u00a9 2013 msnbc. com reprints", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38464841598114785, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.597033"} {"text": "september is preparedness month ~ be prepared for wildfires ~ posted on 9 / 2 / 2008 for immediate release contact : cecily fong september 2, 2008 bismarck, nd - with fall fire season nearly upon us, the nd department of emergency services ( nddes ) reminds north dakotans that dry conditions exist in many areas of the state and the risk of wild fire continues to be high. it is important to be aware of a few important factors that will ensure that you and your family are safe. learn and teach safe fire practices. build fires away from nearby trees or bushes. always have a way to extinguish the fire quickly and completely. never leave a fire - - even a cigarette - - burning unattended. avoid open burning completely, and especially during dry season. always be ready for an emergency evacuation. know where to go and what to bring with you. plan several escape routes in case roads are blocked by a wildfire. children should be aware of evacuation routes and families should practice them together. know how to report a fire. be aware of your surroundings so you can give a good and accurate location. give an approximate size and describe any homes or structures that may be threatened. stay on the line to help give further information as requested.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3744193832847268, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.598295"} {"text": "neem : the miracle herb there is perhaps no other herb known to man that has so many and varied potential benefits for humanity. neem has been used for thousands of years and has been widely documented in the ancient herbal healing science of india, ayurveda. but the value of neem does not rely solely on traditional folklore. rather, it is one of the most widely studied herbs of modern times, with hundreds of scientific papers having been written about it. the result of both traditional review and modern scientific evidence is that neem truly is the miracle herb. the neem tree, azadirachta indica, is a relative of the mahogany tree. it is extremely hardy and virile, able to thrive in a wide variety of climates and environmental conditions, and overcome deficiencies of the soil or the climate with its native strength and vitality. this signature of neem is a sign in nature of its wide ranging ability to conquer adverse circumstances. the herb that we use contains this same over - arching power within it that we find in the tree and its vital will to live. traditional ayurvedic lore holds that neem has incredible ability to restore and maintain healthy function of the body in a number of ways. it is used internally to relieve excess heat conditions, as its bitter taste is said to reduce the quality of pitta ( hot quality ) when it is in excess. it is also used topically in soaps, cremes and lotions for its ability to soothe and reduce pitta excess conditions on the skin that manifest themselves through heat, redness, itching and swelling, all indicative of pitta out of balance. science validates the uses of neem : modern science is also studying neem for its potential use in the field of medicine. preliminary results and clinical evidence tend to support the extraordinary benefits of neem oil, neem leaf and neem bark. other studies indicate that neem supports the structure and function of the immune system. again, while generally outside the scope of our product line, it is interesting to once again note the wide - ranging benefit of neem and how it is now being recognized throughout the world, and confirmed by scientific studies. those interested in learning more about neem and its uses might start with some of the current literature on the subject as follows : neem has also been the subject of a major book originally published under the auspices of the neem association, a non - profit organization dedicated to informing the public about the uses of neem, and now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47718573944609965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.606058"} {"text": "the current literature on the subject as follows : neem has also been the subject of a major book originally published under the auspices of the neem association, a non - profit organization dedicated to informing the public about the uses of neem, and now re - issued in an updated edition by lotus press, twin lakes, wisconsin, under the title : neem : the ultimate herb by john conrick. the author has compiled an extensive list of research studies and scientific reports done on various potential benefits of neem. the neemaura product line : neemaura recognized the value of neem as an herbal ingredient of extreme benefit both applied topically and taken internally. as a result, extensive research was done to develop the most effective way to deliver the benefits of neem to people, and this led to the development of the neemaura product line. the product line consists of the following segments : personal care products : we supply a neem creme, a neem hand and body lotion, a neem herbal skin conditioning spray, and 4 varieties of ultra - sensitive neem soap. in addition we supply neem oil and neem extracts that can be added to your own lotions and cremes, shampoos and conditioners, turned into a mouthwash, or in some cases used full strength directly on the skin. we will discuss some of these uses later more extensively. herbal dietary supplements : we supply neem capsules, neem extracts and neem leaf and powder, so that you can make teas or encapsulate neem on your own in combination with your other favorite herbs. bulk neem products : we are a major importer of the highest quality neem oil, organically grown neem leaves and neem bark. as such we have located the best sources of neem around the world to ensure that we are always able to supply the cleanest, highest quality, fully certified and guaranteed neem products anywhere. we have organically grown neem leaf available in both whole leaf and powder form so you can develop your own uses for this incredible herb. we also supply neem bark powder. once you begin to explore the wide - ranging uses of neem, you will find that our bulk neem products help you to develop and formulate for your own specific needs and uses. our neem cream is a highly concentrated face and body cream. the organically grown neem leaf is extracted directly into the aloe vera base, together with other synergistic herbal components such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4498263409301645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.607037"} {"text": "helps maintain healthy skin. useful for minor irritations and dryness. neem topical oil : concentrated, 100 % pure virgin cold pressed wildcrafted neem oil has been found useful for a number of skin and scalp concerns. we import the finest quality neem oil with a measured azadirachtin content in excess of 1500 ppm. it can be used either full strength or added to shampoo, lotions or creams to enhance the neem action on the skin. note that pure neem oil has a distinctive odor, which causes many to prefer our cream or lotion as the best way to apply neem to the skin. neem leaf capsules : our neem leaf capsules are made from organically grown neem leaf in a vegetarian capsule. as an herbal dietary supplement, used daily to help support proper immune system function and as a part of the diet to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. ( * note that these statements have not been evaluated by the food and drug administration. this product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. ) it is free of salt, sugar, corn, soy, yeast, wheat, dairy products and are formulated without preservatives, flavors, colors or excipients. each capsule contains 400 mg. of neem, and is considered to counteract pitta ( fire element ) imbalances. neem leaf extract : we supply our extract in both a regular strength and triple - potency form. these alcohol extracts are made under our direct control in small batches to assure the highest quality result. our original regular strength extract utilizes a 1 : 15 dry herb to menstruum ratio. triple potency utilizes a 1 : 5 ratio. an extract is the fastest way to get neem to work in your body as a dietary supplement. neem herbal pet spray : use neemaura naturals neem herbal pet spray before and after your pet is exposed to irritating elements such as too much heat and allergens and to reduce irritation resulting from insect bites. neemaura can soothe the effects of irritated skin no matter what the cause. don ' t let your pet suffer. this spray can also be used to get a shiny, glossy coat for your pet and a healthy radiance. future product developments : for more information about our products or to locate a convenient outlet, neem : the ultimate herb, john conrick. originally issued under the auspices of the neem association. updated edition lotus press, twin lakes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44881433688290556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.609048"} {"text": "radiance. future product developments : for more information about our products or to locate a convenient outlet, neem : the ultimate herb, john conrick. originally issued under the auspices of the neem association. updated edition lotus press, twin lakes, wisconsin, 2001. neem, the ultimate herb is the most comprehensive book about neem, the world ' s most amazing plant. this book provides easy - to - understand instructions for using neem along with credible scientific evidence as to its effectiveness. after finishing this book, you will understand and appreciate the amazing qualities found in neem. you will also be able to more intelligently select quality neem products for your own use. neem : a tree for solving global problems, national research council, 1992. national academy press, washington dc. the national research council is made up of members of the national academy of sciences. they undertook to study the incredible potential of the neem tree. this book is the report of their findings. spanning a wide range of practical applications. the studies that are discussed in the book show that neem is one of the most valuable natural resources to solve a wide variety of global issues and concerns. the book contains extensive information including citations, safety tests and resources for follow up. the yoga of herbs : an ayurvedic guide to herbal medicine, frawley and lad. 1986, lotus press, twin lakes, wisconsin. for the first time, here is a detailed explanation and classification of herbs, using the ancient system of ayurveda. more than 270 herbs are listed, with 108 herbs explained in detail. included are many of the most commonly used western herbs with a profound ayurvedic perspective. important chinese and special ayurvedic herbs are introduced. beautiful diagrams and charts, as well as detailed glossaries, appendices and index are included. miracles of neem tree, verma. rasayan pharmacy, new delhi, india, 1988. neem was featured in the doctors prescription for healthy living newsletter during 2001. how to find our products at retail : neemaura naturals products are available at most major natural products stores and online retailers. if you shop at a store that does not carry the item you are seeking, please ask them to carry it as it is available from their distributors in most cases. if you cannot find our products locally, you are welcome to purchase them through our online store. how to find our products wholesale : if you are a retailer interested in selling neemaura ' s products,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5116829961603153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.611037"} {"text": "a technical analysis by tepco has concluded that fuel in fukushima daiichi unit 1 has mostly melted out of the reactor pressure vessel and into the primary containment vessel. it also concluded that fuel has melted in units 2 & 3, but has mostly remained within the rpvs. - unit 1. tepco now estimates that most of the fuel has drained out of the reactor pressure vessel, via the bottom - mounted control rod tubes or instrumentation penetrations, into the concrete primary containment vessel. it reasons that the unit ' s decay heat before seawater injection ' significantly exceeded ' rpv water and materials ' heat absorption capacity ; it also explains why the rpv temperature has been low from an early stage. based on what tepco calls ' realistic assumptions ', and pcv gas analysis results, tepco estimates that the corium has eroded the 2m - thick pcv floor by about 70cm, but erosion has now assumed to have stopped. - units 2 & 3. lesser amounts of fuel from units 2 & 3 have dropped out of the rpv and into the pcv, because decay heat was less than the total heat absorption capacity of water in the core, and based on evidence from rpv temperature trends after water injection restarted. the study, presented at a japanese government workshop, remains in japanese ; this article is based on an english - language summary provided by tepco. in other news, tepco has explained how it calculates the total amount of radiation currently being emitted by the damaged fukushima daiichi reactors : 60 million bq / hr. at unit 1, the amount released is combined from two numbers : the product of radioactive dust concentration around the top of the reactor building time the assumed amount of steam generation, plus the dust concentration near the equipment hatch, times the air flow rate ( total : 10 million bq / hr ). deducted from that amount is the effectiveness of the exhaust filtration system. at unit 2, the amount is the dust concentration at the blowout panel times the air flow rate. air flow in unit 2 is caused by air from leaks in the truck bay floor and by rising warm vapour from decay heat ( total : 10 million bq / hr ). the calculation method for unit 3 is the same as at unit 1 ( unit 3 total : 40 million bq / hr ). from these figures, tepco concludes that this discharge equates to a personal exposure of 0. 1 msv / yr at the site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5154317747810889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.615090"} {"text": "is the same as at unit 1 ( unit 3 total : 40 million bq / hr ). from these figures, tepco concludes that this discharge equates to a personal exposure of 0. 1 msv / yr at the site boundary, assuming average climactic conditions, and including external atmospheric exposure, external ground - based exposure and internal exposure through inhalation. in other news, fukushima site director masao yoshida has left his post for medical treatment ( unspecified, but not linked to the crisis ). he is replaced by takeshi takahashi, formerly general manager of tepco ' s nuclear power plant management department. also, tepco has changed the method of nitrogen gas injection in units 1 - 3 so that it can reach the rpv as well as the pcv. all three systems will inject nitrogen into the rpv via the head spray line, in addition to their current nitrogen injection arrangements into the pcv by various means. the unit 1 nitrogen supply will be via a hose attachment point in series to pcv injection via the ac line ; the unit 2 & 3 rpv line will be attached through jigs to test valves on the instrument rack. related articlestrio of vendors submit bids for temelin nuclear plant westinghouse announces cooperation with czech construction firm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5029810738248686, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.615765"} {"text": "optical fibers are circular dielectric wave - guides that can transport optical energy and information. they have a central core surrounded by a concentric cladding with slightly lower ( by \u2248 1 % ) refractive index. fibers are typically made of silica with index - modifying dopants such as geo2. a protective coating of one or two layers of cushioning material ( such as acrylate ) is used to reduce cross talk between adjacent fibers and the loss - increasing microbending that occurs when fibers are pressed against rough surfaces. for greater environmental protection, fibers are commonly incorporated into cables. typical cables have a polyethylene sheath that encases the fiber within a strength member such as steel or kevlar strands. the fiber as a dielectric wave - guide : fiber modes since the core has a higher index of refraction than the cladding, light will be confined to the core if the angular condition for total internal reflectance is met. the fiber geometry and composition determine the discrete set of electromagnetic fields, or fiber modes, which can propagate in the fiber. there are two broad classifications of modes : radiation modes and guided modes. radiation modes carry energy out of the core ; the energy is quickly dissipated. guided modes are confined to the core, and propagate energy along the fiber, transporting information and power. if the fiber core is large enough, it can support many simultaneous guided modes. each guided mode has its own distinct velocity and can be further decomposed into orthogonal linearly polarized components. any field distribution within the fiber can be expressed as a combination of the modes. the two lowest - order guided modes of a circularly symmetrical fiber designated lp01 and lp11 are illustrated in figure 1. when light is launched into a fiber, the modes are excited to varying degrees depending on the conditions of the launch input cone angle, spot size, axial centration and the like. the distribution of energy among the modes evolves with distance as energy is exchanged between them. in particular, energy can be coupled from guided to radiation modes by perturbations such as microbending and twisting of the fiber increasing the attenuation. bandwidth of an optical fiber determines the data rate. the mechanism that limits a fibers bandwidth is known as dispersion. dispersion is the spreading of the optical pulses as they travel down the fiber. the result is that pulses then begin to spread into one another and the symbols become indistinguishable. there are two main categories of dispersion,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6326428321653126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.644154"} {"text": "dispersion is the spreading of the optical pulses as they travel down the fiber. the result is that pulses then begin to spread into one another and the symbols become indistinguishable. there are two main categories of dispersion, intermodal and intramodal. figure 1alp01 mode distributionfigure 1blp11 mode distributionfigure 1dispersionfigure 2cross section view of optical fiber and single fiber cable. as its name implies, intermodal dispersion is a phenomenon between different modes in an optical fiber. therefore this category of dispersion only applies to mulitmode fiber. since all the different propagating modes have different group velocities, the time it takes each mode to travel a fixed distance is also different. therefore as an optical pulse travels down a multimode fiber, the pulses begin to spread, until they eventually spread into one another. this effect limits both the bandwidth of multimode fiber as well as the distance it can transport data. intramodal dispersion, sometimes called material dispersion, is a result of material properties of optical fiber and applies to both single - mode and multimode fibers. there are two distinct types of intramodal dispersion : chromatic dispersion and polarization - mode dispersion. the index of refraction varies depending upon wavelength. therefore, different wavelengths will travel down an optical fiber at different velocities. this is known as chromatic dispersion. this principle implies that a pulse with a wider fwhm will spread more than a pulse with a narrower fwhm. dispersion limits both the bandwidth and the distance that information can be supported. this is why for long communications links it is desirable to use a laser with a very narrow line width. distributed feedback ( dfb ) lasers are popular for communications because they have a single longitudinal mode with a very narrow line width. polarization mode dispersion ( pmd ) is actually another form of material dispersion. single - mode fiber supports a mode, which consists of two orthogonal polarization modes. ideally, the core of an optical fiber is perfectly circular. however, the fact that in reality, the core is not perfectly circular, and mechanical stresses such as bending introduce birefringency in the fiber, causes one of the orthogonal polarization - modes to travel faster than the other, hence causing dispersion of the optical pulse. light power propagating in a fiber decay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6295480092748635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.645838"} {"text": "mechanical stresses such as bending introduce birefringency in the fiber, causes one of the orthogonal polarization - modes to travel faster than the other, hence causing dispersion of the optical pulse. light power propagating in a fiber decays exponentially with length due to absorption and scattering losses. attenuation is the single most important factor determining the cost of fiber optic telecommunication systems, as it determines spacing of repeaters needed to maintain acceptable signal levels. in the near infrared and visible regions, the small absorption losses of pure silica are due to tails of absorption bands in the far infrared and ultraviolet. impurities notably water in the form of hydroxyl ions are much more dominant causes of absorption in commercial fibers. recent improvements in fiber purity have reduced attenuation losses. state - of - the - art systems can have attenuation on the order of 0. 1 db / km. scattering can couple energy from guided to radiation modes, causing loss of energy from the fiber. there are unavoidable rayleigh scattering losses from small - scale index fluctuations frozen into the fiber when it solidifies. this produces attenuation proportional to l / \u03bb4. irregularities in core diameter and geometry or changes in fiber axis direction also cause scattering. any process that imposes dimensional irregularities such as microbending increases scattering and hence attenuation. typical spectral attenuation in silicafigure 3dispersionfigure 4typical spectral attenuation in silica numerical aperture ( na ) the numerical aperture ( na ) of a fiber is defined as the sine of the largest angle an incident ray can have for total internal reflectance in the core. rays launched outside the angle specified by a fibers na will excite radiation modes of the fiber. a higher core index, with respect to the cladding, means larger na. however, increasing na causes higher scattering loss from greater concentrations of dopant. a fibers na can be determined by measuring the divergence angle of the light cone it emits when all its modes are excited. figure 5numerical aperture qualitatively, na is a measure of the light gathering ability of a fiber. it also indicates how easy it is to couple light into a fiber. the normalized frequency parameter of a fiber, also called the v number, is a useful specification. many fiber parameters can be expressed in terms of v, such as : the number of modes at a given wavelength, mode cut off conditions, and propagation constants. for example, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6014843764196026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.646954"} {"text": "fiber, also called the v number, is a useful specification. many fiber parameters can be expressed in terms of v, such as : the number of modes at a given wavelength, mode cut off conditions, and propagation constants. for example, the number of guided modes in a step index multimode fiber is given by v2 / 2, and a step index fiber becomes single - mode for a given wavelength when v < 2. 405. mathematically, v = 2\u03c0 \u00b7 na \u00b7 a / \u03bb where a is the fiber core radius. the outer sheath of fiber cables can be removed using electrical cable stripping tools, and scissors or a razor blade can trim the kevlar strength member. however, the fiber coating must be very carefully removed to avoid damaging the fiber surface flaws and scratches are the cause of most fiber failures. the coating can be removed using our f - str fiber strippers. end surface quality is one of the most important factors affecting fiber connector and splice losses. quality endfaces can be obtained by polishing or by cleaving. polishing is employed in connector terminations when the fiber is secured in a ferrule by epoxy. the following describes the popular connectors and their endface preparation styles. fiber optic connector types sma due to its stainless steel structure and low - precision threaded fiber locking mechanism, this connector is used mainly in applications requiring the coupling of high - power laser beams into large - core multimode fibers. typical applications include laser beam delivery systems in medical, bio - medical, and industrial applications. the typical insertion loss of an sma connector is greater than 1 db. st the st connector is used extensively both in the field and in indoor fiber optic lan applications. its high - precision, ceramic ferrule allows its use with both multimode and single - mode fibers. the bayonet style, keyed coupling mechanism featuring push and turn locking of the connector, prevents over tightening and damaging of the fiber end. the insertion loss of the st connector is less than 0. 5 db, with typical values of 0. 3 db being routinely achieved. drilled - out, metallic st connectors, with insertion losses of > 1 db, are used with newports large - core ( > 140 \u00b5m ) fibers. fc the fc has become the connector of choice for single - mode fibers and is mainly used in fiber - optic instruments, sm fiber optic components, and in high - speed fiber optic communication links. this high - precision, ceramic ferrule", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5687869941643645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.647928"} {"text": "fibers. fc the fc has become the connector of choice for single - mode fibers and is mainly used in fiber - optic instruments, sm fiber optic components, and in high - speed fiber optic communication links. this high - precision, ceramic ferrule connector is equipped with an anti - rotation key, reducing fiber endface damage and rotational alignment sensitivity of the fiber. the key is also used for repeatable alignment of fibers in the optimal, minimal - loss position. multimode versions of this connector are also available. the typical insertion loss of the fc connector is around 0. 3 db. drilled - out, metallic fc connectors, having insertion losses of > 1 db, are being used with newports large - core ( > 140 \u00b5m ) fibers. sc the sc connector is becoming increasingly popular in single - mode fiber optic telecom and analog catv, field deployed links. the high - precision, ceramic ferrule construction is optimal for aligning single - mode optical fibers. the connectors outer square profile combined with its push - pull coupling mechanism, allow for greater connector packaging density in instruments and patch panels. the keyed outer body prevents rotational sensitivity and fiber endface damage. multimode versions of this connector are also available. the typical insertion loss of the sc connector is around 0. 3 db. connector endface preparation once the optical fiber is terminated with a particular connector, the connector endface preparation will determine what the connector return loss, also known as back reflection, will be. the back reflection is the ratio between the light propagating through the connector in the forward direction and the light reflected back into the light source by the connector surface. minimizing back reflection is of great importance in high - speed and analog fiber optic links, utilizing narrow line width sources such as dfb lasers, which are prone to mode hopping and fluctuations in their output. figure 6connector endfacesfigure 7a typical f - bk3 cleave is clean, flat and perpendicular. flat polish a flat polish of the connector surface will result in a back reflection of about - 16 db ( 4 % ). pc polish the physical contact ( pc ) polish results in a slightly curved connector surface, forcing the fiber ends of mating connector pairs into physical contact with each other. this eliminates the fiber - to - air interface, there by resulting in back reflections of - 30 to - 40 db. the pc polish is the most popular connector endface preparation, used in most applications. spc and upc polish in the super pc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5176708076461811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.649057"} {"text": "the mode profile of the he11 mode of a step index fiber can be approximated by a gaussian distribution with a 1 / e width w given by : where : d is the core diameter, and v is the v - number. for our f - sv fiber, for which v = 2, the gaussian width is approximately 28 % larger than the core diameter, so the light should be focused to a spot size 1. 28 times the core diameter at the fiber surface. for a gaussian laser beam, the required beam diameter d incident upon focusing lens of focal length f to produce a focused spot of diameter w is d = 4\u03bbf / ( \u03c0w ). given the laser beam waist and divergence, its easy to determine the distance needed between the focusing lens and the laser to expand the beam to the required diameter. the mode field diameter is now given to provide easier matching of lens to optical fiber for a gaussian beam. a high numerical aperture lens must collimate the diverging output beam of a laser diode. newports f - l series diode laser focusing lenses, are ar - coated for high transmittance at popular laser diode wavelengths and with numerical apertures up to 0. 5 are useful for collimating or focusing. mode scrambling and filtering many multimode fiber experiments are sensitive to the distribution of power among the fibers modes. this is determined by the launching optics, fiber perturbations, and the fibers length. mode scrambling is a technique that distributes the optical power in a fiber among all the guided modes. mode filtering simulates the effects of kilometer lengths of fiber by attenuating higher - order fiber modes. figure 8launching conditions in a multimode optical fiber. one scrambling technique is to splice a length of graded - index fiber between two pieces of step - index fiber this ensures that the downstream fibers core is overfilled regardless of launch conditions. mode filtering can be achieved by wrapping a fiber several times around a finger - sized mandrel ; bending sheds the high - order modes. one way to achieve both scrambling and filtering is to introduce microbending to cause rapid coupling between all fiber modes and attenuation of high - order modes. one approach is to place a stripped section of fiber in a box filled with lead shot. a more precise way is to use newports fm - 1 mode scrambler. this specially designed tool uses a calibrated mechanism to introduce microbending for mode scrambling and filtering. ( a )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6076497532929435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.651360"} {"text": "of fiber in a box filled with lead shot. a more precise way is to use newports fm - 1 mode scrambler. this specially designed tool uses a calibrated mechanism to introduce microbending for mode scrambling and filtering. ( a ) overfilled ( b ) underfilledfigure 9a schematic of coupling of light into an optical fiberfigure 10mode scrambler for optical fibers. the bends tend to couple out higher - order and radiation modes and to distribute the light into a distribution of modes that will remain stable over long distances. cladding mode removal some light is invariably launched into a fibers cladding. though cladding modes dissipate rapidly with fiber length, they can interfere with measurements. for example, the output of a single - mode fiber will not have a gaussian distribution if light is propagating in the cladding. you can remove cladding modes by stripping a length of fiber coating and immersing the bare fiber in an index matching fluid such as glycerin. common optical parameters the following is a list of common optical parameters associated with fiber optic components. please call or visit newports website for application notes on how to measure these parameters. figure 11 port configuration : number of input ports x number of output ports. e. g. 2 x 2 coupling ratio : the ratio of the power at an output port to the launched power expressed in db. e. g. - 10log ( p2 / p1 ). isolation : the ratio of the power at an output port in the transmitted wavelength band to that in the extinguished wavelength band, expressed in db. directivity : the ratio of the power returned to any other input port to the launched power, expressed in db. e. g. - 10log ( p4 / p1 ). bandwidth : the range of operating wavelengths over which performance parameters are specified. excess loss : the ratio of the total power at all output ports to the launched power, expressed in db. e. g. - 10log [ ( p2 + p3 ) / p1 ]. uniformity : the difference between maximum and minimum insertion losses. extinction ratio : the ratio of the residual power in an extinguished polarization state to the transmitted power, expressed in db. return loss : the ratio of the power returned to the input port to the launched power, expressed in db. e. g. - 10log ( p5 / p1 ). polarization - dependent loss ( pdl ) : the maximum (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5998797205304133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.652260"} {"text": "return loss : the ratio of the power returned to the input port to the launched power, expressed in db. e. g. - 10log ( p5 / p1 ). polarization - dependent loss ( pdl ) : the maximum ( peak - to - peak ) variation in insertion loss as the input polarization varies, expressed in db. fiber optic communications the theoretical bandwidth of optical fiber transmission in the 1550 nm window alone is on the order of terabits. current fiber optic systems have not even begun to utilize the enormous potential bandwidth that is possible. there are two methods that are employed to achieve an increase in bandwidth. the first is known as time division multiplexing or tdm. multiple channels are transmitted on a single carrier by increasing the modulation rate and allotting a time slot to each channel. however, more sophisticated high - speed electronics, at both the transmitting and receiving ends of the communications link, are required when increasing the bit rate of a system. and as the bit rate increases, inherent modulation limiting characteristics of optical fibers become dominant. chromatic and polarization mode dispersion cause pulse spreading, which affects the signal quality over longer transmission distances. an alternate method for increasing the capacity of fiber optic communications systems is known as wavelength division multiplexing, or wdm. by this method, capacity can be increased by using more than one optical carrier ( wavelength ) on a single fiber. therefore, adding a second transmitter and receiver to an optical fiber can double the bandwidth of that communications system. this method of increasing the capacity of an optical system has appeal for a variety of reasons. if a system were to increase in capacity using tdm alone, the existing transmitter and receiver would be replaced with a faster and more expensive transmitter / receiver pair. using wdm, the existing transmitter and receiver do not need to be replaced. a second transmitter / receiver pair of a different wavelength is simply added. this is done by coupling, or multiplexing the output of the two lasers into a single fiber. at the receiving end, the two wavelengths are then separated, or demultiplexed, and each optical carrier is routed to its own receiver. for transmission systems using a 1310 nm laser, a second laser at 1550 nm is usually added. the reason for choosing these wavelengths is that they lie in the windows or ranges of least attenuation. this allows the signal to travel a longer distance. the itu ( international telecommunication union ) has proposed a set of closely spaced wavelengths in the 1550 nm window. this method of w", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6451687604676885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.653341"} {"text": "that they lie in the windows or ranges of least attenuation. this allows the signal to travel a longer distance. the itu ( international telecommunication union ) has proposed a set of closely spaced wavelengths in the 1550 nm window. this method of wdm is known as dense wavelength division multiplexing, or dwdm. these different wavelengths or channels, are spaced 100 ghz apart, which is approximately 0. 8 nm. this set of channels is commonly known as the itu - t grid, and is specified in frequency. the reason the 1550 nm window was chosen by the itu is twofold : it is in one of the windows that has the smallest amount of attenuation ; and it also lies in the band in which erbium doped optical amplifiers operate. itu - t dwdm grid the following diagram is a conceptual example of a fiber optic network. the all - optical network the all - optical network will be the next evolution in optical communications. current dwdm systems are point - to - point links meaning that the signals have a single distinct starting and ending point. research is being performed to help these networks evolve into fully configurable networks, which are not limited to fixed point - to - point links. transparency in the optical layer opens many possibilities for the future. digital and analog transmission can occur on the same fiber. different bit rates using different protocols will all travel together. current research is being performed on reconfiguring an optical network in real time. wavelength selective switching allows wavelengths to be routed through the network individually. some of the applications of this are for network restoration and redundancy, which may reduce or entirely eliminate the need for an entire back up system to help the network recover from failures such as equipment malfunctions or fiber breaks. a reconfigurable network may offer bandwidth on demand to configure itself to optimize for traffic bottlenecks. the future may also include wavelength translation to convert traffic on one wavelength to another wavelength in the optical domain. all optical switching is still in the research phase ; however, researchers are looking for ways to create reliable, low loss switches with fast switching speeds. investigation into the possibility of optical packet switching and other novel technologies are currently underway. the all - optical network may be just around the corner. photonic crystal fibers ( pcfs ) photonic crystal fiber ( pcf ) is a subset of photonic crystals. the field of pcf was first explored in the latter half of 1990 ' s and quickly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5924564094078819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.654334"} {"text": "network may be just around the corner. photonic crystal fibers ( pcfs ) photonic crystal fiber ( pcf ) is a subset of photonic crystals. the field of pcf was first explored in the latter half of 1990 ' s and quickly evolved into a commercial technology. pcfs are generally divided into two main categories : index guiding fibers that have a solid core, and photonic bandgap fibers that have periodic microstructured elements and a core of low index material ( e. g. hollow core ). they can provide characteristics that ordinary optical fiber cannot, such as : single - mode operation from the uv to ir with large mode - field diameters, exceptionally high nonlinearity, numerical aperture ( na ) ranging from very low to about 0. 9, and optimized dispersion properties. applications of pcfs are found in a wide range of research fields like spectroscopy, metrology, biomedicine, imaging, telecommunication, industrial machining, and military. fabrication and characteristicsfigure 12close - up view of pcf preform the typical starting point for manufacturing of an index guided pcf is an array of hollow capillary silica tubes bundled around a pure silica rod replacing the center capillary. for photonic bandgap ( pbg ) fibers, one or more capillary tubes may simply be left out in the center of the preform in order to create a hollow ' defect ' core. a sleeving tube surrounds the entire assembly that forms the preform. in a fiber draw tower, the preform is heated to around 2000\u00b0c and it is carefully pulled into fiber with the aid of gravity and pressure. typical outer fiber diameter is 125 \u00b5m, but diameters from 80 to around 700 \u00b5m are routinely fabricated. this fiber maintains the structure of the preform, but now on a microscopic scale. standard protective polymer coatings are applied to the fibers in order to improve handling characteristics. figure 13most pcf fiber can be connectorized too. call newport for more information. the dispersion characteristics of pcfs can be manipulated to create fibers having zero, low, or anomalous dispersion at visible wavelengths. the dispersion can also be flattened. combining these features with small mode field areas results in outstanding nonlinear fibers. by altering the pattern of air holes or the materials used, it is possible to manipulate other characteristics of pcfs, such as the single - mode cut - off wavelength, the na, and the nonlinear coefficient.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6186433004459654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.655243"} {"text": "field areas results in outstanding nonlinear fibers. by altering the pattern of air holes or the materials used, it is possible to manipulate other characteristics of pcfs, such as the single - mode cut - off wavelength, the na, and the nonlinear coefficient. the design flexibility is very large, and designers can use many different, fascinating, and odd air hole patterns to achieve specific pcf parameters. the triangular arrangement of round air holes in the cladding is typically used to create single - mode fibers. increasing the air - filling fraction in the cladding typically leads to multimode behavior. an elliptical core can create a highly birefringent fiber that is polarization maintaining. silica provides superior fiber performance for most applications with wavelengths between 200 and 2500 nm, but use of other materials can enhance specific parameters like nonlinearity or wave - guiding outside this spectral region. furthermore, a long list of dopants can be added to silica. doped silica is now used in a variety of fiber lasers and amplifiers ; these could be combined with the unique capabilities of pcfs to provide even more useful devices. coupling, splicing and connectorization of pcfs are other important issues because the fibers may have extreme parameters of mode field area and na ; coupling methods are in some cases very different from standard fiber methods. however, users may strip and cleave the pcfs with standard fiber tools. for laboratory use, the fibers are typically just cleaved and used with \" open \" ends. in such cases, it is important to avoid direct exposure of the fiber ends to any liquids since the capillary forces in the holes may draw the liquids several centimeters into the fiber, and thus disturb the wave - guiding properties. pcfs can be spliced to standard fibers ( and take advantage of the various connector schemes of such fibers ), or the pcfs may be connectorized directly. newport provides both pcfs spliced to standard fibers and directly connectorized on a semi - custom basis. note that the mechanical strength of splices, the connectorized fiber core offset and connector - to - connector coupling are not always the same as standard fibers. directly connectorized fibers may furthermore provide beam expansion to lower the fiber end facet intensity and reduce the risk of damage at high power levels. call newport for more details. newport ' s f - sm, and f - nl series are index guided fibers. similar to conventional fibers, index guiding pcfs transport light through a solid core by total internal reflection. the microstructured air -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.555708814968439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.657196"} {"text": ". call newport for more details. newport ' s f - sm, and f - nl series are index guided fibers. similar to conventional fibers, index guiding pcfs transport light through a solid core by total internal reflection. the microstructured air - filled region in pcfs effectively lowers the index of the cladding effectively creating a step - index optical fiber. the fiber behaves in many ways like standard step - index fibers, but it has a number of advantages. index guiding pcfs are made of undoped silica that provides very low losses, sustains high powers and temperature levels, and may withstand nuclear radiation. depending on pcf design, the air in the cladding may be utilized to yield fibers with extremely low or extremely high index steps. figure 14schematic of an index guided pcffigure 15cross section of triangular cladding pcf a typical cross section of an index guided pcf is shown in fig 14 and 15. the pcf consists of a triangular lattice of air holes where the core is defined by a missing air hole. the pitch is labeled \u03bb, and measures the period of the hole structure ( the distance between the centers of neighboring air holes ). the hole size is labeled d, and measures the diameter of the holes. figure 16cross section of air - clad pcf some pcfs have a cladding refractive index that exhibits a strong wavelength dependence. together with the inherently large design flexibility, pcfs allow for a whole range of novel properties to be explored. such properties include endlessly single - mode fibers ( f - sm series ), extremely nonlinear fibers and fibers with anomalous dispersion in the visible wavelength region ( f - nl series ). a unique feature of pcfs is that a single fiber may support single - mode operation over a wavelength range from around 300 nm to beyond 2000 nm even for large mode field areas ( of several hundred \u00b5m2 ). this allows pcfs to be utilized for transmission of very high powers with high beam quality without running into nonlinear or damage barriers ( several hundred watts for cw operation ). on the other hand, the highly nonlinear fibers made as single - mode fibers have extremely small mode field areas ( typically around 3 \u00b5m2 ) and confine light to the core region efficiently. compared to standard fiber technology, where the light is guided using solid glasses with different refractive indices, several new properties may be realized using pcf technology. for example : - fibers that are single - mode in a very broad spectral range ( in principle all wavelengths )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5598631396247259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.658185"} {"text": "fiber technology, where the light is guided using solid glasses with different refractive indices, several new properties may be realized using pcf technology. for example : - fibers that are single - mode in a very broad spectral range ( in principle all wavelengths ) - very small mode sizes may be obtained ( down to approx. 1 \u00b5m ) - very large mode sizes may be obtained ( up to 25 \u00b5m or larger ) - zero dispersion wavelengths below 1300 nm is possible ( down to approx. 600 nm ) - exceptionally large birefringence close to 10 - 2 can be realized - very high numerical apertures up to 0. 9 may be obtained hence, pcfs are ideally suited for applications requiring large non - linearities, broadband operation with single - mode guidance, large mode areas, light collection from a large solid angle, etc. figure 17large mode area fiber ( f - sm series ) figure 18near field image of f - sm fiber at 1550 nmfigure 19mode structure of f - sm20 fiber formation of broad continuous spectra through propagation of short femto or picosecond - range high power pulses through nonlinear media ( also known as supercontinuum generation, or scg ) was first observed in 1970 and has since then been studied extensively in many different materials. the term supercontinuum does not cover a specific phenomenon but rather a plethora of nonlinear effects leading to considerable spectral broadening of optical pulses and thereby potentially octave - spanning output. the involved nonlinear effects depend on the dispersion in the material and count effects like self - phase modulation ( spm ), raman scattering, phase matching and solitons. results on scg in pcfs have previously been presented with pumping in the anomalous dispersion regime or at the zero - dispersion wavelength in both the visible and the infrared wavelength range. most experiments utilize femtosecond pumping as this results in spectacularly broad spectra. picosecond pumping yields more narrow spectra, but does so with far cheaper laser sources and is therefore commercially interesting. although scg can be observed in a drop of water given enough pumping power, pcfs are ideal media for scg as the dispersion can be designed to facilitate continuum generation in a specific region. in this way, it is possible to convert light to both higher and lower wavelength, just like super wide spectra covering more than an octave is achievable at previously unthinkable low power levels. practical super", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.615319474121854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.659163"} {"text": "generation in a specific region. in this way, it is possible to convert light to both higher and lower wavelength, just like super wide spectra covering more than an octave is achievable at previously unthinkable low power levels. practical supercontinuum tips scg - 800 and scg - 800 - cars ( see supercontinuum generation fiber devices ) are ideal in generating supercontinuum using an ultrafast laser. when coupling light from a femtosecond laser into a crystal fiber, a number of issues regarding pulse distortion must be addressed to achieve the optimum performance. in this section, we discuss the precautions taken to couple light from a ti : sapphire laser into a 1. 7 \u00b5m core pcf. the first issue to be addressed is the 4 % reflection from the fiber surface, which can lead to a distortion of the pulse train and in severe cases will stop the laser from mode - locking. cleaving the fiber at an angle can minimize back reflections. however, we recommend that the problem be avoided by the use of a faraday isolator. coupling out a small portion of the beam and directing it to newport ' s pulsescout autocorrelators ( see pulsescout autocorrelator ) allows for real - time monitoring of the pulse width and beam quality. the femtosecond pulses are easily coupled into the fiber through standard microscope objectives. magnifications of 40x and 60x provide good results. aspheric ball lenses can also be used, but as these are not achromatic, they should not be used with short femtosecond pulses due to the broad spectral range of these pulses. the dispersion in the microscope objective should be compensated using a precompensating prism or grating compressor in order to launch the shortest possible ( i. e. highest intensity ) pulse into the fiber. the diameter of the laser beam should match the aperture of the microscope objective. this is easily achieved with a standard telescope. nonlinear effects are inherently very sensitive to variations in the input power, thus a very stable mount is needed. to avoid displacement of the fiber end due to thermal, acoustic and other unwanted effects, the fiber should be mounted as close to the end as possible. gluing the fiber to the mount, or using a connectorized fiber, can create further stability. if polarization - maintaining fibers are used, the polarization axis of the linearly polarized femtosecond pulses should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5613975900101242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.661493"} {"text": "science january 29, 2013 why do grandmothers exist? the question is not as unfeeling as it sounds. from the point of view of the selfish gene, creatures are supposed to drop dead as soon as they lose the power to reproduce. a man can make babies his whole life, even if the sperm of his old age lacks vigor and genetic fidelity. a woman outlives her eggs by about 20 years, which almost no other female mammals do. 1 ( only female killer and pilot whales and orcas are known to last as long after the end of their menstrual cycles. ) besides being classed among the oddities of the animal kingdom, post - menopausal women lack obvious utility. they tend to be weak. they don ' t have much sex appeal. they eat food working people might make better use of. in paraguay ' s ache tribe, aging women used to listen with terror for the footsteps of the young men whose job it was to sneak up on them with an ax and brain them. most societies don ' t actually murder their grannies, but that women manage to attain old age is an evolutionary mystery and requires explanation. are senior citizens really \" greedy geezers? \" some people deny that women did live past menopause, whether in the pleistocene era or the nineteenth century. before modern hygiene and medicine, the argument goes, people just didn ' t live very long. but most scientists don ' t think that anymore. it is true that, in the olden days, fewer people reached their golden years. children dropped dead with disturbing ease, keeping life - expectancy averages low. but humans still had the capacity to live twice as long as our hominid ancestors. those who got to 15 had about a 60 percent chance of making it to 45, at which point odds were respectable that they ' d reach old age. many anthropologists and biologists now believe that the bodies of homo sapiens were designed to last about 72 years. so why should women stop procreating so early? in 1957, the evolutionary biologist george williams proposed what is called the \" stopping - early \" hypothesis : middle - age women need baby - free time to usher their youngest children into adulthood. in the 1980s, an american anthropologist named kristen hawkes and two colleagues came up with a different explanation. they had gone to northern tanzania to study the foraging habits of the hadza, the last known hunter - gatherers in africa. while there, the scholars were struck by how strong the tribe ' s old women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4907591543515033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.669697"} {"text": "colleagues came up with a different explanation. they had gone to northern tanzania to study the foraging habits of the hadza, the last known hunter - gatherers in africa. while there, the scholars were struck by how strong the tribe ' s old women were and how, rather than live off the fruits of others ' labor, they worked hard digging up the tribe ' s main starch staple, a deeply - buried tuber. \" their acquisition rates were similar to the rates of younger women, \" hawkes told me, \" but these old ladies were spending even more time \" than their daughters gathering food, leaving camp earlier, coming back later, and bringing back more than they needed. the anthropologists also noticed that many children with grandmothers or great - aunts had faster growth rates than their counterparts. from these slim clues, hawkes and her colleagues developed the \" grandmother hypothesis, \" which holds that women past childbearing age helped not just their children, but their children ' s children, and lengthened the human lifespan in the process. without babies of their own to lug around, grandmothers had both time and a very good reason to be useful. when they eked out food for their daughters ' children, they reduced the chance that those children would die. that gave the grandmothers a better chance of passing on their own predisposition to longevity. ( in general, grandmothers appear to have helped daughters ' offspring more than sons ' ; evolutionary theorists explain this by pointing out that a daughter ' s maternity affords a surer genetic connection than a son ' s paternity, unless you all but imprison your daughter - in - law. 2 ) the grandmother hypothesis also explains another conundrum : why do humans have shorter birth intervals than other primates? chimp mothers, for instance, wait five or six years to give birth to another neonate. women can pop out infants as soon as they ' ve weaned previous ones. it turns out that, once humans learned the art of collaborative child - rearing, old women started spending more time with their daughters ' toddlers. that freed up the young women to have more. as the grandmother effect spread throughout the population over thousands of generations, it changed humans in another way. it made their brains bigger. as life lengthened, so did each stage of it. children stayed children longer, which let their brains develop a more complex neural architecture. not everyone accepts this triumphantly feminist account of our evolutionary history. when anthropologists first heard it,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5139640896439774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.670836"} {"text": "bigger. as life lengthened, so did each stage of it. children stayed children longer, which let their brains develop a more complex neural architecture. not everyone accepts this triumphantly feminist account of our evolutionary history. when anthropologists first heard it, most of them dismissed it as ridiculous. for one thing, it cuts man - the - hunter out of the picture. what about all the calories needed to grow our oversized brains? didn ' t those have to come from the meat brought back from the hunt? moreover, throughout recorded history, young women left their villages to move in with their men. so how would mothers have had access to their daughters ' children? the comeback to these objections is that hunter - gatherer families probably made all kinds of arrangements. 3 in the tribes that anthropologists have been able to observe, some couples stayed in the wife ' s village, some moved in with her parents while starting their families, and some women left home. patrilocality \u2014 men staying put \u2014 probably became the norm only when our ancestors settled down to farm, which made men unwilling to leave their land and wealth. and it ' s not as if hunters alone brought in enough food to let the children thrive. hawkes argues that, while meat boosted a tribe ' s overall nutrition, hunters couldn ' t be counted on to come home with a kill. when they did, the demands of status made them just as likely to share the bounty with the tribe as to hold it back for their children. the food grandmothers provided, on the other hand, was steady and reliable. two decades later, the grandmother hypothesis has gone from oddball conjecture to one of the dominant theories of why we live so long, breed so fast, and are so smart. the extra calories and care supplied by women in their long post - fertile period subsidized the long pre - fertile period that is childhood. and that ' s what made us fully human. in a happy coincidence, the grandmother hypothesis comes along just as americans enter what might be called the age of old age. america ' s biggest generation, the baby - boomers, began retiring in 2011. this gerontocracy is expected to drain our wealth. by 2060, more than 20 percent of all americans will be 65 or older, up from 13 percent in 2010. more than 92 million oldsters will roam the land, if roaming is within their power. people who fret about the federal budget point out that, by 2011, social security and medicare were already eating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5297545186826036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.671808"} {"text": "or older, up from 13 percent in 2010. more than 92 million oldsters will roam the land, if roaming is within their power. people who fret about the federal budget point out that, by 2011, social security and medicare were already eating up a third of it. looming in the near future is the prospect that both programs ' trust funds will vanish as the number of workers paying into the system goes down. but are senior citizens really \" greedy geezers \" ( a term made popular by this magazine in 1988 ) about to bankrupt us? the grandmother hypothesis suggests not. it suggests that we should see the coming abundance of over - 65 - year - olds as an opportunity, not a disaster. as gerontologist linda fried, dean of columbia university ' s school of public health, points out, \" older adults constitute the only increasing natural resource in the entire world. \" 4 if we are going to exploit this resource in the post - industrial world, we ' ll have to use the social capital of the old the way the hadza used them to dig up tubers. mature people of both sexes have a lifetime ' s worth of education and experience. we ' d be crazy to waste that surplus value, especially when so many people languish after retirement, mortified at no longer being needed. to show how much retirees have to offer, fried started a program that puts them in at - risk public schools in 19 cities. early results suggest that children read better and get sent to the principal less often in classrooms where seniors spend 15 hours a week, perhaps because they give teachers support and embarrass students inclined to act up. for their part, the volunteers do better on tests of health and happiness, probably because they like feeling useful. as for actual grandparents, a growing body of research shows how much they help their grandchildren, even when they aren ' t giving them hands - on care or food. often enough, though, they do provide those things, especially in poor families or ones with dysfunctional parents. the number of children being raised by their grandparents has been steadily rising since 2000. in 2011, there were 2. 75 million such children in the united states. but grandparents also give grandchildren more intangible gifts. in the mid - ' 90s, a stanford university fellow named luba botcheva went home to bulgaria to study how grandparents affected families struggling to survive the fall of communism. in the remote and very traditional region where she did her research, several generations would live under the same roof. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.483315966636824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.672804"} {"text": "stanford university fellow named luba botcheva went home to bulgaria to study how grandparents affected families struggling to survive the fall of communism. in the remote and very traditional region where she did her research, several generations would live under the same roof. the socialist - era factories had been shut down, and jobs were scarce. botcheva discovered that grandparents ' pensions were often the most dependable source of a household ' s income. in addition to paying the bills, however, grandparents buffered grandchildren against the harsh parenting that comes from acute anxiety. children who grew up with grandparents in the home reported less depression than those without. \" it was the opposite of what we expected, \" she said. \" i called it the ' moderation effect. ' \" many of the grandparents had lived through world war ii, so when it came to poverty and uncertainty about the future, they had \" social wisdom \" to share, as botcheva puts it, which kept tension levels down. 5 unsurprisingly, grandmothers often do more for their grandchildren than grandfathers do. \" older women are the neighborhood watch and the neighborhood glue, \" says fried. \" they ' re the community purveyor of norms. \" when older black people in south africa first started getting pensions from the post - apartheid government that were big enough to live on, the grandchildren who lived with grandmothers \u2014 especially the granddaughters \u2014 got taller and heavier, which observers took as a sign that they were eating better. 6 but when it was the grandfathers who got the pensions, the grandchildren didn ' t grow at all. that wouldn ' t surprise economists who work with microfinance lending programs. they have discovered that female borrowers use their loans to improve their children ' s lot, whereas male borrowers, on the whole, do not. not that all grandparents can or want to be useful. as more people in industrialized countries postpone childbearing, parents become grandparents later and have less energy. the divorced ones may have started second or third families of their own. global mobility puts distance between the generations. assisted - living facilities segregate the old. some retirement communities bar children altogether. but children still need the nurture they once got from their mothers ' mothers. so it ' s worth thinking, along with fried, about institutions that would give parents and children that grandparental boost. i dream of communal houses or apartment complexes where families could live near grandparents but not right on top of them. that vision gives rise to others, some of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5210049261695072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.673766"} {"text": "first a meteor exploded over russia, followed closely by an asteroid fly - by. now, two comets are expected to put on a naked - eye spectacle for sky watchers in the northern hemisphere. up first is comet pan - starrs, which gets its funky name from the telescope credited with discovering it in june 2001 : the panoramic survey telescope & rapid response system in hawaii. the comet is already visible through telescopes in the southern hemisphere, and it should swing into view over the northern hemisphere beginning around march 8. it ' s hard to predict exactly how bright pan - starrs will be, but you should be able to see it without binoculars or telescopes, said don yeomans of nasa ' s near - earth object program. it should be about as bright as the stars in the big dipper. \" there is a chance that it will be a little brighter than this, but likewise, it might not get quite that bright, \" said karl battams of the naval research lab. part of the brightness will depend on how close pan - starrs gets to the sun. comets are made up of water, ice, dust and other elements and minerals, all loosely packed together, battams said. as a comet gets closer to the sun, the sun ' s heat causes these elements to melt, spewing out dust and gas in a brilliant tail. \" the closer it gets, the more intense the radiation and the more elements will be melted, \" he said. pan - starrs is expected to get fairly close to the sun. that ' s bad news for the comet, but it could be a boon for sky watchers if the comet is brighter and easier to see. pan - starrs also could fall apart and fizzle. but if it survives its sunbath, we should be able to see it low on the horizon in the western sky for a couple of weeks, battams said. \" about half an hour after sunset would be a good time for people take a look, \" he said. here are some key dates : march 5 : pan - starrs will be closest to earth ; march 10 : the comet will pass closest to the sun ; march 12 and 13 : the best dates to look for pan - starrs ; it should emerge in the western sunset sky not far from the crescent moon. battams has these viewing tips : 1 ) safety first : don ' t try to look at the comet until the sun sets. do not look at the sun using regular binoculars or telescopes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4226862913114501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.676473"} {"text": "the avant - garde movements of the early 20th century ushered in a revolution on many fronts : a revolution in the arts, a revolution in political values, and a revolution in thinking itself. in this course, we examine central literary and artistic works of the european avant - garde, studying the movements of italian futurism, german expressionism, dada, and french surrealism. at the heart of this course is an inquiry into the crucial nexus of art and politics. what constitutes the central critiques made by the various avant - garde movements? in what ways did these movements induce social and political change? what legacy have they left on our thinking today? finally, what can we make of the complexities of the avant - garde? how can we understand the futurist leaning toward fascism, the anarchist stance in dada, and the gender violence in expressionist art and literature? attention is paid to the visual and verbal arts. we read the genres of poetry, prose, and drama, as well as manifestoes and political tracts. we also view slides of painting, photography, photomontage and performance art. works by andr breton, leonora carrington, franz kafka, mina loy, f. t. marinetti, tristan tzara, and frank wedekind, amongst others. theoretical texts by walter benjamin, bertolt brecht, peter brger, and georg lukcs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5298133681114806, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.679278"} {"text": "water from space is ' raining ' onto a planet - forming disc at supersonic speeds, new observations from the spitzer space telescope reveal. the unprecedented detail of the observations at this early stage of the disc ' s formation could help reveal which of two competing theories of planet formation is correct. planets form when matter clumps together in swirling discs of gas and dust, called protoplanetary discs, around infant stars. but many details of how this works are still not known. for example, some scientists think giant planets can form in just a few thousand years, while others argue it takes millions of years. now, astronomers led by dan watson of the university of rochester in new york, us, have gained an unprecedented view of a protoplanetary disc at the young age of just a few hundred thousand years old. they used the spitzer space telescope to examine the spectrum of infrared light coming from the vicinity of an embryonic star called iras 4b, which lies about 1000 light years from earth. at this very early stage, an outer cocoon of gas and dust called an envelope still surrounds the star and its swirling disc. previous observations in the microwave portion of the spectrum suggested that this large cocoon is contracting and sending material onto the disc. but the inner region, where the disc meets the cocoon, could not be seen at these wavelengths. the spitzer observations probe this inner region and reveal infrared light emitted by massive amounts of water vapour - the equivalent of five times the content of the earth ' s oceans. the vapour is too hot to be explained by the embryonic star ' s radiation alone, suggesting another process must be heating it up. the team believes ice from the cocoon is pelting the disc at a rate faster than the speed of sound there, creating a shock front. \" the sonic boom that it endures when it lands on the disc heats it up very efficiently \" and vaporises it, watson told new scientist. this supersonic shock \" has been searched for and theorised about for decades \", watson says. it is a short - lived phenomenon that only occurs during the first few hundred thousand years of the star and disc formation, while the envelope is still feeding the disc. the light emitted as the icy particles hit the disc can be used to learn more about the disc itself at this early stage, which could shed light on how planets form. most astronomers believe planets form according to a model known as \" core accretion \", in which small particles snowball into larger and larger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.551348553452041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.684740"} {"text": "used to learn more about the disc itself at this early stage, which could shed light on how planets form. most astronomers believe planets form according to a model known as \" core accretion \", in which small particles snowball into larger and larger objects over millions of years. a competing idea, called \" disc instability \", is that turbulence in the disc can cause matter to collapse into planets extremely quickly, producing gas giants such as jupiter in just a few thousand years. \" if you wanted to test between those scenarios, one of the most important places to look would be the stage we ' re looking at now, \" watson says. future observations of such young discs could reveal how turbulent the discs are, and thus whether they boast the conditions required for disc instability, he says. \" the whole subject of the very beginnings of the development of solar systems is open to study now, \" watson says. donald brownlee of the university of washington in seattle, us, agrees. \" it ' s interesting to have a new peek into a period of history of what appears to be a forming planetary system, potentially at a timescale that we ' ve never seen before, \" he told new scientist. \" it forms another important clue to how planetary systems form. \" journal reference : nature ( vol 448, p 1026 ) if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article barking up the wrong tree mon mar 19 19 : 02 : 04 gmt 2012 by tony marshallsay having been schooled in the theory of planet formation by agglomeration of dust particles over a period of thousands or millions of years, i have recently ceased believing in it for a number of reasons : 1. if agglomeration works so well, why has the asteroid belt not agglomerated to a planet? of course, recent examination by spacecraft has revealed that, while some asteroids are solid, other \" potatoes \" are, indeed, agglomerates. 2. the agglomeration theory cannot easily - if at all - explain retrograde planetary spins 3. it is difficult to see how agglomeration and an exceedingly slow increase in self - gravity pressure could result", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5210802176431322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.685689"} {"text": "agglomerates. 2. the agglomeration theory cannot easily - if at all - explain retrograde planetary spins 3. it is difficult to see how agglomeration and an exceedingly slow increase in self - gravity pressure could result in the creation of \" rocky \" planets like our earth, with molten iron cores including heavier, radioactive elements to generate internal heating, since any heat generated by the compression process would be dissipated into space over such a long time, making fusion reactions extremely unlikely. accordingly, i have come to the opinion that planets of all types are formed initially not over an exceedingly long time but rather almost instantly as core shards of exploding supernovae. this view, again, has several implications, viz : a. outer core shards consisting of light materials would likely be small, lose heat very quickly and cool into misshapes before being able to become spherical under self - gravity. b. inner core shards, on the other hand, would have sufficient thermal capacity and radioactive material to maintain heat long enough to develop a spherical shape and the composition of our earth ( we might thus consider the earth to be a microcosm of a stellar core, albeit under far less heat and pressure ). c. the shards would be flung in all directions, resulting in the multitude of \" free planets \" recently observed by japanese investigators. d. some of those free planets would inevitably - sooner or later - become trapped in the gravitational fields of stars, creating planetary systems, such as our own solar system. e. the inconsistencies of size and composition of the solar system ' s planets can then easily be explained by considering the planets as having been captured \" missiles \" from various supernovae, perhaps even in other galaxies ( do the math - it ' s possible, even at incredibly slow speeds, when you take a few billion years into consideration ). f. a \" gas giant \" can be formed by a heavy, rocky \" seed \" gathering a thick coat of gas through happening to have been ejected in the direction of a large gas cloud. opinions on the above are welcome ( i am becoming accustomed to brickbats descending upon my head from a great height! ). all comments should respect the new scientist house rules. if you think a particular comment breaks these rules then please use the \" report \" link in that comment to report it to us. if you are having a technical problem posting a comment, please contact technical support.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.546681059942274, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.686607"} {"text": "american civil religion american civil religion is a term given to a shared set of certain fundamental beliefs, values, holidays, and rituals by those who live in the united states of america. these shared values and holidays are based upon, parallel to, but independent of the theological tenets of each specific denomination or religious belief. the notion of a civil religion originated in the united states due to its origins as a religiously diverse nation. from the pilgrim founders and the other puritan groups to the numerous other groups fleeing religious persecution, the american nation had a unique experience and developed a system that allowed for maximum freedom of religion for individuals and groups while allowing no one religious denomination to dominate. in this context, the nation developed a religious, primarily protestant ethos and set of values based on religion but not overtly based on any one tradition. the term was coined by sociologist robert bellah in 1967. the article in which the term is coined, \" civil religion in america, \" sparked one of the most controversial debates in united states sociology. soon after the paper was published, the topic became the major focus at religious sociology conferences and numerous articles and books were written on the subject. the debate reached it peak with the american bicentennial celebration in 1976. the american civil religion emerged as a means to permit the creation of a distinct national set of values that was not tied to a specific confession. it permitted religion to play a fundamental role in shaping the moral vision of the country but in a way that removed theological concerns from the public arena. the united states was settled in part by religious dissenters from the established church of england, who desired a civil society founded on a different religious vision. consequently, there has never been a state church in the united states and individual state churches have not existed in the united states since the early nineteenth century. religious denominations compete with one another for allegiance in the public square. these facts have created a public discourse which accepts regular displays of religious piety by political leaders but in a vocabulary which captures the common values embraced by diverse religious traditions but eschews the particular theological tenets. unlike countries with established state churches, where the specific religious basis of political discourse is held in common and therefore taken for granted, american civil society developed a way of discussing the intersection of religious and political values in non - theological terms. three periods of crisis in the book the broken covenant bellah argued that america has experienced three periods when a large number of americans were cynical about the american creed : once in each of the last three centuries america has faced a time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5169761746750393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.698690"} {"text": "non - theological terms. three periods of crisis in the book the broken covenant bellah argued that america has experienced three periods when a large number of americans were cynical about the american creed : once in each of the last three centuries america has faced a time of trial, a time of testing so severe that \u2026 the existence of our nation has been called in question \u2026 the spiritual glue that had bound the nation together in previous years had simply collapsed. creation of the term bellah ' s ideas about civil religion were not novel. before bellah wrote his paper in 1967 coining the term \" american civil religion \" several prominent scholars had alluded to the concept. but there was no common conceptual term to describe, interpret or analyze civic religious faith in america. alexis de tocqueville the french thinker alexis de tocqueville has a special place in the understanding of the role of religion in american history. in addition to defining the economic factors that separated british culture from that of the americans, tocqueville found the role of religion in these societies to be significantly different. he found that many of the differences between the americans and the english stemmed from diverse spiritual practices and freedoms. in democracy of america tocqueville stated : religion in american takes no direct part in the government of society, but it must be regarded as the first of their political institutions ; for if it does not impart a taste for freedom, it facilitates the use of it. indeed, it is in this same point of view that the inhabitants of the united states themselves look upon religious belief. i do not know whether all americans have a sincere faith in their religion for who can search the human heart? \u2014 but i am certain that they hold it to be indispensable to the maintenance of republican institutions. this opinion is not peculiar to a class of citizens or to a party, but it belongs to the whole nation and to every rank of society. throughout his career, tocqueville promoted the importance of religious freedom and education without religious influence. the importance he placed on educational innovation led to his strong defense of religious freedom : they all attributed the peaceful dominion of religion in their country mainly to the separation of church and state. i do not hesitate to affirm that during my stay in america i did not meet a single individual, of the clergy or the laity, who was not of the same opinion on this point. he viewed religious independence as not a threat to society, but as an inspiration for further social freedoms, and believed the basic freedoms of education,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.540052724601174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.699680"} {"text": "single individual, of the clergy or the laity, who was not of the same opinion on this point. he viewed religious independence as not a threat to society, but as an inspiration for further social freedoms, and believed the basic freedoms of education, religion, and the press to ultimately foster the spirit of freedom worldwide. yet tocqueville believed religion to be essential to human success, particularly in democracies : despotism may govern without faith, but liberty cannot. religion is much more necessary in the republic \u2026 than in the monarchy \u2026 it is more needed in democratic republics than in any others. how is it possible that society should escape destruction if the moral tie is not strengthened in proportion as the political tie is relaxed? and what can be done with a people who are their own masters if they are not submissive to the deity? tocqueville saw in america the realization of the idea that inspired him. scholarly progenitors of this idea include john dewey who spoke of \" common faith \" ( 1934 ) ; robin williams ' s american society : a sociological interpretation, ( 1951 ) which stated there was a \" common religion \" in america ; lloyd warner ' s analysis of the memorial day celebrations in \" yankee city \" ( 1953 ) ; martin marty ' s \" religion in general \" ( 1959 ) ; will herberg who spoke of \" the american way of life \" ( 1960, 1974 ) ; sidney mead ' s \" religion of the republic \" ( 1963 ) ; and g. k. chesterton advanced the thesis that the united states was \" the only nation \u2026 founded on a creed \" and also coined the phrase \" a nation with a soul of a church. \" in the same period, several distinguished historians such as yehoshua arieli, daniel boorstin, and ralph gabriel \" assessed the religious dimension of ' nationalism ', the ' american creed ', ' cultural religion ' and the ' democratic faith ' \". today, according to social scientist rondald wimberley and william swatos, there seems to be a firm consensus among social scientists that there is a part of americanism that is especially religious in nature, which may be termed \" civil religion. \" but this religious nature is less significant than the \" transcendent universal religion of the nation \" which late eighteenth century french intellectuals such as jean - jacques rousseau and alexis de tocqueville wrote about. robert bellah and colleagues bellah and fellow scholar martin e. marty studied civil religion as a cultural phenomenon, attempting to identify the actual ten", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5000703266300912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.701057"} {"text": "which late eighteenth century french intellectuals such as jean - jacques rousseau and alexis de tocqueville wrote about. robert bellah and colleagues bellah and fellow scholar martin e. marty studied civil religion as a cultural phenomenon, attempting to identify the actual tenets of civil religion in the united states of america, or to study civil religion as a phenomenon of cultural anthropology. marty wrote that americans approved of \" religion in general \" without being particularly concerned about the content of that faith, and attempted to distinguish \" priestly \" and \" prophetic \" roles within the practice of american civil religion, which he preferred to call the \" public theology. \" bellah wrote that civil religion was \" an institutionalized collection of sacred beliefs about the american nation. \" he identified the american revolution, the civil war, and the civil rights movement as three decisive historical events that impacted the content and imagery of civil religion in the united states. he also identified several modalities within u. s. civil religion related to the biblical categories of the priesthood, prophets, and wisdom tradition. empirical evidence supporting bellah ronald wimberley ( 1976 ) and other researchers collected large surveys and factor analytic studies which gave empirical support to bellah ' s argument that civil religion is a distinct cultural phenomena within american society which is not embodied in american politics or denominational religion. examples of civil religious beliefs are reflected in statements used in the research such as the following : - \" america is god ' s chosen nation today. \" - \" a president ' s authority... is from god. \" - \" social justice cannot only be based on laws ; it must also come from religion. \" - \" god can be known through the experiences of the american people. \" - \" holidays like the fourth of july are religious as well as patriotic. \" later research sought to determine who embraces views that could be characterized as part of the american civil religion. in a 1978 study by james christenson and ronald wimberley, the researchers found that a wide cross section of american citizens have such beliefs. in general though, college graduates and political or religious liberals appear to be somewhat less likely to embrace civil religion. protestants and catholics have the same level of civil religiosity. religions that were created in the united states, the mormons, adventists, and pentecostals, have the highest civil religiosity. jews, unitarians and those with no religious preference have the lowest civil religion. even though there is variation in the scores, the \" great majority \" of americans", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5512350532310744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.702117"} {"text": "adventists, and pentecostals, have the highest civil religiosity. jews, unitarians and those with no religious preference have the lowest civil religion. even though there is variation in the scores, the \" great majority \" of americans are found to share the types of civil religious beliefs which bellah identified. further research found that civil religion plays a role in people ' s preferences for political candidates and policy positions. in 1980 ronald wimberley found that civil religious beliefs were more important than loyalties to a political party in predicting support for nixon over mcgovern with a sample of sunday morning church goers who were surveyed near the election date and a general group of residents in the same community. in 1982 james christenson and ronald wimberley found that civil religion was second only to occupation in predicting a person ' s political views. while some have argued that christianity is the national faith \u2026 few have realized that there actually exists alongside \u2026 the churches an elaborate and well - institutionalized civil religion in america - robert bellah civil religion is neither bona fide religion nor ordinary patriotism, but a new alloy formed by blending religion with nationalism. if civil religions were bona fide religions then one would expect to find a soft side to them, teaching love of neighbor and upholding peace and compassion. but this is not the case. - stjepan mestrovic all links retrieved july 7, 2008. - \u2191 1. 0 1. 1 1. 2 robert neelly bellah, \" civil religion in america \" journal of the american academy of arts and sciences 96 ( 1 ) ( winter 1967 ) : 1 \u2013 21 from the issue entitled \" religion in america \". - \u2191 dana evan kaplan. the cambridge companion to american judaism. ( cambridge university press, 2005. isbn 0521822041 ), 118. - \u2191 stjepan mestrovic. the road from paradise. ( university press of kentucky, 1993 isbn 0813118271 ), 129 - \u2191 4. 0 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 marcela cristi. from civil to political religion : the intersection of culture, religion and politics. ( university press, 2001 isbn 0889203687 ) - \u2191 5. 0 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 5. 6 william h. swatos. encyclopedia of religion and society. ( rowman altamira, 1998. isbn 0761989560 ), 94.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42063715976352267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.703099"} {"text": ". 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 5. 6 william h. swatos. encyclopedia of religion and society. ( rowman altamira, 1998. isbn 0761989560 ), 94. \" the article caused an almost unprecedented burst of excitement among sociologists and other scholars of religion. \" - \u2191 richard t. hughes. myths america lives by. ( university of illinois press, 2004. isbn 0252072200 ), 3 - \u2191 robert neelly. the broken covenant : american civil religion in time of trial. ( university of chicago press, 1992 ), 1 - \u2191 french ministry of culture, alexis de tocqueville. general council for la manche. retrieved june 4, 2007. - \u2191 gerald a. parsons, \" from nationalism to internationalism : civil religion and the festival of saint catherine of siena, 1940 - 2003. \" journal of church and state ( september 22, 2004 ) - \u2191 stjepan gabriel mestrovic. the road from paradise : prospects for democracy in eastern europe. ( university press of kentucky, 1993. isbn 0813118271 ), 125, 130 american civil religion - bellah, robert neelly, \" civil religion in america. \" journal of the american academy of arts and sciences 96 ( 1 ) ( winter 1967 ) : 1 \u2013 21. from the issue entitled religion in america. - bellah, robert neelly. the broken covenant : american civil religion in time of trial. university of chicago press, 1985. isbn 0226041999 - canipe, lee, \" under god and anti - communist : how the pledge of allegiance got religion in cold - war america. \" journal of church and state ( march 22, 2002. } - cloud, matthew w., \" one nation, under god \" : tolerable acknowledgment of religion or unconstitutional cold war propaganda cloaked in american civil religion? \" journal of church and state 46 ( 2 ) ( march 22, 2004 ) : 311 issn 0021 - 969x. - edwords, frederick, \" the religious character of american patriotism. \" the humanist ( november / december 1987 ) : 20 \u2013 24, 36 - gehrig, gail. american civil religion : an assessment. society for scientific study, 1981. isbn 0932566022 - hughes, richard t. myths america lives by. university of illinois press, 2004. isbn 0252072200 - jewett,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5317182264632516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.704002"} {"text": ". american civil religion : an assessment. society for scientific study, 1981. isbn 0932566022 - hughes, richard t. myths america lives by. university of illinois press, 2004. isbn 0252072200 - jewett, robert, and john shelton lawrence. captain america and the crusade against evil : the dilemma of zealous nationalism. grand rapids, mi : wm. b. eerdmans publishing, isbn 0802828590, specifically talks about american civil religion, referencing jones ' s book, american civil religion. 328. - jones, donald g. and russell e. richey. american civil religion. mellen university press, 1990 ( original published in 1974 by harper ). isbn 0773499970 - mathisen, james a. \" twenty years after bellah : whatever happened to american civil religion? \" sociological analysis 50 ( 2 ) ( 1989 ) : 29 \u2013 46 - levinson, sanford, 1979 \" the constitution \" in american civil religion. \" the supreme court review ( 1979 ) : 123 \u2013 151. - luckmann, thomas. the invisible religion. 1967 published the same year as bellah ' s article. - neelly, robert. the broken covenant : american civil religion in time of trial, second ed. university of chicago press, 1992. isbn 0226041999 - swatos, william h., encyclopedia of religion and society. altamira press, 1998, isbn 0761989560, 95. civil religion entry - further information : american exceptionalism - churchill, ward. \" the ghosts of 9 - 1 - 1 : reflections on history, justice and roosting chickens. \" ( spring 2005 ) - lipset, seymour martin. american exceptionalism : a double - edged sword. new york : w. w. norton & company, 1997. isbn 0393316149 - book reviews of : seymour martin lipset ' s american exceptionalism : a double - edged sword part 1, the washington post, the weekly standard, ', foreign affairs, ', the guardian, new statesman & society, etc.. accessdate 2008 - 07 - 07. - zinn, howard. \" the power and the glory myths of american exceptionalism. \" bostonreview. net accessdate 2006 - 07 - 16 new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards. this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4759280775356847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.704988"} {"text": "a. synoptic history an extratropical low pressure system formed just east of the turks and caicos islands near 0000 utc 25 october in response to an upper level cyclone interacting with a frontal system. the low initially moved northwestward, and in combination with a strong surface high to the north developed into a gale center six hours later. by 1800 utc that day it had developed sufficient organized convection to be classified using the herbert - poteat subtropical cyclone classification system, and the best track of the subtropical storm begins at this time ( table 1 and figure 1 ). upon becoming a subtropical storm, the cyclone turned northward. this motion continued for 24 h while the system slowly intensified. the storm jogged north - northwestward late on 26 october, followed by a north - northeastward turn and acceleration on the 27th. during this time, satellite imagery indicated intermittent bursts of central convection while air force reserve hurricane hunter aircraft indicated a large ( 75 - 100 n mi ) radius of maximum winds. this evolution was in contrast to that of hurricane michael a week - and - a - half before. although of similar origin to the subtropical storm, michael developed persistent central convection and completed a transition to a warm - core hurricane. after reaching a 50 kt intensity early on 27 october, little change in strength occurred during the next 24 h. the storm turned northeastward and accelerated further on the 28th in response to a large and cold upper - level cyclone moving southward over southeastern canada. a last burst of organized convection late on the 28th allowed the storm to reach a peak intensity of 55 kt. a strong cold front moving southward off the new england coast then intruded into the system, and the storm became extratropical near sable island, nova scotia, around 0600 utc 29 october. the extratropical center weakened rapidly and lost its identity near eastern nova scotia later that day. it should be noted that the large cyclonic circulation that absorbed the subtropical storm was responsible for heavy early - season snowfalls over portions of the new england states and b. meteorological statistics table 1 shows the best track positions and intensities for the subtropical storm, with the track plotted in figure 1. figure 2 and figure 3 depict the curves of minimum central sea - level pressure and maximum sustained one - minute average \" surface \" ( 10 m above ground level ) winds, respectively, as a function of time. these figures also contain the data on which the curves are based : satellite - based hebert - poteat and experimental extratropical transition intensity ( miller and lander, 1997 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47280292172190097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.712769"} {"text": "above ground level ) winds, respectively, as a function of time. these figures also contain the data on which the curves are based : satellite - based hebert - poteat and experimental extratropical transition intensity ( miller and lander, 1997 ) estimates from the tropical analysis and forecast branch ( tafb ), the satellite analysis branch ( sab ) of the national environmental satellite data and information service ( nesdis ), and the air force weather agency ( afwa ), as well as data from aircraft, ships, buoys and land stations. the air force reserve hurricane hunters flew two mission into the storm with a total of four center fixes. central pressures on both flights were in the 997 - 1000 mb range, and the maximum flight level ( 1500 ft ) winds were 60 kt on the first flight and 61 kt on the second. a weak temperature gradient was observed in the system on the first flight, suggesting that the cyclone still had some baroclinic characteristics. the second flight showed a uniform airmass within 100 n mi the center with temperatures of about the storm had a large envelope, and many ships reported 34 kt or higher winds. table 2 summaries these observations. there were few observations near the central core. canadian buoy 44137 reported winds 160 / 39 kt with a pressure of 979. 1 mb at 0200 utc 29 october, which is the basis for the lowest pressure. other reports from this buoy indicate that the winds increased in the last hour before the center passed, suggesting that some kind of inner wind maximum was present even as the storm was becoming extratropical. earlier, a drifting buoy about 35 n mi southeast of the center reported a pressure of 996. 6 mb at 2051 utc 27 october, which showed that the storm had begun to deepen. sable island, nova scotia, reported a pressure of 980. 6 mb as the center passed over at 0600 utc on the 29th. maximum sustained winds were 35 kt after the center passage at 0700 and 0800 utc. several other stations in eastern nova scotia and southwestern newfoundland reported sustained 35 - 50 kt winds around 1200 utc on the 29th. the maximum intensity of this system is uncertain. satellite intensity estimates late on the 28th and early on the 29th along with a 35 - 40 kt forward motion indicate the possibility of 65 - 75 kt sustained winds. however, this is not supported by surface observations near the center early on the 29th. the maximum intensity is estimated to have been 55 k", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4955484428399711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.714009"} {"text": "29th along with a 35 - 40 kt forward motion indicate the possibility of 65 - 75 kt sustained winds. however, this is not supported by surface observations near the center early on the 29th. the maximum intensity is estimated to have been 55 kt. c. casualty and damage statistics no reports of casualties or damage have been received at the national hurricane center ( nhc ). d. forecast and warning critique no advisories were written on this storm, as a decision was made operationally to handle it in marine forecasts as an extratropical storm. post - analysis of satellite imagery and of 27 october aircraft data are the basis for classifying the system now as subtropical. due to the operational handling, there are no formal nhc forecasts to verify. large - scale numerical models generally performed well in forecasting the genesis and motion of this cyclone. the models did mostly underestimate the intensification that occurred north of the gulf stream. however, this strengthening was fairly well forecast by the gfdl model. no tropical cyclone watches or warnings were issued for this storm. marine gale and storm warnings were issued in high seas and offshore forecasts from marine prediction center and the tafb of the tpc. gale warnings were also issued for portions of the north carolina coastal waters by local national weather service offices. miller, d. w and m. a. lander, 1997 : intensity estimation of tropical cyclones during extratropical transition. jtwc / satopstn - 97 / 002, joint typhoon warning center / satellite operations, nimitz hill, guam, 9 pp. best track, subtropical storm, 25 - 29 october 2000. | lat. ( \u00b0n ) | | lon. ( \u00b0w ) | 25 / 0000 | | 21. 5 | | 69. 5 | | 1009 | | 30 | | extratropical low | | 25 / 0600 | | 22. 5 | | 70. 0 | | 1007 | | 35 | | extratropical gale | | 25 / 1200 | | 23. 5 | | 70. 9 | | 1006 | | 35 | | \" | | 25 / 1800 | | 24. 5 | | 71. 7 | | 1005 | | 35 | | subtropical storm | | 26 / 0000 | | 25. 7 | | 71. 7 | | 1004 | | 35 | | \" | | 26 / 0600 | | 26. 6 | | 71. 7 | | 1003 | | 35 | | \" | | 26", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45231281482910296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.715288"} {"text": "silver birch tree \u00a9 bob press slender, open crowned tree up to 30m tall but usually about half this size. the large branches are pointed upwards but the smaller ones and twigs are hanging down, giving a graceful, weeping appearance. silvery white, developing large black diamond - shaped fissures. young shoots have pale warts. roughly oval or triangular to diamond - shaped with a tapered tip and rounded. the edges are toothed or double - toothed. both surfaces are dotted with tiny glands. slender males are loosely hanging and pale yellow. female catkins are 2 \u2013 3cm long and stand upright. they are loosely hanging and break up when ripe to release small, winged seeds. silver birch leaves and catkins. \u00a9 robert videki, doronicum kft., hungary silver birch tree bark. \u00a9 universita di trieste, dipartimento di biologia. photo : andrea moro silver birch tree bark. \u00a9 bob press silver birch tree cones. \u00a9 tom degomez, university of arizona, united states silver birch tree. \u00a9 bob press these diagrams explain some of the important tree and plant parts. these diagrams show the different leaf shapes you might come across on your survey. leaf shapes are important for identifying trees. the way leaves are arranged on a stem can be important for identifying trees. these definitions explain some of the trickier words and phrases used in these pages. alternate \u2013 the arrangement of leaves on a stem - the leaves attach at different but alternating points, rather than opposite points. anther \u2013 the part of the stamen that contains pollen. apex \u2013 the top or end ; the tip of a leaf for example. bract \u2013 a leaf - like structure, usually found below the flower or fruit. bud scale \u2013 usually a type of modified leaf that encloses and protects a bud. catkin \u2013 slender inflorescences made up of small flowers, usually reduced to the male and female parts. catkins are typical of wind - pollinated trees. coniferous \u2013 trees that have cones, and needle or scale - like leaves. crown \u2013 in a tree, everything above the trunk. deciduous \u2013 a tree that sheds its leaves all at once in the autumn. evergreen \u2013 a tree that retains its leaves all year round. girth \u2013 the circumference of something, like the trunk of a tree. gland ( of a leaf ) \u2013 a small organ on a leaf that gives out oils or similar substances. inflorescence \u2013 the arrangement of all the flowers on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47849495812531023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.720212"} {"text": "##rth \u2013 the circumference of something, like the trunk of a tree. gland ( of a leaf ) \u2013 a small organ on a leaf that gives out oils or similar substances. inflorescence \u2013 the arrangement of all the flowers on a tree. the shape is used to help identify the plant. key \u2013 a tool used to identify groups and species of living things. leaflet \u2013 a subdivision of a leaf - it may look like a leaf but is attached to the leaf stalk or midrib, not to the shoot. lobe \u2013 a rounded or pointed section of a leaf, not divided into a leaflet. margin \u2013 the edge of a leaf. midrib \u2013 the central vein of a leaf. native \u2013 a tree that occurs naturally in an area, as opposed to a non - native tree that has been introduced. opposite \u2013 the arrangement of leaves on a stem - the leaves attach in pairs at the same point, opposite each other, rather than attaching at alternate points. palmate \u2013 a leaf shape in which the lobes or leaflets radiate from a single point, like fingers from a hand. petals \u2013 usually larger and more brightly coloured than sepals. pinnate \u2013 a leaf shape in which the lobes or leaflets are arranged on both sides of the stalk or midrib like a feather. pollarded \u2013 when the upper branches of a tree have been cut back to encourage new growth. sepals \u2013 the outermost parts of a flower which cover and protect the flower when it is in bud. they are usually green. side shoots \u2013 short, spur - like shoots growing from the main shoots. spike \u2013 an elongated cluster of flowers ; a type of inflorescence. stalk \u2013 the structure that supports the blade of a leaf. stigma \u2013 the part at the end of the style. it is covered with a sticky substance that pollen adheres to. stipule \u2013 a small, leaf - like structure, found where the leaf connects to the stem. style \u2013 a tube - like structure in the centre of a flower that supports the stigma. trunk \u2013 the woody stem of a tree, before the branches. urban forest \u2013 the trees in our towns and cities. whorl \u2013 3 or more leaves or needles circling around a stem.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5195050178611289, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.721078"} {"text": "tuesday, november 29, 2011 bob kuska, nidcr mouse study explains bacterium ' s unique role in periodontitis nih - supported study solves the mystery of a devious oral bacterium scientists say they have solved in mice the mystery of how an unusual bacterium can trigger the common dental condition periodontitis while residing in low numbers in the space between tooth and gum. the researchers report that the microbe porphyromonas gingivalis hacks into the front - line immune cells that police the space between tooth and gum, known as the subgingival crevice, and reprograms them to create living conditions more to its microbial liking. as more immune cells are co - opted to follow the wrong program, the usually benign bacterial residents of the subgingival crevice \u2014 not p. gingivalis, as long suspected \u2014 opportunistically rise up in number, altering their community dynamics and prompting them to infect the tooth ' s supportive structures, or periodontium. the study in the nov. 17 issue of the journal cell host and microbe was supported by the national institute of dental and craniofacial research ( nidcr ), part of the national institutes of health. \" as the other bacteria attack, and immune cells counterattack, progressively damaging the integrity of the tooth in the process, p. gingivalis sits in the shadows and feasts on the inflammatory spoils, \" said george hajishengallis, d. d. s., ph. d., a researcher at the university of louisville school of dentistry and a co - lead author on the study. \" this is one ingenious little bug. \" according to hajishengallis, their discovery marks the first documented case in microbiology of a keystone species, or more specifically, a keystone pathogen. coined by ecologists in the late 1960s, the keystone concept refers to a low - abundance species that exercises a disproportionate influence on its environment. in this case, low - abundance p. gingivalis shapes a microbial community and catalyzes the onset of an oral disease. the next step is to test whether p. gingivalis follows a comparable evolutionary strategy in people. if so, they already have in their sights drugs that can be applied topically to the affected tooth to block this keystone pathogen from reprogramming the immune cells, providing a more targeted approach to prevent and / or treat periodontitis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5144660191947328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.729988"} {"text": "people. if so, they already have in their sights drugs that can be applied topically to the affected tooth to block this keystone pathogen from reprogramming the immune cells, providing a more targeted approach to prevent and / or treat periodontitis. periodontitis has afflicted humans from time immemorial, and today remains one of the most common causes of tooth loss worldwide. an estimated 53 million american adults have the condition, approximately 2 out of every 10 adults, at a total annual healthcare expenditure of more than $ 14 billion. in the late 1970s, p. gingivalis became a subject of research interest when scientists noticed this rod - shaped anaerobe popping up consistently at low levels in studies that explored the microbiology of periodontitis. further laboratory work showed that this late colonizer of the subgingival crevice arrives bearing an extensive arsenal of noxious chemicals. the assumption being, p. gingivalis employs them selectively to thwart the native, or innate, immune cells that patrol the gingival crevice and keep bacterial levels in balance. but showing that p. gingivalis actually can cause periodontitis has remained scientifically tricky. the assumption has been that the bacterium could directly cause damage to the periodontium in animal models, independent of periodontitis and its natural disease process. moreover, scientists have found themselves traversing new conceptual territory to explain how such a low - abundance \u2014 some say stealth \u2014 pathogen could wreak such havoc in the mouth. the research story has picked up in recent years as scientists have gained more technologically sophisticated tools to study p. gingivalis, and more biological information from which to form workable hypotheses. a case in point is the progress in understanding how immune cells process incoming information to respond to the threat at hand. studies show that some incoming defense signals converge within innate immune cells, a process called signaling crosstalk, which helps them to coordinate their early internal response to infection. last year, hajishengallis and colleagues reported in mouse studies that p. gingivalis has learned through the millennia to exploit this crosstalk. the bacterium does so by jointly activating convergent defense signals involving the toll - like receptor 2 ( tlr - 2 ), which helps to recognize pathogens, and the c5a receptor that is a part of the complement system that will respond to the threat. \" p. gingivalis exploits both receptors to induce a signal with an emergent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5100643378542824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.730916"} {"text": "- 2 ), which helps to recognize pathogens, and the c5a receptor that is a part of the complement system that will respond to the threat. \" p. gingivalis exploits both receptors to induce a signal with an emergent property, \" explained hajishengallis. \" in other words, the property doesnit emerge from manipulating just one receptor. both must be punched. \" hajishengallis said the emergent property impairs the affected immune cell from killing p. gingivalis. it also seems to initiate low - level inflammation that serves no immunological purpose other than possibly to generate nutrients for p. gingivalis. this discovery pointed to an evasion mechanism that p. gingivalis employs to subvert innate immunity. left unanswered was the larger question of whether this stealth mechanism also played a role in causing periodontitis. to get their answer, the scientists revisited two unexplained laboratory observations. first, after mice are inoculated with p. gingivalis and develop advanced periodontitis, the levels of normally benign, or commensal, bacteria increase in the affected periodontium. secondly, p. gingivalis is extremely difficult to detect at the site of the disease. these observations and last yearis finding on signaling crosstalk suggested that p. gingivalis might compromise the immune system, but the commensals infect the periodontium. in the current paper, that ' s exactly what they found. the scientists report that mice bred to produce immune cells without c5a receptors \u2014 meaning p. gingivalis can ' t co - opt their innate immunity \u2014 did not develop periodontitis after being inoculated with the bacterium. commensal levels also remained within the range typically seen in the subgingival space. in healthy mice kept under conventional laboratory conditions, the opposite was true when inoculated with p. gingivalis. the mice developed active periodontitis and its characteristic damage of the periodontium. they also had increased commensal levels and hardly detectable p. gingivalis. \" in contrast, mice bred to be germ - free were resistant to periodontitis after they were colonized by p. gingivalis, \" noted michael curtis, ph. d., a co - lead author on the study and a scientist at queen mary university in london. \" this was especially telling because these mice lacked the normal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4995219409020041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.731783"} {"text": "were colonized by p. gingivalis, \" noted michael curtis, ph. d., a co - lead author on the study and a scientist at queen mary university in london. \" this was especially telling because these mice lacked the normal commensal bacteria in their mouths. in other words, in these sterile animals, p. gingivalis had no bacterial accomplices capable of causing periodontitis. \" \" there is one key word that explains everything : homeostasis, \" said richard darveau, m. s., ph. d., a scientist at the university of washington in seattle and another co - lead author on the paper. \" periodontal health is a matter of maintaining homeostasis, or equilibrium, among the bacterial inhabitants of the subgingival space and innate immunity cells. p. gingivalis is a master at disrupting homeostasis. although this bacterium certainly is not the only cause of periodontitis, it stands out as a major culprit. \" the scientists say their findings have encouraging therapeutic implications, in part because the microbial conditions in mice likely will be comparable in humans. they point to studies in monkeys that indicate the comparability. they also note their findings provide a molecular target with tremendous specificity. \" to counteract p. gingivalis and the negative outcomes that it orchestrates in patients, we will need most likely to target one of the signaling receptors, \" said john lambris, ph. d., an author on the paper and the dr. ralph and sallie weaver professor of research medicine at the university of pennsylvania. \" p. gingivalis needs to manipulate both to work its tricks. \" the national institute of dental and craniofacial research ( nidcr ) is the nationis leading funder of research on oral, dental, and craniofacial health. about the national institutes of health ( nih ) : nih, the nation ' s medical research agency, includes 27 institutes and centers and is a component of the u. s. department of health and human services. nih is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. for more information about nih and its programs, visit http : / / www. nih. gov. nih... turning discovery into health \u00ae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4782257285094866, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.732661"} {"text": "advances in adhesive technology for joint replacements - 1 narrator : this is nih health matters, i \u2019 m joe balintfy. nearly 17 percent of artificial hip or knee replacements have to be redone early. dr. lyndon joseph at the nih says this can be even more traumatic for patients, and more complicated for doctors. joseph : because they have to take out the implant, give you a big dose of antibiotics and painkillers and so you \u2019 re basically laid up in a hospital for an extended period of time. narrator : now engineers are developing a coating for implants to help replacements last longer. the coating causes the patients to produce new bone around the implant, securing it in place. for details, visit www. nia. nih. gov. health matters is produced by the national institutes of health, part of the u. s. department of health and human services. about nih radio nih radio offers free audio news programs from the national institutes of health, your reliable source for health information. all nih radio content is in the public domain and can be used without charge or restriction provided that it is not used to misrepresent our agency nor used to suggest we endorse any private organization, product, or service. nih radio is a service of the office of communications & public liaison.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45093804352928213, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.734014"} {"text": "debate among industry and environmental groups on hydraulic fracturing in new jersey is heating up, as a bill to ban the practice remains on gov. chris christie \u2019 s desk after he signed a flurry of legislation earlier this week. \u201c new jersey has one of the highest concentrations of natural gas in the united states, and it \u2019 s really had a tremendous growth that many industry experts thought was impossible, \u201d said jim benton, executive director of the new jersey petroleum council. \u201c what we really need is the cheaper energy prices that can come from this practice, because you can \u2019 t have a successful economic recovery without solid energy growth and competitive energy costs. \u201d environmental groups have argued wastewater from fracking threatens the environment and public health, since the state \u2019 s treatment plants are not equipped to process the contaminants it contains before releasing it into waterways. \u201c radioactivity in wastewater from at least 15 wells was thousands of times higher than the epa standard \u2026 and this waste is already coming into new jersey, posing a serious public health threat, \u201d said jeff tittel, director of the state chapter of the sierra club. \u201c there could be accidental spills as fracking wastewater is being trucked to treatment plants with impacts to local communities, water bodies and groundwater. \u201d but benton said the coalition \u2019 s arguments are \u201c based on a hypothetical fear and unsubstantiated types of claims, \u201d since \u201c the treatment facilities have stated they can claim this water when it comes to them \u2026 and recycle it right there on site. \u201d \u201c businesses are already operating under regulated parameters \u2026 because federal law doesn \u2019 t permit the type of activity everyone \u2019 s arguing against, \u201d benton said. \u201c regulation can easily help the facilities meet the appropriate environmental standards to protect our water and help companies develop this energy to meet our energy needs. \u201d but with the state still under a one - year ban of the practice, which was supported by christie, benton noted \u201c at this point, the interest in properly regulating this hasn \u2019 t materialized. \u201d still, the state department of environmental protection recently revised its guidelines on fracking wastewater, though tittel noted there are no federal regulations outlining treatment standards, and \u201c under the ( dep ) waiver rule, any regulations the dep does devise would be waived for gas companies and treatment facilities. \u201d \u201c accepting fracking waste takes away sewer capacity from new jersey businesses, hurting our economic growth, \u201d tittel said in a statement. \u201c the treatment plants would make more money taking in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3773813743064758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.737081"} {"text": "courtesy of the john d. & catherine t. macarthur foundation over the past four decades, benoit rolland has made more than 1, 400 bows for violins, violas and cellos. over the past four decades, benoit rolland has made more than 1, 400 bows for violins, violas and cellos. courtesy of the john d. & catherine t. macarthur foundation among the 23 recipients of the macarthur \" genius \" grants this past week : an economist, a mathematician, a photographer, a neuroscientist, and a boston - based stringed instrument bow maker. benoit rolland acknowledges that the violin reigns supreme as the star of the strings, capable of fetching millions of dollars at auction. but what about the bow? \" a violin with no bow is not a violin, that ' s clear, \" says rolland. \" a lot of people, even some instrumentalists, in our younger years we believe that the violin is of paramount importance and the bow is just a tool, \" says elita kang, assistant concert master of the boston symphony orchestra. \" but the bow is just as important as the violin because that is our breath. that ' s how we draw the sound out of the instrument, so without a fine bow that ' s responsive and flexible and finely made, we can ' t express ourselves fully. \" kang says a significant number of bso musicians use bows made by rolland. so have some of the most famous string players of all time : yehudi menuhin, stephane grapelli, mstislav rostropovich. over the past four decades, rolland has made more than 1, 400 bows for violins, violas and cellos. \" i could say the bow is extremely important for a musician because it has to convey the personality, the musicality, the feelings, the emotions of the musician through it, and it ' s something that has to behave like a muscle, \" says rolland. that understanding is only part of why rolland won a macarthur genius grant. he ' s revered for his knowledge of traditional bow - making skills but also for his innovations. he pioneered the first concert - grade graphite bow. and his most recent invention is an updated \" frog \" \u2014 the piece on the bow ' s end used to adjust tension. \" it ' s much more stable, \" rolland says, \" so it ' s easier to play, more responsive, the sound is fuller \u2014 most of the time, not all of the time. so it ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4851870708147419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.740684"} {"text": "used to adjust tension. \" it ' s much more stable, \" rolland says, \" so it ' s easier to play, more responsive, the sound is fuller \u2014 most of the time, not all of the time. so it ' s an improvement i think is interesting. and this frog is adjustable on any existing stick. \" rolland ' s journey as a bow maker began in paris, where his grandmother was a famous concert pianist. rolland had perfect pitch, and when he was 9 he fell in love with the violin. he graduated from the conservatories of paris and versailles, and was on track to become a professional musician \u2014 but then he saw a spectacular bow. \" this bow was so beautiful, fitted with gold, 18 karats, and magnificent mother of pearl and magnificent wood. it was like a jewel, \" says rolland. \" so at this very moment, i understood this was what i want to do. \" he went on to study the traditional french method of bow making and has been doing this ever since. rolland says the most important variables are the musicians themselves. he interviews them, watches them perform and listens closely to their music. miriam fried has three of his bows and is one of the many musicians who wrote letters to the macarthur foundation endorsing rolland ' s nomination. she ' s a violinist and teacher at the new england conservatory. \" what i ' m really excited about is the fact that benoit rolland just was one of the recipients of the macarthur grant, which i think is fabulous, \" says fried. his years of bow making have stiffened his fingers, so it ' s difficult for him to play nowadays. but rolland says he still gets pleasure watching and listening to other musicians using his bows. \" because i see this person playing so intimate things \u2014 the music \u2014 with something i brought in his hands, so it ' s marvelous, \" says rolland. and he says the macarthur stipend of $ 500, 000 will enable him not only to improve his centuries - old art, but also to pursue even more innovations. note : npr is among the organizations that the john d. and catherine t. macarthur foundation supports.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4264244354070836, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.741572"} {"text": "using climatic trends for sustainable agriculture this activity provides opportunities for students to : - consider the value of weather and climate information to inform management practices - propose management strategies for resources based on these predictions - use the internet as a source of up - to - date information - predict trends in climatic conditions as a result of el nino or la nina events. earth and beyond 6. 3 students argue a position regarding stewardship of the earth and beyond, and consider the implications of using renewable and non - renewable resources. - information on the long paddock website - \u2018 australia ' s variable rainfall poster ' relative to historical records 1890 - 2004 the poster shows a series of colourful maps providing a record of el nino cycles in australia 1890 - 2004. time : 60 minutes - accessing resources - interpreting data - discussing thinking before beginning, check that students understand the meanings of these terms : - southern oscillation index ( soi ) - el nino - la nina ( these terms are explained at the top of the poster ; or go to \u2018 help \u2019 on the long paddock website ). students access the information available on the long paddock web site to complete this activity ( or, alternatively, the poster can be used to access most of the information required to complete the activity ). students use this information for the following activities ( described in detail in the free activity sheet, understanding australia \u2019 s climate ) : - describe rainfall conditions in the area where they live, at various times during the twentieth century. - describe trends in the southern oscillation index during the 1990s and determine climate variability and when el nino or la nina conditions may have occurred. - relate el nino or la nina events to local events such as drought, flood, bushfires and fluctuations in animal and plant populations. - relate climate variability to adaptations of local plant and animal species. - describe farming practices that can cater for climate variability. at the conclusion of the activity students brainstorm the implications of el nino and la nina effects for pasture and crop management. some questions that may prompt discussion include : - what conditions do we associate with el nino? - what conditions do we associate with la nina? - how does drought affect pasture growth and rejuvenation? - how might periods of heavy rain affect the soil? - what implications does this have for cropping practices ( e. g. what is grown, when it is grown, when it is harvested, etc. )? - what precautions should be taken to ensure that pastures suffer limited effects from degradation as a result of their management during drought conditions? students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48033821201072857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.746142"} {"text": "contact : ken kingery, nscl, office : 517 - 908 - 7482, kingery @ nscl. msu. edu published january 4, 2012 for immediate release east lansing, mich. \u2013 the recent measurement of the mass of the short - lived rare isotope manganese - 66 has made it possible for nuclear astrophysicists to pin down the underlying heating elements of one of the universe \u2019 s most fantastic phenomena \u2014 accreting neutron stars. out in the cold depths of space, billions of the densest objects known to man sit quietly while their nuclear decomposition processes play out. but some of them are hungry. some neutron stars sit close enough to a neighboring star for its immense gravity to begin pulling matter from its neighbor into its own mass in an ongoing thermonuclear process. but sooner or later, the fuel for the neutron star is exhausted and it begins to cool rapidly. through observations of this cooling process and measurements taken at nuclear physics laboratories such as the national superconducting cyclotron laboratory ( nscl ), scientists can deduce the inner workings of neutron stars. in the recent experiment at nscl, researchers measured the mass of manganese - 66, which sits right next to iron - 66 on the nuclear chart. based on the newly discovered mass and previous measurements of iron - 66, scientists can determine where in the crust of a neutron star the layer of iron - 66 lies, which is one of two heating elements in neutron stars. \u201c on earth, iron - 66 is a rare short - lived isotope with a half - life of about 400 ms, \u201d said alfredo estrade, postdoctoral researcher with st. mary \u2019 s university in halifax, canada, and gsi in darmstadt, germany, and lead author of the study. \u201c however, it also is part of the crust of accreting neutron stars, where it becomes stable due to its high density and it heats the crust by capturing electrons. \u201d scientists at nscl calculated the mass of manganese - 66 by doing a time - of - flight experiment. krypton - 86 was accelerated up to 40 percent of the speed of light and smashed into a thin foil of beryllium. some of the ions shattered after hitting other nuclei in the foil, creating a smorgasborg of new isotopes and particles. the facility then filtered out about 100 desired types of isotopes, some of which they wanted to measure and others that they used for calibrations. the filtered isotopes traveled down", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5730156594734723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.749766"} {"text": ", creating a smorgasborg of new isotopes and particles. the facility then filtered out about 100 desired types of isotopes, some of which they wanted to measure and others that they used for calibrations. the filtered isotopes traveled down the beamline where they were caught by a detector that identified which isotope was which. due to their different masses, the different isotopes took different amounts of time to complete their journey. by identifying manganese - 66 and measuring the time it took to run the course, the scientists could determine its weight to within one part in 100, 000. the resulting mass was different than what theorists had predicted for the rare isotope, which changes the models of how neutron stars are structured. the result was a bit of a surprise. \u201c the mass difference between iron - 66 and manganese - 66 allows us determines the depth needed to induce the heating reactions and therefore the location of the heat source associated with this reaction inside a neutron star, \u201d explained hendrik schatz, nuclear astrophysicist at nscl and principle investigator for the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics ( jina ), who worked on the paper along with milan matos, a postdoctoral researcher at louisiana state university stationed at oak ridge national laboratory. \u201c with this new measurement, all of the critical heat sources now can be located within a neutron star. the heat source turns out to be located much closer to the surface than was assumed before based on theoretical predictions of the mass difference between iron - 66 and manganese - 66. \u201d michigan state university has been working to advance the common good in uncommon ways for more than 150 years. one of the top research universities in the world, msu focuses its vast resources on creating solutions to some of the world \u2019 s most pressing challenges, while providing life - changing opportunities to a diverse and inclusive academic community through more than 200 programs of study in 17 degree - granting colleges.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5712353580341623, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.750565"} {"text": "preschool music program at oakstone academy, we understand the importance music brings to the preschool program. our teachers offer musical experiences daily through circle time activities that encourage singing, creative movement, and exploring simple musical instruments. a degreed music professional works with each classroom bi - weekly to help students explore music in their world and engage them in creative movement. elementary music program in kindergarten students are exposed to the early concepts of music as they begin to learn how to work together to make music through the use of simple instruments. students in the first through third grades continue to develop music concepts through a recorder program. students are taught to read music and understand related terminology while they learn to play with others. to showcase their accomplishments, students participate in two performances each year. fourth and fifth grade students have the opportunity to elect to be in the school band. the band instructor works with students and families to select an instrument appropriate for the young musician. students who elect to participate in band have two sessions of instruction per week during the school day. these students participate in two performances each year, as well as occasional performances for the students during the school day. middle / high school music program during their middle and high school years, students interested in music have many options to explore at oakstone academy. a sequential music experience provides students with the knowledge and skills to experience, create, and enjoy singing, reading, writing, playing, or listening to music. instruments and movement offer students hands - on and active experiences. some students may elect to participate in band or choir, while smaller classes may elect to take part in a guitar or keyboard lab. regardless of the type of music class enrolled in, classes are aimed to promote critical thinking and an appreciation and understanding of music.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4587204354475427, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.752589"} {"text": "nasadad urges a letter - writing campaign to the makers of home pregnancy tests to ask them to place warnings on their test kits which advise women about the risks of alcohol use during pregnancy. read more ( letter used with the permission of rob morrison, nasadad ) september 9, 2012 - international fasd awareness day every year on september 9, communities throughout the world observe international fasd awareness day. events are often held at 9 : 09 am, the 9th minute of the 9th hour of the 9th day of the 9th month of the year. this date and time is used to remind women not to drink during the nine months of pregnancy. the first fas awareness day was held on 9 / 9 / 99. since then, the federal government and many state and local governments have officially recognized fasd awareness day. individuals, organizations, and communities have been active every year organizing events to promote fasd awareness and increase compassion for individuals with an fasd. if you would like more information or ideas for your september 9th programming, please visit a website that was established to promote international fasd awareness day : fasday. com. our oasas fasd web pages also contain many downloadable fasd materials that can be used to promote your fasd education and awareness activities. alcohol consumption among pregnant women is still an important public health concern. a july 2012 cdc report examining alcohol use and binge drinking among pregnant and non - pregnant women of childbearing age ( 18 - 44 years ) in the united states found that 7. 6 percent of pregnant women ( or 1 in 13 ), and 51. 5 percent of non - pregnant women ( or 1 in 2 ) reported drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. clearly, pregnant and non - pregnant women of childbearing age who misuse alcohol are an important population for education and intervention. because no safe level of alcohol during pregnancy has been established, and alcohol is known to cause birth defects, developmental disabilities, and other adverse pregnancy outcomes, women who are pregnant or who might become pregnant should refrain from drinking any alcohol at any time during pregnancy. women who are contemplating becoming pregnant, or are sexually active, should refrain from drinking because they could become pregnant and not know for several weeks or more. fasd is 100 percent preventable if alcohol is not consumed during pregnancy, so why take the risk? meet jasmine suarez - o \u2019 connor, a young adult living with fasd jasmine suarez - o \u2019 connor is the 20 year old daughter of dianne and mickey o \u2019 connor. dianne works part - time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40461194770214226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.757173"} {"text": "pregnancy, so why take the risk? meet jasmine suarez - o \u2019 connor, a young adult living with fasd jasmine suarez - o \u2019 connor is the 20 year old daughter of dianne and mickey o \u2019 connor. dianne works part - time in the oasas prevention services bureau in albany on a statewide fasd prevention initiative called project choices. jasmine was diagnosed with fetal alcohol effects ( fae ) when she was three years old. with many supports, jasmine graduated scotia - glenville high school in june 2008. along with her mother and older sister, jasmine was an opening plenary speaker, for the \u201c sharing personal stories \u201d panel at the annual 2008 building fasd state systems national meeting. in 2009, jasmine and her mother dianne were featured in a patient education video produced by the american congress of gynecologists and obstetricians ( acog ) of nys. this video has been viewed in hospitals and medical settings across the united states in over 1, 000 locations. in 2009, jasmine was nominated for a seat on the samhsa fasd center for excellence fasd expert panel. the role of the expert panel is to provide oversight, advice, and guidance to the center based on the member \u2019 s professional expertise and / or personal experience with fasd. jasmine brings her voice to the expert panel on how fasd has affected her life, finding ways to help families and caregivers living with fasd lead successful lives, and getting the word out to the college population about alcohol use and pregnancy. jasmine, along with another young adult with fasd and is also a member of the expert panel, launched the national \u201c self advocates with fasd in action \u201d ( safa ) group. jasmine helped to plan the first - ever conference by and for individuals with an fasd during the 2011 building fasd state systems meeting. this past year jasmine was nominated by the fasd center for excellence to take part in the development of a treatment improvement protocol ( tip ) to be titled addressing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders ( fasd ). this publication will be issued by the center for substance abuse prevention ( csap ) in early 2012. jasmine currently co - presents with her mother at various conferences, training workshops, and advocacy sessions across ny. in 2010, jasmine was featured by the national organization on fetal alcohol syndrome ( nofas ) about her experiences, in their series \u201c get to know me : my life with fasd. \u201d learn more. 2009 fasd prevention poster contest at a special ceremony on june 3, three", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36641241771271943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.758173"} {"text": "the national organization on fetal alcohol syndrome ( nofas ) about her experiences, in their series \u201c get to know me : my life with fasd. \u201d learn more. 2009 fasd prevention poster contest at a special ceremony on june 3, three johanna perrin middle school students from fairport, ny were recognized for winning the first fasd prevention poster contest. the poster contest was designed to help educate students in grades 6 - 12 from across the state, and to raise awareness among the general public about the dangers of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. the culmination of the contest coincided with the annual observance of alcohol and other drug - related birth defects awareness week in may. the winning students are corteney miller, tessa ooyama and daniel pariso. these three 7th grade students were selected from over 100 designs submitted by students through their local councils on alcoholism and substance abuse. the awards ceremony included the 7th grade health classes at johanna perrin middle school, the parents of the three winning students, their health teachers, and other school administrators, including the principal and school district superintendent. awards were presented by jennifer faringer, director of the rochester area national council on alcoholism and drug dependence, and margo singer, state fasd coordinator at oasas. oasas has produced a fasd prevention poster which includes the art work of all three recipients. to order copies of the poster in bulk at no charge, contact margo singer at 518 - 457 - 4384 or email firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42039801627876694, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.758802"} {"text": "ask mary jo what is casual contact? q. i don \u2019 t understand what casual contact is. in school, my health teacher said that aids isn \u2019 t spread by casual contact, but nobody explained what that is. \u2013 13 - year - old male mary jo \u2019 s response : an outstanding question that reminds me to never assume someone knows what i \u2019 m teaching. i use this poem, \u201c knots, \u201d by r. d. laing when i do professional trainings. it keeps me focused on the need to articulate the obvious when teaching \u2013 which simply means that a teacher needs to share information clearly : there is something i don \u2019 t know that i am supposed to know. i don \u2019 t know what it is that i don \u2019 t know and yet am supposed to know, and i feel i look stupid if i seem both not to know it and not know what it is i don \u2019 t know. therefore i pretend i know it. this is nerve - racking since i don \u2019 t know what i must pretend to know. therefore i pretend to know everything. i feel you know what i am supposed to know but you can \u2019 t tell me what it is because you don \u2019 t know that i don \u2019 t know it. you may know what i don \u2019 t know, but not that i don \u2019 t know it, and i can \u2019 t tell you. so you will have to tell me everything. casual contact means that people connect with one another but there is no chance for body fluids to go from one person to another \u2013 no sexual contact, no needle - sharing, no breastfeeding, no blood or fluid exchange. let \u2019 s be clear about some myths : research has shown that hiv is not spread by : \u2022 breathing the same air as someone who is hiv - positive \u2022 a mosquito bite \u2022 touching a toilet seat or doorknob handle after an hiv - positive person \u2022 drinking from a water fountain \u2022 hugging, kissing or shaking hands with someone who is hiv - positive \u2022 sharing eating utensils with an hiv - positive person \u2022 using exercise equipment at a gym it is true that hiv can be spread through blood, semen, vaginal fluid or breast milk. i hope that helps make the idea of casual contact clear. if you have more questions or just want to talk, i \u2019 m at 412 - 877 - 4906. youth champions : who said february is a boring month? our peer educators are busy planning two important february events : one billion rising : the public is invited to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5158703139917533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.763738"} {"text": "questions or just want to talk, i \u2019 m at 412 - 877 - 4906. youth champions : who said february is a boring month? our peer educators are busy planning two important february events : one billion rising : the public is invited to our \u201c rising \u201d from 5 to 6 p. m. feb. 13 at our common ground teen center ( 53 n. college st., washington ). one billion rising is an international call to action ( http : / / onebillionrising. org / ). one in three women on the planet will be raped or beaten in her lifetime. one billion women violated is an atrocity. one billion women dancing is a revolution. men and women are invited to join our young people as they enjoy solidarity in dance and participate in an educational hour to focus on our common humanity. violence does not need to be the status quo. black history month essay contest : any washington county teen ( 14 - 18 ) may enter this contest honoring black history month. essays must be between 300 and 500 words. the topic is any african - american, living or dead, who contributed to making our community stronger and better. essays may focus on a local individual or a national figure. completed essays must be sent by email only to email @ example. com and must include the name, address, phone number and email address of the essayist. entries must be received no later than midnight on feb. 22. the winner will be announced at our black history day program on from 5 to 6 p. m. feb. 27 at the common ground teen center. a $ 100 amazon gift card will be awarded to the best essay. lippincott bridge being restored ( 231 ) costanzo, lucas virtually assured election in nov. ( 4932 ) election roundup ( 3996 ) judge orders manning memo posted at polls be impounded ( 2788 ) polamalu believes injury issues are behind him ( 1082 ) seahawks waive portis after dui arrest ( 965 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4775841737398048, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.764639"} {"text": "researchers studying a school - based programme credited with reducing the rates of obese and overweight 7 - year - olds have now found a reduction in asthma symptoms. asthma is a potentially serious breathing disorder in which airways become inflamed. its causes are not known, but in many cases it is linked to allergies. project energize, a healthy - nutrition and physical activity scheme, began as a trial in waikato in 2004 and was later converted to an intervention funded at all waikato primary schools by the area ' s district health board. in five years, the proportion of 7 - year - olds who were overweight - the group in which the greatest change in body mass index occurred - declined by 4 percentage points. there was a smaller fall in the obesity rate for 7 - year - olds and the picture was more mixed for older children. now, data has been made public on the prevalence of asthma as counted in project energize surveys from 2004 to last year. the researchers found a drop in asthma symptoms for several demographic groups, including 7 - year - old girls, european new zealanders and those attending schools serving wealthier they also found that 17. 7 per cent of the 7 - year - olds were experiencing asthmatic wheezing when their parents responded to last year ' s survey, compared with 22. 2 per cent of children aged 6 or 7 in several regions nationally when last checked in 2001 - 2003 as part of a multi - country survey. that survey, published in 2008, found that although the prevalence of reported asthma in new zealand had risen to nearly one in three for children and adolescents, there had been a reduction in the prevalence of asthma symptoms, such as \" current wheeze \", and also the severity of symptoms. a researcher involved in project energize, professor elaine rush of auckland university of technology, noted that its children could run 13 per cent faster than other youngsters \" if they have more physical fitness and better nutrition we hope that the severity of asthma might be less because unless we have good nourishment, any disease is going to be worse. food is your first medicine. \" professor julian crane, head of the wellington asthma research group at otago university, said the waikato findings were interesting, although the changes within waikato over time were more informative than the comparison with the \" there is evidence that exercise does help asthma control. it won ' t stop you getting asthma, but if you have it, exercise can improve management - so this finding is perfectly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49670685266944575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.767407"} {"text": "new measures governing the use of animals in scientific procedures were set out by the uk government on 17 may. the measures are being introduced to implement the new eu directive 2010 / 63 / eu which uses many of the uk \u2019 s existing standards as a template. however, as some european member states currently offer very limited protection for animals used in experiments, some of the new standards are lower than those of the uk. animal welfare groups including onekind have engaged in detailed dialogue with the government throughout the transposition process so far, aiming to ensure that the uk \u2019 s existing animal welfare standards are maintained. public concern over this issue was also demonstrated by the over 13, 000 individuals and almost 100 organisations who submitted views and ideas to the home office consultation. the government has now clarified that it intends to \u2018 copy out \u2019 most of the provisions of the directive, but to retain current stricter united kingdom standards in some areas. rules being retained by the uk include : - special protection for dogs, cats and horses as well as non - human primates - stricter care and accommodation standards than those set out in the directive ( although there continues to be concern about reduced cage sizes for dogs ). - restrictions on procedures involving endangered species and great apes - a requirement for individuals carrying out regulated procedures on animals to hold a personal licence ( although the government plans to simplify the regime and remove some current requirements ) - a risk - based approach to inspection and a full programme of inspections ( the directive introduces inspection regimes for all member states but with a lower minimum frequency than currently practised in the united kingdom ). on the negative side, the government intends to reduce the extent and nature of the statistics that it collects about experiments in the uk, against the advice of animal welfare groups. on the important issue of freedom of information, where animal welfare groups had called for greater transparency about experiments by means of repealing s. 24 of the animals ( scientific procedures ) act, the government has simply said it will consider the options for revising the section, and publish its conclusions separately, in due course animal protection groups had argued for the transposition process to be pro - active in reducing the use of primates in uk laboratories, for example by clearly defining the medical conditions which would permit the use of non - human primates for research, rather than leaving this open to interpretation. the government has decided not to follow this option, although it does plan to press for a european definition of the relevant conditions. animal welfare groups also pressed for the uk to take a lead in using the new provisions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5384995340092202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.771436"} {"text": "rather than leaving this open to interpretation. the government has decided not to follow this option, although it does plan to press for a european definition of the relevant conditions. animal welfare groups also pressed for the uk to take a lead in using the new provisions for thematic reviews, to identify areas of research for replacement, an area which offers enormous scope for reducing animal suffering. the government now says that it will consult further with stakeholders to develop a programme of reviews. other key aspects of the directive include a new legal requirement to implement non - animal methods, ensuring that \u2018 a scientifically satisfactory, non - animal method or testing strategy is used wherever possible and that the number of animals used is reduced to a minimum consistent with the objectives of the project \u2019. the directive also creates a new requirement for the retrospective assessment of projects using non - human primates, as well as procedures classified as ' severe '. the uk government plans to extend this mandatory requirement to all specially protected species ( cats, dogs and horses, as well as non - human primates ). other projects will be assessed on a case - by - case basis. the number of experiments on animals in the uk has risen steadily over the last decade to just over 3. 7 million in 2010, a figure which the government has committed to reducing. announcing the proposals, home office minister lynne featherstone mp said that the government would continue to promote measures to \u2018 replace, reduce and refine \u2019 the use of animals, and would introduce a ban on the testing of household products on animals in due course. the uk must transpose eu directive 2010 / 63 / eu by 10 november 2012 with national legislation being implemented from 1 january 2013. onekind will continue to work with partners in the animal protection movement and press the government to deliver on its commitment to reduce animal testing. see the onekind submission to the consultation ( pdf ) from september 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5155340675061677, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.772263"} {"text": "1 gcc the gcc command invokes the gnu c compiler. gcc file - spec 2 parameters file - spec a c source file. if no input file extension is specified, gnu c assumes. c as the default extension unless the / plus qualifier is given, in which case. cc is assumed as the default extension. if an extension of. cpp is given, then the source file is assumed to be the output of the preprocessor, and thus the preprocessor is not executed. if an extension of. s is given, then the source file is assumed to be the assembly code output of the compiler, and only the assembler is called to generate an object file. 2 qualifiers gnu c command qualifiers modify the way the compiler handles the compilation. the following is the list of available qualifiers for gnu c : / case _ hack / cc1 _ options = ( option [, option... ] ] ) / debug / define = ( identifier [ = definition ] [,... ] ) / g _ float / include _ directory = ( path [, path... ] ] ) / list [ = filename ] / machine _ code / object [ = filename ] / optimize / plus / profile [ = identifier ] / scan = ( file [, file... ] ) / show [ = option ] / undefine = ( identifier [, identifier,... ] ) / verbose / version / warning 2 linking when linking programs compiled with gnu c, you should include the gnu c library before the vax c library. for example, link object - file, gnu _ cc : gcclib / lib, sys $ library : vaxcrtl / lib you can also link your program with the shared vax c library. this can reduce the size of the. exe file, as well as make it smaller when it ' s running. for example, $ link object - file, gnu _ cc : gcclib / lib, sys $ input / opt sys $ share : vaxcrtl / share ( if you use the second example and type it in by hand, be sure to type ^ z after the last carriage return ). a simpler alternative would be to place the single line : sys $ share : vaxcrtl / share into a file called vaxcrtl. opt, and then use the link command : $ link object -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4442338002304075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.785393"} {"text": "the last carriage return ). a simpler alternative would be to place the single line : sys $ share : vaxcrtl / share into a file called vaxcrtl. opt, and then use the link command : $ link object - file, gnu _ cc : gcclib / lib, vaxcrtl. opt / opt if a program has been compiled with / g _ float, then the linking instructions are slightly different. if you are linking with the non - shared library, then the command that you should use would be : link object - file, gnu _ cc : gcclib / lib, sys $ library : vaxcrtlg / lib -, sys $ library : vaxcrtl / lib note that both vaxcrtl and vaxcrtlg must be linked to. if you are using the shared vax c library, then you should use a command like : $ link object - file, gnu _ cc : gcclib / lib, sys $ input : / options sys $ share : vaxcrtlg / share in the case of the sharable library, only one library needs to be linked to. 2 / case _ hack / [ no ] case _ hack d = / case _ hack since the vms linker and librarian are not case sensitive with respect to symbol names, a \" case - hack \" is appended to a symbol name when the symbol contains upper case characters. there are cases where this is undesirable, ( mainly when using certain applications where modules have been precompiled, perhaps in another language ) and we want to compile without case hacking. in these cases the / nocase _ hack switch disables case hacking. 2 / cc1 _ options this specifies additional switches to the compiler itself which cannot be set by means of the compiler driver. 2 / debug / debug includes additional information in the object file output so that the program can be debugged with the vax symbolic debugger. to use the debugger it is also necessary to link the debugger to your program, which is done by specifying the / debug qualifier to the link command. with the debugger it is possible to set breakpoints, examine variables, and set variables to new values. see the vax symbolic debugger manual for more information, or type \" help \" from the debugger prompt. 2 / define / define = (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5221051194405348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.786506"} {"text": "it is possible to set breakpoints, examine variables, and set variables to new values. see the vax symbolic debugger manual for more information, or type \" help \" from the debugger prompt. 2 / define / define = ( identifier [ = definition ] [,... ] ) / define defines a string or macro ( ' definition ' ) to be substituted for every occurrence of a given string ( ' identifier ' ) in a program. it is equivalent to the # define preprocessor directive. all definitions and identifiers are converted to uppercase unless they are in quotation marks. the simple form of the / define qualifier : / define = vms results in a definition equivalent to the preprocessor directive : # define vms 1 you must enclose macro definitions in quotation marks, as in this example : / define = \" c ( x ) = ( ( x ) & 0xff ) \" this definition is the same as the preprocessor definition : # define c ( x ) ( ( x ) & 0xff ) if more than one / define is present on the gcc command line, only the last / define is used. if both / define and / undefine are present on a command line, / define is evaluated before / undefine. 2 / g _ float instructs the compiler to use \" g \" floating point arithmetic instead of \" d \". the difference is that double precision has a range of approximately + / - 0. 56e - 308 to + / - 0. 9 e + 308, with approximately 15 decimal digits precision. \" d \" floating point has the same range as single precision floating point, with approximately 17 decimal digits precision. if you use the / g _ float qualifier, the linking instructions are different. see \" linking \" for further details. 2 / list / list [ = list _ file _ name ] this does not generate a listing file in the usual sense, however it does direct the compiler to save the preprocessor output. if a file is not specified, then this output is written into a file with the same name as the source file and an extension of. cpp. 2 / include _ directory / include _ directory = ( path [, path... ] ) the / include _ directory qualifier provides additional directories to search for user - defined include files. ' path ' can be either a logical name or a directory specification. there are two forms for specify", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5286860462197015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.787487"} {"text": "= ( path [, path... ] ) the / include _ directory qualifier provides additional directories to search for user - defined include files. ' path ' can be either a logical name or a directory specification. there are two forms for specifying include files - # include \" file - spec \" and # include < file - spec >. for the # include \" file - spec \" form, the search order is : 1. the directory containing the source file. 2. the directories in the / include qualifier ( if any ). 3. the directory ( or directories ) specified in the logical name gnu _ cc _ include. 4. the directory ( or directories ) specified in the logical name sys $ library. for the # include < file - spec > form, the search order is : 1. the directories specified in the / include qualifier ( if any ). 2. the directory ( or directories ) specified in the logical name gnu _ cc _ include. 3. the directory ( or directories ) specified in the logical name sys $ library. 2 / machine _ code tells gnu c to output the machine code generated by the compiler. the machine code is output to a file with the same name as the input file, with the extension. s. an object file is still generated, unless / noobj is also specified. 2 / object / object [ = filename ] / noobject controls whether or not an object file is generated by the compiler. 2 / optimize / [ no ] optimize controls whether optimization is performed by the compiler. by default, optimization is on. / nooptimize turns optimization off. 2 / plus instructs the compiler driver to use the gnu - c + + compiler instead of the gnu - c compiler. note that the default extension of source files is. cc when this qualifier is in effect. 2 / profile / profile [ = identifier ] instructs the compiler to generate function profiling code. you must link your program to the profiler when you use this options. the profile statistics are automatically printed out on the terminal during image exit. ( i. e. no modifications to your source file are required in order to use the profiler ). there are three identifiers that can be used with the / profile switch. these are all, function, and block. if / profile is given without an identifier, then function is assumed. 3 block _ profiler the block profiler counts how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4898086554806606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.788379"} {"text": "three identifiers that can be used with the / profile switch. these are all, function, and block. if / profile is given without an identifier, then function is assumed. 3 block _ profiler the block profiler counts how many times control of the program passes certain points in your program. this is useful in determining which portions of a program would benefit from recoding for optimization. the report for the block profiler contains the function name, file name, pc, and the source file line number as well as the count of how many times control has passed through the specified source line. 3 function _ profiler the function profiler counts how many times each function is entered, and keeps track of how much cpu time is used within each function. you should be careful about interpreting the results of profiles where there are inline functions. when a function is included as inline, then there is no call to the internal data collection routine used by the profiler, and thus there will be no record of this function being called. the compiler does generate a callable version of each inline function, and if this called version is used, then the profiler ' s data collection routine will be called. 2 / scan / scan = ( file [, file... ] ) this qualifier supplies a list of files that will be read as input, and the output will be discarded before processing the regular input file. because the output generated from the files is discarded, the only effect of this qualifier is to make the macros defined in the files available for use in the main input. 2 / show / show [ = option ] this causes the preprocessor to generate information other than the preprocessed input file. when this qualifier is used, no assembly code and no object file is generated. the output of the preprocessor is placed in the file specified by the / list qualifier, if present. if the / list qualifier is not present, then the output is placed in a file with the same name as the input file with an extension that depends upon which option that is selected. 3 definitions this option causes the preprocessor to dump a list of all of the definitions to the output file. this is useful for debugging purposes, since it lets you determine whether or not everything has been defined properly. if the default file name is used for the output, the extension will be. def. 3 rules this option causes the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make, describing the dependencies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48340150523993225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.789394"} {"text": "determine whether or not everything has been defined properly. if the default file name is used for the output, the extension will be. def. 3 rules this option causes the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make, describing the dependencies of the main source file. the preprocessor outputs one make rule containing the object file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of all the concluded files. if there are many included files then the rule is split into several lines using the ' \\ ' - newline. when using this option, only files included with the \" # include \" file \" directive are mentioned. if the default file name is used for the output, a null extension will be used. 3 all this option is similar to rules, except that it also mentions files included with the \" # include < file. h > \" directive. if the default file name is used for the output, a null extension will be used. 2 / undefine / undefine cancels a macro definition. thus, it is the same as the # undef preprocessor directive. if more than one / undefine is present on the gcc command line, only the last / undefine is used. if both / define and / undefine are present on a command line, / define is evaluated before / undefine. 2 / verbose controls whether the user sees the invocation command strings for the preprocessor, compiler, and assembler. the compiler also outputs some statistics on time spent in its various phases. 2 / version causes the preprocessor and the compiler to identify themselves by their version numbers, and in the case of the compiler, the version number of the compiler that built it. 2 / warning when this qualifier is present, warnings about usage that should be avoided are given by the compiler. for more information, see \" using and porting the gnu compiler collection ( gcc ) \", in the section on command line options, under \" - wall \". warnings are also generated by the preprocessor when this qualifier is given. 2 known _ incompatibilities _ with _ vax - c there are several known incompatibilities between gnu - c and vax - c. some common ones will be briefly described here. a complete description can be found in \" using and porting the gnu compiler collection ( gcc ) \" in the chapter entitled \" using gcc on vms \". gnu - c provides case hacking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47829304407795736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.790335"} {"text": ". some common ones will be briefly described here. a complete description can be found in \" using and porting the gnu compiler collection ( gcc ) \" in the chapter entitled \" using gcc on vms \". gnu - c provides case hacking as a means of giving case sensitivity to symbol names. the case hack is a hexadecimal number appended to the symbol name, with a bit being set for each upper case letter. symbols with all lower case, or symbols that have a dollar sign ( \" $ \" ) are not case hacked. there are times that this is undesirable, namely when you wish to link your program against a precompiled library which was compiled with a non - gnu - c compiler. x - windows ( or decwindows ) is an example of this. in these instances, the / nocase _ hack switch should be used. if you require case hacking in some cases, but not in others ( i. e. libg + + with decwindows ), then it is recommended that you develop a header file which will define all mixed case functions that should not have a case hack as the lower case equivalents. gnu - c does not provide the globaldef and globalref mechanism which is used by vax - c to coerce the vms linker to include certain object modules from a library. there are assembler hacks, which are available to the user through the macros defined in gnu _ hacks. h, which effectively give you the ability to perform these functions. while not syntactically identical, they do provide most of the functionality. note that globaldefs of enums is not supported in the way that it is under vax - c. this can be easily simulated, however, by globaldefing an integer variable, and then globalvaluing all of the enumerated states. furthermore, the way that globalvalue is currently implemented, the data type of the globalvalue variable is seen to the compiler to be a pointer to the data type that you specify. this is necessary in order to make the compiler correctly address the globalvalue variables.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5461197548651949, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.791102"} {"text": "2. 0 developing operations objectives operations objectives and their associated performance measures are the focal point for integrating operations into the planning process. they are contained in the mtp and guide the discussion about operations in the region. while goals relate to the overall vision or desired end - result, operations objectives are specific and measurable. unlike goals, progress toward an operations objective and its achievement can be evaluated with performance measures. regional goals reflect the region ' s values and vision for the future, and operations objectives should be developed to support one or more regional goals. this ensures that projects developed based on operations objectives are responding to the explicit values and overall goals for the region. operations objectives describe what needs to occur to accomplish a regional goal. the operations objectives state what a region plans to achieve concerning the operational performance of the transportation system and help to determine what strategies and investments to include in the mtp. operations objectives typically place a focus on issues of congestion, reliability, safety and security, incident management, and work zone management, among other issues. operations objectives aim to \" optimize the performance of existing [ and planned ] infrastructure through the implementation of multimodal and intermodal, cross - jurisdictional systems, services, and projects designed to preserve capacity and improve security, safety, and reliability of the transportation system. \" 7 2. 1 outcome - based and activity - based operations objectives the operations objectives contained in section 3 range from objectives that focus on high - level outcomes, such as system reliability, to objectives that focus on low - level operations activities, such as signal timing. operations objectives span a continuum between outcome - oriented ( higher order ) to activity - oriented ( lower order ) objectives. while there is not a strict boundary between the two primary orientations, most fit within one label or the other. given that the fundamental purpose of m & o strategies is to improve the transportation system, operations objectives that guide operations throughout the plan are preferably described in terms of those system performance outcomes experienced by users. aspects of system performance experienced by the user include travel times, travel time reliability, and access to traveler information. the public cares about these measures, and, in many regions, data may be available to develop specific outcome - based operations objectives. regions also may develop operations objectives that are activity - based and support desired system performance outcomes. planners may find that the activity - based objectives are more appropriate for guiding the development of specific sections of the mtp or for use in supporting documents such as the regional concept for transportation operations. all lower level, activity - oriented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4961116007604948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.803513"} {"text": "desired system performance outcomes. planners may find that the activity - based objectives are more appropriate for guiding the development of specific sections of the mtp or for use in supporting documents such as the regional concept for transportation operations. all lower level, activity - oriented operations objectives should support an existing outcome - oriented operations objective, providing a simple check to make sure that operations activities are performed in pursuit of a system performance outcome. by establishing one or more activity - based objectives for each outcome - based objective, planners and operators further define how each outcome - based objective can be accomplished. planners and operators can develop specific m & o strategies or actions to support the objectives and, in turn, the goals by examining how the activity - based objectives can be accomplished. 2. 2 characteristics of operations objectives by creating specific, measurable objectives for operations, regions can use these operations objectives for making investment decisions as well as tracking progress. an operations objective should have the smart characteristics defined below : - specific. the objective provides sufficient specificity ( e. g., decrease travel time delay ) to guide formulating viable approaches to achieving the objective without dictating the approach. - measurable. the objective facilitates quantitative evaluation ( e. g., by 10 percent ), saying how many or how much should be accomplished. tracking progress against the objective enables an assessment of the effectiveness of an action or set of actions. - agreed. planners, operators, and relevant planning participants come to a consensus on a common objective. this is most effective when the planning process involves a wide range of stakeholders to facilitate regional collaboration and coordination. - realistic. the objective can reasonably be accomplished within the limitations of resources and other demands. the objective may require substantial coordination, collaboration, and investment to achieve. because determining the realism of the objective cannot occur until after strategies and costs are defined, the objective may need to be adjusted to be achievable. - time - bound. the objective identifies a timeframe within which it will be achieved ( e. g., within 5 years ). by selecting a performance target as part of the operations objective, regions make decisions knowing the degree of improvement they are striving for rather than just the direction of improvement. for example, the objective of \" decrease travel time delay \" conveys direction ( \" decrease \" ) but does not indicate the desired degree of improvement. the objective \" decrease travel time delay by 10 percent within 5 years \" gives the region a specific and measurable target to reach. it is common for metropolitan transportation plans to have more general objectives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5256789926781453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.804624"} {"text": "\" ) but does not indicate the desired degree of improvement. the objective \" decrease travel time delay by 10 percent within 5 years \" gives the region a specific and measurable target to reach. it is common for metropolitan transportation plans to have more general objectives relating to the performance of the transportation system, such as, \" relieve congestion on the freeway and arterial systems in the region. \" this example objective provides the direction \u2014 to relieve congestion \u2014 but does not express to what degree it must be relieved to be met. to make this objective smart, it must define congestion in measurable terms. one measure used for congestion is the travel time index that compares travel during peak periods to travel at free flow or the posted speed limit. in addition, the objective needs a performance target for the region, such as a 0. 10 - point reduction in the index. the objective also must establish the timeframe in which it must be accomplished. establishing a realistic objective and reaching agreement on it must be done within the context of the region and the participating organizations. using the smart characteristics as a guide, the general operations objective, \" relieve congestion on the freeway and arterial systems in the region \" can be transformed into a smart objective : \" reduce the regional average travel time index on freeways and arterials in the region by 0. 10 points within 10 years. \" incorporating smart operations objectives into the mtp provides the opportunity for decisionmakers to invest in near - term, relatively low - cost operations strategies that provide immediate improvements to the transportation system. these can complement longer - term improvement strategies that may require time to study and fund. thus, it would be appropriate for an operations objective to have a timeframe that is shorter than the horizon year of the mtp. the cyclical updates required of these plans provide the logical opportunities to determine if adjustments are needed to the timeframe or degree of the objective and help determine whether different or additional actions are appropriate. 2. 3 scope of operations objectives an operations objective is the product of many decisions. as mentioned in the previous section, those who draft the objective must decide on what they want to improve or maintain, the direction of that improvement ( e. g., increase ), the degree of improvement desired ( e. g., by 25 percent ), and the timeframe for reaching the objective ( e. g., within 10 years ). in determining what to improve, several dimensions often come into consideration. these dimensions determine the scope of the operations objective. one or more of the following dimensions may need to be addressed while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5266459329878104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.805639"} {"text": "reaching the objective ( e. g., within 10 years ). in determining what to improve, several dimensions often come into consideration. these dimensions determine the scope of the operations objective. one or more of the following dimensions may need to be addressed while developing or refining the objective. in using the menu of objectives in the next section, the dimensions of the objective can be tailored to specific needs of the region. - area. this dimension defines the spatial aspect of the objective. what is the geographic area of focus? does the objective aim to make improvements for the entire region, urban centers, corridors, freight - significant highways, work zones near major activity centers in the region, or another area? - time. what are the time periods of interest for operational improvements? is there a focus on peak periods, off - peak periods, weekdays, during certain events, or other times? frequently, operations objectives aim to make improvements during all time periods. - mode and facility type. is the objective mode - neutral or does it target one or more specific modes such as walking, bicycling, public transit, or facility types such as highways / arterials, rails, or local connectors? - user type. is there a particular transportation system user type that is the focus of this operations objective? does the objective center on freight companies, single - occupancy vehicle drivers, transit - only travelers, or others? while defining operations objectives, developers must consider how best to measure progress toward the objective because this impacts how the objective is stated and, subsequently, the improvements that are made. this process includes considerations such as whether the improvements are measured per person, per vehicle, per facility, or for the total population. does the region want to improve the average performance or make strides toward reducing the worst performance? these are strategic decisions that must be made when developing operations objectives. in the menu of objectives in section 3, the scope of the objective can be adjusted along these dimensions to fit a region ' s specific needs. 2. 4 connecting operations objectives using the structure of a tree to develop operations objectives and ensure that the supporting connections exist is a common technique in strategic planning and systems analysis. the method of developing an objectives tree is more fully described in other resources, 8 but an example can be found in figure 2, which illustrates the parts of an objectives tree. for the sake of brevity, the operations objectives are not written as full smart objectives in the figure. the objectives tree concept can be put to use in developing a logical set of operations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4901257629537301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.806899"} {"text": "figure 2, which illustrates the parts of an objectives tree. for the sake of brevity, the operations objectives are not written as full smart objectives in the figure. the objectives tree concept can be put to use in developing a logical set of operations objectives and in understanding the necessary connections between goals, operations objectives, and management and operations strategies. an objective tree illustrates the logical hierarchy that exists between outcome - based objectives and activity - based objectives. it can be used to connect regional goals to objectives and objectives to m & o strategies. it is also helpful in thinking through the interactions between operations objectives. an objectives tree begins with a broad goal or high - order objective relating to the performance of the transportation system. this objective answers the question, \" what do we ultimately want to achieve? \" examples may focus on improved system reliability, efficiency, system options, or high service quality. in the example shown in figure 2, the tree begins with the broad goal, \" improve system reliability. \" based on that goal, the higher - order, outcome - based objective, \" reduce nonrecurring delay \" was formed. this is how the region aims to achieve its goal of improving system reliability. from this high - order objective, the developers form more specific and detailed operations objectives that answer the question, \" how can this objective be accomplished? \" these detailed or lower order objectives are then linked to the higher order objective. this process is repeated for each goal or high - order objective until the developers reach the point where the lower order operations objectives can be acted upon. these are typically activity - oriented operations objectives that can be readily addressed through one or more m & o strategies. lower order operations objectives connected to a higher operations objective answer the question of how that higher objective can be accomplished. similarly, the higher operations objective answers the question of why the lower objective should be accomplished. m & o strategies can be placed below each of the lowest objectives in the tree to indicate which strategies are needed to accomplish those objectives. in figure 2, the m & o strategy of \" organize additional regional coordinated incident response teams to cover six more corridors \" stems from one of the activity - based objectives. regions can select which operations objectives in the objectives tree are most important to be included in the mtp or other planning documents. outcome - oriented objectives such as those that may be near the top of an objectives tree are used to guide the operations elements of the entire plan. activity - based objectives are used in specific sections to guide the development of m & o strategies. figure 2.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5294069930272036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.807932"} {"text": "- oriented objectives such as those that may be near the top of an objectives tree are used to guide the operations elements of the entire plan. activity - based objectives are used in specific sections to guide the development of m & o strategies. figure 2. example of an objectives tree 2. 5 using objectives to identify and select m & o strategies operations objectives are used within the regional transportation planning process to help select strategies that will be included in the mtp and corresponding tip. this occurs through a systematic process in which objectives lead to performance measures, data collection and analysis, and identification and prioritization of strategies. each of the sample objectives in section 3 identifies sample performance measures ; anticipated data needs, data resources, and partners ; and m & o strategies to consider. 9 specifically, developing operations objectives leads to performance measures that can be used to assess and track regional system performance. these regional performance measures can be tracked and forecasted under various plan scenarios. by identifying specific and measurable performance outcomes, operations objectives also can lead to developing performance measures at a micro level, such as to determine the performance of corridors, road segments, intersections, or transit routes. for instance, while an operations objective might include a specific target for regional delay, different thresholds can be used to define unacceptable delay within the region based on location ( e. g., urban or suburban ), facility type ( e. g., freeway, high occupancy vehicle [ hov ] lane, transit route, arterial ), and time period ( e. g., peak commute periods, periods of special events ). data are needed to use performance measures. consequently, collecting data for performance measures is a key step in the planning process. limitations in data are often a concern in selecting performance measures, particularly since mpos typically are not responsible for operating the transportation system. however, many types of data currently are being collected by mpos ( e. g., census data on journeys to work, population, traffic counts, travel times ). a wealth of data is being collected by transportation system operators, such as transit agencies, state dots, local transportation agencies, and toll authorities. it particular, intelligent transportation systems ( its ), such as toll tag readers, video detector systems, and traffic management systems, offer the opportunity for more detailed data to be used in planning, enabling analysis of issues such as variations in travel speeds. mpos can team with agencies to collect and use the data. an analysis of system - and corridor - level deficiencies ( e. g", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4643932679641364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.808955"} {"text": "opportunity for more detailed data to be used in planning, enabling analysis of issues such as variations in travel speeds. mpos can team with agencies to collect and use the data. an analysis of system - and corridor - level deficiencies ( e. g., problems in specific parts of the region and corridors, times of year, or types of trips ) and financial constraints should be used to help identify and select specific m & o strategies to include in the mtp and tip. the assessment should consider cost - effectiveness in meeting operations objectives along with co - benefits, such as improved safety, and ability to support other regional goals. analysis tools, such as sketch planning tools, travel demand forecasting model post - processors, and simulation modeling may be used to help forecast system deficiencies and analyze the potential benefits of operations strategies. it is important to recognize that m & o strategies may be implemented as individual programs or projects, such as a regional incident management system, traveler information system, or transit smart card. they also can be implemented as part of transportation preservation projects, safety projects, or capacity improvements. for instance, as part of any new highway expansion, it may be useful to consider the role of transportation pricing, hov lanes, flexible design to accommodate concurrent flows of traffic, or demand management programs. 7 excerpted from the definition of transportation systems management and operations ( tsm & o ) in the safetea - lu technical corrections act of 2008 that amended section 101 ( a ) of title 23 u. s. c. return to note 7. 8 the specific strategies to be included within a plan should be based on analysis of the conditions in each metropolitan area. return to note 8.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49160292742873174, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.811371"} {"text": "the orangutan is the only strictly arboreal ape and the largest tree - living mammal in the world. although other apes do climb and build sleeping nests in the trees, they are primarily terrestrial ( spending their lives on the ground ). even the bright reddish - brown hair colour is unique to the orangutan. they have the most remarkable ability to travel through the forest treetops. each night building a new nest out of leaves and branches in the very tops of the trees \u2013 sometimes as much as 100 feet above the ground. almost all of the food they eat grow in the treetops and the frequent rains fill the leaves, supplying them with drinking water. when water is difficult to find, they chew leaves to make a sponge to soak up the droplets in tree cavities. although, when it rains hard, they might make an umbrella for out of big leaves. some might say orangutans have four hands instead of two hands and two feet. these appendages make them graceful and agile while climbing through the trees, but makes walking on the ground somewhat slow and awkward. this is why they are at a great disadvantage on the ground, and rarely comes down from the treetops. recent studies show that some orangutans fashion tools to aid in the difficult task of foraging for food and have even been observed using sticks to catch fishing lines. orangutans emit a variety of calls and vocalisation including the ' long call ' of males to attract females or discourage other males and the kiss - squeak, often made when observers get too close. to hear these and other calls, visit the zurich ' s university anthropological institute & museum here. for recent news articles on orangutan behaviour, click here. photos : sue floyed, fleur butcher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45001426554069807, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.813215"} {"text": "orlando - mosquito populations are exploding throughout the entire orange county area as a result of the heavy rains we recently experienced. orange county mosquito control has increased spraying in all areas of the county in an attempt to control the populations. the usual precautions with mosquito repellents, long sleeves, long pants are critically important now. throughout the year, ochd works with orange county mosquito control, the florida department of agriculture and consumer services, the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission, and state universities, to monitor for the presence of illnesses carried by mosquitoes. this \" it is important for people to be aware that standing water is a breeding ground for mosquitoes and can lead to an increase in the insects. there are simple measures to reduce the chances of contracting a mosquito - borne illness, \" said dr. kevin m. sherin, director of the orange county health department. orange county residents and visitors should remain diligent in protecting themselves from mosquito bites by following the \" 5 d \u2019 s, \" which include : - drainage \u2013 check around your home to rid the area of standing water, where mosquitoes can lay their eggs. - deet \u2013 when the potential exists for exposure to mosquitoes, repellents containing deet ( n, n - diethyl - meta - toluamide, or n, n - diethyl - 3 - methylbenzamide ) are recommended. picaridin and oil of lemon eucalyptus are other repellent options. - dress \u2013 wear clothing that covers most of your skin. - dusk and dawn \u2013 avoid being outdoors when mosquitoes are most active. tips on eliminating mosquito breeding sites - drain standing water to stop mosquitoes from multiplying. - discard : old tires, drums, bottles, cans, pots and pans, broken appliances and other items that aren ' t being used. - empty and clean : birdbaths and pet ' s water bowls at least once or twice a week. - protect : boats and vehicles from rain with tarps that don ' t accumulate water. - maintain : the water balance ( pool chemistry ) of swimming pools. empty plastic swimming pools when not in use. symptoms of mosquito - borne illnesses such as west nile virus ( wnv ), st. louis encephalitis ( sle ), and eastern equine encephalitis ( eee ) may include headache, fever, fatigue, dizziness, weakness, and confusion. physicians should contact their county health department if they suspect an individual may have a mosquito - borne illness.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41727735498500207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.816526"} {"text": "bachaya ibn pakuda rabbi saadyah wrote the first jewish work of philosophy in 933. rabbi bachaya wrote the first work of jewish ethics more than a century later. rabbi saadya flourished during the twilight of once glorious babylonian jewry ; sephardic jewry continued its magnificent history in spain, reflecting the shift from asia to europe, where r. bachaya lived and created his magnum opus, duties of the heart ( chovot halevovot ). rabbi bachaya lived in muslim spain, probably in saragossa, and served as a judge, but little else is known about his life. he was thoroughly conversant with the entire biblical and talmudical literature and was also master of all the knowledge and science of his day. though a philosopher in his own right, rabbi bachayas essential contribution is that of creator of a new genre in jewish literature, jewish ethics. the first chapter of his work which is devoted to the unity of g - d employs philosophical arguments which some felt were not readily understandable and was skipped over by many students. rabbi bachayas work, as indicated by its title, focused on the non - physical obligations of the jew : the obligations of feeling, heart and mind in contrast to those mitzvot that involve the limbs. pointing to the neglect of this group of mitzvot, he underscored their critical importance. rabbi bachayas central focus was on service of g - d and abiding by his will, and fulfilling the duties of the heart was viewed as the entree to nearness to g - d, the ultimate objective. understandably, the tenth and last chapter of the book is love of g - d. though emphasizing the importance of rational thought, rabbi bachayas real goal was the experience of g - d. a systematic, carefully constructed work, duties of the heart, has remained to this day a favorite of serious, sensitive students. the chatam sofer studied with his students from duties of the heart for 15 minutes before his lecture in order to inspire their hearts with fear of g - d.. and almost all his musar was taken from that book ( chut hameshulash ). and, rabbi yonah landsofer, an eighteenth century gaon wrote, a person must attach himself to the duties of the heart from whence he can acquire the choice midot for the service of the lord. and one must plummet its depths more than when studying negayim and oholot ( two of the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43384170955929424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.819093"} {"text": "there are many types of smartcards. phonecards are one type of smart - cards. generally, a smart - card is any type of pocket - sized card ( like credit cards ) with an embedded chip on one side. this chip is actually a microcontroller with a non - volatile memory of specific size. pinout configuration of telecard smart - cards first of all, let ' s see the pinout of those phonecards. if you take a closer look to the parallelogram chip, you will notice that there are lines which separates the surface into 6 or 8 areas : each one of these areas is a pin used either to provide power to the embedded microcontroller, or to interface this microcontroller with the outside world. for the telecards, these pins are : 1 : vcc, the 5 volts supply for the microcontroller 4 : reserved for future use 6 : vpp, programming voltage ( 5 or 21 volts if nmos card ) 7 : i / o pin 8 : reserved for future use short description : number 1 and 5 are for the chip ' s power supply, which is 5 volts. number 3 and 7 are the clock and data pins for the interface : by providing pulses to the clock pin, the corresponding bit of the current memory position of the chip appears at the i / o pin, it is that simple. finally, the reset pin : this pin is used to reset the memory position counter. the communication protocol like any other interface, smart cards have their own interface protocol. for the telecards, this protocol is very simple. one thing that i must mention is that this page talks about only the greek second generation phonecards with 128 bits memory and 5 - bytes octal counter! for more information regarding other types of phonecards, check out the references section of this circuit. let ' s take a look now the available 4 operations that we can do with a phonecard : 1 reading the phonecard memory during the reading operation, the reset pin must be held low. there is an internal memory position counter ( mpc ) which increases each time a pulse is applied to the clock pin. the mpc increases during the positive edge of the clock pulse. during the negative edge, the data of the memory position that the mpc points appears at the i / o pin. here is the timing diagram of this operation : 2 resetting the mpc ( memory position counter ) there is no direct method to define which memory position bit we want", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5291255357912051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.824030"} {"text": "of the memory position that the mpc points appears at the i / o pin. here is the timing diagram of this operation : 2 resetting the mpc ( memory position counter ) there is no direct method to define which memory position bit we want to perform a read operation. the only way is to reset the counter and start again reading from memory position # 0. it is very important to run a cold reset sequence before start reading the phonecard, because there is no other reliable method to determine in which memory position the mpc points at. the sequence to do a cold - reset is this : after this sequence, the memory position counter will become 0, and the very first bit of the card memory ( position 0 ) will appear at the i / o pin. you can immediately read this bit and go on reading the rest of the card memory as explained before. here is the timing diagram of the reset sequence : 3 write to the memory card with this command you can write to the octal counter in the card ' s memory position which holds the calling units. later on we will discuss about the memory mapping of the phonecards. in short, the octal counter is a 4 or 5 bytes long counter which holds the calling units that a telecard has. i do not know for the other smartcards, but as far as the phonecards are concerned, you can only decrease this value. this makes absolute sense of course. should the embedded microcontroller had allowed someone to increase this octal counter, then we could increase this counter whenever a phonecard ran out of calling units and refill it again. the octal counter can only be decreased... no other operation is allowed. although the write sequence is common for all phone cards, the counter may differ from country to country. go to the references section to get more info. i will only discuss about the 2nd generation greek phonecards. these cards have a 5 - byte long octal counter and a write command can only turn aces into zeros. here is the write sequence : after this sequence is ended, the unwritten memory position bit will be erased and the new value will automatically appear at the i / o pin. here is a timing diagram of this sequence during which the ace ( 1 ) bit of the current memory position is written so that it becomes zero ( 0 ) :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5054633126122442, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.825041"} {"text": "displays the family and group of the language named in the edit field of the dialogue box. the current language is chosen by default. any new language name which is entered becomes the current language, provided it occurs in the database. lists and counts all the segments of the language named in the edit field of the dialogue box. the current language is chosen by default. any new language name which is entered becomes the current language, provided it occurs in the database. the check - box normal phonemes ( checked by default ) prevents the display of anomalous segments. when the box is unchecked all the segments of the language - including rare ones, loans etc. - are displayed. lists and counts all the segments of the language named in the first edit field of the dialogue box which meet the feature conditions provided in the second. the feature conditions must be expressed as a list, in square brackets, of feature names separated by commas. the order of the features is not significant. features with negative values, such as - bilabial, are permitted in order more easily to exclude certain segment types. ( upsid itself uses only unary features ). extra control on segment selection is provided by the check - box normal phonemes which is checked by default. users unfamiliar with the feature set used in upsid may reset the feature conditions by issuing the command reset features, see below. identifies the number of distinctions found in selected phonetic parameters when the segments of the current language, which meet the given feature conditions, are examined. one or more phonetic parameters may be selected by clicking or shift - clicking in the scrolling list provided. feature conditions to establish the required subsystem are entered in the second edit field ( as in subsystem above ), and the check - box normal phonemes is used as in previous commands. three separate window formats are used to handle the different segment types. in all plot windows, the language name is provided below the corresponding plot. a list ( in square brackets ) identifies any features which have been chosen to restrict the set of phonemes displayed. an empty list [ ] indicates that no such features have been chosen. provides two dimensional plots of the vowel and consonant systems of the current language ( named in the edit field of the dialogue box ). consonants, vowels or diphthongs ( or all three by default ) are chosen by clicking ( or shift - clicking ) the appropriate buttons. the check - box normal phonemes is used as in subsystem. the use of pointers in these graphic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5033174452120426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.832612"} {"text": "or diphthongs ( or all three by default ) are chosen by clicking ( or shift - clicking ) the appropriate buttons. the check - box normal phonemes is used as in subsystem. the use of pointers in these graphic windows is described under the commands for the different window types below. provides the same display as plot all for the vowels of a language but allows for more detailed sub - system selection by clicking ( or shift _ clicking ) the secondary articulation features in the scrolling list. the selected feature list is displayed in the window below the language name. if new window is checked, the display is generated in a new window immediately over the original vowel window. this new window can be dragged to one side so that comparisons of subsystems with different feature conditions can be made. surplus windows may be hidden ( using hide... in the macprolog windows menu ) or closed using the close box ( but see the advice under kill hidden windows below ). closed or hidden graphic windows may be retrieved using the macprolog select window... command also in the windows menu. clicking on a segment symbol ( a filled cell ) in a vowel window generates a message identifying : the dialog for generating consonant displays parallels that for vowels in all but the list of secondary articulations : the pointer in the graphocs window functions in exactly the same manner. here again the same dialog pattern is used, but, in a graphics window for diphthongs, two different pointers are available. with the arrow pointer selected, clicking on a filled cell generates a message showing : with the target pointer selected, the corresponding message identifies : whenever the selected cell contains segments with secondary features not shown in the cell label ( e. g. nasalized ), these features appear ( abbreviated and asterisked ) in initial sub - bundles grouped with the corresponding target ( or source ) features. this command provides a simple reminder of the ordering of fetaures on the axes in the various display windows. upsid graphic windows can be chosen for printing using the standard macprolog print... command from the file menu. when the print dialogue appears, click the check - box graphic click the button select..., and choose the required windows from the scrolling list. normal macintosh screen dumps to macpaint format files ( using < command > < shift > 3 ) are obviously also possible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47488565899235224, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.834750"} {"text": "hearing loss affects an estimated 50 million americans. some hearing loss is temporary, and may be caused by short exposures to loud noises, but for many people, it is permanent. hearing health foundation, the largest private funder of hearing research, has organized a consortium of researchers through the hearing research project, with a goal of accelerating the timeline for a genuine cure for most types of acquired hearing loss. the cure focuses on the specialized cells that make hearing possible. hair cells located in the inner ear turn sounds into electrical signals that transmit the sound information to the brain. in humans, exposure to loud noises, age and even some medications can damage or even kill these hair cells, thus causing permanent hearing loss. but birds and fish are able to spontaneously regrow their damaged hair cells, leading scientists to discover how this ability can be replicated in humans. as a college student, katharine simpson began to notice she was missing sounds - but ignored the symptoms until she drove through a toll road pass and didn ' t hear the transponder beep. her younger brother had already experienced hearing loss in his teens, and simpson discovered her hearing patterns matched the loss her brother had experienced years before. while coming to terms with her hearing loss, simpson started seeking out researchers and scientists, reading any information on new developments that she could find, giving her hope for a cure. \" part of the reason i wanted - or, needed, rather - to embrace my hearing loss is my little brother, \" simpson says. \" i watched how hard it was for him to grow up with hearing loss, and he still struggles with it to this day. \" simpson ' s friends helped her manage her hearing loss in social situations, and began choosing to eat at quieter restaurants and turning on the closed captioning for shows on television. but movie theaters, noisy bars and nightclubs and even whispered conversations are difficult for simpson to hear. the hope for a cure for both herself and her brother helps her stay strong. the hearing research project is looking to discover what prevents regeneration of hair cells in human ears, and what can be done to promote regeneration. \" hearing health foundation is ideally positioned to lead this world - class consortium and deliver on the goal of a cure, \" says andrea boidman, executive director of the foundation. \" for too many years, biomedical research has been conducted in relative isolation, one researcher or one institution working alone to tackle a major health issue. so we developed the consortium model to accelerate the path to the cure by eliminating repetitive work and fostering cooperation among", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.541861805699709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.837681"} {"text": "beyond the antietam battlefield : hospital centers beyond the antietam battlefield as war raged during the four - year conflict, local residents witnessed the human cost of the fighting. thousands of soldiers were wounded in battles and skirmishes, and much of the area resembled one big hospital ward for much of the war. large government tent hospitals were erected in fields, and many churches, homes, barns, schools, and other public buildings were also used to care for the sick and wounded. in the fall of 1862, just days after playing host to both armies during the battles of south mountain and antietam, frederick was inundated with more than 9, 000 wounded and sick soldiers. westminster and hagerstown played similar roles in hospital care, as did smaller towns such as boonsboro and burkittsville. future us president rutherford b. hayes recovered in a middletown dwelling from wounds suffered at nearby south mountain ; future supreme court justice oliver wendell holmes convalesced in hagerstown at the howard kennedy home ; and paul joseph revere ( inset ), grandson of the famed revolutionary war patriot, died in westminster from wounds at gettysburg. in october 1862, president lincoln visited the wounded at sharpsburg and made a personal visit to see gen. george l. hartsuff, who was being cared for in a private home in frederick. during the war, 600 sisters from a dozen religious communities served as nurses. following gettysburg, the daughters of charity, based in nearby emmitsburg, were among the first at the battlefield to give aid to the wounded. this information was provided by the hagerstown / washington county convention and visitor ' s bureau - www. marylandmemories. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37286337282954585, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.839534"} {"text": "what you should know about using hbo in diabetic wounds - volume 16 - issue 5 - may 2003 - 8371 reads - 0 comments how hbo can facilitate wound healing hbo consists of a patient breathing 100 percent oxygen while his or her entire body is enclosed in a pressure chamber. the topical application of oxygen is not recognized by the fda as hyperbaric therapy and is not reimbursed by medicare. oxygen is transported two ways in that it is chemically bound to the hemoglobin and physically dissolved in the plasma. when the patient breathes air at sea level, the hemoglobin is already fully saturated so increasing the amount of respired oxygen can affect only the plasma - dissolved oxygen. breathing oxygen at an elevated atmospheric pressure produces an increase in the plasma - dissolved oxygen fraction, which is proportional to the atmospheric pressure of the respired gas. monoplace hyperbaric chambers are usually compressed with oxygen whereas multiplace chambers are compressed with air while the patient breathes 100 percent oxygen using a hood or aviator \u2019 s face mask. typical treatments involve 90 minutes of oxygen breathing at 2. 0 to 2. 5 atmospheres absolute ( ata ) with air breaks administered at 20 - to 30 - minute intervals in order to reduce the risk of central nervous system oxygen toxicity. ( while hbo treatment is remarkably safe, be aware that otologic and pulmonary barotrauma and central nervous system, pulmonary and ocular oxygen toxicity can occur. central nervous system oxygen toxicity is rare, but it can manifest as seizures. seizures are less likely to occur if there are brief periods of air breathing. ) arterial po2 elevations of 1500 mmhg or greater are achieved when the body is exposed to pressures of 2 to 2. 5 ata. soft tissue and muscle po2 levels can be elevated to about 300 mmhg. oxygen diffusion varies in a direct linear relationship to the increased partial pressure of oxygen present in the circulating plasma caused by hbo. at pressures of 3 ata, the diffusion radius of oxygen into the extravascular compartment is estimated to increase from 64 micons to about 247 micons at the pre - capillary arteriole. this significant level of hyperoxygenation allows for the reversal of localized tissue hypoxia, which may be secondary to ischemia or to other local factors within the compromised tissue. hypoxia is a biochemical barrier to normal wound healing. in the hypoxic wound, hbo treatment allows an acute correction of the pathophysiology related to oxygen deficiency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49779650410981696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.844896"} {"text": "##mia or to other local factors within the compromised tissue. hypoxia is a biochemical barrier to normal wound healing. in the hypoxic wound, hbo treatment allows an acute correction of the pathophysiology related to oxygen deficiency and impaired wound healing. using hbo increases oxygen levels within the marginally vascularized periwound compartment, enhancing leukocyte bacteriocidal function. it may also potentiate some antibiotic effects. there are direct toxic effects on anaerobic bacteria and suppression of exotoxin production. it also enhances collagen synthesis and cross - linking, and other matrix deposition. what the clinical evidence reveals additionally, recent evidence suggests that hbo may induce specific growth factor receptors ( pdgf ) and stimulate growth factor ( vegf ) release. there is also evidence that employing hbo may ameliorate or prevent leukocyte - mediated ischemia reperfusion injury. 10 - 13 there have been 13 published peer - reviewed studies ( including seven randomized, controlled trials ) of hbo in diabetic foot wounds. a total of 606 diabetic patients received hbo with a 71 percent bipedal limb salvage rate, compared to 463 control patients who had a 53 percent bipedal limb salvage rate. all diabetic wounds were wagner iii - iv. it is interesting to compare this to the becaplermin clinical trials that involved wager ii ulcers. control patients had healing rates of 25 percent while those receiving becaplermin had healing rates of 43 percent. a large retrospective series of 1, 144 diabetic foot ulcer patients demonstrated the effectiveness of using adjunctive hbo in modified wagner iii, iv and v ( equivalent to wagner grade ii, iii and v ) ulcers, based on ulcer / wound improvement, healing and salvage of bipedal ambulation ( see \u201c the impact of hbo : what one study shows \u201d above ). 14 currently, cms policy reimburses only for treatment of wagner iii and greater ulcers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4861845873476189, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.845825"} {"text": "the politician wants men to know how to die courageously ; the poet wants men to live courageously. \u2014 italian poet salvatore quasimodo, nobel lecture, 1959 since the invasion of iraq in 2003, the relationship between politics and poetic protest has taken on fresh urgency for american readers and writers. \" i suspect the writers know in their hearts how ineffectual poetry is in greater american society, \" w. s. di piero wrote in poetry magazine in october 2003. he was commenting on the poets against the war movement and updating dana gioia \u2019 s plaint made in the controversial 1991 essay, \" can poetry matter? \" in it, gioia asserts that it is a \" difficult task to marry the muse happily to politics, \" given that poets lack a role in the broader culture and therefore do not have the confidence to create public speech. why is it that in this country poetry is viewed as separate from the business of the nation? certainly this is an anglophone peculiarity. in latin america, jose marti, one of the region \u2019 s most beloved poets, led the movement to liberate cuba from colonial domination. the nicaraguan poet and priest ernesto cardenal was engaged in the sandinista revolution and later served as his country \u2019 s minister of culture. the nobel prize - winning chilean poet pablo neruda was a diplomat, and a senator, and joined the ranks of spanish poets such as federico garcia lorca and miguel de unamuno, who spoke out against general franco during the spanish civil war. both lorca and unamuno lost their lives as a consequence of their republican sympathies. in france, paul eluard, rene char, and robert desnos wrote dissenting poetry while fighting for the resistance. in italy, quasimodo and cesare pavese were repressed for denouncing the regime under which they lived, as were russian and polish poets such as ossip mandelstam, anna akhmatova, wislawa szymborska, and czeslaw milosz. contemporary middle eastern poets such as badr shakir al - sayyab, nizar al - qabbani, adonis, ghazi al - gosaibi, and mahmoud darwish have embraced the idea of committed literature, or a literature engagee, as sartre termed it. and yet, in the anglophone west, poets ranging from w. h. auden to w. b. yeats are invoked for their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44430859876692763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.885226"} {"text": "or any other of the arts, can be said to have an ulterior purpose, it is, by telling the truth, to disenchant and disintoxicate. \" acting on their beliefs often led auden and yeats to the dynamic center of public life. each remained wary of the traps of dogma and expressed that caution in his work, particularly later in life. but a political belief mixed with ambivalence and pessimism is nonetheless a political belief. the fact that it is tempered with an awareness of human failings, foibles, and hypocrisies is the mark of a responsible conscience \u2014 and when they appear in poetry, such complexities are the signature of great art. why is it that poets today are not considered by the nation as legitimate actors in the public sphere? what transpired in the anglophone literary imagination since percy bysshe shelley claimed nearly two hundred years ago that poets were the \" unacknowledged legislators of the world \"? the separation created between the world of political contingency and the world of poetry has its roots in the early nineteenth century, when poetry began moving toward romanticism and the individualized, subjective lyric. literary thinkers of the 1830s and 1840s placed the poet above and not among the people \u2014 on a far shore well away from the public sphere. rather than the chronicler of public memory or the raiser of alarms, the poet was depoliticized and cast as a \" keeper of public morals, \" as betsy erkkila writes in whitman the political poet. romanticism may have bequeathed an inheritance of inward - focused lyrics and an emphasis on personal experience, but as richard jones points out in poetry and politics, the romantic poets had a strong social consciousness and were concerned with \" the abuses of industrialization, the squalor and alienation of urban life, the excitement of the french revolution and the disillusionment that followed. \" this set of concerns was precisely what the next generation held against them ; and ultimately, the romantic legacy would be divorced from its political activity, and instead, the modernists would retain the notion of poetry as sanctified by its otherworldly nature. there is a notable exception mid century : while emerson was envisioning a poetry of transcendental truths and poe was championing \" pure poetry, \" walt whitman advocated a democratic poetics of open, all - embracing forms and a politics of inclusion. \" all others have adhered to the principle that the poet and savan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.485746712817955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.887342"} {"text": "of transcendental truths and poe was championing \" pure poetry, \" walt whitman advocated a democratic poetics of open, all - embracing forms and a politics of inclusion. \" all others have adhered to the principle that the poet and savan form classes by themselves, above the people, and more refined than the people ; i show that they are just as great when of the people, partaking of the common idioms, manners, the earth, the rude visage of animals and trees, and what is vulgar, \" he wrote. \" imagination and actuality must be united. \" whitman notwithstanding, the idea that poetry exists apart from mundane concerns and the affairs of the nation continued to be strengthened with the emergence of the art for art \u2019 s sake movement. victorian critic matthew arnold wrote essays calling for morally concerned poetry that would \" animate and ennoble. \" in a reaction against the political agitation of romantic poets, he extolled classical balance, sanity, reason, proportion, and order, and the poem that remained independent from the realm of historical contingency. for arnold \u2019 s heirs, the modernists in the wake of the great war, literature became a refuge, and literary criticism, a science. the new critical movement, which arose during the first decades of the twentieth century, placed emphasis on the text excised from its historical, social, and biographical context, reinforcing the division between poetry and politics. poets and critics such as robert penn warren, cleanth brooks, and allen tate promulgated a view of poetry as irrevocably isolated from the grime and disarray of everyday life. robert scholes calls this positioning an \" elite cultural ghetto. \" \" my case against the new criticism is that it opened up too great a space between words and deeds, and between the rhetorical and the poetic, \" scholes writes in the crafty reader. \" it took a certain patrician attitude of cool detachment and made it the measure of all good writing. \" brooks and warren \u2019 s tome, understanding poetry, codified these views and became the american poetry textbook of choice. this account of the segregation of literature from politics does not tell the whole story, however. the history of american poetry is a history of battling narratives and counter - narratives about poetic activity itself. the twenties were marked by the high modernist dictates of eliot and pound, but langston hughes, countee cullen, and sterling brown were also at work. the thirties saw the appearance of understanding poetry,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4690052270237684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.888374"} {"text": "counter - narratives about poetic activity itself. the twenties were marked by the high modernist dictates of eliot and pound, but langston hughes, countee cullen, and sterling brown were also at work. the thirties saw the appearance of understanding poetry, but it was also a decade that yielded a burgeoning of political poetry and a poetry of conscience, including that of carl sandburg, muriel rukeyser, auden and his generation, and the objectivists george oppen, louis zukofsky, charles reznikoff, and carl rakosi. the second half of the century was heralded in by the library of congress \u2019 s award of the first bollingen prize to ezra pound in 1948 for an expurgated version of his pisan cantos \u2014 that is, with some of the virulently anti - semitic passages excised by his publisher. the prize was announced along with the statement that \" to permit other considerations than that of poetic achievement to sway the decision would destroy the significance of the award and would in principle deny the validity of that objective perception of value on which civilized society must rest. \" an \" objective perception of value \" might have been the word of the day, but other poetic currents were running at variance. the fifties were also the decade of allen ginsberg \u2019 s howl, the beats, and black mountain poets such as charles olson and robert creeley. and all of this occurred before the explosion of political poetry in the sixties and the seventies, when robert bly, denise levertov, and robert lowell wrote in protest against the vietnam war, adrienne rich and audre lorde worked to re - inscribe the life of women into poetry, and poets such as gwendolyn brooks, amiri baraka, and nikki giovanni were active in the black arts movement and the struggle for civil rights. in the last quarter of the century, others such as carolyn forche championed the ethical responsibility of poetry to bear witness, claiming that all language is political. forche said, \" vision is always ideologically charged ; perceptions are shaped a priori by our assumptions and sensibility formed by consciousness at once social, historical, and aesthetic. \" in her anthology of twentieth century poetry of witness, against forgetting, forche calls for a poetry of the social space, which resides between the state and the \" safe havens of the personal. \" all of the writers mentioned in this cursory enumeration have been assailed at one time or another for voicing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.459184062211882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.889372"} {"text": "calls for a poetry of the social space, which resides between the state and the \" safe havens of the personal. \" all of the writers mentioned in this cursory enumeration have been assailed at one time or another for voicing their political convictions in their poetry. granted, there is a grave difference between dissent that is voiced within a democracy and dissent that speaks against a totalitarian regime ; repression within a democracy does not approach the level of brutality perpetrated in a variety of political circumstances around the globe. nonetheless, these american writers are laudable for striving to step out of what edward said terms the nation \u2019 s \" depoliticized or aestheticized submission. \" this submission, along with the fostering of xenophobia and apathy, represents a contemporary mode of repressing the desire for democratic participation. in his last book, humanism and democratic criticism, said writes, \" one of the hallmarks of modernity is now at a very deep level, the aesthetic and the social need to be kept, and are often consciously kept, in a state of irreconcilable tension. \" since the invasion of iraq, a symphony of voices has reasserted the american poet \u2019 s role in the public sphere. \" it \u2019 s impossible for poetry not to be political, \" li - young lee said to a st. petersburg times reporter. galway kinnell told the new york times, \" it \u2019 s poetry \u2019 s duty and part of its role to speak out. \" and sam hamill says in an open letter dated june 29, 2004, \" being a citizen of the world is political. \" conversation elevates society and creates conditions conducive for democracy. poetry can fuel this democratic deliberation by transforming the individual and the community. the poet is an intellectual in italian revolutionary antonio gramsci \u2019 s sense : \" non - intellectuals do not exist, \" he writes, because \" there is no human activity from which every form of intellectual participation can be excluded : homo faber cannot be separated from homo sapiens. \" gramsci suggests that activism, not only eloquence, is a determining principle of the intellectual \u2019 s function \" as constructor, organizer, \u2018 permanent persuader, \u2019 and not just a simple orator. \" there is no escaping the forces that press against the poem, incise themselves into it, just as there is no escaping the urgency of the questions that rain into our homes, leaking through the roofs and sliding under dormers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5026478422777448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.890330"} {"text": "simple orator. \" there is no escaping the forces that press against the poem, incise themselves into it, just as there is no escaping the urgency of the questions that rain into our homes, leaking through the roofs and sliding under dormers. however heat - proofed the dwelling, the questions slip into view : what does it mean that we are alive? for what purpose do we suffer? what does it mean to be a thinking, feeling, merely human being, as e. e. cummings says? \" a poem floats adjacent to, parallel to, the historical moment. what happens to us as readers when we board the poem depends upon the kind of relation it displays towards our historical life, \" seamus heaney writes in the government of the tongue. poetry, like all art, is a public form, and poetry in particular is a form of public speech. it is not separate from the world ; it is made of the world, just as our vision of the world is constituted through language. not only explicitly political or satiric verse, but also the lyric and the meditative poem are modes of conversing with society. this conversation is what humanizes the world, according to hannah arendt. \" however much we are affected by the things of the world, however deeply they may stir and stimulate us, they become human for us only when we can discuss them with our fellows, \" she writes in men in dark times. \" we humanize what is going on in the world and in ourselves only by speaking of it, and in the course of speaking of it we learn to be human. \" every word that is recorded necessarily exists in the public sphere. writing and speaking are revolutionary acts because they differentiate the speaker from those who remain in the private sphere. it is here that the public obligations of the poetic voice come to bear. our dialogue \u2014 or as yeats would say, our quarrel with ourselves \u2014 is what maintains our humanity. perhaps the best way for poets to regain a place in the public sphere today is to extract poetry from the sanctified realm that has been designated for it by thinkers dating back to romanticism \u2014 and to bring the poetic utterance into the public sphere in the form of ideas, criticism, analysis, and new poems. the responsibility of the writer and reader in a self - aware culture is to engender engaged participation, as said says. allow poetry into unexpected places. advocate the widening of its purveyance in the media and in the spheres of daily travel. this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45088798002090374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.891272"} {"text": "the writer and reader in a self - aware culture is to engender engaged participation, as said says. allow poetry into unexpected places. advocate the widening of its purveyance in the media and in the spheres of daily travel. this is not an effort to create univocality ; on the contrary, it will increase the visibility and audibility of all manner of dissenting ideas about poetry as well as about politics. \" every age must strive anew to wrest tradition away from the conformism that is working to overpower it, \" walter benjamin writes. one way for americans to accomplish this is to make the effort to gain access to other ideas, perspectives, and cultures. reading poetry from other national traditions can clarify our vision, provide a different perspective on our own tradition, modes of thinking, and strategies, and most importantly, offer another version of the human circumstance. this is the most patriotic act of all \u2014 in the sense that our patria is the state of being human. the reader who encounters the poem openly and freely becomes a receptive beholder, as martin buber would say ; the poem is no longer viewed at arm \u2019 s length, and the reader enters into dialogue with it. when shades of political opinion and the complexities of human activity and feeling are represented, solo voices turn symphonic, and poets and other writers lay claim to their role in society. \" all i have is a voice / to undo the folded lie, \" auden writes. it is vital to protect the right to speak freely. \" this is not always a matter of being a critic of government policy, \" said writes, \" but rather of thinking of the intellectual vocation as maintaining a state of constant alertness, of a perpetual willingness not to let half - truths or received ideas steer one along. \" what kind of american poetry might speak of life as it is now being lived? a poetry that is elastic enough to contain the modern experience of speed and stillness, as well as a sense of wonder. one that smells of rubber, plastic, and tar, and can contain the constellations of nanotechnology ; a poetry that bears witness to the exigencies and horrors of the political moment in which the poem, and the poet, exists. this kind of poetry carries on speaking to the unimagined future. it sings of a spiritualized and a politicized vision, and it leaps into infinity. \" a poet is a poet when he does not renounce his existence in a given country, at a particular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47637582590904326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.892298"} {"text": "speaking to the unimagined future. it sings of a spiritualized and a politicized vision, and it leaps into infinity. \" a poet is a poet when he does not renounce his existence in a given country, at a particular time, defined politically, \" quasimodo writes in his \" discourse on poetry. \" \" and poetry is the liberty and truth of that time, and not abstract modulations of sentiment. \" it is also crucial to remind the nation that the american artist has an urgent word, is prepared to step out of the atelier and into the street, and that as much as a pop song or a feature film, a poem can provide a new and vital way of looking at the world \u2014 and one that is less saturated with corporate interests. in our present age of multimedia entertainment, poetry is an art form nearly free of materials. it is the most portable mode of art other than singing, and it is similar to singing : when a group of people gathers and recites poems together, the poems are re - inspired, breathed alive, and reinterpreted, transforming and transformed by the reciter and the listeners. artists are more capable than theorists or pundits in representing the consciousness of the people, because the language of art is a language of immediacy, of spirit, and of the transporting analogy. in his essay \" democratic vistas, \" whitman writes, \" it is acknowledged that we of the states are the most materialistic and money - making people ever known. my own theory, while fully accepting this, is that we are the most emotional, spiritualistic, and poetry - loving people also. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5328476936968062, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.893544"} {"text": "facts about adolescents from the demographic and health survey : statistical tables for program planning the population council began its work on adolescents in the mid - 1990s, and has emphasized the need to look beyond the health sector in addressing adolescents ' needs, focusing on early marriage, livelihoods, schooling, and social structure. the council has especially concerned itself with the adolescent girl, whose world contracts at this stage in her life, as limitations on her autonomy, mobility, opportunity, and power increase. one challenge to moving beyond the health sector has been that comprehensive data on adolescents in developing countries have not been easily accessible nor compiled with this multisectoral view in mind. to fill this void, the population council began analyzing demographic and health survey ( dhs ) data in a way that could clearly illustrate the diversity of adolescents ' lives. it is the council ' s goal that these analyses be used to improve understanding about the adolescent experience and to build interventions based on fact rather than assumption. these analyses are presented in 46 individual country reports ; each report consists of 14 data tables * and commentary highlighting some of the more noteworthy information. annexes : selected dhs data on 10 \u2013 14 - year - olds the period of early adolescence is one of both extreme vulnerability and enormous opportunity in the developing world and is deserving of special attention. although early adolescence often is marked by energy, creativity, and resilience, it may also be the stage at which young adolescents are pulled out of school, start working, begin substance abuse ( primarily alcohol and tobacco use ), initiate sexual activity, and, in some regions, get married and start having children. it is vital to reach this age group when health behaviors and gender norms still are malleable. there is a dearth of data on very young adolescents ( vyas ) \u2014 those 10 \u2013 14 years old \u2014 as adolescents ages 10 \u2013 19 often are grouped together in statistical reporting, and 10 \u2013 14 - year - olds typically are excluded from reproductive health surveys. to learn more about the lives and needs of vyas, council researchers returned to the demographic and health survey, focusing particularly on the presence of potentially protective structures ( such as family and school ) and access to media. forty - nine country reports were presented and disseminated at the world health organization \u2019 s technical meeting on 10 \u2013 14 - year - olds, \u201c very young adolescents : the hidden young people, \u201d held in april 2003. the reports are intended to complement the above - mentioned series, \u201c facts about adolescents from the demographic and health survey, \u201d and are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4761953112640326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.899688"} {"text": "sheet, pillow case and carving napkin, linen, probably hand woven by janet primrose monteath, clackmannonshire, scotland, 1860 - 1870 this small collection of handwoven domestic linen articles - a sheet, pillow case and carving napkin - were woven in the alloa region of clackmannanshire in scotland, probably in the 1860s or 1870s. they were brought to australia in 1920 in her trousseau by the donor ' s mother janet rolland stirling, who was born in alloa. although stirling family tradition indicates that the linen textiles were handwoven by the donor ' s great great great grandmother janet primrose in about 1800, it seems more likely that they were woven by her grand - daughter janet primrose monteath. the carving napkin was used by her husband alexander brown sitrling who would apparently refuse to begin carving for their family of eight boys until his wife had tied the napkin around his neck. the linen weaving industry in scotland formed the basis of community life, and mention is made as early as 1491. the wool and linen industries in scotland were supported, from the early part of the 18th century, by bounties and premiums paid out by the board of trustees for fisheries and manufactures who provided incentives for production, training for intending craftsmen and women in specialised continental methods, and encouragement towards mechanisation. from 1750 onwards the effects of the industrial revolution were felt in scotland and, by 1784, machines for spinning flax fibres into linen were already in use. the art of hand weaving survived however among skilled women. the sheet and pillow case are both handwoven in plain weave, while the carving napkin is handwoven in damask weave with the field in a diaper pattern and the border probably in the monk ' s belt pattern. domestic textiles such as sheets, pillow cases and napkins have been made of linen for centuries as linen withstands scrubbing and washing in hot water and can be bleached by spreading in the sun. linen cloth is made from flax, a strong and durable bast fibre that resists rotting in damp climates. with a longer staple than cotton, flax is one of the few fibres that has a greater breaking strength wet than dry. the traditional preparation of flax fibres from the plant is a long and complicated process. ripe flax was pulled up by the roots and laid out to dry in the sun for a few days, being turned two or three times a day until thoroughly cured. the stalks were then drawn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47575142771179096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.904600"} {"text": "all grown up with hiv by cristina gonzalez thirty years into the epidemic, a new crop of kids faces adulthood \u2014 with hiv. from babies born with the virus to teens who acquired it behaviorally, members of this new generation struggle to navigate survival while making their way through the world. the stories of these four brave young people are examples for how to succeed in spite of hiv. they also serve as cautionary tales, reminding us of the price we pay for not teaching our children well. let lessons be learned. to read a digital edition of this article. the headline - making national survey of family growth, released this year by the federal government, reported that teenage abstinence was on the rise \u2014 from 22 percent in 2002 to about 28 percent by 2008. but the media coverage buried the lead : seven out of 10 people in their late teens and early 20s are having sex. this might not be an issue if many of them weren \u2019 t having unsafe sex. but they are, in droves. philadelphia, for example, has the highest rate of teen sexual activity in the country \u2014 and the lowest rate of condom use. it should come as no surprise then that philadelphia also has the nation \u2019 s fifth highest teen hiv rate. the story is repeated all over the country. in tennessee the number of people ages 15 to 24 who were newly infected with hiv jumped 32 percent between 2005 and 2009. overall, americans between ages 13 and 20 comprise 34 percent of the country \u2019 s new hiv infections. globally, people younger than 25 account for more than half of all new hiv cases. as long as we deny that kids are having sex and refuse to teach comprehensive sex ed, offering instead abstinence - only or abstinence - until - marriage, kids will remain powerless to protect themselves while gripped by raging hormones. you don \u2019 t need a degree from the harvard school of public health to foresee the consequences to individual and public health. when we teach kids not to have sex in order to protect their virginity, the message often comes through as, \u201c you can do anything except put a penis in a vagina. \u201d as a result, many young people have oral and anal sex, often unprotected, in the name of abstinence. others, lacking any sex or hiv education at all, see no reason to put on a condom ( similarly, they don \u2019 t know the risks in sharing injection drug equipment ). add these practices to the incidence of sexual abuse of young people, and you have a recipe for an hiv epidemic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41289116210686416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.910124"} {"text": "all, see no reason to put on a condom ( similarly, they don \u2019 t know the risks in sharing injection drug equipment ). add these practices to the incidence of sexual abuse of young people, and you have a recipe for an hiv epidemic. other kids are growing up with hiv \u2014 those who contracted hiv in utero, at birth or through breast feeding from their hiv - positive mothers. while mother - to - child transmission has been nearly eliminated in the united states, there are a fair number of survivors who were born with the virus. all these young people face similar challenges : learning to discuss and disclose hiv while developing social skills ; dealing with hiv stigma while striving for self - esteem and self - empowerment ; committing to the responsibility of daily treatment at a time of carefree youth ; being accountable for their health and the health of others while they are still developing a sense of responsibility ; and facing mortality at an age when feeling invincible is the norm. on top of this, they face the additional challenges of anyone living with hiv : handling the diagnosis of a serious and lifelong disease ; finding, getting to, paying for and tolerating care and treatment ; negotiating personal and family relationships in the face of hiv ; dealing with mental health issues ; and fighting stigma, discrimination and fear. what is amazing is how well many young people deal with hiv. the first - person accounts of the strong, brave, smart \u201c kids \u201d on the next pages show that with the right attitude, the right support system and connection to care and treatment, growing up with hiv doesn \u2019 t have to rob kids \u2014 and society as a whole \u2014 of the glories of youth. pages : 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 search : philadelphia, brooklyn, new york, indianapolis, national survey of family growth, abstinence, sex education, perinatally infected, ichoose2live, lgbt, red cross scroll down to comment on this story. show comments ( 11 total )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4385016441486762, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.912261"} {"text": "immunohistochemistry - tissues immunohistochemistry - cells immunofluorescence - cells immunohistochemistry - tissues the protein atlas contains histological images of sections from human tissues. the images represent a view similar to what is seen in a microscope when examining sections of tissue on glass slides. each antibody in the database has been used for immunohistochemical staining of both normal and cancer tissue. the specific binding of an antibody to its corresponding antigen results in a brown - black staining. the tissue section is counterstained with hematoxylin to enable visualization of microscopical features. hematoxylin staining is unspecific and results in a blue coloring of both cells and extracellular material. tissue microarrays provide the possibility to immunohistochemically stain a large number and variety of normal and cancer tissues ( movie about tissue microarray production and immunohistochemical staining ). the generated tissue microarrays include samples from 46 different normal tissue types from 138 individuals and 20 different types of cancer from 216 patients. for each antibody, the protein expression pattern in normal tissue is represented by triplicate samples and protein expression is annotated in 66 different normal cell types present in these tissues. for cancer tissues each tumor is represented in duplicate samples and protein expression is annotated in tumor cells. normally, a smaller fraction of the 570 images are missing for each antibody due to technical issues. specimens containing normal and cancer tissue have been collected and sampled from anonymized paraffin embedded material of surgical specimens, in accordance with approval from the local ethics committee. since specimens are derived from surgical material, normal is here defined as non - neoplastic and morphologically normal. it is not always possible to obtain fully normal tissues and thus several of the tissues denoted as normal will include alterations due to inflammation, degeneration and tissue remodeling. in rare tissues, hyperplasia or benign proliferations are included as exceptions. it should also be noted that within normal morphology there exists inter - individual differences and variations due to primary diseases, age, sex etc. such differences may also effect protein expression and thereby immunohistochemical staining patterns. samples from cancer are also derived from surgical material. the inclusion of tumors has been based on availability and representativity. due to subgroups and heterogeneity of tumors within each cancer type, included cases represent a typical mix of specimens from surgical pathology. however, an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49680512283403466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.953702"} {"text": "from surgical material. the inclusion of tumors has been based on availability and representativity. due to subgroups and heterogeneity of tumors within each cancer type, included cases represent a typical mix of specimens from surgical pathology. however, an effort has been made to include high and low grade malignancies where such is applicable. in certain tumor groups, subtypes have been included, e. g. breast cancer includes both ductal and lobular cancer, lung cancer includes both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma and liver cancer includes both hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma etc. tumor heterogenity and inter - individual differences is also reflected in diverse expression of proteins resulting in variable immunohistochemical staining patterns. in order to provide an overview of protein expression patterns, all images of immunohistochemically stained tissue were manually annotated by a board certified pathologist or by specially educated personnel ( followed by verification of a pathologist ). the pathologists are experienced in interpretation of tissue morphology under the microscope and have used a specially designed software to view and annotate the histological images. annotation of each different normal and cancer tissue was performed using a simplified scheme for classification of immunohistochemical outcome. each tissue was examined for representativity and immunoreactivity. the different tissue specific cell types included in each normal tissue type were annotated. for each cancer, tumor cells and stroma were annotated. basic annotation parameters included an evaluation of i ) staining intensity ( negative, weak, moderate or strong ), ii ) fraction of stained cells ( rare, < 25 %, 25 - 75 % or > 75 % ) and iii ) subcellular localization ( nuclear and / or cytoplasmic / membranous ). the manual annotation also provides a summarizing text comment for each antibody. the terminology and ontology used is compliant with standards used in pathology and medical science. snomed classification has been used for assignment of topography and morphology. snomed classification also underlies the given original diagnosis from which normal as well as cancer samples were collected from. a histological dictionary used in the annotation is available as a pdf - document, containing images which are immunohistochemically stained with antibodies included in the protein atlas. the dictionary displays subtypes of cells distinguishable from each other and also shows specific expression patterns in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5324383638765712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.957234"} {"text": "annotation is available as a pdf - document, containing images which are immunohistochemically stained with antibodies included in the protein atlas. the dictionary displays subtypes of cells distinguishable from each other and also shows specific expression patterns in different intracellular structures. annotation dictionary : screen usage ( 15mb ), printing ( 95mb ). annotated protein expression aims to create a comprehensive map over protein expression patterns in normal human tissues and cells. the conflation of data from two or more antibodies directed towards the same protein target ( non - overlapping epitopes ), evaluation of the performance of respective antibodies and a review of available protein / gene characterization data, allows for a knowledge - based interpretation of the distribution pattern and relative abundance of proteins in various tissues. an annotation of protein expression is possible for all genes for which there are two or more antibodies directed towards the corresponding protein target. the immunohistochemical staining pattern in normal tissues provides the fundament for a subsequent annotated protein expression. the annotation of an immunohistochemical staining pattern is subjective and based on the experienced evaluation of positive immunohistochemical signals in defined subpopulations of cells within a tissue context. the microscopical images and previous annotations of the included 66 normal cell types are reviewed simultaneously and compared. the annotation data is merged and results in a single expression profile for each protein. in addition to accounting for performance of antibodies and available protein / gene characterization data, the review also considers sub - optimal experimental procedures. this includes immunostaining errors such as sub - optimal titration of the primary antibody and suspected cross - reactivity as well as the fact that multiple immunostainings have been performed on non - consecutive tissue microarray sections, allowing for differences in immunohistochemical staining patterns caused by inter - individual and inter - specimen variations. the final annotated protein expression is considered as a best estimate and as such reflects the most probable histological distribution and relative expression level for the evaluated proteins. back to top immunohistochemistry - cells as a complement to the representation of normal and cancer tissue, the protein atlas displays images of a selection of widely used and well characterized human cell lines as well as cell samples from healthy individuals and leukemia / lymphoma patients. a cell microarray has been used to enable immunohistochemical staining of a panel of cell lines and cell samples. duplicates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5388047421437369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.963952"} {"text": "characterized human cell lines as well as cell samples from healthy individuals and leukemia / lymphoma patients. a cell microarray has been used to enable immunohistochemical staining of a panel of cell lines and cell samples. duplicates from 47 cell lines and 9 samples of primary blood cells renders a total of 118 cell images per antibody. included cell lines are derived from dsmz, atcc or academic research groups ( kindly provided by cell line founders ). information regarding sex and age of the donor, tissue origin and source is listed here. all cells are fixed in 4 % paraformaldehyde and dispersed in agarose prior to paraffin embedding and immunohistochemical staining. while the tmas include samples from solid tumors, the cma enables representation of leukemia and lymphoma cell lines, covering major hematopoietic neoplasms and even different stages of differentiation. in addition, certain solid tumors not represented in the tmas are represented as cell lines in the cma, e. g. sarcoma, choriocarcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma. the simultaneous staining using the same protocol for both tissue and cell arrays allows for comparison of ihc staining between cell lines and tissue. several tumors included in the tmas are also represented by a cell line derived from corresponding tumor type. the immunohistochemical protocols used result in a brown - black staining, localized where an antibody has bound to its corresponding antigen. the section is furthermore histochemically counterstained with hematoxylin to enable visualization of microscopical features. hematoxylin staining is unspecific, and results in a blue coloring of both cells and extracellular material. in order to provide an overview of protein expression patterns, all images of immunohistochemically stained cell lines were annotated using an automated recognition software for image analysis. the image analysis software, tmax ( beecher instruments, sun prairie, wi, usa ), built on a object - oriented image analysis engine from definiens, utilizes rule - based operations and multiple iterative segmentation processes together with fuzzy logic to identify cells and immunohistochemical stain deposits. output parameters from the software always displayed in conjunction with the annotated images are : in addition, two overlay images with additional numerical information are presented to facilitate interpretation. the information displayed includes : - number of objects defined as cells in the image - staining intensity (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49700583908305435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.968367"} {"text": "software always displayed in conjunction with the annotated images are : in addition, two overlay images with additional numerical information are presented to facilitate interpretation. the information displayed includes : - number of objects defined as cells in the image - staining intensity ( negative, weak, moderate and strong ) - fraction ( % ) of positive cells - object based view representing fraction ( % ) of immunostained cells. the color code for each cell represents a range of immunoreactivity, blue ( negative / very weak ), yellow ( weak / moderate ), orange ( moderate / strong ) and red ( strong ) cells. this classification is based on areas of different intensities within each object ( cell ). this differs slightly from the subjective classification provided by manual annotation of cells in normal and cancer tissue. - area based view representing immunostained areas ( % ) within cells. the color code represents a range of immunoreactivity, yellow ( weak / moderate ), green ( moderate / strong ) and red ( strong ). negative / very weak areas are transparent. the intensity score is generated from this area based analysis. back to top immunofluorescence - cells as a complement to the immunohistochemically stained cells and tissues, the protein atlas displays high resolution, multicolor images of immunofluorescently stained cells. this provides spatial information on protein expression patterns on a fine cellular and subcellular level. originally three cell lines, u - 2 os, a - 431 and u - 251 mg, originated from different human tissues were chosen to be included in the immunofluorescent analysis. starting from year 2012, the cell line panel has been expanded to include additional cell lines : a - 549, caco - 2, hek 293, hela, hep - g2, mcf - 7, pc - 3, rt - 4, time, siha, rh - 30 and bj. to enhance the probability for a large number of proteins to be expressed, the cell lines were selected from different lineages, e. g. tumor cell lines from mesenchymal, epithelial and glial tumors. the selection was furthermore based on morphological characteristics, widespread use and multitude of publications using these cell lines. information regarding sex and age of the donor, cellular origin and source is listed here. for each antibody two suitable cell lines from the cell line panel are now selected for the immunofluorescent analysis, based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.517609488602731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.981832"} {"text": "of publications using these cell lines. information regarding sex and age of the donor, cellular origin and source is listed here. for each antibody two suitable cell lines from the cell line panel are now selected for the immunofluorescent analysis, based on rna sequencing data. the third cell line chosen for each antibody is always u - 2 os, in order to localize the whole human proteome on a subcellular level in one cell line. besides the hpa antibodies, the cells are also stained with reference markers in order to facilitate the annotation of the subcellular distribution of the protein targeted by the hpa antibody. the following probes / organelles are used as references ; ( i ) dapi for the nucleus, ( ii ) anti - tubulin antibody as internal control and marker of microtubules, and ( iii ) calreticulin for the endoplasmic reticulum ( er ). the resulting confocal images are single slice images representing one optical section of the cells. the microscope settings are optimized for each sample. the different organelle probes are displayed as different channels in the multicolor images ; the hpa antibody staining is shown in green, nuclear stain in blue, micro - tubules in red and er in yellow. in order to provide an interpretation of the staining patterns, all images of immunofluorescently stained cell lines are manually annotated. for each cell line and antibody the intensity and subcellular location of the staining is described. the staining intensity is classified as negative, weak, moderate or strong based on the laser power and detector gain settings used for image acquisition in combination with the visual appearance of the image. the subcellular location is further combined with parameters describing the staining characteristics ( i. e. smooth, granular, speckled, fibrous, dotty or clusters ). knowledge - based annotation of subcellular location aims to provide an interpretation of the subcellular location of a protein in three human cell lines. the conflation of immunofluorescence data from two or more antibodies directed towards the same protein and a review of available protein / gene characterization data, allows for a knowledge - based interpretation of the subcellular location. back to top western blot analysis of antibody specificity has been done using a routine sample setup composed of igg / hsa - depleted human plasma and protein lysates from a limited number of human tissues and cell lines. antibodies with a non - supportive routine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5195336819536076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.992463"} {"text": "western blot analysis of antibody specificity has been done using a routine sample setup composed of igg / hsa - depleted human plasma and protein lysates from a limited number of human tissues and cell lines. antibodies with a non - supportive routine wb have been revalidated using an over - expression lysate ( verify tagged antigen ( tm ), origene technologies, rockville, md ) as a positive control. antibody binding was visualized by chemiluminescence detection in a ccd - camera system using a peroxidase ( hrp ) labeled secondary antibody. antibodies included in the human protein atlas have been analyzed without further efforts to optimize the procedure and therefore it cannot be excluded that certain observed binding properties are due to technical rather than biological reasons and that further optimization could result in a different outcome. back to top all purified antibodies are analyzed on antigen microarrays. the specificity profile for each antibody is determined based on the interaction with 384 different antigens including its own target. the antigens present on the arrays are consecutively exchanged in order to correspond to the next set of 384 purified antibodies. each microarray is divided into 14 replicated subarrays, enabling the analysis of 14 antibodies simultaneously. the antibodies are detected through a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody and a dual color system is used in order to verify the presence of the spotted proteins. a specificity profile plot is generated for each antibody, where the signal from the binding to its own antigen is compared to the unspecific binding to all the other antigens. the vast majority of antibodies are given a pass, but a fraction are failed either due to low signal or low specificity. back to top in total eleven cell lines, a - 431, a - 549, caco - 2, hek 293, hela, hep - g2, mcf - 7, pc - 3, rt - 4, u - 2 os and u - 251 mg, have been analyzed by rna - seq to estimate the transcript abundance of each protein - coding gene. information regarding cellular origin and source is listed here. all the cell lines were analyzed on the illumina hiseq 2000 system using the standard illumina rna - seq protocol for paired - end reads with a read length of 2x100 bases. early - split samples were used as duplicates and total rna was extracted using the rneasy mini kit. for each gene, fpkm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.493671713487483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:36.995976"} {"text": "there have been several or more \u201c isms \u201d that refer to discrimination and / or prejudice against certain groups of people. in the us, racism has been a prominent one. sexism is another. even ageism, as i now personally recognize as i pass social security age. in south africa, i recently heard about the term gayism, referring to the violent treatment of homosexuals, especially lesbians, which then combines sexism with the gayism. \u201c corrective \u201d enforced rape is not infrequently applied by indigenous south african males. historically and worldwide, anti - semitism against those of jewish heritage has been common. whether this long history of anti - semitism is a causal or coincidental factor, or not, starting with freud those of jewish heritage were responsible for the development of modern psychiatry. perhaps this could be considered to be an antidote of sorts to the anti - semitism. often, there is some sort of mental health or general health toll to those subject to one of these \u201c isms. \u201d at times, those guilty of racism were considered to have a psychological disorder. these common and recurrent \u201c isms \u201d may reflect a natural evolutionary tendency to scapegoat groups who are different, due to fears of the \u201c other. \u201d i don \u2019 t think by today that there can be any question that there is significant discrimination and prejudice against those who are deemed to have some sort of significant mental problem. many times, that has resulted in trying to keep such people out of mainstream society, whether that be hospitalization, not being able to live in certain neighborhoods, and not being hired for work. we have had mental disorders \u201c carved out \u201d of medical illnesses by managed care companies, with the result of less care for less money. this cannot be justified by any relative lack of treatment efficacy, because recent research indicates that psychiatric treatments seem to be on a par to those of many general medical conditions. if we enter the medical system, we are often treated inadequately, even though we tend to die much younger. in nazi germany, we were the first to go. even so, when the universal declaration of human rights was declared in 1948 to try to prevent such tragedies from reoccurring, we were not included in the groups needing special human rights protection. today, services around the world, inadequate to begin with, are diminishing further with the economic recession. at its worst, enforced psychiatric hospitalization is paradoxically used for political dissidents in some countries. surely, understanding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4959161752296455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.012529"} {"text": "human rights protection. today, services around the world, inadequate to begin with, are diminishing further with the economic recession. at its worst, enforced psychiatric hospitalization is paradoxically used for political dissidents in some countries. surely, understanding the causes of emotional distress and how to categorize the varying expressions need much more study. however, even though the brain is the most difficult organ to study, we have less funding for research. we have the continuing stigma against people who are called \u201c crazy. \u201d as a consequence, when those labeled with mental disorders speak up, what they say is often discounted as being part of their disorder. complete recovery is expected less often than chronicity, which can be a self - fulfilling prophecy. those that have recovered are often reluctant to speak out publicly to be role models. those who try to help people with psychological problems also become stigmatized. no wonder psychiatrists have been nicknamed \u201c shrinks \u201d long before there were any concerns about brain shrinkage from the illness or medications. psychologists, social workers, and others get included too. unfortunately, sometimes in a society, those discriminated against will fight internally or compete against one another. so it is in the us at times, especially with gang conflicts. a psychoanalytic explanation for this phenomenon could be \u201c identification with the aggressor. \u201d now we may be seeing more and more of that in our field as the antipsychiatry movement of scientologists seems to be expanding to former patients and their families who felt they were hurt by psychiatry. while some anger and criticism is surely warranted, the vitriol and call for the end of psychiatrists seems to border on hate speech, as described in the recent psychiatric times blog of ronald pies, md. 1 similarly, glen gabbard, md, 2 recently described how such postings can hurt the reputation of a resident in training and his patient. the mother of this severely disturbed patient seemed to be approving of his treatment in the live sessions but posted very derogatory comments online. this problem was not solved to anyone \u2019 s satisfaction. this can be tragic to all those concerned and involved. no wonder medical students seem less interested in psychiatry. they seem especially turned off by the stigma and our disdain of one another that they notice on their clerkships. this sort of stigma has even contributed to the lack of recognition for when emotional distress, or what might otherwise be considered as a mental disorder, contributes greatly to society. founders of our major religions, viewed out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5110715982644437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.014240"} {"text": "another that they notice on their clerkships. this sort of stigma has even contributed to the lack of recognition for when emotional distress, or what might otherwise be considered as a mental disorder, contributes greatly to society. founders of our major religions, viewed out of context, could fit into this category. untreated artists, ranging from beethoven to van gogh, are others. most recently, psychiatrist nassir ghaemi, md, 3 analyzed how some leaders with degrees of mania and depression do better in crisis, including presidents lincoln and kennedy. one would think that with all this range of discrimination and prejudice, some \u201c ism \u201d would be applied by now to those harmed. but no. the closest i could find is \u201c ableism, \u201d occasionally applied to people with a physical or mental disability. since the physical disability is usually more obvious, the term is generally applied there. perhaps the lack of such an \u201c ism \u201d indicates a discrimination and prejudice even more intense or ingrained, so much so that there is not even a term to rally around. such a term could be psychism. this is a term that is so unused that we can easily adopt it as our own. in theosophy, i found it used on rare occasions to refer to spiritual awakening. spiritual awakening is indeed what we need, isn \u2019 t it? psychism, then, is much broader than the term stigma. it links the discrimination and prejudice of other social groups to that of anyone who works in the mental health care field, from patients to psychiatrists. it is so practically important because psychism tends not only to reduce the self - esteem of those involved, but also to limit the likelihood of getting necessary help and improvement. as the saying goes, \u201c the mind is a precious thing to waste. \u201d 1. pies r. moving beyond hatred of psychiatry : a brave voice speaks out. psychiatr times. may 24, 2012. http : / / www. psychiatrictimes. com / blog / pies / content / article / 10168 / 2076107. 2. gabbard go. clinical challenges in the internet era. am j psychiatry. 2012 ; 169 : 460 - 463. 3. ghaemi n. a first - rate madness : uncovering the links between leadership and mental illness. new york : penguin group ; 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49864350965457815, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.015328"} {"text": "from a welsh galileo to somali culture, this is the heritage that shaped wales ; from the welshman who observed the moon at the same time as galileo to the family who were the first to provide the royal navy with steam coal, wales is awash with lost stories of historical achievement. nowamajor investment will help uncover the country ' s lesser - known legends byline : aled blake reports galileo galilei may have been more familiar with the moon than most of his contemporaries, but he had probably never heard of carmarthenshire. so, in all likelihood, he would have been unaware that, as he gazed into the heavens, his activities were being emulated by the distinguished scholar sir william lower at his family home in trefenty. sir william worked closely with thomas harriott, who, in 1609, produced the uk ' s first telescope - just a year after galileo did the same. and wales ' contribution to the embryonic space race didn ' t end there. in the 1850s, swansea ' s john dillwyn llewellyn took one of the earliest photographs of the moon from the penllergaer observatory - which he built for his daughter ' s 16th birthday. a couple of decades later came the birth of celestial photography, by denbigh - born isaac roberts - arguably the most important contribution to science by a man named isaac since a certain mr newton sat underneath an apple tree. the technique, which captured star clusters and nebulae and detailed interstellar gas clouds and galaxies, was pioneered in 1888. with his technology, roberts was the first person to identify the spiral shape of the andromeda nebula - earth ' s neighbouring galaxy. but denbigh was not only the home to pioneering scientists such as isaac roberts. from being a residence for royal princes to a refuge for a royalist garrison during the civil war - in fact denbych translates as small fortress - the small market town has had a colourful history dating back before the normans. the town is first mentioned in records in the years following the norman conquest when it became a border town guarding the approach to the hiraethog hills and snowdonia. the town has a history of esteemed residents. one of many denbigh men who were well regarded during the \u2026 questia, a part of gale, cengage learning. www. questia. com publication information : article title : from a welsh galileo to somali culture, this is the heritage that shaped wales ; from the welshman who observed the moon at the same time as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48213320048632213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.019633"} {"text": "ramsar study tour to swiss ramsar sites, 5 - 6 february 2000 alexander belokurov reports, on 5th and 6th of february a number of ramsar bureau ' s staff got together with our colleagues from iucn and wwf to visit lake neuchatel. some background information from tobias salathe ' s introduction : \" the champ - pittet nature reserve of pro natura ngo, conservation education and visitor centre at the edge of the \" rive sud du lac de neuchatel \" ramsar site harboring switzerland ' s largest reedbed. further eastwards, towards the eastern end of the lake, lies \" fanel and chablais de cudrefin \" ramsar site, the eastern end of the long - stretched reedbed bordering the lake since its water level was artificially lowered early in the 20th century, as part of a large drainage scheme for the peatlands between bienne, neuchatel and morat lakes, turning them into agrobusiness land ( sugar beets, maize and the like ). the ramsar site is a nature reserve. \" werner muller, director of birdlife switzerland ( http : / / www. birdlife. ch / ) and his colleague mohlin ist van horvath were kind enough to tell us about their plans for the construction of a visiting center at la sauge with facilities for watching migrating waders and locally breeding waterbirds, education and housing. the weather was very nice and we stayed overnight at the fanel guesthouse. tobias prepared fondue from natural ingredients using his \" special \" recipe. after this we were unable to wake up in the morning and slept until 10 : 30 ( everyone, that is, except tobias ). but we were still able to watch a lot of birds and mark all information boards of the fanel reserve with ramsar logos. it was a wonderful weekend! and some pictures of my favorite swans ( below ) thanks to paulette kennedy, mariano gimenez - dixon ( iucn ) and amalia romeo ( wwf ) for joining us. thanks to denis landenbergue ( wwf ) for the idea about the guesthouse. and special thanks to tobias who initiated and organised this enjoyable tour. we hope this tradition will continue! lake neuchatel in fog ( any lake in fog ) lake neuchatel at sunset ( any lake at sunset? ) from left : tobias salathe ( ramsar ), werner muller and mohlin ist van horvath from birdlife suisse, evans okong", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4359661977083825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.024536"} {"text": "final 7 years daniel 9 states that 70 weeks are determined for israel. 70 weeks is 490 days, 1 year 4 months 5 days. this scripture describes the destruction of jerusalem, as well as other things. as of daniels time, jerusalem was not destroyed in 490 days, so 70 weeks is not really 70 weeks. the bible states that by two or three witnesses god ' s word shall be established. so with that, on the 70th week, the he whos people previously destroyed jerusalem will confirm the covenant for \" 1 week \" then in the midst of the week stop it. this is called the abomination of desolation. the we travel to the next witness which is jesus in matthew 24. he had just finished up telling his disciples that the temple will be destroyed, but then he says when you see the abomination desolation, spoken of by daniel, stand up in the holy place, then all in judea ( which is modern day west bank ) must flee, because then shall be great tribulation. now if the temple is destroyed how can the aod stand up in the holy place? that will we get to later. now that we know that the second half of the week there shall be great tribulation as has never been before, we can look at the scriptures describing the great tribulation to figure out whether is 3. 5 days, or more. reading matthew 24 we find out that the great trib is the persecution of the saints. we can travel back to daniel 7 now. verse 25 says that great words will be spoken against the most high, and the saints will be worn out for time, times, dividing of time. we don ' t know how long that is, but there is always more than one witness. revelation chapter 12 describes a great red dragon, whom they call the devil and satan trying to destroy a woman with a crown of 12 stars, or in other words jerusalem, it says she flees into the wilderness for 1260 days, matthew 24 said when ye see the abomination of desolation flee, so this matches. revelation 13 : 5 - 6 describes this beast of the dragon previously mentioned blaspheming against god and warring with the saints for 42 months. we got 3 scriptures that have the same description of the tribulation, so concluding that time, times, dividing of time is as well 3. 5 years, we can conclude that daniels 70th week is 7 years. why did i say all this? well for one, some christians", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4637778991251442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.039774"} {"text": "same description of the tribulation, so concluding that time, times, dividing of time is as well 3. 5 years, we can conclude that daniels 70th week is 7 years. why did i say all this? well for one, some christians could be reading this. im saying this because a major misinterpretation is that there is a 7 years tribulation, which is not true, its 3. 5 years. another reason is now im going to show a few things - as far as judea fleeing, ehud olmert, the acting prime minister of jerusalem is standing ready to withdraw from the west bank - the anti - christ standing in the temple? where is the temple? in 2006 the temple society in jerusalem finished building all the temple furniture and have started training rabbis for the sacrifices of old. they finally have a red heiffer ready for the first sacrifice whenever it happens. in late 2005 for the first time since the 5th century the san hedrin re - emerged ( the elite group of jewish elders who put christ to death, also of whom paul was a part of ) and had a meeting. they discussed the building of the temple. they decided, since they cannot build on the mount, then they will build it the same way solomon built the first temple. offsite. they blueprinted the temple, and it will soon be ready to move. oh! in revelation 11, john is asked to measure the jerusalem, but then it says the court without the temple leave out for it is given to the gentiles for they will tread the holy city for 42 months. if there was a jewish temple standing in jerusalem, and the gentiles had the outter courts this would indicate a time of peace, a time when jew and gentile share the city on a hill. in 2000 bill clinton states that the sharing of the temple mount was the only way for peace in jerusalem. ariel sharon created a new party called the kadina party in which his goal was to establish the final borders of israel, or in other words, let the palestinians have part of the holy land as long as we can build our temple, yada yada yada. sharon signed it, abbas signed it, bush oversaw and signed it as well, the plan called the roadmap for peace. then peter said unto them, repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of jesus christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the holy ghost.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4662830669087663, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.041782"} {"text": "network with us join us on facebook to get the latest news and updates. beth dunning ' s story \" s \" is for poetry each year our first - grade students research different ocean animals ; this year we decided to research seals. my students spent three weeks researching, writing, sharing, editing, and then writing again. when it was finally done, we had a class book \u2026 one class book. i mentioned to another teacher about all of the hard work my students had done on their book. i wanted each of them to take their research home, but i couldn \u2019 t afford to make copies for each student. she suggested having my students write an acrostic poem about seals with one of readwritethink. org \u2019 s student interactives. because of the wide range of ability levels in my class, i began the activity in a whole - group setting before we went to the computer lab. students wrote one word that reminded them of seals on a sticky note and then we sorted the words by the letter they began with, paying special attention to words that began with the letters s, e, a, and l. then, we worked together to create a class acrostic poem about seals, and afterward students worked on individual acrostic poems. we went to the computer lab to use the interactive acrostic poems tool. when students got to the \u201c brainstorming \u201d page, i brought out the list of words we had created in the classroom. students were able to look at our original list and choose which words they wanted to use. i gave students the option to use the poem they had created earlier in the day or to create a new one using the words they had recently brainstormed. once the poems were written, students hit the \u201c print \u201d button and couldn \u2019 t wait to see the finished product! since then, my students have also used the interactive diamante poems tool to create poems about sharks, turtles, armadillos, and much, much more. thanks, readwritethink. org, for making my kids want to write and write and write \u2026. i just hope i have enough ink to keep up with them! grades k \u2013 12 | student interactive | writing poetry this online tool enables students to learn about and write acrostic poems. elements of the writing process are also included. grades 3 \u2013 12 | game & tool diamante poems are poems where the longest line comes in the middle, creating a diamond - like shape. the diamante poems tool helps children write", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5034396454609504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.049516"} {"text": "what we see can affect our perception of pain by manipulating the appearance of a chronically achy hand, researchers have found they could increase or decrease the pain and swelling in patients moving their symptomatic limbs. the findings \u201c \u201d reported in the november 25th issue of current biology, a cell press publication \u201c \u201d reveal a profound top - down effect of body image on body tissues, according to the researchers. \" the brain is capable of many wonderful things based on its perception of how the body is doing and the risks to which the body seems to be exposed, \" said g. lorimer moseley, who is now at the prince of wales medical research institute in australia. ( the work was done at the university of oxford. ) in the study, the researchers asked ten right - handed patients with chronic pain and dysfunction in one arm to watch their own arm while they performed a standardized set of ten hand movements. the participants repeated the movements under four conditions : with no visual manipulation, while looking through binoculars with no magnification, while looking through binoculars that doubled the apparent size of their arm, and while looking through inverted binoculars that reduced the apparent size of their arm. while the patients \u2019 pain was always worse after movement than it was before, the extent to which the pain worsened depended on what people saw. specifically, the pain increased more when participants viewed a magnified image of their arm during the movements, and \u201c \u201d perhaps more surprisingly \u201c \u201d the pain became less when their arm was seen through inverted binoculars that minimized its size. the degree of swelling too was less when people watched a \" minified \" image of their arm during movements than when they watched a magnified or normal image, the researchers reported. they aren \u2019 t yet sure how this phenomenon works at the level of neurons. however, the researchers said, a possible philosophical explanation comes from the notion that protective responses \u201d \u201d including the experience of pain \u201d \u201d are activated according to the brain \u2019 s implicit perception of danger level. \" if it looks bigger, it looks sorer and more swollen, \" moseley said. \" therefore, the brain acts to protect it. \" while he said the findings don \u2019 t mean that pain is any less real, they may lead to a new therapeutic approach for reducing pain. his team is now testing visual manipulations as an analgesic strategy for use in clinical settings. the researchers include g. lorimer moseley, university of oxford, uk, prince of wales medical research institute, sydney, australia ; timothy j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5085238326554457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.055327"} {"text": "representative theory of perception, also known as indirect realism, epistemological dualism, and the veil of perception, is a philosophical concept. it states that we do not ( and cannot ) perceive the external world directly ; instead we know only our ideas or interpretations of objects in the world. thus, a barrier or a veil of perception prevents first - hand knowledge of anything beyond it. the \" veil \" exists between the mind and the existing world. the debate then occurs about where our ideas come from, and what this place is like. an indirect realist believes our ideas come from sense data of a real, material, external world ( unlike idealists ). the doctrine states that in any act of perception, the immediate ( direct ) object of perception is only a sense - datum that represents an external object. aristotle was the first to provide an in - depth description of indirect realism. in on the soul he describes how the eye must be affected by changes in an intervening medium rather than by objects themselves. he then speculates on how these sense impressions can form our experience of seeing and reasons that an endless regress would occur unless the sense itself were self aware. he concludes by proposing that the mind is the things it thinks. he calls the images in the mind \" ideas \". the way that indirect realism involves intermediate stages between objects and perceptions immediately raises a question : how well do sense - data represent external objects, properties, and events? indirect realism creates deep epistemological problems, such as solipsism and the problem of the external world. nonetheless, indirect realism has been popular in the history of philosophy and has been developed by many philosophers including bertrand russell, baruch spinoza, rene descartes, and john locke. representationalism is one of the key assumptions of cognitivism in psychology. potential results of representative realism a problem with representationalism is that if simple data flow and information processing is assumed then something in the brain, described as a homunculus, must be viewing the perception. this suggests that some physical effect or phenomenon other than simple data flow and information processing might be involved in perception. this was not an issue for the rationalist philosophers such as descartes, since cartesian dualism held that there is a supernatural \" homunculus \" in the form of the soul. for those who doubt dualism, explaining precisely what it is that sees the representation is problematic. but if the transfer of information into a \" mind \" is thought to be the only explanation of how we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6231141834844101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.064439"} {"text": ", i am referring to the process of interpreting the sense - data i am receiving from the eiffel tower in an act of mental representation. the term \" eiffel tower \" refers to the eiffel tower, and not to the mental representation of the tower, which is the result of the act of \" seeing \". thus, both of us can refer to the same object while making our own unique representations of that object. representative realism does, unlike naive realism, take into account sense data ( the way in which the object is interpreted, not simply the objective, mathematical object ) - this induces the veil of perception wherein we are unsure the table we look at exists due to there being no direct objective proof of its existence. in other words, the table i ' m looking at appears to have a particular shape to me, due to my angle of vision, and to have a particular colour due to the way in which the light bounces off it relative to my position, and that appearance differs from the appearance of the table as seen by the person next to me. each of us sees not the actual table, but an appearance of it which merely represents an actual table out there. the representative theory of perception states that we do not perceive the external world directly ; instead we perceive our personal interpretation of an object by way of sense data. a naive realist assumes she sees the dog upon perceiving a dog, whereas a representative realist assumes she sees a sensory representation of the dog upon perceiving a dog. the external world is real and continues to exist unobserved. but we are only aware of it indirectly. our perception of the external world is mediated by way of sense data such as photons and sound waves. we perceive a representation of reality ( not the reality itself ) ; this has been given many names : ideas, sense data, percept or appearance. thus representative realism is the idea that our perceptions are directly caused by the intrinsic qualities of objects, and based on these perceptions we can infer things about these objects. the 17th century philosopher john locke most prominently advocated this theory. the term he used was not \" sense - datum \" but \" idea. \" \" idea \" as used in the theory of perception is a technical term, meaning roughly the same thing as sense - datum, and this article does not discuss any differences in meaning that the two terms might have. john locke thought objects had two classes of qualities : - primary qualities are qualities which are ' explanatorily basic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6623938422165649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.066975"} {"text": "the same thing as sense - datum, and this article does not discuss any differences in meaning that the two terms might have. john locke thought objects had two classes of qualities : - primary qualities are qualities which are ' explanatorily basic ' - which is to say, they can be referred to as the explanation for other qualities or phenomena without requiring explanation themselves - and they are distinct in that our sensory experience of them resembles them in reality. ( for example, one perceives an object as spherical precisely because of the way the atoms of the sphere are arranged. ) primary qualities cannot be removed by either thought or physical action, and include mass, movement, and, controversially, solidity ( although later proponents of the distinction between primary and secondary qualities usually discount solidity ). - secondary qualities are qualities which one ' s experience does not directly resemble ; for example, when one sees an object as red, the sensation of seeing redness is not produced by some quality of redness in the object, but by the arrangement of atoms on the surface of the object which reflects and absorbs light in a particular way. secondary qualities include colour, smell, and taste. in contemporary philosophy, epistemological dualism has come under sustained attack by philosophers like wittgenstein ( the private language argument ) and wilfrid sellars in his seminal essay \" empiricism and the philosophy of mind. \" indirect realism is argued to be problematical because of ryle ' s regress and the apparent need for a homunculus. these problems have led some philosophers to abandon realism and suggest the existence of dualism and others to propose, or suggest through emergentism, that some form of new physics is operating in the brain such as quantum mind, space - time theories of consciousness - online papers on representationalism, by various authors, compiled by david chalmers - harold i. brown, \" direct realism, indirect realism, and epistemology \". philosophy and phenomenological research, vol. 52, no. 2. ( jun., 1992 ), pp. 341 - 363. - what do we perceive and how do we perceive it? ( pdf file ) - neurological explanation for paranormal experiences - the representationalism web site - mccreery, c., \" perception and hallucination : the case for continuity. \u201d oxford : oxford forum ( 2006 ). an analysis of empirical arguments for representationalism. online pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6302643960966718, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.067910"} {"text": "sex - and - relationships - relationships - the psychology of relationships : life script life script is another major theoretical concept within transactional analysis. basically, life script is the idea that we tend to have an unconscious life plan - like a story - that we make up as children about ourselves and our lives, which we tend to keep to and follow even when we are adults. in other words, life script is a personal life plan developed under parental, familial, social, cultural and religious pressure. it is mostly complete by the age of seven. to make this process a bit more understandable, here is an example : let ' s call our case illustration jane. jane grows up as the fourth child in a family of five, her mum and dad are busy people, trying to make ends meet. jane doesn ' t get a lot of attention at home, but learns to read very early on and develops a good rapport with her oldest sister reading children ' s books. in response to this scenario, jane will make specific script decisions about herself, other people and the world in general around her. for example, she might decide that she really always needs to be a good girl, quiet, studious and compliant to make the most of the relationships around her. she might also decide that the way to be is to work loads, just like her parents. she might take on board a sense that the world is a place in which people struggle and that you have to work really hard to make ends meet. these script decisions are made in response to family and cultural messages but based on the child ' s very limited information and reality processing skills. such a decision becomes an emotionally laden commitment to live in a certain way ( in jane ' s case possibly laden with all the loyalty and love she feels for her family and parents ). this \" certain way \" becomes an unconscious life plan or a narrative, a story that we tell ourselves about what ' s possible for us. this life plan is built to make sense out of the world and to protect us : for example, jane could have perhaps complained about the lack of support in her family, but as a child might then have been excluded from her family as complaining wasn ' t part of the family culture. but any script can become self - limiting in adult life. it might mean we don ' t take up opportunities even if they are there, because they are outside our script. let ' s imagine what happens to jane as an adult. let ' s say she achieves well at work and develops", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5168103047286918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.078458"} {"text": "adult life. it might mean we don ' t take up opportunities even if they are there, because they are outside our script. let ' s imagine what happens to jane as an adult. let ' s say she achieves well at work and develops her career in an outstanding way. she marries a man who is also very invested in his work and they get along fine. so far jane has stayed within her script of \" work hard \", \" life is a struggle \", \" men like my dad who do well are attractive \". you could say she is doing well too. however, there are also blind spots which her script has created. she doesn ' t spend a lot of time socializing and she doesn ' t notice when people want to spend time with her. the only friend she has is someone she met at a book club. they still spend a lot of time talking about books ( like she did with her sister ), but actually jane and her friend are neither emotionally open nor do they feel close to each other. jane married a man who was more invested in his career than in spending time with her and she often feels lonely beside him. she may have broken up with an earlier boy friend, who was much more loving, because she thought he was lazy ( or what the parent ego state in her head would have called lazy ), because he wanted to sit around and have a good time with his friends on the weekends. jane may also not have been able to appreciate his warmth and kindness, because it was completely off her radar. jane may suffer from physical pain due to overworking, like back pain or frequent infections. she would be a prime candidate for depression as she neglects her emotional and psychological well - being and gives out a lot more energy than she takes in. to reiterate, life script is an ongoing process of a self - defining and sometimes self - limiting psychological construction of reality. as long as we stick with it, life seems to be more predictable. however, the price we pay for a sense of certainty is that we are excluding new possibilities - even the good ones. the question you might want to ask yourself now is : what might your own script look like? one way to determine this is to look at your favorite fairy tales or mythological stories. which story did you like best as a kid? often children use fairy tales as a model for their own life stories or they experiment with different scenarios. for example, jane might have liked the story of odysseus, who endured a lot of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5081134197697588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.080634"} {"text": "which story did you like best as a kid? often children use fairy tales as a model for their own life stories or they experiment with different scenarios. for example, jane might have liked the story of odysseus, who endured a lot of hardship over the 10 years he needed to travel home after the trojan war. it is a story that involves hardship, endurance, persistence, intelligence, loyalty and ultimate victory over ongoing difficulties. you could let your mind run free and think about how you expected your life to turn out as a teenager. some people think that they will never meet anybody ( a script decision about being alone ) or they expect to do well in the world or in relationships. one can see that some people ' s script allow for more happiness than others. we can therefore classify scripts in three different categories : winners, losers and banal scripts. a winner ' s script allows for the person who designed it to get what he or she wants in the end ( like in the story of odysseus, who does find his way back home ). so someone might think as a child that one day they will be happily married and they fulfill this expectation in their lifetime. loser scripts are those that end up with the person who lives them getting what they want. in some way jane ' s script might be a losing script. she might have added on as a child that she really didn ' t think she could keep up all the good work and that things would tend to fall to pieces despite all her hard work. if jane lives out this script, she may get fairly seriously depressed, lose her job, and end up sitting at home on her own for the rest of her life. a banal script is one which is built on mediocrity, nothing much is gained and nothing much lost. jane could have also designed this sort of ending for herself : she might work quite hard for the rest of her life, but feel like she never really made it. her husband and friends might stay emotionally distant and she might feel unfulfilled and alone. whatever type of script you have written for yourself as a child, even if it is a winning script, it is still a pattern of thinking and behaving in the world which restricts some of your options. the ideal, therefore, is to become script free, or be able to apply the strengths in your script consciously. for instance, jane could keep her drive to work hard and use it to be successful, but might also learn how to be emotionally close and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47184420162474494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.082383"} {"text": "ideal, therefore, is to become script free, or be able to apply the strengths in your script consciously. for instance, jane could keep her drive to work hard and use it to be successful, but might also learn how to be emotionally close and have fun. we talk about being script - free as being autonomous. autonomy is behaving, thinking or feeling in direct response to here and now reality rather than reacting to things based on a script belief. imagine, if jane didn ' t have all this baggage, she might take time out for herself in response to feeling low, rather than working even harder to be able to ignore the feelings for a little while longer. autonomy is manifested by the release or recovery of three capacities : awareness, spontaneity and intimacy. and of course, once you know what your unconscious life plan is you can change it. you decided on it as a child, but you can now change your mind as an adult. remember that whatever you decided about yourself and your life as a child, it was done from a very limited perspective. what seemed a generalized truth about life then might not be true for you anymore today. the emphasis on the decision of the child in script formation is based on the premise that \" what has been decided can be re - decided \". re - decision is an emotional, cognitive and behavioral process. scripts can be changed and disbanded all together. as an adult you are free to write your own story - and have fun doing it! if you want to find out more about how this applies to your relationship, have a look at applying scripts. other related psychological topics are games, relational needs, life positions, and transference.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.515061746241315, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.083400"} {"text": "five great grains with promise for the future according to the united states department of agriculture, grains account for more than half of the calories consumed by people in developing countries. yet, over the last few decades, grain production has been narrowed to only a limited number of varieties \u2013 wheat, for example, has over 200, 000 varieties, yet only a few genetic lines are being used. such dependence on a limited number of crops has proven problematic, especially because of rising food prices, climate change, and health concerns. today, nourishing the planet highlights five grains which are not yet as well known, but provide promising alternatives. both a grain and a green, amaranth was once as fundamental to the central and south american diet as corn and beans. yet after the height of its cultivation during the aztec civilization, this food has largely disappeared. now, the non - governmental organization alternativas y procesos de participacion social ( alternatives and projects for civil society ) has organized over 1, 100 mexican families in the effort to recover this valuable crop. although the plant is beautiful, with brilliantly colored flowers and large green leaves, it is also extremely hardy and able to survive in very arid conditions. amaranth is highly nutritious, with high fiber and protein content, as well as lysine, an essential amino acid which most cereal crops lack. the plant is extremely versatile \u2013 it can be eaten as a vegetable, dried and used as a spice, or turned into a gluten - free flour. the leaves of amaranth are also edible, and possess higher levels of iron than spinach, and toasted amaranth seeds are often used to make traditional sweet foods. the native mexicans from over sixty farming villages working with the alternativas cooperatives have integrated amaranth into their cropping system, and have banded together to begin producing amaranth food products. rising levels in both production and demand for this nutritious crop are promising for both local people \u2019 s incomes and the health of people worldwide. 2. dista rice in madagascar, rice accounts for about 70 percent of the diet for small farmers, and plays an important part in religious and ritual activities. there are many different types of rice, but one variety, a pale pink grain discovered in only 2000, has become wildly popular and provides great potential for local malagasy farmers. the dista rice, named after the farmer who first discovered and cultivated it, is very rich in vitamins and produces consistently high yields", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4604688651542424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.094322"} {"text": "a pale pink grain discovered in only 2000, has become wildly popular and provides great potential for local malagasy farmers. the dista rice, named after the farmer who first discovered and cultivated it, is very rich in vitamins and produces consistently high yields. malagasy farmers have also been using system of rice intensification ( sri ) methods to further increase their harvests. sri, which was developed in madagascar in the 1980s, helps farmers to grow stronger and higher - yielding crops while using less water, fertilizers and pesticides. as harvests have increased to 8 - 10 tons of rice per hectare ( about 2. 5 acres ) for farmers using the sri methods, more than 200 farmers have organized into cooperatives to sell their rice and raise money to purchase equipment. according to slow food international, demand for dista rice is now equal to that of native or imported white rice. as malagasy farmers continue to improve their production and increase harvests, they are able to improve both their lives and their environment. to learn more about sri and dista rice, see \u201c madagascar \u2019 s \u2018 magic rice \u2019 - dista rice. \u201d freekeh ( also known as farik ) is a type of wheat which is harvested prematurely and roasted. it is very nutritious, with high fiber and protein content, as well as rich in nutrients such as calcium and iron. freekeh is used in a number of dishes across the middle east, and is beginning to see an emergence in western markets as well. freekeh is a specialty of the jabal \u2018 amel region of lebanon, where the seeds have been passed down within families for generations. a combination of the area \u2019 s unique soil composition and processing methods gives the green cereal its characteristic toasted aroma. freekeh production in jabal \u2018 amel is now being threatened however by large quantities of industrially produced freekeh from syria and by subsidies from the lebanese government for tobacco cultivation. in an inspiring program, slow food beirut, oxfam italia, and the slow food foundation for biodiversity have partnered together to revive the production of freekeh in its native region, while also helping to improve the living conditions for the citizens of jabal \u2018 amel. this area was particularly hard hit during conflict in 2006. by working with the remaining local producers, this project aims to establish sustainable and successful freekeh production in the region, which can also improve the livelihoods of the local farmers. red fife wheat was first introduced to the country in 1842, when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4848181690150024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.096504"} {"text": ". by working with the remaining local producers, this project aims to establish sustainable and successful freekeh production in the region, which can also improve the livelihoods of the local farmers. red fife wheat was first introduced to the country in 1842, when a farmer from glasgow sent some seeds to his friend in ontario. its adaptability to extreme weather and the canadian cold allowed it to flourish, and within twenty years, the wheat was being grown across canada. over time, the popularity of the wheat diminished, as farmers shifted towards growing hybrids of the red fife by the 1920s. this changed in 1988, when sharon rempel, an environmental activist who was working at the time to recreate the wheat crops being grown during the 1880s at the keremos grist mill historical site, received a pound of red fife seeds from a plant breeder. after planting half of the seeds in the heritage wheat garden at the keremos grist mill, the benefits of the variety quickly gained attention. besides being very adaptable to a wide range of growing conditions, including the arctic cold of the canadian plains, red fife is very productive without requiring high inputs of chemicals, and its flour has become very popular among bakers, who value it for its high quality and strong taste, perfect for making sourdough bread. since being reintroduced, nearly 1 million pounds of red fife was harvested in canada in 2007, from that original one pound of seeds in 1988. although millet is only beginning to enter western food markets, it is already a central part of diets in africa and asia. finger millet, an indigenous variety which originated in the highlands of ethiopia and uganda and then spread to india and south asia approximately 4, 000 years ago, is one of the most widely cultivated varieties, and one of the most nutritious grains of the world \u2019 s major cereal crops. nearly 4. 5 million tons of finger millet is produced annually, which provides important nutrients to people across east africa and south asia. millet is high in starch and iron, and its proteins are easily digested. millet survives well in dry areas and its grain is resistant to rot and insects, making it an important crop in food security strategies of many poor farming communities. it is very labor - intensive to harvest, and policymakers have recently snubbed it as a \u201c poor person \u2019 s crop, \u201d leading to a decline in production. it is currently undergoing a resurgence, however, as yields in india have increased by 50 percent in the past 50 years and acre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4510430010727595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.097526"} {"text": "definitions of stiff : - noun : an ordinary man example : \" a lucky stiff \" - noun : the dead body of a human being - adjective : not moving or operating freely example : \" a stiff hinge \" - adjective : powerful example : \" a stiff current \" - adjective : lacking ease in bending ; not limber example : \" a stiff neck \" - adjective : hard to overcome or surmount example : \" a stiff hike \" - adjective : incapable of or resistant to bending example : \" a palace guardsman stiff as a poker \" - adjective : of a collar ; standing up rather than folded down example : \" a stiff collar \" - adjective : rigidly formal example : \" the letter was stiff and formal \" - adjective : very drunk - adverb : extremely example : \" bored stiff \" - adverb : in a stiff manner example : \" his hands lay stiffly \" - name : a surname ( rare : 1 in 100000 families ; popularity rank in the u. s. : # 11622 ) search for stiff at other dictionaries : onelook, answers. com, merriam - webster \" works flawlessly! \" : rhymezone apps for iphone / ipad and android! help, feedback, customize, android app, iphone / ipad app copyright \u00a9 2013 datamuse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5253974428823219, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.099136"} {"text": "the rhode island college history department requires a style of documentation that differs from both the apa and the mla formats. style sheets that contain all of the guidelines are available in the department and at the writing center, but here are a few highlights : - if the assignment is an essay or a major report, it should have a title page containing the title, your name, the name of the course you are writing for, the date, and the name of your instructor. - number your pages, except page one. - double - space the text and only print on one side of the paper. - make sure that you proofread your final copy before you turn it in. it is a good idea to have someone else read it, too. - use footnotes. there are no concrete rules to cover the use of footnotes in every instance. however, footnotes are required in the following cases : - direct quotations - controversial facts or opinions you derived from other sources - statements / paraphrases from other sources that directly support the main points in the paper - statistical information, charts, illustrations, graphs, maps, etc footnotes should be placed at the bottom of the page. if your professor permits, they may also be placed at the end of the text ( making them endnotes ) before your bibliography page. when citing a source ( book ) for the first time, use this form : john b. wolf, louis xiv ( new york : w. w. norton & co., 1968 ), 351. when the same source is cited consecutively, use ibid., plus the page number if different. ( ibid. is short for ibidem, latin, meaning \" at the same place. \" ) later references to this same book ( following other footnotes ) require only the author ' s name : when citing from a magazine or a journal, this format is used : thomas kelly, \" thucydides and spartan strategy in the archidamian war, \" american historical review, vol. 87, no. 1 ( february 1982 ), 25 - 54. citing from a newspaper employs this format : british, in 1950, helped map iraqui invasion of iran, \" new york times, october 16, 1980, 17. there are numerous variations, as well as other kinds of footnote forms for other types of documents, and for such details you should consult a handbook. here are some suggestions : - grey, wood, et al. historian ' s handbook. boston : houghton, mifflin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41778985874420266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.102932"} {"text": "parsing xml documents to manipulate an xml document, xml parser is needed. the parser loads the document into the computer ' s memory. once the document is loaded, its data can be manipulated using the appropriate parser. we will soon discuss apis and parsers for accessing xml documents using serially accesss mode ( sax ) and random access mode ( dom ). the specifications to ensure the validity of xml documents are dtds and the schemas. dom : document object model the xml document object model ( xml dom ) defines a standard way to access and manipulate xml documents using any programming language ( and a parser for that language ). the dom presents an xml document as a tree - structure ( a node tree ), with the elements, attributes, and text defined as nodes. dom provides access to the information stored in your xml document as a hierarchical object model. the dom converts an xml document into a collection of objects in a object model in a tree structure ( which can be manipulated in any way ). the textual information in xml document gets turned into a bunch of tree nodes and an user can easily traverse through any part of the object tree, any time. this makes easier to modify the data, to remove it, or even to insert a new one. this mechanism is also known as the random access protocol. dom is very useful when the document is small. dom reads the entire xml structure and holds the object tree in memory, so it is much more cpu and memory intensive. the dom is most suited for interactive applications because the entire object model is present in memory, where it can be accessed and manipulated by the user. sax : simple api for xml this api was an innovation, made on the xml - dev mailing list through a product collaboration, rather than being a product of the w3c. sax ( simple api for xml ) like dom gives access to the information stored in xml documents using any programming language ( and a parser for that language ). this standard api works in serial access mode to parse xml documents. this is a very fast - to - execute mechanism employed to read and write xml data comparing to its competitors. sax tells the application, what is in the document by notifying through a stream of parsing events. application then processes those events to act on data. sax is also called as an event - driven protocol, because it implements the technique to register the handler to invoke the callback methods whenever an event is generated. event is generated when the parser encounters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47158131112498214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.111642"} {"text": "issue number : 93 \u2018 enlightenment, \u2019 wrote immanuel kant in his 1784 essay what is enlightenment? \u2018 is man \u2019 s emergence from his self - imposed immaturity. immaturity is the inability to use one \u2019 s understanding without guidance from another. this immaturity is self - imposed when its cause lies not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolve and courage to use it without guidance from another. sapere aude! [ dare to know! ] have the courage to use your own understanding! that is the motto of enlightenment. \u2019 age of reason an encyclopdedia of the age of enlightenment by adam dant. an encyclopdedia of the age of enlightenment by adam dant. neither kant nor his eighteenth - century contemporaries believed that they lived in an enlightened age. by \u2018 enlightenment \u2019, they meant a process : the lessening of darkness, the dawning of light. the human mind was liberating itself from traditional authority over thought and belief. \u2018 nothing is required for enlightenment except freedom, \u2019 wrote kant, \u2018 and the freedom in question is the least harmful of all, namely, the freedom to use reason publicly in all matters. \u2019 kant and his fellow leaders of the enlightenment were opposed to hegemonies, whether intellectual or political. \u2018 on all sides i hear : do not argue! \u2019 kant continues. \u2018 the officer says, \u201c do not argue, drill! \u201d the taxman says, \u201c do not argue, pay! \u201d the pastor says, \u201c do not argue, believe! \u201d \u2019 but, whereas the officer and the taxman serve authorities who dislike anyone questioning the political and social status quo, the pastor is a different matter : he represents the authority that dislikes any kind of questioning, and certainly not the kind that is sceptical about received wisdom. the project that served as a flagship for enlightenment in the eighteenth century was the encyclopedie, edited by denis diderot and jean le rond d \u2019 alembert. a compendium of knowledge, its emphatic and rationalist war on the authority of past pieties was premised on the recognition of how obstinately they stood in the way of intellectual and social progress. in taking this stance, the encyclopedists were following the lead of voltaire who, with his battle - cry of ecrasez l \u2019 infame! ( \u2018 wipe out the infamy \u2019, by which he meant superstition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5902695116772921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.124269"} {"text": "this stance, the encyclopedists were following the lead of voltaire who, with his battle - cry of ecrasez l \u2019 infame! ( \u2018 wipe out the infamy \u2019, by which he meant superstition ), challenged tradition with weapons of logic and satire. \u2018 have courage to free yourselves, \u2019 diderot exhorted his fellow men in words echoed by kant, \u2018 examine the history of all peoples in all times and you will see that we humans have always been subject to one of three codes : that of nature, that of society, and that of religion, and that we have been obliged to transgress all three in succession, because they could never be in harmony. \u2019 in essence, the enlightenment was a call to individuals to stand up for themselves in the light of reason. that meant understanding the world through philosophy and science, especially by applying the latter beyond physics and chemistry to the social world of politics, education and morality. the enlightenment had its negative aspects and consequences, no doubt, but it was motivated by a real desire for the improvement of humankind \u2019 s lot and, accordingly, represents a key moment in the progress of civilisation. one of the many results of its new ambition was a shift in portraiture : in enlightenment painting and sculpture, individuals \u2013 be they citizens, members of families or clubs \u2013 share a place once exclusively occupied by saints and princes. in its way, this represents the first dawning of the modern democratic spirit, and it would not have been possible without the enlightenment \u2019 s belief in the universality of the human good and the \u2018 rights of man \u2019.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5274781052610835, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.126100"} {"text": "\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f rossiyskaya federatsiya russian federation it has been over 300 years since peter the great decided to \" open \" russia to the west. since then, russia has become much closer to western civilization, perhaps even a part of it. it has been enriched by western culture in many ways and yet has preserved its distinct eurasian character. russia has had a troubled history, but continues to stand proudly and boasts many splendors for foreign visitors to behold. onion - shaped domes inherited from the byzantine empire, castles built to fend off the mongol hordes, streets constructed by soviet planners - - every corner has a rich and fascinating history. remember it then, imagine it now. moscow is the cradle of russian nation and is sometimes called \" the heart of russia. \" in 13th century, its dukes had unified russian lands to fend of the mongols and ever since, moscow had occupied a prominent role in russian politics, economics, culture and national identity. moscow unique heritage, its immense size and wealth, its vibrant cultural life make it one of the world ' s capitals and one of the world ' s most exciting travel destinations. russia could be cold, but not always. you would be surprised to learn that russian southern cities are located on the same latitude as nice. the three largest southern cities of russia are sochi, volgograd and rostov - on - don. sochi, which is located on the banks of black sea next to gorgeous mountain slopes is famous for its summer resorts and for being selected as the site for 2014 winter olympics. volgograd ( former stalingrad ), located on the banks of volga river, is famous for the battle of stalingrad - a turning point in the world war ii. rostov, also located on the banks of volga, is famous for being the capital of russian cossacks. so remote and desolated ( only one inhabitant per square mile ), so beautiful and pristine, siberia is one of the world ' s most untouched places. siberia is huge - 2 / 3 of russia ' s territory. in the east, on kamchatka, you will find chains of volcanoes and geysers. in south, you will find lake baikal - world ' s largest. siberia is roughly two times bigger than united states. explore the unexplored, leave civilization behind to discover lands beyond the horizons. if moscow is \" russia ' s heart, \" st. petersburg is its soul.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4320043964789271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.326250"} {"text": "- world ' s largest. siberia is roughly two times bigger than united states. explore the unexplored, leave civilization behind to discover lands beyond the horizons. if moscow is \" russia ' s heart, \" st. petersburg is its soul. st. petersburg is relatively young, it was established just 300 years ago. rapid growth of russian commerce necessitated access to seas, but powerful neighbors sought to prevent emergence of a new naval power. russia ' s young tsar peter the great who aspired to transform russia into a world - class european power waged the seven year war with sweden in a result of which he gained a small swampy stretch of land in the gulf of finland. there, he laid the foundation for a city named after him and for his empire. russian composer tchaikovsky composed the world ' s most famous works of ballet \u2014 swan lake, the nutcrackers and sleeping beauty. during the early 20th century, russian dancers anna pavlova and vaslav nijinsky rose to fame and impresario serguey daighilev and his ballets russes ` travel abroad undoubtedly influenced dance worldwide and during the 20th century famous star after another, including plisetskaya, nureyev and baryshnikov. the bolshoi ballet in moscow and the kirov in saint petersburg remain famous throughout the world. russian literature is considered to be among the most influential and developed in the world, contributing much of the world ' s most famous literary works. russia ' s literary history dates back to the 10th century and by the early 19th century a native tradition had emerged, producing some of the greatest writers of all time. this period began with alexander pushkin, considered to be the founder of modern russian literature and often described as the \" russian shakespeare amongst russia ' s most renowned poets and writers of the 19th century are chekhov, lermontov, tolstoy, gogol, turgenevm dostoevsky, goncharov, saltykov, pisemsky and leskov made lasting contributions to russian prose. tolstoy and dostoevsky in particular were titanic figures to the point that many literary critics have described one or the other as the greatest novelist ever. the state museum of ceramics in kuskovo, 10km ( 6 miles ) from the center of moscow, has a fascinating collection of russian china, porcelain and glass. arkhangelskoye estate, a museum housed in a palace 16km ( 10 miles ) from moscow, exhibits european paintings and sculptures, but the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4483155828308563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.332775"} {"text": "miles ) from the center of moscow, has a fascinating collection of russian china, porcelain and glass. arkhangelskoye estate, a museum housed in a palace 16km ( 10 miles ) from moscow, exhibits european paintings and sculptures, but the main attraction is the grounds which are laid out in the french style. zhostovo, 30km ( 19 miles ) from moscow, is a center renowned for its lacquered trays, and fedoskino, 35km ( 22 miles ) from moscow, produces lacquer miniatures, brooches and other handicrafts. located near the town of tula, 160km ( 100 miles ) from the capital, yasnaya polyana is historically significant as the author leo tolstoy ' s estate. the author of war and peace and anna karenina is buried here and his house, surrounded by landscaped parkland, is now a museum open to the public. tchaikovsky ' s home at klin, 90km ( 56 miles ) from moscow, and boris pasternak ' s home at peredelkino ( 30 minutes ' drive from the capital ), are also museums. tver, situated 160km ( 100 miles ) from moscow on the upper volga, is where catherine ii built a palace in order to take a rest en route from moscow to st petersburg. the putyevoi dvorets ( route palace ) was built by kazakov in 1763 - 75. the palace overlooks the river, a convenient location for the tsarina to disembark. the town is also notable for its star - shaped square. the golden ring several ancient towns of great historical, architectural and spiritual significance make up the ' golden ring ', extending northeast from moscow. they are a rich collection of kremlins ( citadels ), monasteries, cathedrals and fortresses. all are within easy reach of the capital. since many were founded on river banks, a cruise is a pleasant way of discovering the region. modern boats plying the volga afford comfortable accommodation. as some major sites such as vladimir and suzdal are not located near the volga, a minibus tour with hotel accommodation is a better option for visitors whose primary interest is the region ' s architectural heritage. this small town, formerly known as zagorsk, is situated on two rivers and is the center of the handmade toy industry ; the toy museum has a collection beginning in the bronze age. the trinity monastery of st sergius dates from the middle ages and is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44631977685038404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.338365"} {"text": "known as zagorsk, is situated on two rivers and is the center of the handmade toy industry ; the toy museum has a collection beginning in the bronze age. the trinity monastery of st sergius dates from the middle ages and is a major pilgrimage center. its cathedral of the dormition has wonderful blue domes decorated with gold stars. the museum contains examples of russian ecclesiastical art and crafts. in nearby sofrin, the icon workshops produce ecclesiastical ware. also near sergiyev posad, the literary and artistic museum of abramtsevo houses paintings by repin, serov and vrubel. the museum is surrounded by parkland and birch woods. ornate traditional russian huts are dotted around the estate. founded in the ninth century, this town has a beautiful kremlin and cathedral of the dormition. the town overlooks the shores of the nero lake, and is surrounded by ancient monasteries. neighbouring yaroslavl lies on the banks of the volga, and contains a host of ancient churches, most notably the transfiguration of the saviour cathedral, built in the early 16th century. this town stands at the confluence of the volga and the river kostroma. it is a renowned cheese - making center. its most outstanding building is the ipatievski monastery - fortress. built during the first half of the 14th century, it became the romanovs ' residence three centuries later. the open - air museum features a collection of traditional russian buildings, including wooden churches, log cabins and windmills brought from all over the russian federation. east of moscow is suzdal, perhaps the most important town in the golden ring. it boasts 50 well - preserved examples of ancient architecture contained within a relatively small area, providing a wonderfully coherent vision of its past. historically it was a political and religious center, and is now a major tourist attraction. the wives of tsars and boyars were exiled to the blessed virgin convent. less than 32km ( 20 miles ) away is vladimir, which played a prominent part in the rise of the russian state. the city ' s two magnificent cathedrals date from the 12th century. another notable monument is the golden gate, a unique example of old russian engineering skills. the nearby village of bogolyubovo features a 12th - century fortress and church of the protecting veil. another beautiful town on the banks of the volga, this is notable for its kremlin and the chambers of prince dmitry. prince dmitry, son and heir of ivan the terrible drowned here,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4228869641953864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.341305"} {"text": "a 12th - century fortress and church of the protecting veil. another beautiful town on the banks of the volga, this is notable for its kremlin and the chambers of prince dmitry. prince dmitry, son and heir of ivan the terrible drowned here, after accidentally being dropped in a river by his nurse. the federation ' s second - largest city, 715km ( 444 miles ) northwest of moscow, is known both as a cultural center and for its elegant buildings. the city is spread over 42 islands in the delta of the river neva. in comparison to moscow, which tended to be more eastern in character, st petersburg has always retained a european flavor and was intended as a ' window to the west '. it was built by peter the great in 1703 and remained the capital for 200 years of tsarist russia. known as petrograd after the civil war, and leningrad during the soviet period, the city reverted to its original name in 1991 by popular demand. wide boulevards, tranquil canals, bridges and some of the best examples of tsarist architecture gave rise to the epithet the ' venice of the north '. although badly damaged in world war ii, much of it is now reconstructed. in june and july the city has the famous ' white nights ', when darkness recedes to a brief twilight and the city is imbued with an unusual aura. many of the most interesting sites, especially those on the left bank of the river neva, can be explored on foot. the palace square and the winter palace are among the most popular attractions for followers of russian history. troops fired on demonstrators there in 1905 and the palace witnessed the capitulation of the provisional government, allowing the bolsheviks to take the country into eight decades of communist rule. the hermitage houses the vast private collection of the tsars. the museum of the history of the city gives a comprehensive picture of st petersburg ' s history. while exploring the city the visitor will inevitably see the alexandrovskaya column. st isaac ' s cathedral is one of the biggest dome buildings of the world and, like the kazansky cathedral, houses a museum. also worth a visit is the st peter and paul fortress, a former prison that is now a popular museum. members of the romanov dynasty are buried in the cathedral of the same name. the gorgeously decorated yusupov mansion was built for the romanovs. its rooms are sumptuousy decorated in mid - 19th - century style. the mansion ' s concert hall is now a venue for recitals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41823736117450955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.346535"} {"text": "of the same name. the gorgeously decorated yusupov mansion was built for the romanovs. its rooms are sumptuousy decorated in mid - 19th - century style. the mansion ' s concert hall is now a venue for recitals, theatrical productions, opera and ballet. a waxwork exhibition commemorates rasputin, who died in the building. the grand nevsky prospekt, dominated by the spire of the admiralty building, is one of the city ' s main thoroughfares and is lined by opulent buildings. these include the kazan cathedral and the church of the resurrection. the collection at the russian museum covers nearly 1000 years of russian art history. nevsky prospect crosses the fontanka river at anichkov bridge, and continues to palace square. further sights are the cathedral of st nicholas ( russian baroque ), still a working church ; the alexander nevsky monastery, the main religious center in st petersburg ; and the museums of ethnography and russian art. the homes of dostoyevsky, pushkin, anna akhmatova and rimsky - korsakov serve as museums dedicated to their former occupants. the cruiser aurora is berthed on the neva. a blank shot was fired from her bow to give a signal to start the assault on the winter palace in 1917. lenin also announced the victory of the revolution from here. the summer palaces the following palaces beyond the outskirts of st petersburg are collectively known as the summer palaces. petrodvorets is a former summer palace of tsar peter the great and is known for its beautiful cascades and fountains. it is located 34km ( 21 miles ) from st petersburg on the southern shore of the gulf of finland. the tsar designed the initial plans himself, and he appointed european and russian architects to realise his grand project, which was intended to rival versailles. oranienbaum was built as the summer residence of alexander menshikov, peter the great ' s associate. from here, alexander oversaw the construction of the kronstadt naval fortress on the nearby kotlin island. thankfully, the palace and its parkland escaped damage during world war ii. its chinese and sliding hill pavilions are exceptionally beautiful. the grand catherine palace at tsarskoye selo was built for peter the great ' s wife. the scottish architect charles cameron designed some of the interiors, although a greater number by bartholomeo rastrelli survive. pushkin spent his formative years in the town. cameron also designed the subtle buildings at nearby pavlovsk,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4494263861228578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.347867"} {"text": ". the scottish architect charles cameron designed some of the interiors, although a greater number by bartholomeo rastrelli survive. pushkin spent his formative years in the town. cameron also designed the subtle buildings at nearby pavlovsk, which were intended to complement the parkland ' s beauty. the park itself, designed by the italian gonzago, is one of the finest landscaped parks in europe. the estate was originally part of tsarskoye selo, but catherine ii gave it to her son paul. although she commissioned cameron to design the estate, paul, whose relationship with his mother was strained, decided to redecorate the palace. vast and often turbulent, lake ladoga is linked to st petersburg by the river neva. valaam is the most significant of the islands in the lake ' s northern archipelago because of its ancient monastery. its golden domes suddenly rise from the mist that frequently shrouds visiting cruise ships. the founding religious community frequently suffered swedish and viking attacks during the middle ages. the present buildings date from the late 18th century. as well as being an important pilgrimage center, the monastery was a noted center for innovations in crafts and agriculture. its missionaries brought orthodox christianity to the shores of alaska. a religious community was re - established on the island in 1989, and restoration of the monastery is already under way. despite years of neglect, valaam still retains a mysterious air. south of st petersburg, novgorod was founded over 1100 years ago and was one of the most important towns of ancient russia. novgorod was the founding city of rus, the nucleus of modern russia, although kiev later became the capital. picturesquely located on the banks of the river volkhov, the city is a treasure trove of ancient architecture, with 39 cathedrals and churches. within the walls of the kremlin, st sophia ' s cathedral ( mid - 11th century ) is the oldest stone structure in the russian federation. bounded by finland and the white sea, karelia ' s landscape is a patchwork of lakes, marshes and forests, whose canopies shade abundant mushrooms and berries. the region ' s capital, petrozavodsk, is a staging post for a variety of holiday activities in the region. the small island of kizhi within lake onega is easily accessible by hydrofoil from here. the island was an early pagan center. its surviving heritage features the 22 - domed 18th - century church of the transfiguration, whose wooden structure was built without a single nail. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4343629320969505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.349980"} {"text": "lake onega is easily accessible by hydrofoil from here. the island was an early pagan center. its surviving heritage features the 22 - domed 18th - century church of the transfiguration, whose wooden structure was built without a single nail. the open - air museum is a collection of russian and karel wooden buildings from the 14th to 19th centuries. the region is ideal for adventure holidays on the shuya, suna and vama - vodla rivers. tranquil waters offering spectacular views of the countryside are suddenly interrupted by rapids cascading over glacial boulders. the white waters may be negotiated by kayak or cataraft. the suna river is excellent for fishing. the kivach waterfall along its path is especially beautiful. karel pies called kalitkas may be sampled in the local hamlets, often no more than a cluster of sturdy wooden cottages. a real sauna followed by a plunge into a river or lake is an ideal way to unwind at the end of an adventure - packed day. almost due north of st petersburg, this is the largest city within the arctic circle. this important port on the shores of kola bay is warmed by the waters of the gulf stream and is free of ice throughout the year. it was built with british assistance during world war i. the northern lights are seen here in november and december and the sports festival of the peoples of the north is held in march. the largest city in the white sea area, arkhangelsk was only opened to tourists in 1990. before the founding of st petersburg it was the first and only seaport in russia. from here, visitors may travel to the nearby village of mali kareli to view russian white stone and wooden architecture. the tract of land sandwiched between lithuania and poland on the baltic shoreline is an annexe of the russian federation. its principal town is now called kaliningrad, although it was known as konigsberg when it was the center of german east prussia. the area was ceded to the erstwhile soviet union following world war ii. the territory ' s future prosperity depends on the government ' s plans to give it special economic status. architectural remnants which survived the war mark the city ' s german heritage, such as the cathedral. the philosopher immanuel kant, the town ' s most famous son, is buried near here, and his memory is honored by the kant museum. the amber museum, housed in a restored german fortress tower, celebrates this local precious stone. the town has many attractive parks and gardens, as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4537319552615751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.359836"} {"text": "' s most famous son, is buried near here, and his memory is honored by the kant museum. the amber museum, housed in a restored german fortress tower, celebrates this local precious stone. the town has many attractive parks and gardens, as well as a zoo. nearby, svetlogorsk is a verdant coastal spa resort which has lost none of its charm. the kursche spit is a beautiful sand peninsula extending nearly 100km ( 63 miles ) along the coast, and is a rich habitat for plants and animals. once an armenian town, its low buildings still show armenian influences. especially interesting is the cathedral of the resurrection. there are several parks, four theaters, an orchestra, a race - course and a beach. rostov is the gateway to the caucasus. a popular resort with a subtropical climate and a famous health spa, it is situated on the black sea ' s eastern coast beneath the dramatic caucasus mountains. an observation tower on mt bolshoi akhun, 23km ( 14 miles ) from the town, provides a spectacular view of the town, almost all of the caucasian riviera and the surrounding mountains. there is a large riviera park with many tourist facilities and a botanical garden, founded during the last century, with beautiful, interesting trees and shrubs from all over the world. boat and hovercraft trips on the black sea are available from the town ' s port. for those who want a resort - based holiday, this new holiday center lying to the north of sochi is ideal. overlooking the black sea, it is beautifully located amongst thickly wooded hills and subtropical greenery. nearby is the dagomys state tea farm where visitors can sample the fragrant krasnodar tea accompanied by the delicious local pastries, jams, fruits and nuts whilst enjoying the spectacular mountain scenery. the mighty volga provides an additional road into the russian federation. traveling by river from kazan to rostov - on - don makes a pleasant tour. the cultural centre of the tartars, this city boasts a kremlin dating from the 16th century which, with its towers and churches, is fascinating to visit. the tartar state museum and the 18th - century mosque are also of interest. lenin ' s birthplace ; his parents ' house situated here used to be a popular museum. a major space centre, the city was founded in the 16th century around a fortress surveying the volga and samara rivers. the old town is notable for its fine turn - of - the - century buildings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4169413943224515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.374088"} {"text": "situated here used to be a popular museum. a major space centre, the city was founded in the 16th century around a fortress surveying the volga and samara rivers. the old town is notable for its fine turn - of - the - century buildings. the volga shoreline and the nature reserves of the zhiguli hills are accessible from samara. formerly stalingrad, the victory museum celebrates the victory over the nazis, and the whole city is a monument to the year - long battle that took place there. tours to the battlefields are available. the town stands at the confluence of the volga and don rivers. boat trips and fishing tours taking in both rivers are possible. visits to outlying cossack and volga - german villages provide a glimpse of the region ' s history. the urals, siberia & the far east the birthplace of former russian president boris yeltsin. the city is also historically important as the last resting place of the romanov royal family, murdered during the bolshevik revolution. covering an area of over 12, 800, 000 sq km ( 4, 000, 000 sq miles ), siberia contains unimaginably vast stretches of marshy forest ( taiga ). this ' sleeping land ', the literal translation of its name, possesses a million lakes, 53, 000 rivers and an enormous wealth of natural resources. although the temperature in winter falls well below freezing point, the weather in summer can be very warm. tourism is less developed than elsewhere in the russian federation and some parts are still not accessible. however, much of the region has been opened up, including sakhalin island and the chukchi peninsula just across the bering strait from alaska. the taiga is within easy reach of many of the region ' s cities. air - hopping is one way of discovering the wilderness. a famous alternative is the trans - siberian railway, the longest continuous railway in the world, a journey which is one of the greatest travel adventures. the line cuts through an area bigger than western europe, crossing a landscape which includes arctic wastes, tundra and steppe. the most scenic part of the journey is between irkutsk and khabarovsk. irkutsk is over 300 years old and owes much of its development to its location on the tradeways to mongolia and china. at the end of the last century, the city began to take on the aspect of a ' boom town ' when trade in gold, fur and diamonds suddenly created new wealth. it was to irkutsk that many 19th - century revolutionaries,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44407953176018977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.377732"} {"text": "china. at the end of the last century, the city began to take on the aspect of a ' boom town ' when trade in gold, fur and diamonds suddenly created new wealth. it was to irkutsk that many 19th - century revolutionaries, such as the decembrists, were exiled. the university of irkutsk was the first establishment of higher education in eastern siberia. today, as in former times, this important siberian city is one of the world ' s biggest suppliers of fur. the town lies on the banks of the angara, the only outflowing river from lake baikal. the lake is accessible from irkutsk by hydrofoil during the summer. statistics about baikal are astounding ; with a depth of 1637m ( 5371ft ) it is the world ' s deepest lake. its surface area equals that of belgium and the netherlands put together. it is 25 million years old, and it would take three months to walk around its 2000km ( 1243 mile ) shoreline. the purity of its water is maintained by millions of tiny crayfish, providing a habitat for a wide variety of fish, including sturgeon, loach, grayling and omul ( a type of salmon ), one of many species unique to baikal. its shores are a feeding ground for wildfowl and the occasional bear. freshwater seal colonies are found around the ushkan islands in the center of the lake. olkhon island is the site of primitive rock drawings and a unique necropolis of an ancient siberian tribe whose members are thought to have been ancestors of indigenous north americans. the local climate is often harsh ; the surface of the entire lake often freezes over in winter ( trains were moved across the ice during the russo - japanese war ). the sarma wind can sink boats and rip the roofs off buildings. while the human race now dominates the lake, it remains to be seen whether it will be a responsible custodian of the region ' s flora and fauna. many of the inhabitants of the buryat republic are buddhists. dozens of picturesque temples ( datsans ) sprang up round lake baikal after empress elizabeth, peter the great ' s daughter, recognized the buddhist religion in the russian federation. although most datsans were destroyed during the 1930s, many of their treasures were preserved in the russian orthodox church in ulaan ude, the capital. the sandalwood buddha, on display in the town ' s exhibition hall, is said to have been made with the buddha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4716417676763458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.379095"} {"text": "destroyed during the 1930s, many of their treasures were preserved in the russian orthodox church in ulaan ude, the capital. the sandalwood buddha, on display in the town ' s exhibition hall, is said to have been made with the buddha himself sitting as a model. founded as a garrison town, yakutsk is capital of the vast sakha ( yakutia ) autonomous republic. today it is a major scientific center for permafrost research. the republic ' s landscapes range from alpine meadows to moss - covered tundra, with sandy deserts close to the arctic zone. this is pioneer country, complete with gold - mining settlements. the largest industrial center of eastern siberia and an important transport junction is located on the amur. the town ( founded in 1858 ) was named after the scientist khabarov. the red brick houses in the center have curious roofs shaped like pine needles, and are intermingled with the constructivist architecture of the 1930s. worth a visit is the regional museum, which offers an insight into the different cultures of the amur people. a military and naval port, vladivostok was opened to foreign visitors in 1990. as a gateway to the pacific and the east, the town has enormous commercial potential. it is within easy reach of the ussuriysk taiga, a unique habitat for plants of the pre - glacial period, as well as tigers, leopard, bison, boar and bears.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43103737289484745, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.379702"} {"text": "materials enable the ideas of scientists to meet the needs of engineers. research into the relationships between the atomic structure of materials and their physical and mechanical properties, both in the united states and elsewhere, is leading to exciting new alloys and compounds that can be designed to exhibit a wide range of useful properties. for this reason a number of federal agencies, including the department of energy, department of defense, department of commerce, and advisory bodies, such as the office of science and technology policy and the national research council, have identified materials as a critical technology vital to our nation ' s national security and economic competitiveness. the integrated materials research laboratory ( imrl ) enables sandia to develop new and superior materials that meet government and industrial needs. this 140, 000 square foot building houses most of the advanced materials research and development functions at sandia. the facility integrates research from the atomic scale, through the development of electronic devices, to full scale mechanical components. the experimental work is augmented by advanced computer modeling and simulation techniques, another area of sandia ' s expertise. a wide variety of types of materials will be investigated : advanced metallic alloys, semiconductors for electronic and photonic applications, high temperature superconductors, ceramics, metals with properties tailored for improved resistance to friction, wear, corrosion and erosion, etc., and laser, optical and dielectric materials. the imrl has been built outside of sandia ' s secure area to facilitate technical cooperation with researchers from industry and universities. the new four story building has permitted sandia to bring together some 250 materials researchers previously scattered about the campus. it also includes space for postdoctoral researchers and guests from other organizations, facilitating the collaborative generation of new ideas, and the subsequent transfer of novel pre - competitive technologies to practice. the imrl is strategically located with our microelectronics development, compound semiconductor research and robotics manufacturing science and engineering laboratories. this drives the integration of materials research with advanced microelectronic component development creating a set of leading edge facilities in what may be termed an integrated microsystems technology park. we have developed a variety of solution chemistry routes to ceramic powders in order to control such important powder properties as particle size, agglomerate structure, dopant levels, and impurities. the ability to control powder properties is important because the microstructural and electrical properties of ceramics are strongly influenced by the nature of the powder used in their fabrication. this solution processing approach is illustrated above for the sandia - developed process to prepare high field zno varisto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5676421856841105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.385295"} {"text": "sure - fire strategies for handling difficult students - grades : prek \u2013 k, 1 \u2013 2, 3 \u2013 5, 6 \u2013 8 this article was excerpted from learning to teach... not just for beginners : the essential guide for all teachers by linda shalaway. effective teachers discipline with encouragement and kind words much more often than rebukes or reprimands. the goal is to help students feel good about themselves and their behavior in the classroom. inevitably, though, misbehavior happens. when it does, keep the collected wisdom of experienced teachers in mind : - take a deep breath and try to remain calm. it ' s natural to be overcome with frustration, resentment, and anger. but when you are, you become less rational, and your agitation becomes contagious. - try to set a positive tone and model an appropriate response, even if it means you must take a few moments to compose yourself. acknowledge that you need time to think, time to respond. \" this is upsetting me, too, but i need a few minutes to think before we talk about it. \" - make sure students understand that it ' s their misbehavior you dislike, not them. \" i like you, jason. right now, your behavior is unacceptable. \" - give the misbehaving student a chance to respond positively by explaining not only what he or she is doing wrong, but also what he or she can do to correct it. - never resort to blame or ridicule. - avoid win - lose conflicts. emphasize problem - solving instead of punishment. - insist that students accept responsibility for their behavior. - try to remain courteous in the face of hostility or anger. showing students that you care about them and their problems will help you earn their respect and establish rapport. - treat all students respectfully and politely. be consistent in what you let them say and do. be careful not to favor certain students. - be an attentive listener. encourage students to talk out feelings and concerns and help them clarify their comments by restating them. - model the behavior you expect from your students. are you as considerate of your students ' feelings as you want them to be of others? are you as organized and on - task as you tell them to be? are your classroom rules clear and easy for students to follow? - specifically describe misbehavior and help students understand the consequences of misbehavior. very young children may even need your explanations modeled or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43757523870418713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.395530"} {"text": "as you tell them to be? are your classroom rules clear and easy for students to follow? - specifically describe misbehavior and help students understand the consequences of misbehavior. very young children may even need your explanations modeled or acted out. - be aware of cultural differences. for example, a student who stares at the floor while you speak to him or her would be viewed as defiant in some cultures and respectful in others. - discourage cliques and other antisocial behavior. offer cooperative activities to encourage group identity. - teach students personal and social skills \u2014 communicating, listening, helping, and sharing, for example. - teach students academic survival skills, such as paying attention, following directions, asking for help when they really need it, and volunteering to answer. - avoid labeling students as \" good \" or \" bad. \" instead describe their behavior as \" positive, \" \" acceptable, \" \" disruptive, \" or \" unacceptable. \" - focus on recognizing and rewarding acceptable behavior more than punishing misbehavior. - ignore or minimize minor problems instead of disrupting the class. a glance, a directed question, or your proximity may be enough to stop misbehavior. - where reprimands are necessary, state them quickly and without disrupting the class. - when it ' s necessary to speak to a student about his or her behavior, try to speak in private ; this is especially true of adolescents who must \" perform \" for their peers. public reprimands or lectures often trigger exaggerated, face - saving performances. when personalities clash... sometimes, despite our best intentions, we find ourselves actively disliking one of the students in our charge. the student may be rude, disrespectful, disruptive, obnoxious, or otherwise annoying. it ' s just human nature ; some personalities clash. but instead of feeling guilty about our feelings, we can take positive steps to improve them, says school psychologist and teacher shelley krapes. here are some of her suggestions : - try to understand where the behavior is coming from. is the student distressed by a death, divorce, new baby, learning disability, or some other overwhelming experience? speaking to the student ' s parents or guardian may shed light on underlying causes and help you develop sympathy through understanding. - help yourself manage negative feelings by reflecting on a past situation in your life where a similar conflict occurred. discuss the situation with a friend or by writing your thoughts in a journal. making and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4376081120855096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.397917"} {"text": "was the race to the moon real? ; june 1994 ; scientific american magazine ; by logsdon, dupas ; 8 page ( s ) twenty - five years ago, on july 20, 1969, neil a. armstrong took the first footsteps on the surface of the moon. that event marked a political and technological victory for the u. s. in its cold war rivalry with the u. s. s. r. in the years that followed, the soviet government insisted that the soviet union had never planned a lunar landing. hence, it argued, the contest to send humans to the moon was a onesided exercise. the reality is otherwise ; recently declassified information from that era and testimony of key participants in the soviet space program under khrushchev and brezhnev prove that the moon race was indeed real. new evidence reveals that personal rivalries, shifting political alliances and bureaucratic inefficiencies bred failure and delays within the soviet lunar - landing program. in contrast, the american effort received consistently strong political and public support. the national aeronautics and space administration and its contractor teams also benefited from a pool of skilled and highly motivated workers and managers. despite an early soviet lead in human space exploration, these factors, along with more generous and effective allocation of resources, enabled the u. s. to win the competition to be first to the moon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4665204640028653, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.406082"} {"text": "displaying 1 - 13 of 13 links africaadapt is a bilingual ( english / french ) network of african researchers, policymakers, civil society organisations and local communities that encourages information sharing on climate change adaptation for africa. the network publishes information on its activities including workshops, innovation funding, radio programmes in local languages and news services for mobile phones. it also publishes video, audio and photo stories to present community perspectives on climate change adaptation methods. it links to key organisations and publications on adaptation in several fields including agriculture, fisheries, forestry, energy, water and health. this site provides access to a suite of climate related observations, projections and predictions for the african continent. of particular interest are the up - to - date seasonal predictions and the african monsoon bulletin. there is also a searchable archive of climate data and research activities detailed in french. acmad also offers ' on the job training ' in climatology. the website is also available in french. the amma programme aims to study how the west african monsoon affects meningitis and malaria epidemics. while it focuses on one weather system, the climate factors it looks at can be generalised to other environments. for example, it examines how wind, dust, rainfall, temperature and humidity, amongst others, affect mosquito density and malaria or meningitis epidemics in people. the website also offers a key resource for researchers in the form of an open - access bibliographic database containing more than 250 scientific articles. this site provides access to reports of projects and case studies conducted as part of the international assessments of impacts and adaptations to climate change in multiple regions and sectors ( aiacc ) initiative. a searchable database of projects by country, region, and sector contains some of the final reports in pdf format. the projects cover adaptation in almost all sectors, with five projects with final reports in southern africa, one project in eastern africa and three projects in western africa. the site also provides accessible summaries of each project, as well as updates posted throughout the duration of the studies. this online resource captures current articles, reports, papers and books sourced from nongovernmental organisations and development agencies such as actionaid, southsouthnorth, the international institute for environment and development and the world bank. the site features short summaries and links to full papers, all of which are relevant to adaptation in sub - saharan africa. the climate prediction centre ' s african desk aims to create a partnership between the united states ' national centers for environmental prediction ( ncep ) and the african meteorological", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46051059804959626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.416308"} {"text": "and links to full papers, all of which are relevant to adaptation in sub - saharan africa. the climate prediction centre ' s african desk aims to create a partnership between the united states ' national centers for environmental prediction ( ncep ) and the african meteorological services to encourage exchange of data and train meteorologists. the website contains weather summaries, rainfall, monsoon predictions and various short and long term weather forecasts. the african desk also hosts two visitors at a time for training in climate change monitoring and predictions methods. this organisation aims to encourage dialogue and the sharing of good practice by policymakers and opinion leaders on the future of agricultural growth in africa. it covers topic areas such as climate change, land use, policy processes and science, technology and innovation. the website publishes free to access publications, lists of relevant events and fellowships, and online discussions on issues including small - scale agriculture. it also provides access to resources for policy engagement, such as policy briefs, and a regularly updated list of relevant organisations and websites. the guardian environment website publishes news and commentary on environmental issues such as climate change, energy, ethical living, food and recycling. it also provides blogs, job listings and multimedia, including audio and video podcasts. users can comment and are encouraged to join discussions. the website also aggregates relevant news from members of the guardian environment network, which brings together the world ' s best environment websites including scidev. net, china dialogue, real science and the world resources institute. this non - profit organisation aims to develop sustainable ecological farming in africa and india. icrisat ' s mission is \" to help empower 600 million poor people to overcome hunger, poverty and a degraded environment in the dry tropics through better agriculture \". icrisat ' s biopower initiative aims to ensure that bioenergy research benefits the poor. its activities include analysing bioenergy trends and understanding their repercussions for the poor, and enabling governments to formulate pro - bioenergy policies that benefit poor people. this site is maintained by the kenya meteorological department and contains short term weather forecasts, seasonal forecasts, and agro - meteorological data. other climatological data is available from the website upon request. the southern african regional climate outlook forum ( sarcof ) is a regional seasonal weather outlook prediction and application process adopted by the fourteen countries of the southern african development community ( sadc ) member states. the site provides access to weather forecasts and climate predictions and features weather warnings, mid - season rainfall analysis and rainfall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4925046638974241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.417465"} {"text": "print version issn 0001 - 3765 an. acad. bras. cienc. vol. 84 no. 3 rio de janeiro sept. 2012 epub july 10, 2012 cassius r. santanai ; gabriela m. bochioi ; luiz dos anjosii iprograma de pos - graduacao em ciencias biologicas, departamento de biologia animal e vegetal ( bav ), universidade estadual de londrina, caixa postal 6001, 86051 - 990 londrina, pr, brasil iidepartamento de biologia animal e vegetal, universidade estadual de londrina, caixa postal 6001, 86051 - 970 londrina, pr, brasil we evaluated the distribution of abundance of three species of warblers in the southern portion of the brazilian atlantic forest ( baf ) : tropical parula ( parula pitiayumi ), the golden - crowned warbler ( basileuterus culicivorus ) and the white - rimmed warbler ( basileuterus leucoblepharus ). three types of forests comprise this region of the atlantic forest : seasonal semi - deciduous forest ( sf ), mixed rain forest ( mf ) and dense rain forest ( df ). these forest types occur at different elevations : sf ranging from 200 to 800 m, mf ranging from 800 to 1, 200 m and df ranging from sea level up to 2, 000 m. we used point counts in fifteen study areas distributed in the three forest types. the white - rimmed warbler and the tropical parula had higher abundances in mf, and their abundance was positively correlated with the elevation. the golden - crowned warbler did not present a significant difference in abundance among the forest types, and no correlation between abundance and elevation was found. we suggest that the difference in the occupancy of the forest strata by the golden - crowned warbler is because this species is more generalist and thus less sensitive to variations in the vegetation structure among the forests types when compared to the other two warbler species. key words : abundance, atlantic forest, basileuterus, distribution, elevation, warblers. nos avaliamos as distribuicoes de abundancia em tres especies de parulideos na porcao sul da mata atlantica do brasil : a mariquita", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4303226211109821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.441662"} {"text": "basileuterus, distribuicao, altitude, parulideos. studies on variations in bird distribution and abundance along elevational and latitudinal gra - dients are common in the ornithological literature ( e. g. terborgh 1971, 1977 ). regarding the family parulidae, we can find studies on the effects of elevation on the population distribution in north and central america ( kepler and parkes 1972, morse 1979, hutto 1985 ). lanning et al. ( 1990 ) studied the distribution of the colima warbler ( vermivora crissalis ) and observed variations in population size and habitat occupancy of another three parulidae species in an elevational gradient between 1, 700 and 3, 000 m at the border between mexico and the united states. blake and loiselle ( 2000 ) reported higher numbers of warbler species at lower elevations between 50 and 1, 000 m in the central coast of costa rica. in south america there are about 60 parulidae species. these birds, known as warblers, can be divided into two groups ( ridgely and tudor 1989 ) : migrants ( in north america ) and residents, which are mostly basileuterus. little is known about the distribution of these species along elevational gradients in brazil, although ridgely and tudor ( 1989 ) mention general trends in their occupation. according to these authors, the white - rimmed warbler and the tropical parula occur in mountainous areas, up to 1, 600 m and 2, 500 m, respectively. the golden - crowned warbler presents a wide elevational distribution up to 1800 m ( ridgely and tudor 1989 ). in this study we analyzed the distribution of abundance of these three parulidae species in three different forest ecosystems in the southern brazilian atlantic forest ( baf ), which occupy different elevations : mixed rain forest ( mf ), dense rain forest ( df ) and seasonal semi - deciduous forest ( sf ). variations in the abundance of these species according to elevation are expected, although they tend to co - exist in the three forest types. this study was conducted in areas of continuous forest of the baf in the state of parana, southern brazil, covering the three forest types : mf, df and sf. fifteen areas were sampled. three of these areas represent some of the larger continuous portions within their respective forest types in the parana state : parque nacional do iguacu ( 185, 000 ha ) in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4500366614677883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.447851"} {"text": "types : mf, df and sf. fifteen areas were sampled. three of these areas represent some of the larger continuous portions within their respective forest types in the parana state : parque nacional do iguacu ( 185, 000 ha ) in the sf, floresta nacional de irati ( 3, 500 ha ) in the mf and area de preservacao ambiental de guaraquecaba ( 192, 000 ha ) in the df. four areas are smaller ( between 656 and 1, 000 ha ), but also legally protected. another five areas are not protected, but are also as well preserved as the conservation units ( table i ). the three forest types studied differ in biotic and abiotic characteristics. in the df, where our study areas were distributed from sea level up to 800 m ( although this forest type can reach 2, 000 m ), annual rainfall and average temperatures are high. there is no obvious dry season and the rainfall is well distributed throughout the year. the complex canopy is composed of a great variety of plant species ( around 700 species of trees are found ), displaying an abundance of epiphytes and large biomass of bamboo and vine tangles ( morellato and haddad 2000, oliveira - filho and fontes 2000 ). the mf, which occupies elevations ranging from 800 to 1, 200 m, is dominated by a single plant species : araucaria angustifolia, which represents more than 40 % of the individual trees. this type of forest is poor in bamboo and vine tangles, but rich in epiphytes. the annual average temperatures and rainfall are lower than those found in the df, and there is no distinct dry season ( mazza et al. 2005 ). the sf, ranging from 200 to 800 m in elevation, is dominated by a few plant species, of which aspidosperma polyneuron, tabebuia heptaphylla and peltophorum dubium are noteworthy. this type of forest is rich in vine tangles and bamboo, but poor in epiphytes. the average annual rainfall is similar to that observed in the mf ; however, the average temperature is similar to that in the df. a distinct dry season of 160 days can be observed in this type of forest ( morellato and haddad 2000, oliveira - filho and fontes 2000 ). bird sampling methods point counts were performed to obtain the abundance data in all study areas ( blondel et", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.508483496202097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.450610"} {"text": "of 160 days can be observed in this type of forest ( morellato and haddad 2000, oliveira - filho and fontes 2000 ). bird sampling methods point counts were performed to obtain the abundance data in all study areas ( blondel et al. 1970, vielliard and silva 1990, bibby et al. 1992, anjos 2007 ). this method was applied establishing six points along a trail at a distance of 200 m of each other. another six points were set along another trail located at least 300 m from the first one ( replicate ). thus, each sampling site considered in this study was represented by 12 sampling points distributed in two trails. the samplings on each site were conducted on consecutive days. more than one site was sampled in larger areas such as parque nacional do iguacu ( where four trails of six points were sampled ). the sampling occurred seasonally over a two year period, totaling 16 sampling days in almost all studied areas, or 96 sampling points at each site. samplings at each point were conducted in the morning, starting with the early bird activity in the day. the points were sampled in sequence, inverting the starting point at each season. each point count was surveyed for fifteen minutes, which was also the interval between the sampling points. thus, the sampling on each track ended 2 h 45 min after the first point. visual and / or auditive records were considered within an estimated radius of 100 m, and each breeding pair or group was considered as one contact. a standard schematic form allowed the observer to avoid repeating records of an individual at the same point. to determine the abundance of each species at each sampling site the ponctual index of abundance ( ipa ) was obtained ( blondel et al. 1970, bibby et al. 1992, anjos 2007 ). this index was calculated for each species by dividing its number of contacts by the total number of points sampled in each site ( blondel et al. 1970 ). a non - parametric kruskal - wallis ( h ) test was applied to evaluate differences between the median values of the species ' i. p. a. for the different forest types. the correlation significance between the values of i. p. a. and the elevation of the sampling sites for each species was evaluated using a spearman rank correlation test ( rs ). results and discussion all three species occurred in the three forest types. however, only the golden - crowned warbler occurred in all sampling sites ( table i ). the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48654995367674103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.452458"} {"text": "sites for each species was evaluated using a spearman rank correlation test ( rs ). results and discussion all three species occurred in the three forest types. however, only the golden - crowned warbler occurred in all sampling sites ( table i ). the white - rimmed warbler and the tropical parula presented significantly higher i. p. a. medians in the mf ( kruskall - wallis, h = 10. 3, p < 0. 01 and h = 11. 4, p < 0. 01, respectively ). regarding the golden - crowned warbler there was no difference in median values of i. p. a. among the forest types ( kruskall - wallis, h = 3. 2, p = 0. 20 ). the white - rimmed warbler and the tropical parula showed significant positive correlations between abundance and altitude ( rs = 0. 70, p < 0. 01 and rs = 0. 73, p < 0. 01, respectively ) ( fig. 1 ). no correlation was found for the golden - crowned warbler ( rs = - 0. 12, p = 0. 65 ) ( fig. 1 ). the data obtained suggest that elevation affects the abundance of the white - rimmed warbler and the tropical parula in the southern portion of the atlantic forest ; both presented greater abundance at higher elevations. this result proves to be similar to that found for several warbler species of temperate northern hemisphere forests such as the painted redstart ( myioborus pictus ), the oliver warbler ( peucedramus taeniatus ), the yellow - rumped warbler ( dendroica coronate ), the colima warbler ( vermivora crissalis ) and the crescent - chested warbler ( vermivora superciliosa, now in the genus parula ), which increased in occurrence with the increasing elevation ( hubbard and crossin 1974, morse 1979, lanning et al. 1990 ). the data obtained for the southern portion of the atlantic forest show a more similar pattern to temperate regions than to tropical zones considering the study of blake and loiselle ( 2000 ) in costa rica, where the abundance of parulidae was higher at lower elevations ranging from 50 m to 1, 000 m. however, it is noticeable that the atlantic forest is not homogeneous, and these species are actually more related to the mf, which occurs at higher elevations and latitudes. thus, although the geographic distribution of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45136261317262594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.453425"} {"text": "from 50 m to 1, 000 m. however, it is noticeable that the atlantic forest is not homogeneous, and these species are actually more related to the mf, which occurs at higher elevations and latitudes. thus, although the geographic distribution of these species comprises large portions of the atlantic forest in the southern and southeastern brazil ( ridgely and tudor 1989 ), biotic and abiotic characteristics of the forest types influence variations in their abundance ( anjos 2002 ). variations in abundance were not detected for the golden - crowned warbler, suggesting a higher tolerance of this species to spatial variations of the environment. the reasons why the golden - crowned warbler was more tolerant to variations along the baf than the other two species are not clear. the explanation may lie in the occupation of the forest strata ( ridgely and tudor 1989 ) : the white - rimmed warbler is commonly found in dense undergrowth of rainforests, the tropical parula preferentially occupies the canopy of trees in the upper strata, and the golden - crowned warbler is often observed in mixed flocks present in the middle and lower strata. considering that the three species are predominantly insectivorous, the fact that the white - rimmed warbler and the tropical parula are more restricted to specific strata of the forest ( lower and higher, respectively ) could possibly reduce their ability to seek prey in different forest types where the vegetation structure presents more variations. the golden - crowned warbler, which forages in the forest middle stratum, could be more generalist than the other two species in relation to the occupancy of the arboreal strata ( mendonca - lima et al. 2004, chatellenaz 2008 ), and therefore less sensitive to changes in the vegetation structure. financial support for this study was obtained from conselho nacional de desenvolvimento cientifico e tecnologico ( cnpq ) through the mata atlantica program, and from fundacao araucaria ( curitiba ). research grants for the authors from cnpq ( 133549 / 07 - 0 ; 305593 / 07 - 2 and 201476 / 07 - 0 ) and from fundacao araucaria were received during the period. we thank the instituto ambiental do parana ( 36 / 07, 51 / 07 ; curitiba ) for permissions to conduct research in the reserves, and the owners of private lands where some sites are located. we also thank k. cockle for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44267999456743123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.454376"} {"text": "thank the instituto ambiental do parana ( 36 / 07, 51 / 07 ; curitiba ) for permissions to conduct research in the reserves, and the owners of private lands where some sites are located. we also thank k. cockle for the valuable suggestions. f. l. favaro and e. v. lopes helped during the field work. anjos l. 2002. forest bird communities in the tibagi river hydrographic basin, southern brazil. ecotropica 8 : 6779. [ links ] anjos l. 2007. a eficiencia do metodo de amostragem por pontos de escuta na avaliacao da riqueza de aves. rev bras orn 15 : 239 - 243. [ links ] bibby c, burguess nd and hill da. 1992. bird census techniques. british trust for ornithology and the royal society for the protection of birds. london : academic press. [ links ] blake jg and loiselle ba. 2000. diversity of birds along an elevational gradient in the cordillera central, costa rica. auk 117 : 663 - 686. [ links ] blondel j, ferry c and frochot b. 1970. la methode des indices ponctuels d ' abundance ( ipa ) ou des releves d ' avifaune par \" stations d ' ecoute \". alauda 38 : 55 - 71. [ links ] chatellenaz ml. 2008. ecologia alimentaria de dos especies simpatricas del genero basileuterus en el noreste de argentina. hornero 23 : 87 - 93. [ links ] hubbard jp and crossin rs. 1974. notes on northern mexican birds. nemouria, occas. pap. delaware mus nat hist 14 : 1 - 41. [ links ] hutto rl. 1985. seasonal changes in the habitat distribution of transient insectivorus birds in southeastern arizona : competition mediated? auk 102 : 120 - 132. [ links ] kepler cb and parkes k. 1972. a new species of warbler ( parulidae ) from puerto rico. auk 89 : 1 - 18. [ links ] lanning d, marshall jt and shiflett jt. 1990. range and habitat of colima warbler. wilson bull 120 : 1 - 13. [ links ] mazza cas, santos je", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42296960584574506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.455340"} {"text": ": 1 - 18. [ links ] lanning d, marshall jt and shiflett jt. 1990. range and habitat of colima warbler. wilson bull 120 : 1 - 13. [ links ] mazza cas, santos je, mazza mcm, mattos pp and rachwal mfg. 2005. caracterizacao ambiental dos componentes estruturais da paisagem do municipio de irati, parana. bol pesq des embrapa florestas colombo 25 : 1 - 45. [ links ] mendonca - lima a, hartz sm and kindel a. 2004. foraging behavior of the white - browed ( basileuterus leuco - blepharus ) and the golden - crowned ( b. culicivorus ) warblers in a semidecidual forest in southern brazil. ornitol neotrop 15 : 5 - 15. [ links ] morellato lpc and haddad cfb. 2000. introduction : the brazilian atlantic forest. biotropica 32 : 786792. [ links ] morse dh. 1979. habitat use by the blackpoll warbler. wilson bull 91 : 234 - 243. [ links ] oliveira - filho at and fontes mal. 2000. patterns of floristic differentiation among atlantic forests in southeastern brazil, and the influence of climate. biotropica 32 : 793 - 810. [ links ] ridgely rs and tudor g. 1989. the birds of south america vol. 1 : the oscine passerines. the united states : oxford university express, 516 p. [ links ] terborgh j. 1971. distribution on environmental gradients : theory and a preliminary interpretation of distribution patterns in the avifauna of cordillera vilcabamba, peru. ecology 52 : 23 - 40. [ links ] terborgh j. 1977. birds species diversity on an andean elevation gradient. ecology 58 : 1007 - 1019. [ links ] vielliard jem and silva wr. 1990. nova metodologia de levantamento quantitativo da avifauna e primeiros resultados no interior do estado de sao paulo, brasil. in : iv encontro nacional de anilhadores de aves. recife. universidade federal de pernambuco pe, brasil, p. 117 - 151. [ links ] cass", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44798426793936985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.456167"} {"text": "version impresa issn 0259 - 9422 herv. teol. stud. v. 67 n. 1 pretoria 2011 faculty of theology, university of pretoria, south africa one of the presumptions of this article is that most of the people in the nascent ' christian ' communities were ordinary people struggling with questions of living under harsh conditions in a country that was occupied by an enemy force. another presumption is that the history of these ordinary people from antiquity needs to be heard. the article aimed, with the help of archaeology, cultural anthropology, social history of antiquity, literature of the time as well as other disciplines, to create a social context of jesus and his disciples. the article approached the gospels in the new testament from the poor, the majority of people living in the 1st century roman empire. it gives a brief analysis of one of the poverty texts, namely matthew 6 : 2534. by means of interviews, stories of villagers in tanzania, as well as their interpretations of the gospel texts, have been documented. the people of kinywang ' anga serve as a test case for reading the ' do not worry ' exhortation in the matthean passage. reading the text with the poor ' almost half the world over three billion people live on less than $ 2. 50 a day ' ( poverty facts and stats ; shah 2009 ). ' do not worry about your life, what you will eat or what you will drink, or about your body, what you will wear ' ( mt 6 : 25 ). the new testament was written during a time when poverty was a reality for almost everyone. even now, after 2000 years, poverty is still present as one of the world ' s biggest problems. however, biblical scholarship today is done, more often than not, by those privileged with varying degrees of wealth, who do not themselves belong to any of the poorest classes of people. this fact leads to the questions : do we understand the life of the poor enough to comprehend, for example, how they would hear the words of jesus when he asked them not to worry about tomorrow? how did the audience, who heard this proclamation, whether in galilee or later, elsewhere in roman empire, react to these words? how does a village community consisting of poor people react to these words? traditionally, biblical studies have concentrated on the texts. these texts were written by the literate elite and represent the view of the privileged few. most certainly the authors of the gospels had some education and held positions of some status in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47329083330325084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.487712"} {"text": "react to these words? traditionally, biblical studies have concentrated on the texts. these texts were written by the literate elite and represent the view of the privileged few. most certainly the authors of the gospels had some education and held positions of some status in their communities, which gave them the time and the skills to be able to write these texts. the history of the early jesus movement, that later developed into the religion called christianity, is usually written based on these texts composed by the elite. as a biblical scholar i, too, was taught to always keep the textual evidence at the forefront. ' exegetes work with texts ', it was said. theories were not considered as important as the texts were. within scholarly circles it became almost standard to analyse the texts in short pericopes, ' single units ' as the smallest ones were called. this kind of working model was especially favoured in historical jesus studies, where scholars tried to draw a believable and understandable figure of jesus of nazareth by ascribing these single units to jesus or by simply leaving them out if they seemed too problematic or were clearly later than jesus. however, i quickly learned three important things. firstly, there is no text without context. the single units have never been ' single units ' except for the scholars working with these texts. they were not delivered as short sayings and anecdotes by anyone or to anyone. therefore it is not possible to understand any of these sayings, anecdotes, or short stories except by reading them within their original context. linguistic analysis of single words and their etymologies are of no value if you do not know the context. the text always belongs to a context. besides, the results of such investigation are not very trustworthy even if one could, with convincing argumentation, present a collection of authentic words of jesus ( which is not the case ). 1 nobody ' s message, programme or thinking can be persuasively represented just by collecting various words and anecdotes and then using them to sum up the whole : no matter what criteria for testing the sayings are used, scholars still need to move beyond the sayings themselves to a broader context than a summary of their contents if they are to address historical questions about jesus. harsh criticism of the way many jesus scholars investigate the single sayings of jesus is given by richard horsley ( 2008 : 131145 ), who bases his critique on the examination of the memory and the gospels as ' social memory ' rather than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4851337377393598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.488794"} {"text": "harsh criticism of the way many jesus scholars investigate the single sayings of jesus is given by richard horsley ( 2008 : 131145 ), who bases his critique on the examination of the memory and the gospels as ' social memory ' rather than ' containers of data '. every text and every moment of oral proclamation and performance makes best sense within its context. overman ( 1996 ) writes : the whole story of matthew is a crucial context and, in fact, an absolute necessity for understanding smaller parts or units of the gospel. the story itself, written by the author as best we can reconstruct it, is the first place a sensible reader will look for clues and for a context that will help supply meaning to words, instruction, and stories in the gospel. and there is little doubt that cross - cultural analogies, and stories and events from our own time, can indeed help to shed more light on the gospel texts, their meanings, and their application. secondly, i learned that it is much easier to know the context of jesus than jesus himself. we know a great deal about the roman empire in 1st century palestine. we have trustworthy information about the cultural context that jesus and his disciples lived in. with the help of archaeology, cultural anthropology, social history of antiquity, literature of the time as well as other disciplines, we can create the social context of jesus and his disciples. it is much more difficult to place the figure of jesus into that context. thirdly, the gospels, as we have them today, are not in their original form. originally, they were distributed in both oral and written forms, with several different forms of each, depending on the context. the gospels also differ from other contemporary literature because of the fact that, although authored by the elite, they do contain some traditions that have been produced by ordinary people, even poor people. this seems to me to be especially true in the sayings gospel q and the gospel of mark and on some occasions the gospel of matthew and the gospel of thomas. even the theologically constructed gospel of john contains some traditions that might have been born in rural peasant circles and the gospel of luke based his admittedly elite gospel on earlier traditions found in q and mark. thus, as horsley ( 2008 : 31 ) writes, the gospels ' are some of those rare historical cases of literature that represents the view from below '. most of the people in the nascent ' christian ' communities were ordinary people struggling with questions of living under harsh conditions in a country that was occupied by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5096611795150973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.489994"} {"text": "the gospels ' are some of those rare historical cases of literature that represents the view from below '. most of the people in the nascent ' christian ' communities were ordinary people struggling with questions of living under harsh conditions in a country that was occupied by an enemy force. their history needs to be written. horsley ( 2008 : 2124 ) makes an interesting distinction between ' standard history ' and ' people ' s history ' and applies this distinction to new testament studies. to use his terms, my study would be a ' people ' s history '. in this article the focus is not on theological concepts or the rise of christian beliefs. the focus is rather on the poor, the majority of people living in the 1st century roman empire. in choosing this focus i have approached the gospels from the viewpoint of the poor. what follows is a necessarily brief analysis of one of the poverty texts that i chose for the interviews amongst people living in poverty today. a more detailed study will be forthcoming in my book on the same subject. in these interviews, i listened to the stories of the villagers as well as their interpretations of the gospel texts and documented them on a voice recorder. findings from this field research amongst the poor living in villages in tanzania in the spring of 2010 will be studied further and then compared to current biblical scholarly investigations concerning the poverty texts. one example text, matthew 6 : 2534, will be presented here from a contextual standpoint, that is, from the perspective of the materially poor. the field research in tanzanian villages one contemporary setting to read the poverty texts within the context of poverty is tanzania. in many places in africa, especially in rural areas, people still live in a pre - industrial, agrarian society. in many villages, there is no electricity and virtually no motor vehicles or telephones. some tribes still live in a gatherer society whilst some tribes are nomadic. but most of the rural people are peasants who make their living from agriculture. they have tiny fields and a small number of cattle that affords them, in normal times, a modest living for themselves and their families. most people do not produce anything for sale and almost nobody gets a salary. also, in recent times hiv and aids has struck the african continent, especially sub - saharan africa, more heavily than any other part of the world, making, at worst, one in every four adults hiv - positive ( unaids 2008 ). 2 i chose to focus on the villages in the iringa district in the middle of tanzania because of my earlier contacts in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5019642060834684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.491006"} {"text": "any other part of the world, making, at worst, one in every four adults hiv - positive ( unaids 2008 ). 2 i chose to focus on the villages in the iringa district in the middle of tanzania because of my earlier contacts in the area and the support of the finnish evangelical lutheran mission society as well as tumaini university. their familiarity with village life in the district was very useful when arranging visits to local villages where people speak mainly swahili and their own tribal languages, like hehe, bena or kinga. 3 the focus during the visits to the villages was twofold. firstly, i wanted to become familiar with the social structure of the village. i asked the village chief or executive secretary the following kinds of questions : how many people live in the village? do all villagers belong to the same tribe or kin? what do villagers do for a living? what professions or occupations do they have? how many villagers work outside of the village? how and why, do villagers keep contact with neighbouring villages and towns? what are the major problems in the village? 4 in light of the issues regarding land ownership in the gospels it was especially interesting to learn that in tanzania, the land was appropriated by the state in the 1960s. the older generation still remembers the time when the land was either owned by a tribe or by kin, or was free to anyone. nowadays people pay rent for the land they want to cultivate. this data works not only as a necessary context for reading the poverty texts with the villagers, but offers a comparison to the hypothesis regarding the origins of q, namely that it was supposed to have originated in the galilean villages where loss of land was prevalent. secondly and most importantly, i discussed the poverty texts with the villagers. i call this discussion a ' reading ' but the texts were not read from a book with leather covers, but rather performed in narrative style. in tanzania the oral culture and narrative tradition is still alive and well. by telling the stories from memory i tended to get their first reactions, which may have been different had i simply read to them from the bible. some of the villagers were non - christians, so they were not too closely acquainted with the stories beforehand. even the christians heard the stories differently compared to the way they heard them from pastors and evangelists or even in liturgical sermons. i had hoped to have a lively discussion of the poverty stories in the gospels and that i most certainly did. often the religious authorities ( a pastor, an evangelist or some other religious leader", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5098153040828979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.492069"} {"text": "them from pastors and evangelists or even in liturgical sermons. i had hoped to have a lively discussion of the poverty stories in the gospels and that i most certainly did. often the religious authorities ( a pastor, an evangelist or some other religious leader ) were present, but i politely asked them not to take part in the discussions, given that they are professionals and i wanted to hear the voices of ordinary people. they agreed to my request and were politely quiet, but i usually had to visit their home afterwards so that they did not feel left out. i also asked the people gathered at the meeting place to set aside their understanding of the story if they had already heard it and to listen as if they were hearing it for the first time in their lives. at each meeting, there were 2050 people present from both genders and all ages and approximately 1015 of them took part in any given discussion. at this point, there are some things that i ask the reader to keep in mind before reading the following field report section. as a foreigner in mid - tanzania, with a different way of life, i come from a completely different world than the one they inhabit. some of them had never seen a white person before. i did not speak their language and had to rely on a translator, who belonged to one of their own tribes. as an outsider i was treated politely and perhaps regarded with some authority given that, in every situation, i was given the seat of honour directly beside the village chief or some other authorities. there is a big difference when an outsider arrives in a village and leads a discussion compared to someone that they know doing the same thing. i had to ask many questions in order to gain an understanding of village life ; an understanding that i am sure was quite different from their own lived reality. an outsider usually sees things more from an overall viewpoint than insiders do. village life in kinywang ' anga the village of kinywang ' anga was one of my first sites. i had initially chosen to perform the story of the rich man and lazarus, luke 16 : 1931, but after discussing with the village ' executive secretary ', 5 the text seemed inappropriate to village life. even in terms of the bible the story is located in a more urban setting. in kinywang ' anga, nobody had luxurious clothes and it would have been hard for them to imagine that there were any such people who could have eaten so well as the rich man in the story. the village was one of the poorest in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47513637619853877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.494373"} {"text": ". however, the women were dressed in colourful textiles for the meeting with me, carrying babies tied on their backs. approximately 50 % of the population comprises children. 6 according to the standards of the world bank, the people in kinywang ' anga live in absolute poverty, that is, under $ 1. 25 a day ( the world bank group 2010 ). do not worry in kinywang ' anga ( mt 6 : 2534 ) after learning all of this background information, i decided to change the gospel passage to be performed to matthew 6 : 2534, the do not worry passage. 7 i thought it was a very challenging story in the context of life in kinywang ' anga, where people sometimes have no food at all, clothing is meager and they have enjoyed the ' pure ' 8 water from the pipes for only a couple of years now. most years they have enough food, but it is quite simple and not very nutritious. most probably the situation in 1st century galilee ( or in any rural environment in the roman empire ) would not have been any better, but it certainly could not have been much worse. in kinywang ' anga the context for this gospel passage is totally different compared to my own country of finland as well as most western countries and perhaps closer to the conditions experienced by those living in 1st century galilean villages. the meeting took place in an outside area in the shade. during the time of year that we met, the ' flowers of the field ' were very beautiful and everything was green ; the ' birds of the air ' flew over us and sang ( mt 6 : 26, 28 ). a lively discussion followed the performance of the text. the discussion was opened by an elderly man who said that, ' maybe jesus spoke these words, because he found that the people had very little faith. he wanted to teach them about faith '. i suppose that what the man meant by ' faith ', was, trust in god ' s care, but i am not sure. another man said, ' jesus found people so keen on material things, that they forgot the spiritual things and god. they were concerned about food, clothes and other things, but not god '. a woman said that if someone came to say such words to her, she would think that this person has something dishonest in mind. ' it would be better if somebody would tell me a better way how i could manage my life in order to get things and not to say \" do not worry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4636820102485236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.496755"} {"text": "words to her, she would think that this person has something dishonest in mind. ' it would be better if somebody would tell me a better way how i could manage my life in order to get things and not to say \" do not worry \" '. another continued and said that such a person would be considered ' mentally disabled ' by the villagers. the lutheran evangelist interjected, saying that : ' some worry is understandable, because we need many things, but one should not worry about things that are beyond one ' s ability to influence or control, for example weather. it is, however, good to plan your future '. when i asked if they knew anyone who did not worry about tomorrow, they strongly denied knowing such a person. the same elderly man who started the discussion, said : ' jesus knew the people and their problems and needs, so he wanted to give them a change, a new perspective, a new way of thinking '. i asked, what would happen, if they stopped worrying about daily food and drink and clothing and just trusted in god? someone said that then life would be very bad. another said that it is a matter of faith. if the people believed what jesus said and stopped working they would have thought everything comes automatically, without human involvement, if they just believed. a young woman with a baby said : ' the speech of jesus must have divided the people in two groups : others had faith and thought that \" this is true, why worry \", whilst the others thought \" this is not possible \". faith is the main topic of jesus ' speech '. one man said that if you trust god, you will have everything you need. in further discussion over sodas, we found a solution together for this problematic text. if a person is worried, they soon become depressed and are not a joy to their friends and relatives. it is therefore better not to worry too much about worldly things that you cannot do anything about, but instead to rejoice with family and friends for all the good we have. most of the scholarly commentators of the do not worry text do not discuss it in the context of the poor, although some features in the saying refer to this issue. 9 for example, jesus speaks of the grass of the field that is thrown into an oven. the poor often used grass as a fuel in the oven to cook bread, because wood was so scarce ( malina & rohrbaugh 2003 : 51 ). also, the figure of gentiles as ' striving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4842914577757075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.497745"} {"text": "into an oven. the poor often used grass as a fuel in the oven to cook bread, because wood was so scarce ( malina & rohrbaugh 2003 : 51 ). also, the figure of gentiles as ' striving for all these things ' is understandable in a context where gentiles usually represent the rich who have better and easier lifestyles than local villagers. 10 it is important to note that the religious and cultural memory of the people in kinywang ' anga is not identical with the social memory of the 1st century galilean villagers. key terms in the passage such as ' heavenly father ', ' solomon in all his splendor ', ' gentiles ', ' strive first for his kingdom and his righteousness ', would have resonated with 1st century jewish listeners differently from the tanzanian poor, who would be without an important context for understanding the passage. in kinywang ' anga it became clear to me that the do not worry passage makes no sense at all in a village where people are living in ongoing poverty. the villagers tried to find a spiritual message in the saying, maybe because it was not reasonable to live a careless life, as jesus seemed to be advising. they interpreted the saying in the light of the kingdom of god ( v. 33 ), which they seemed to have understood within a spiritual context. but what about people who have already lost the basic necessities that were needed for living : the sources of food and drink ( field, cattle ), access to water supply ( such as a well ) and the possibility of making or purchasing adequate clothing? in kinywang ' anga i met one person who fit this description ; he was a young man behaving strangely, dressed even more poorly than the villagers and seemingly suffering from one or more severe illness. according to the locals he was mentally ill. during the spring of 2010 i also visited the palestinian territories in the west bank. although i did not read this particular passage with the palestinians, i discussed the kingdom of god with them. as muslims their understanding was also spiritual, but compared to the people in kinywang ' anga, their understanding was much more concrete. the kingdom of god for them was ' doing god ' s will ' and therefore not only a spiritual entity. quite the contrary, the palestinians, who suffered from injustice by the israelites, understood the kingdom of god as a movement of oppressed people who have god as their shelter when they do god ' s will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4792595909537579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.498661"} {"text": "' and therefore not only a spiritual entity. quite the contrary, the palestinians, who suffered from injustice by the israelites, understood the kingdom of god as a movement of oppressed people who have god as their shelter when they do god ' s will. the kingdom of god was equivalent to the intifada. william r. herzog ii ( 2010 ) has written : in the hierarchy of rural life, then, there are two thresholds at which peasants may lose their previous status, and it is at these moments that they will resist their decline most fiercely. ( herzog ii 2010 : 5152 ) quoting james c. scott ( 1976 ), he concludes that : when threatened with the loss of their land and the security of their village, they will form movements and perhaps even rebel. the same is true when peasants reach the second, more desperate threshold, ' when the subsistence guarantees within dependency collapse ', and the relative stability of tenancy gives way to the perilous life of a day laborer. ( james c. scott 1976 : 3940 ) this had obviously not happened in kinywang ' anga, where most people still had the security offered by village life and their small farms. in the palestinian territories, in contrast, the people had suffered from injustice and loss of land. the life of many palestinians had become very difficult. in that context it is much easier to imagine how they would react to the exhortation ' do not worry '. especially young men would eagerly join any movement resisting the unjust oppressor. they could stop worrying about the questions of daily life and strive for the movement that they believed brings justice, peace and welfare. 11 the context of do not worry in the gospels in the gospels we can find three groups where jesus ' words on not worrying about daily life could have been understood and maybe even hailed as good news. the first one is the group of landless peasants, who had quite recently lost all their property to some rich landowners, probably absentee landlords, as a result of debts they were not able to pay. such people would have quickly fallen under the sustenance level and their future was either to become slaves, beggars, criminals, bandits or some other social outcast. these are just the kind of people who might form movements for resistance. if the group believed that their plight triggered an eschatological turn in the immediate future, some kind of a collapse of the normal system of social stratification leading to the possibility of shared goods, they could have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5179264769455247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.499584"} {"text": "might form movements for resistance. if the group believed that their plight triggered an eschatological turn in the immediate future, some kind of a collapse of the normal system of social stratification leading to the possibility of shared goods, they could have heard the words of jesus as a proclamation of power. however, in the literal context of matthew ' s gospel there are no clear indications that the words should be understood this way. the do not worry passage is a part of the sermon on the mount and although the gospel of matthew also contains an apocalypse later in chapter 24, it would be a stretch to read the chapter 6 passage in light of this. rather, the verbal context of matthew leads one to think about one ' s relation to property rather than to the end times. preceding mattew 6 : 2534 the evangelist talks about almsgiving ( 6 : 14 ), prayer, including central petitions concerning daily living ( 6 : 515 ), fasting ( 6 : 1618 ), 12 storing property or treasures ( 6 : 1921 ), envy, or the evil eye ( 6 : 2223 ) 13 and the impossibility of serving both god and mammon ( 6 : 24 ). in chapter 7, the themes change from property to one ' s relationships with other people. therefore, it seems to me that, at least in its matthean context, jesus ' words would not have made sense as an eschatological proclamation. in the context of q this might have been possible, but the sequence of q ( its different phases and the social context of q ) are still debated so much that it is not possible to enter into that discussion in this article. the second possible group for whom jesus ' do not worry saying would have been understandable was in a group made up of ' itinerant charismatic preachers '. the earliest followers of jesus were supposedly people living in galilean villages where jesus ' proclamation of the kingdom of god was welcomed and understood as a liberating action that would soon free them from subjugation to the roman empire. heavy taxation, wars, punishments and other consequences of the occupation were a tremendous burden on the peasant population. the message of the kingdom of god was spread from village to village by jesus ' disciples, who had left their earlier lives ( whether voluntarily or under pressure ) and lived solely on the support of villagers who accepted the movement ' s message. these are the people that were sent to proclaim the kingdom of god without carrying a purse, a bag or sandals ( lk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5069809995785657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.500504"} {"text": "lives ( whether voluntarily or under pressure ) and lived solely on the support of villagers who accepted the movement ' s message. these are the people that were sent to proclaim the kingdom of god without carrying a purse, a bag or sandals ( lk 10 : 112 ). 14 itinerant, wandering charismatic preachers did not need to work for their living. they did not have to worry about their living in the same way that peasants who were dependent on their crops did. they adopted a lifestyle, which made them free from worries concerning agricultural production. therefore, they were like the birds in the sky. they trusted the benevolence of the people in the villages that they visited, some of whom might have been their relatives or friends ( the most popular reason for going to nearby villages and towns for tanzanian villagers is to visit relatives and friends ). however, this interpretation also fits much better in the rural context of q and not so well into the more urban context of the gospel of matthew. 15 also, matthew places the q material concerning the itinerant preachers elsewhere in the gospel, not in the sermon on the mount. it is still important to know that matthew, when including material from q into his gospel, took these texts as a larger entity of texts dealing with property and poverty and placed them in jesus ' longest speech in chapters 57. the third group of people for whom the do not worry saying makes sense can be found in the immediate context of the speech. the geographical context was naturally the city where the gospel of matthew was written. the majority of modern scholars locate the gospel geographically to syria16 and suggest that it was written in antioch, the third largest city of the roman empire at the time ( e. g. meier 1982 : 2227 ; luz 1985 : 7374 ; stambauch & balch 1986 : 145 ; stark 1996 : 147162 ; brown 1997 : 21213 ; carter 2008 : 21 ). 17 andries van aarde ( 2007 ) writes : the matthean jesus ' exposure of the power of the roman empire ( and that of the temple authorities ) does not mean that gentiles are excluded from god ' s inclusive basileia or that the marginalized now included were only israelite peasants. the ' lost sheep of the house of israel ' pertain to both israelites and non - israelites and include people such as : - the economically poor who are without family support ( such as those referred to in mt 19 : 21 ), - the socially homeless ( such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4521052422961901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.501451"} {"text": "house of israel ' pertain to both israelites and non - israelites and include people such as : - the economically poor who are without family support ( such as those referred to in mt 19 : 21 ), - the socially homeless ( such as a ' partriarchless ' woman divorced by her husband in mt 19 : 9 and the children without parents mentioned in mt 19 : 1315 ), - and ethnic outcasts ( such as the canaanite mother in mt 15 : 2128 and the roman centurion in mt 8 : 513 and mt 27 : 54 ). seen from the perspective of israel as a covenantal family, the above group were marginalized and those were the kind of people who could be among the crowds that followed jesus ' from galilee and the decapolis and jerusalem and judea and from across the jordan ' ( mt 4 : 23 ). they were those who were granted god ' s goodness because of god ' s righteousness, the ' last who became the first ' ( mt 20 : 115 ). ( van aarde 2007 : 423 ) in light of understanding the gospel of matthew as proclaiming the kingdom of god, not only as anti - roman, but also inclusive of the marginalised people, both israelites and non - israelites, the do not worry saying makes sense in its matthean context and becomes more understandable from the viewpoint of the poor. the poor in the gospel of matthew were not ordinary israelite peasants living in small farms, but people with no family support and no home and even from different ethnic origins. according to matthew, they formed the audience of the sermon on the mount ( 4 : 2325 ). jesus says to them that they should first strive for the kingdom of god and his righteousness. when these outcasts are accepted as true members of the family - like community of jesus ' followers, they do not have to worry about their future, because they will be the ' last who became the first '. the community will take care of their material needs. choosing kinywang ' anga as a test case for reading the do not worry exhortation was challenging : i did not have any idea how the poor peasant farmers in the village would comprehend the passage. i must say that it was first a disappointment that they did not seem to understand it any better than i did. the saying made no sense in their context. however, the test case study helped me to see that most probably it was as difficult to understand in 1st century", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4614734765641186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.503914"} {"text": "it was first a disappointment that they did not seem to understand it any better than i did. the saying made no sense in their context. however, the test case study helped me to see that most probably it was as difficult to understand in 1st century galilean villages as in an african village nearly 2000 years later. the poor who first heard these words were not poor peasants still working in their tiny fields and worrying about daily sustenance. however, if these kind of people lose their security as a result of oppression ( that is ' persecution ' in the new testament ), as has happened in the west bank, the exhortation becomes empowering for them in uniting them for struggle for their own rights. with the example of kinywang ' anga i wanted to show the usefulness to biblical scholarship, to say nothing of the necessity, of getting to know people living in poverty and to understand their living conditions. of course, tanzania is not 1st century palestine. it is, however, much closer to it than the western world where most scholarly work on the bible is done. for me my visits to the african villages gave me new insights into the bible and helped me to understand how large the cultural gap is between our world and the new testament world of the poor. did i gain a better understanding of the poverty texts? no, quite the contrary. unfortunately, it is not possible to present more examples here, but it is my hope that the one presented in this article makes it clear how hard it is to understand the words of jesus or the evangelists, not to speak of applying those words to our own modern lives. brown, r. e., 1997, an introduction to the new testament, doubleday, new york, london, toronto, sydney, auckland. ( the anchor bible reference library ). [ links ] carter, w., 2008, matthew, storyteller, interpreter, evangelist, rev. edn., second printing, hendrickson, peabody, massachusetts. [ links ] funk, r. w., hoover, r. w. & the jesus seminar, 1993, the five gospels : what did jesus really say? the search for the authentic words of jesus, macmillan, new york. [ links ] hanson, k. c. & oakman, d. e., 2008, palestine in the time of jesus : social structures and social conflicts, 2nd edn., fortress press, minneapolis. [ links ] herzog, w., 2010, ' why peasants responded to jesus ',", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4870126249939048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.505060"} {"text": ", d. e., 2008, palestine in the time of jesus : social structures and social conflicts, 2nd edn., fortress press, minneapolis. [ links ] herzog, w., 2010, ' why peasants responded to jesus ', in r. a. horsley ( ed. ), christian origins. a people ' s history of christianity 1, pp. 47 - 70, fortress press, minneapolis. [ links ] hoffmann, p., 1972, studien zur theologie der logienquelle, neutestamentliche abhandlungen, neue folge 8., verlag aschendorff, munster. [ links ] horsley, r. a., 2008, jesus in context : power, people & performance, fortress press, minneapolis. [ links ] kloppenborg verbin, j. s., 2000, excavating q : the history and setting of the sayings gospel, fortress press, minneapolis. [ links ] luz, u., 1985, das evangelium nach matthaus 1 ( mt 17 ). evangelisch - katholischer kommentar zum neuen testament. band i / 1., benziger verlag, zurich, einsiedeln, koln ; neukirchener verlag des erziehungsvereins gmbh, neukirchen - vluyn. [ links ] malina, b., 2001, the new testament world : insights from cultural anthropology, 3rd edn., revised and expanded, westminster john knox press, louisville, kentucky. [ links ] malina, b. j. & rohrbaugh, r. l., 2003, social - science commentary on the synoptic gospels, 2nd edn., fortress press, minneapolis. [ links ] meier, j. p., 1982, ' antioch ', in r. brown & j. p. meier ( eds. ), antioch and rome : new testament cradles of catholic christianity, pp. 1186, chapman, london. [ links ] meier, j. p., 2001, a marginal jew : rethinking the historical jesus. volume three : companions and competitors, the anchor bible reference library, doubleday, new york, london, toronto, sydney, auckland. [ links ] nolland, j., 2005, the gospel of matthew : the new international greek testament commentary, eerdmans publishing co., grand rapids, michigan and paternoster press,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4779146515409105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.505874"} {"text": ", london, toronto, sydney, auckland. [ links ] nolland, j., 2005, the gospel of matthew : the new international greek testament commentary, eerdmans publishing co., grand rapids, michigan and paternoster press, london. [ links ] overman, j. a., 1996, church and community in crisis : the gospel according to matthew, the new testament in context, trinity press international, valley forge, pa. [ links ] sanders, e. p., 1985, jesus and judaism, scm press, london. [ links ] sato, m., 1988, q und prophetie : studien zur gattungs - und traditionsgeschichte d. quelle q., wunt 2, 29, mohr, tubingen. [ links ] scott, j. c., 1976, the moral economy of the peasant : rebellion and subsistence in southeast asia, yale university press, new haven. [ links ] shah, a., 2009, poverty facts and stats, viewed 05 april 2010 from http : / / www. globalissues. org / article / 26 / poverty - facts - and - stats. [ links ] stambauch, j. e. & balch, d. l., 1986, the new testament in its social environment, library of early christianity, westminster press, philadelphia. [ links ] stark, r., 1996, the rise of christianity : a sociologist reconsiders history, princeton university press, new jersey. [ links ] unaids, 2008, ' report on the global aids epidemic ', viewed 05 april 2010, from http : / / www. unaids. org / en / knowledgecentre / hivdata / globalreport / 2008 / 2008 _ global _ report. asp. [ links ] van aarde, a. g., 2007, jesus ' mission to all of israel emplotted in matthew ' s story, neotestamentica 41 ( 2 ), 416436. [ links ] van tilborg, s., 1972, the jewish leaders in matthew, brill, leiden. [ links ] pikku - kaari 20 b, 70420 kuopio, finland received : 23 apr. 2010 accepted : 16 aug. 2010 published : 07 june 2011 note : dr sakari hakkinen is participating as a research associate of prof. dr andries g. van aarde, honorary professor at the faculty of theology of the university of pretoria, south", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46288332655388853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.506687"} {"text": ": 16 aug. 2010 published : 07 june 2011 note : dr sakari hakkinen is participating as a research associate of prof. dr andries g. van aarde, honorary professor at the faculty of theology of the university of pretoria, south africa. 1. the work of the jesus seminar resulted in the publication of funk, hoover and the jesus seminar 1993. not even this work, even though born from the co - operation of numerous biblical scholars, represents the final truth on what the historical jesus once said. the debate still goes on. 2. according to the 2007 estimations of unaids ( a joint united nations and world health organization program on hiv and aids ) in the southern parts of africa of the adult population ( 1549 ) 25 % 28 % were infected by hiv. in the tanzanian area i visited, the estimation was the worst in the country, 15. 7 % of the adult population. 3. i am very grateful to tumaini university for assigning two assistants, rev. aleck mhanga and rev. yekonia koko to me as well as for the use of a car during my stay in mid - tanzania. 4. the data i acquired in the field has been tabulated, but is not presented here for practical reasons. 5. kinywang ' anga ' s village chief was not present. i was told that he might join us later ( or perhaps he had something else to do ). i did not meet him at all. instead, the executive secretary gave me all the information i needed and i noticed that he also had some authority in the village and was considered to be one of the wealthiest men in the village with his herd of 25 cows. in my opinion, the ' executive secretary ' in every tanzanian village is the modern equivalent of the ' scribes ' in galilean villages. both the executive secretaries and the galilean scribes ( and later rabbis ) were responsible for the village archives and official documents. see hanson and oakman ( 2008 : 166167 ). 6. the office of the village chief was quite stark. it had a table and a chair, a wooden bench and a tiny shelf, that seemed to hold some papers and a huge cardboard box containing condoms! 7. the saying is originally from q and thus is also in luke 12 : 2234. parts of the text can be found also in p. oxy p. 655, which contains saying 36 of the gospel of thomas. 8. visitors and foreigners in tanzania", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46464270976576405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.507599"} {"text": "is originally from q and thus is also in luke 12 : 2234. parts of the text can be found also in p. oxy p. 655, which contains saying 36 of the gospel of thomas. 8. visitors and foreigners in tanzania are advised not to drink the water that comes out of these pipes. 9. for example, meier ( 2001 : 517 ) takes for granted that jesus is warning about the dangers of wealth, as if the people worrying about their daily life would seek wealth. this seemed not to have been the situation amongst the villagers in kinywang ' anga. nolland ( 2005 : 305316 ) speaks about ' hard work to earn enough to purchase the cloth ' and ' jesus can assume that his hearers will share his aesthetic judgment that natural beauty outshines the most artful of human productions '. 10. this came to me when i was visiting the villages. as a foreigner, i was viewed by them as being ' rich '. 11. there were also some muslims attending the discussion in kinywang ' anga, but they did not differ from the other villagers in terms of their attitude to work or worrying. 12. from a poor person ' s perspective, fasting is a very interesting phenomenon. if people were already poor and were enduring what amounted to forced fasting, jesus ' advice to put oil on their heads and to wash their faces must have sounded very strange indeed. the saying is more suited to an urban environment and possibly in a society whose members are not suffering from poverty. 13. the concept of the ' evil eye ' referred to envy ( malina 2001 : 108133 ). 14. the synoptic sayings source q was probably composed and used by galilean villagers from several villages that formed a network consisting of twofold followers of jesus : itinerant missionaries and settled disciples of jesus ( e. g. hoffmann 1972 : 329333 ; sato 1988 : 379380 ). for other scholars promoting the wandering ( charismatic ) missionaries and their localised allies ( or leaders? ), see kloppenborg verbin ( 2000 : 179184 ; deviating claims : 184196 ). 15. the gospel was most probably written for a community living in an urban environment. urban locale may be suggested by 26 uses in the gospel of ' city ' compared to four of ' village ' ( brown 1997 : 212 ). 16. syria is added in matthew 4 : 24 to mark ' s description of jesus '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47060252852737594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.508518"} {"text": "environment. urban locale may be suggested by 26 uses in the gospel of ' city ' compared to four of ' village ' ( brown 1997 : 212 ). 16. syria is added in matthew 4 : 24 to mark ' s description of jesus ' activity. also, the early jewish gospel of the nazarenes, which is related to matthew, circulated in syria. in syria, the jesus - believing jews were called ' nazoraioi ', the greek term used in matthew 2 : 23 ( luz 1985 : 74 ; brown 1997 : 212 ). 17. the main arguments for antioch are ( 1 ) ignatius of antioch seems to have known and probably cited the gospel of matthew ( the citation is not clearly from matthew, however ) ; ( 2 ) the didache quotes matthew and is located by most scholars in antioch ; ( 3 ) the first two chapters of the fourth ezra ( later known as the fifth ezra ) quoted from matthew ; ( 4 ) antioch as a greek - speaking city that had a relatively large jewish population fits well with the conditions mentioned in the jewish gospel written to a mixed audience in greek and ; ( 5 ) the dominant influence that matthew ' s gospel would have in subsequent christianity suggests that it served as the gospel of a major christian church in an important city, such as antioch. according to brown ( 1997 : 213 ), the most persuasive evidence stems from the correspondence of the internal evidence. brown argues quite convincingly that the gospel was addressed to a once strongly jewish christian church that had become increasingly gentile in composition and j. p. meier has shown how the history of christianity in antioch fits that situation. there were probably more jews in antioch than in any other place in syria and their ceremonies attracted many gentiles ( josephus, war 7. 3. 3 ). also, paul ' s mission to the gentiles began in antioch, but the community there seems to have later been led by more conservative jews, as paul lost the battle ( described in gl 2 ) and departed antioch in the 50s. overman ( 1996 : 1617 ) suggests a galilean city ( perhaps capernaum or sepphoris ), followed by at least d. harrington, a. j. saldarini and a. segal ( who thinks both a galilean environment and antioch are possible ). galilee belonged formally to syria. tilborg ( 1972 ) suggests alexandria, but overman ( 1617 ) quite convincingly denies this possibility. overman also provides other suggestions given by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4603077571362536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.509530"} {"text": "they have worked for almost seven years in secret. most people did not know that the work in ray goehner ' s materials characterization department at sandia national laboratories was contributing important information to the fbi ' s investigation of letters containing bacillus anthracis, the spores that cause the disease anthrax. the spores were mailed in the fall of 2001 to several news media offices and to two u. s. senators. five people were killed. sandia ' s work demonstrated to the fbi that the form of bacillus anthracis contained in those letters was not a weaponized form, a form of the bacteria prepared to disperse more readily. the possibility of a weaponized form was of great concern to investigators, says joseph michael, the principal investigator for the project. this information was crucial in ruling out state - sponsored terrorism. in fall of 2001, the fbi considered how to best investigate the anthrax letters. the agency convened two blue ribbon exploratory panels, and sandia ' s name came up during both panels for its expertise in electron and ion microscopies and microanalysis over the range of length scales from millimeters down to nanometers. the first spore material from the letters arrived at sandia in february of 2002. sandia faced some uncertainty in working on this type of investigation. researchers signed nondisclosure agreements and agreed to make themselves available to government agencies on short notice when called to give information. joseph michael, transmission electron microscopy ( tem ) lab owner paul kotula, and a team of roughly a dozen others examined more than 200 samples in those six and a half years. they received samples from the letter delivered to the new york post, to former sen. tom daschle ( d - s. d. ), and to sen. patrick leahy ( d - vt. ). the samples looked different, in part because of how the samples were prepared, which made examination initially difficult. when bacillus anthracis spores are weaponized, the spores are coated with silica nanoparticles that look almost like lint under the microscope. the \" lint \" makes the particles \" bouncier \" and less likely to clump and fall to the ground. that makes the spores more respirable and able to do more damage, says michael. weaponization of the spores would be an indicator of state sponsored terrorism. \" initially, scanning electron microscopy [ sem ] conducted at another laboratory, showed high silicon and oxygen signals that led them to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4937961156674727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.514919"} {"text": "##rable and able to do more damage, says michael. weaponization of the spores would be an indicator of state sponsored terrorism. \" initially, scanning electron microscopy [ sem ] conducted at another laboratory, showed high silicon and oxygen signals that led them to conclude that the spores were a weaponized form, says kotula. \" the possible misinterpretation of the sem results arose because microanalysis in the sem is not a surface - sensitive tool, \" says kotula. \" because a spore body can be 1. 5 to 2 microns wide by 1 micron long, a sem cannot localize the elemental signal from whole spore bodies. \" using more sensitive transmission electron microscopy ( tem ), kotula and michael ' s research indicated that the silica in the spore samples was not added artificially, but was incorporated as a natural part of the spore formation process. \" the spores we examined, \" kotula says, \" lacked that fuzzy outer coating that would indicate that they ' d been weaponized. \" sandia ' s work was the first to actually link the spore material in the new york post, the daschle and the leahy letters. the elemental signatures and the locations of these signatures, while not indicating intentional weaponization, did show that the spores were indistinguishable and therefore likely came from the same source. that conclusion was corroborated a few years later by the dna studies. the materials characterization lab serves as a materials analysis resource for a diverse collection of projects. the lab plays an important role in stockpile surveillance, supporting sandia ' s nuclear weapons mission. michael was recently released from his nondisclosure agreement and flown to washington, d. c., to participate in press conferences at fbi headquarters along with several members of research teams who ' d been asked to examine other aspects of the anthrax case. the fbi was pleased with sandia ' s work, says michael.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4938983819412282, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.515809"} {"text": "dec. 6, 1999 a team of scientists has discovered that some widely - prescribed cholesterol - lowering drugs also have impressive bone - building capabilities that may make them effective drugs for treating osteoporosis. the team ' s findings appear in the 3 december issue of science. these drugs, known as statins, represent an entirely new approach to treating osteoporosis, one which emphasizes building new bone to replace bone that has already deteriorated. current therapies for the disease focus on stopping or slowing bone loss and stabilizing a person ' s existing bone mass. \" hopefully this will stimulate drug companies to take a look at the statins that they might have on their shelves and do clinical trials on the ones that actually target bone, \" said gregory mundy of osteoscreen, lead author of the study. 100 million people worldwide are at risk for osteoporosis, particularly postmenopausal women and a rapidly growing elderly population. in osteoporosis patients, bone loses crucial minerals such as calcium and phosphorus and becomes thin and fragile. fractures of the hip and pain and compression in the spine are some of the most common problems associated with the disorder. osteoporosis patients have often lost 50 to 60 percent of their bone mass in these crucial areas, so rebuilding this bone is key to their recovery, according to mundy. the team of scientists also included ross garrett, jeannie chan, di chen, giovanni rossini, ming zhao, and gloria gutierrez, all from osteoscreen, as well as stephen harris of the department of medicine at the university of texas health science center and brendan boyce of the department of pathology at the university of texas health science center. mundy and his colleagues identified the statin group as potentially powerful agents against bone loss after an extensive, three month search of over 30, 000 natural compounds. their goal was to find small molecules that could activate the gene for a protein that promotes bone formation. out of 30, 000 possibilities, statins proved to be the only ones that specifically increased levels of the bone formation protein. as they are conventionally prescribed, statins work by blocking the action of an enzyme in the liver that turns fatty foods into cholesterol. studies show that statin drugs dramatically lower cholesterol levels in high cholesterol patients, reducing rates of coronary heart disease and stroke and lowering the risk of dying from these diseases. statins such as lovastatin, simvastatin, pr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47205341542479906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.520322"} {"text": "statin drugs dramatically lower cholesterol levels in high cholesterol patients, reducing rates of coronary heart disease and stroke and lowering the risk of dying from these diseases. statins such as lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin and others have been widely used for over ten years with little toxic side effects, marketed under names like mevacor, zocor, and prevachol. the research team first applied four different types of statins to bone taken from the skulls of mice and grown in a laboratory culture. each of the statins increased bone growth in the cultures two to threefold by stimulating the production of osteoblasts, the specialized cells that create new bone. \" the statins build up a team of osteoblasts, but in addition to that, they bring these osteoblasts into maturity, so they can start growing bone, \" mundy said. this is in contrast to most current bone loss therapies, which only increase the number of osteoblasts without encouraging the differentiation and maturity of these bone - building cells. after this initial success, the researchers tested the effects of statins in living animals, first injecting the drugs directly into the tissue overlying the skullcaps of mice. they also administered oral doses of the statins to two groups of female rats, one group with intact ovaries and another group with the ovaries removed to mimic the effects of menopause. the mice that were directly injected showed an almost 50 percent increase in new bone formation in the skull after only five days of treatment. in the oral dose groups, the statins caused increases in new trabecular bone ( the type of bone found at the ends of bones like the femur ) ranging from 39 to 94 percent after approximately one month ' s treatment. \" it was totally amazing to us, \" mundy said of the amount of bone growth, \" especially the effects of it in culture and applied locally. \" he noted that the less dramatic increase in bone growth for the oral dosage groups was probably due to the fact that the orally - administered statins don ' t make their way to the targeted bone as well as those that are directly injected. since statins are designed to zero in on the liver, most of their effects on bone are secondary. for these statins to be really effective as agents against osteoporosis, mundy said, they need to be the kind of statins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4602701994849769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.521298"} {"text": "##ins are designed to zero in on the liver, most of their effects on bone are secondary. for these statins to be really effective as agents against osteoporosis, mundy said, they need to be the kind of statins that distribute themselves directly to bone or bone marrow. although the statins seem to be most effective at building new bone, the researchers could not rule out the possibility that the drugs were also inhibiting the breakdown of bone, which could make them a candidate for osteoporosis prevention as well. a preliminary analysis that looked back at a group of elderly women taking statins to lower their cholesterol found that these women had higher bone mineral density and less fractures in their hip. however, mundy cautioned that this retrospective analysis is not definitive, since the overall sample size was small and there were no controls on the length of treatment or the consistency of the statin doses. the real answer to how well these statins contribute to bone formation in humans will come after randomized clinical trials, he said. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by american association for the advancement of science. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4388268495060052, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.521866"} {"text": "apr. 1, 2003 after years of frustrating searches for genes that contribute to mental illness, researchers at johns hopkins studying families with a severe form of manic depressive illness, called psychotic bipolar disorder, may be one step closer to finding the genetic underpinnings of both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. \" finding a gene for bipolar disorder is like finding a needle in a haystack, but by focusing our search on families with a distinctive form of the illness we were able to pinpoint a region of the genome where disease genes are likely to be found, \" said james potash, m. d., assistant professor of psychiatry at johns hopkins and lead author of a report on the study in the april issue of the american journal of psychiatry. although genes are unlikely to tell the whole story of major psychiatric diseases, the persistent frequency of mental illness in about 1 percent of the global human population, regardless of cultural or ethnic differences, and its tendency to run in families have always pointed to a strong genetic role. \" but pinning down that role is complicated by the many variations in symptoms, even within the same family, \" says potash. \" there are probably many different genes and environmental factors that can cause any given mental illness. \" motivated by previous suggestions that certain broad regions of the dna sequence, especially on human chromosomes 13 and 22, may contain genes that contribute to both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, potash and colleagues focused on those families with the psychotic form of bipolar disorder. like bipolar disorder, psychotic bipolar disorder is characterized by see - sawing episodes of depression and mania, but it is distinctive because these mood changes often are accompanied by such psychotic symptoms as hallucinations and delusions. the concept for the new study is that of two slightly overlapping circles, explains potash. in one circle are all of the genes that contribute to schizophrenia. the other circle has all of the genes that contribute to bipolar disorder, while the intersection of the two circles contains genes that are common to both diseases as well as for psychotic bipolar disorder. the researchers carefully evaluated and took blood samples from 65 patients with bipolar disorder and from their extended families. they extracted blood cell dna and scanned it with dna probes, looking for matching sequences that are more likely to appear in those with mental illness than in those without it. by noting where these markers lay on chromosomes, the researchers were able to narrow in on where the genes were located. out of 65 bipolar disorder families studied, the 10 families in which 3 or more members had psychotic bipolar disorder showed strong genetic \" linkage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5208413978251177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.525520"} {"text": "by noting where these markers lay on chromosomes, the researchers were able to narrow in on where the genes were located. out of 65 bipolar disorder families studied, the 10 families in which 3 or more members had psychotic bipolar disorder showed strong genetic \" linkage \" to specific regions on chromosomes 13 and 22. these results differed significantly from those for all 65 families, which showed little or no linkage evidence in these two regions. \" these results confirmed our expectation that genes for the psychotic form of bipolar disorder are likely to be found in the same regions that show linkage to both bipolar disorder as a whole and to schizophrenia, \" says potash. one important implication of the study is that these \" overlap genes \" may contribute to brain abnormalities that are shared by bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and could help explain why the same anti - psychotic medications are effective treatments for both diseases, says potash. authors on the report are potash, dean mackinnon, sylvia simpson, francis mcmahon, j. raymond depaulo, melvin mcinnis, peter zandi, virginia willour, tsuo - h. lan, yuqing huo, dimitrios avramopoulos, yin shugart. the study was funded by the national institute of mental health, the national alliance for research on schizophrenia and depression, the stanley medical research institute, the dana foundation, the alexander wilson schweizer fund, the affective disorders fund and the george browne laboratory fund. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by johns hopkins medical institutions. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4781894094121666, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.526297"} {"text": "jan. 25, 2006 researchers have found stronger evidence for a link between a parasite in cat faeces and undercooked meat and an increased risk of schizophrenia. research published in procedings of the royal society b, shows how the invasion or replication of the parasite toxoplasma gondii in rats may be inhibited by using anti - psychotic or mood stabilising drugs. the researchers tested anti - psychotic and mood stabilising medications used for the treatment of schizophrenia on rats infected with t. gondii and found they were as, or more, effective at preventing behaviourial alterations as anti - t. gondii drugs. this led them to believe that t. gondii may have a role in the development of some cases of schizophrenia. dr joanne webster from imperial college london, and lead researcher said : \" although we are certainly not saying that exposure to this parasite does definitely lead to the development of schizophrenia, this and previous studies do show there may be a link in a few individuals, providing new clues for how we treat toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia. \" previous epidemiological and neuropathological studies have indicated some cases of schizophrenia may be associated with environmental factors, such as exposure to the parasite t. gondii. at the same time several of the medications used to treat schizophrenia have been shown to posess anti - parasitic and in particular anti - t. gondii properties. this led the authors to suspect that the anti - psychotic activity of these medications may be due in part to their inhibition of these parasites. when the rats were given haloperidol, an anti - psychotic, and valporic acid, a mood stabiliser, the behavioural symptoms of t. gondii were reduced. they found the drugs were able to limit the ' suicidal feline ' attraction by which the rats became less aware of the dangers of cats. dr joanne webster added : \" by showing that drugs used to treat schizophrenia affect the parasite t. gondii, this does provide further evidence for its role in the development of some cases schizophrenia. it may be that anti - psychotic drugs work partly by parasite inhibition, and this could lead to new medicine and treatment combinations. \" the researchers have already begun human clinical trials using anti - t. gondii treatments as adjunct therapies for schizophrenia with researchers at johns hopkins university. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49346069537449067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.530743"} {"text": "jan. 28, 2009 the risk of radiation - induced breast cancer may outweigh the benefits of mammography in women under the age of 30 who carry a mutation in brca1 or brca2, according to a mathematical modeling study. the general recommendation for women who carry a mutation in brca1 / 2 is to start getting annual mammograms as early as 25 to 30 years of age. however, it is not clear whether the risk of radiation - induced breast cancer would limit the benefit of early mammography. to estimate the impact of early mammograms on overall breast cancer risk, amy berrington de gonzalez, d. phil., of the johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health in baltimore, and colleagues modeled excess breast cancer mortality following five annual mammograms starting at various ages. the model indicated that women who underwent five mammograms between the ages of 24 and 29 would have an additional 26 breast cancers per 10, 000 women due to the radiation. between the ages of 30 and 34 they would have an excess of 20 additional cancers, and between 35 and 39 an additional 13 cancers. to outweigh these risks, mammography screening would have to reduce breast cancer mortality by 51 percent for women between the ages of 24 and 29, by 12 percent for those between 30 and 34, and by 4 percent for those between 30 and 34. the investigators conclude that if their assumptions are correct and mammograms reduce breast cancer mortality by 15 - 25 percent, which is consistent with empirical data, then there there would be no benefit for mammograms in women under the age of 30 and a marginal benefit for women between the ages of 30 and 34. \" in the absence of direct empiric data, our estimates can be used by those involved in the decision - making process for brca mutation carriers to assess whether the benefits from early mammographic screening are likely to outweigh the radiation risks, \" the authors conclude. this research was published in the journal of the national cancer institute january 27, 2009. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48800907807835087, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.533735"} {"text": "nov. 2, 2009 individuals who consume a diet high in sodium or artificially sweetened drinks are more likely to experience a decline in kidney function, according to two papers being presented at the american society of nephrology ' s annual meeting in san diego, california. julie lin md, mph, fasn and gary curhan, md, scd, fasn of brigham and women ' s hospital studied more than 3, 000 women participating in the nurses ' health study to identify the impact of sodium and sweetened drinks on kidney function. \" there are currently limited data on the role of diet in kidney disease, \" said dr. lin. \" while more study is needed, our research suggests that higher sodium and artificially sweetened soda intake are associated with greater rate of decline in kidney function. \" the first study, \" associations of diet with kidney function decline, \" examined the influence of individual dietary nutrients on kidney function decline over 11 years in more than 3, 000 women participants of the nurses ' health study. the authors found that \" in women with well - preserved kidney function, higher dietary sodium intake was associated with greater kidney function decline, which is consistent with experimental animal data that high sodium intake promotes progressive kidney decline. \" the second study, also conducted by dr. lin and dr. curhan, \" associations of sweetened beverages with kidney function decline, \" examined the influence of sugar - sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages on kidney function decline in the same group of nurses ' health study participants. an analysis of the nationally representative nhanes iii participants had previously reported an association between sugar - sweetened soda and urinary protein, but data on kidney function change was not available. this investigation reported \" a significant two - fold increased odds, between two or more servings per day of artificially sweetened soda and faster kidney function decline ; no relation between sugar - sweetened beverages and kidney function decline was noted \" said dr. lin. this association persisted even after the study authors accounted for age, caloric intake, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and cardiovascular disease. the mechanisms for kidney decline in the setting of high intake of artificial sweetenters have not been previously studied and deserve further investigation. the study participants were older caucasian women and the authors note that the findings may not be directly applicable to men or people of other ethnicities. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4709825262330822, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.536594"} {"text": "oct. 18, 2010 an enzyme that keeps intestinal bacteria out of the bloodstream may also play an important role in maintaining the normal microbial population of the gastrointestinal system. since the loss of beneficial bacteria that usually results from antibiotic therapy can sometimes lead to serious health problems, a treatment that maintains microbial levels could have significant benefits. \" our mouse studies confirmed that giving this enzyme by mouth keeps the gut healthy, in terms of the microbes that usually live there, \" says richard hodin, md, of the massachusetts general hospital ( mgh ) department of surgery, senior author of the report in the november issue of the journal gut. \" this could prevent infection with dangerous bacteria like salmonella and c. difficile, which can occur when the normal bacterial population becomes depleted, and may lead to development of a supplement to maintain intestinal health whenever someone takes an antibiotic. \" virtually all higher animals maintain a population of microbes - - primarily bacteria - - in their digestive tracts. these organisms are not only harmless, they also benefit their host by helping with digestion, and their presence prevents the more pathogenic bacteria that may be present from proliferating. because antibiotics kill all non - resistant bacteria, including those residing in the intestines, the usual balance of beneficial versus harmful microbes is destroyed, leading to problems ranging from diarrhea to infections with dangerous antibiotic - resistant organisms. a 2008 study by members of hodin ' s team that investigated why intestinal bacteria and their toxins do not pass into the bloodstream found that intestinal alkaline phosphatase ( iap ), an enzyme produced by the intestinal lining, blocks the activity of a toxic molecule found on many pathogenic bacteria. because that study and findings by other groups showed that iap acts against several bacterial toxins, the mgh researchers looked at whether the enzyme directly interacted with intestinal bacteria. studies of mice lacking the gene for iap revealed that the animals had reduced levels of all intestinal bacteria and practically none of the common beneficial strains of e. coli. in fact, the most common e. coli strain would not grow if introduced into these knockout mice. but when the animals received oral doses of iap, beneficial e. coli proliferated quickly after other microbial species were killed by antibiotics. experiments with normal mice infected with an antibiotic - resistant salmonella strain showed that iap treatment significantly reduced salmonella levels in the animals ' feces. although only 20 percent of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49285567220683274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.541545"} {"text": "proliferated quickly after other microbial species were killed by antibiotics. experiments with normal mice infected with an antibiotic - resistant salmonella strain showed that iap treatment significantly reduced salmonella levels in the animals ' feces. although only 20 percent of animals not treated with iap survived, 70 percent of those receiving the enzyme were alive 7 days later. \" we believe that iap rapidly restores e. coli and other beneficial bacteria after antibiotic treatment and that the higher numbers of these bacteria prevent colonization by salmonella or other pathogens by competing for nutrients and attachment sites, \" says mahdu malo, phd, mbbs, of mgh surgery, corresponding and first author of the gut paper. \" we need to test this approach in larger animals before planning a human clinical trial, but this approach has the potential of solving a common, often serious health problem. \" malo is an assistant professor of surgery, and hodin, a professor of surgery at harvard medical school. additional co - authors of the gut report are sayeda nasrin alam, golam mosafa, nur mohammad, kathryn chen, angela moss, sundaram ramasamy, adnan faruqui, sarah hodin, premoda malo, farzad ebrahimi and brishti biswas, mgh surgery ; skye zeller, paul johnson and elizabeth hohmann, mgh infectious disease ; shaw warren, mgh pediatrics ; sonoko narisawa and jose luis millan, sanford - burnham medical research institute ; jeffrey kaplan, new jersey dental school ; and christopher kitts, california polytechnic state university. the study was supported by grants from the national institutes of health and the bill and melinda gates foundation. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - m. s. malo, s. n. alam, g. mostafa, s. j. zeller, p. v. johnson, n. mohammad, k. t. chen, a. k. moss, s. ramasamy, a. faruqui, s. hodin, p. s. malo, f. ebrahimi, b. biswas, s. narisawa, j. l. millan, h. s. warren, j. b. kaplan, c. l. kitts, e. l. hohmann, r. a. hodin. intestinal alkaline phosphatase preserves the normal homeostasis of gut microbiota.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4850118247887498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.542500"} {"text": "aug. 11, 2011 scientists have found a potential new mechanism to stimulate the body ' s own ability to fight cancer using baculillus calmette - guerin ( bcg ) - - the germ commonly used to inoculate against tuberculosis ( tb ). the findings are published online in the british journal of cancer on august 10, 2011. the researchers, dr wai liu and professor angus dalgleish from st george ' s, university of london, say this new data suggests a mechanism by which vaccines could enhance the anti - cancer activity of currently available therapies. however, they warn that this is an early - stage study and that there is much more research to be done before patients will benefit. in laboratory - based experiments conducted with human tumour cells outside of the body, the researchers showed that a small amount of bcg can instruct white blood cells to produce chemicals called cytokines. these make tumour cells more likely to be detected by the body ' s immune system. \" cancerous cells are known to camouflage themselves as healthy cells. this means our blood cells responsible for immunity aren ' t able to recognise the cancerous cells as being a problem and so the disease is able to continue to spread, \" explains lead researcher dr wai liu. \" this study found that a small quantity of bcg - - similar to the amount that is administered in a tb inoculation - - can help the immune system recognise the cancer cells as ' foreign '. the immune system can then attack these cells in the same way it would any other infection. \" the cytokines produced as a consequence of the bcg jab set off a chain of events that begins with the hijacking of the tumour and forcing it to switch off its camouflage. this renders it visible to the body ' s immune system, and so the white blood cells responsible for destroying ' foreign ' cells now have targets to attack. the researchers tested the bcg injection on human cells from lung, breast, colon, pancreatic and skin cancer. their research showed that in three of the cancer types - - lung, breast and colon - - the restoration of their visibility to immune cells was increased. within the limits of the laboratory - based study, those cancer cells with reduced camouflage were then successfully targeted by white cells responsible for killing cancer cells. scientific knowledge around using drugs to stimulate the body ' s natural defences against cancer is becoming more prominent. the researchers believe that these findings provide more evidence that, in the future, this treatment method may provide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49952369670556457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.546627"} {"text": "targeted by white cells responsible for killing cancer cells. scientific knowledge around using drugs to stimulate the body ' s natural defences against cancer is becoming more prominent. the researchers believe that these findings provide more evidence that, in the future, this treatment method may provide further options for patients that could be used in combination with existing cancer drug treatment. \" using the body ' s own immune system is a relatively new way of thinking in the development of cancer treatments, and scientists are still building up a knowledge base about it. if successful, this method of treatment could be used in combination with existing cancer drugs. it could potentially see patients taking less medication, having fewer and less severe side effects and recovering quicker, \" says dr liu. \" this research is at an early stage of investigation, and so far has analysed the reaction of human blood outside of the body, so more work is needed before these findings can be used in practice. the next stage will be to develop a compound suitable for clinical trials, \" he concludes. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - w m liu, d w fowler, a m gravett, p smith, a g dalgleish. supernatants from lymphocytes stimulated with bacillus calmette - guerin can modify the antigenicity of tumours and stimulate allogeneic t - cell responses. british journal of cancer, 2011 ; doi : 10. 1038 / bjc. 2011. 306 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5160201846198802, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.547188"} {"text": "aug. 20, 2012 botany is plagued by the same problem as the rest of science and society : our ability to generate data quickly and cheaply is surpassing our ability to access and analyze it. in this age of big data, scientists facing too much information rely on computers to search large data sets for patterns that are beyond the capability of humans to recognize - - but computers can only interpret data based on the strict set of rules in their programming. new tools called ontologies provide the rules computers need to transform information into knowledge, by attaching meaning to data, thereby making those data retrievable by computers and more understandable to human beings. ontology, from the greek word for the study of being or existence, traditionally falls within the purview of philosophy, but the term is now used by computer and information scientists to describe a strategy for representing knowledge in a consistent fashion. an ontology in this contemporary sense is a description of the types of entities within a given domain and the relationships among them. a new article in this month ' s american journal of botany by ramona walls ( new york botanical garden ) and colleagues describes how scientists build ontologies such as the plant ontology ( po ) and how these tools can transform plant science by facilitating new ways of gathering and exploring data. when data from many divergent sources, such as data about some specific plant organ, are associated or \" tagged \" with particular terms from a single ontology or set of interrelated ontologies, the data become easier to find, and computers can use the logical relationships in the ontologies to correctly combine the information from the different databases. moreover, computers can also use ontologies to aggregate data associated with the different subclasses or parts of entities. for example, suppose a researcher is searching online for all examples of gene expression in a leaf. any botanist performing this search would include experiments that described gene expression in petioles and midribs or in a frond. however, a search engine would not know that it needs to include these terms in its search - - unless it was told that a frond is a type of leaf, and that every petiole and every midrib are parts of some leaf. it is this information that ontologies provide. the article in the american journal of botany by walls and colleagues describes what ontologies are, why they are relevant to plant science, and some of the basic principles of ontology development. it includes an overview of the ontologies that are relevant to botany, with a more detailed description", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5956600103725267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.550689"} {"text": "of botany by walls and colleagues describes what ontologies are, why they are relevant to plant science, and some of the basic principles of ontology development. it includes an overview of the ontologies that are relevant to botany, with a more detailed description of the po and the challenges of building an ontology that covers all green plants. the article also describes four keys areas of plant science that could benefit from the use of ontologies : ( 1 ) comparative genetics, genomics, phenomics, and development ; ( 2 ) taxonomy and systematics ; ( 3 ) semantic applications ; and ( 4 ) education. although most of the examples in this article are drawn from plant science, the principles could apply to any group of organisms, and the article should be of interest to zoologists as well. as genomic and phenomic data become available for more species, many different research groups are embarking on the annotation of their data and images with ontology terms. at the same time, cross - species queries are becoming more common, causing more researchers in plant science to turn to ontologies. ontology developers are working with the scientists who generate data to make sure ontologies accurately reflect current science, and with database developers and publishers to find ways to make it easier for scientist to associate their data with ontologies. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - r. l. walls, b. athreya, l. cooper, j. elser, m. a. gandolfo, p. jaiswal, c. j. mungall, j. preece, s. rensing, b. smith, d. w. stevenson. ontologies as integrative tools for plant science. american journal of botany, 2012 ; 99 ( 8 ) : 1263 doi : 10. 3732 / ajb. 1200222 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5920380983860485, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.551630"} {"text": "in 1901 wieland received his doctorate at the university of munich while studying under johannes thiele. in 1904 he completed his habilitation, then continued to teach at the university and starting in 1907 was a consultant for boehringer - ingelheim. in 1914 he became associate professor for special topics in organic chemistry, and director of the organic division of the state laboratory in munich. from 1917 to 1918 wieland worked in the service of the ( kwi ) kaiser wilhelm institute for physical chemistry and elektrochemistry in dahlem then led by fritz haber as an alternative to regular military service. there he was involved in weapons resarch for instance finding new synthetic routes for mustard gas. he is also credited with the first synthesis of adamsite. from 1913 to 1921, he was professor at the technical university of munich. he then moved to the university of freiburg as successor of ludwig gattermann ( he also assumed responsibility for gattermanns infamous cookbook ). in freiburg he started working on toad poisons and bile acids. in association with boehringer - ingelheim he worked on synthetic alkaloids such as morphine and strychnine in 1925 wieland succeeded richard willstatter as chemistry professor at the university of munich. in 1941, wieland isolated the toxin alpha - amanitin, the principal active agent of one of the world ' s most poisonous mushrooms amanita phalloides. wieland tried successfully to protect people, especially jewish students, who were \" racially burdened \" after the nuremberg laws. students who were expelled because they were \" racially burdened \" could stay in heinrich wieland ' s group as chemists or as \" gaste des geheimrats \" ( guests of the privy councillor ). after collecting money for kurt huber ' s widow clara huber, hans conrad leipelt, a student of wieland, was sentenced to death. heinrichs father, theodor wieland ( 1846 - 1928 ) was a pharmacist with a doctorate in chemistry. he owned a gold and silver refinery in pforzheim. heinrich wieland was a cousin of helene boehringer, the wife of albert boehringer, who was the founder of boehringer - ingelheim. from 1915 to the end of 1920, he was advisor at boehringer - ingelheim and during this time he established the first scientific department of the company. eva wieland, heinrich wieland ' s daughter, was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41397818072466785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.555228"} {"text": "ingelheim. from 1915 to the end of 1920, he was advisor at boehringer - ingelheim and during this time he established the first scientific department of the company. eva wieland, heinrich wieland ' s daughter, was married to feodor lynen on 14 may 1937. heinrich wieland prize since 1964, the heinrich wieland prize has been awarded annually to promote research on chemistry, biochemistry, physiology and clinical medicine of lipids and related substances. the prize is among the most treasured international science awards and has a successful history of over 40 years. to date it has been presented to 58 scientists. the heinrich wieland prize is sponsored by boehringer ingelheim and awarded by an independent board of trustees. 1. ^ p. karrer ( 1958 ). \" heinrich wieland. 1877 - 1957 \". biographical memoirs of fellows of the royal society 4 ( 2 ) : 340 - 352. 2. ^ bernhard witkop ( 1993 ). \" remembering heinrich wieland ( 1877 - 1957 ) portrait of an organic chemist and founder of modern biochemistry \". medicinal research reviews 12 ( 3 ) : 195 - 274. doi : 10. 1002 / med. 2610120303. 3. ^ a b interconnections and independence : heinrich wieland ( 1877 \u2013 1957 ) and his era elisabeth vaupel angew. chem. int. ed. 2007, 46, 9154 \u2013 9179 doi : 10. 1002 / anie. 200702255 haslewood, g a ( 1957 ), \" prof. h. o. weiland. \", nature 180 ( 4584 ) : 462 - 3, 1957 sep 7, pmid : 13464859 retrieved from \" http : / / en. wikipedia. org / \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4598771305034215, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.556045"} {"text": "apr 2, 2009 | 1 stargazers take note : today marks the beginning of a four - day celestial celebration called 100 hours of astronomy, part of the international astronomical union ' s international year of astronomy ( iya2009 ). the iya2009 marks the 400th anniversary of italian astronomer galileo galilei turning his telescopes to the skies and beginning a new era of astronomical observation. a kickoff event at the franklin institute in philadelphia today showcased one of galileo ' s surviving telescopes. according to the institute, this marks the first time one of the two remaining instruments has left italy. an international \" star party \" is scheduled to take place during which telescopes will be made available to the public at different sites around the globe. many are amateur telescopes set up in parks or on sidewalks ; the 100 hours of astronomy web site has details on many of the planned activities. most star parties are scheduled to take place on saturday, but some are planned for other times, such as one beginning this evening in new york city, where columbia university will set up telescopes in harlem ' s powell plaza for viewing the moon and saturn. deadline : jun 30 2013 reward : $ 1, 000, 000 usd this is a reduction - to - practice challenge that requires written documentation and & deadline : jul 30 2013 reward : $ 100, 000 usd the seeker desires a method for producing pseudoephedrine products in such a way that it will be extremely difficult for clandestine che save 66 % off the cover price and get a free gift! learn more > > x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49178903093917203, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.557535"} {"text": "climate change has already pushed the nation ' s wildlife into crisis, according to a report released wednesday from the national wildlife federation ( nwf ), and further catastrophe, including widespread extinction, can only be curbed with swift action to curb the carbon pollution that has the planet sweltering. entitled wildlife in a warming world : confronting the climate crisis, the report looks at 8 regions across the u. s. where \" the underlying climatic conditions to which species have been accustomed for thousands of years, \" the report explains, have been upturned by human - caused climate change. \u201c some of america \u2019 s most iconic species \u2014 from moose to sandhill cranes to sea turtles \u2013 are seeing their homes transformed by rapid climate change, \u201d stated dr. amanda staudt, climate scientist at the national wildlife federation. feb 15, 2013 living on earth : starving polar bears polar bears have long been the poster species for the problem of climate change. but a new paper in conservation letters argues that supplemental feeding may be necessary to prevent polar bear populations from going extinct. polar bear expert andrew derocher from the university of alberta joins host steve curwood to discuss how we can save the largest bear on the planet. http : / / www. loe. org / shows / segments. html? programid = 13 - p13 - 00007 & segmentid = 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41803298117962384, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.561156"} {"text": "sometimes having your period can be a pain - literally. most girls have to deal with pms, cramps, or headaches around the time of their periods. these problems are usually normal and nothing to worry about. here are the facts on which period problems are common and normal - and which ones might indicate there ' s something else going on. what is pms? premenstrual syndrome ( pms ) is the term for the physical and emotional symptoms that many girls and women get right before their periods begin each month. if you have pms, you might - sore breasts - food cravings - depression or feeling blue - difficulty concentrating - difficulty handling stress pms is usually at its worst during the 1 to 2 weeks before a girl ' s period starts, and it usually disappears when her period why do some girls get pms? doctors have not pinpointed the exact cause of pms, but many believe it is linked to changing hormone levels. following a girl ' s period, the amounts of estrogen and progesterone ( female hormones ) in a girl ' s body increase. then about 1 week before her period starts, levels of both of these hormones begin to fall. the thinking is that these changing hormone levels can lead to pms it isn ' t clear why some girls develop pms and others don ' t. it ' s possible that those who develop pms are simply more sensitive to the changes in hormone levels. there are other theories as well. for example, some believe that what you eat can affect how you feel, especially during the couple of weeks before a luckily, there are several things you can do to ease pms symptoms. eating a balanced diet with lots of fresh fruits and vegetables and cutting back on processed foods like chips and crackers can help. you might also want to reduce your salt intake ( salt can make you retain water and become more bloated ) and, believe it or not, drink more water. say no to caffeine ( it can make you jumpy and anxious ) and yes to certain vitamins : b - complex vitamins, calcium, magnesium, and vitamin e are thought to be helpful. also, daily exercise and stress - relief techniques like meditation can help some girls. when it comes to medicine, over - the - counter pain medicines like ibuprofen can relieve achy heads and backs. but for really serious pms pain, see your doctor. he or she might be able to prescribe a different medicine or birth control pills to help with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4525259979456676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.570562"} {"text": "- the - counter pain medicines like ibuprofen can relieve achy heads and backs. but for really serious pms pain, see your doctor. he or she might be able to prescribe a different medicine or birth control pills to help with many of your pms symptoms. why do some girls get cramps? lots of girls have abdominal cramps during the first few days of their periods. cramps are most likely caused by - dinz ), chemicals your body produces that make the muscles of the uterus contract. the good news is that cramps usually only last a few days. but if you ' re in pain, medicine like ibuprofen may exercise may also make you feel better, possibly because it releases endorphins, chemicals in the body that literally make you feel good. soaking in a warm bath or putting a warm compress on your stomach won ' t make your cramps disappear but may help your muscles relax a little. if you have severe cramps that keep you home from school or from doing stuff with your friends, visit your doctor for advice. why isn ' t my period regular? it can take up to 3 years from the time a girl starts menstruating for her body to develop a regular cycle. even then, what ' s regular varies from person to person. girls ' cycles can range from 21 to 45 days. changing hormone levels might make your period short one month ( such as 2 or 3 days ) and more drawn out ( such as 7 days ) the next. you might skip a few months, get two periods almost right after each other, have a really heavy period, or one so light you almost don ' t notice it. ( if you ' re sexually active and you skip a period, though, you should visit your doctor or a women ' s clinic to make sure you ' re not pregnant. ) can make planning for your period a real hassle. try to keep track of when your last period started, and guess that about 4 weeks from that day you could be due for another. if you ' re worried about wearing that cute dress and suddenly starting your period at school, just make sure you pack protection. carry a pad or tampon in your backpack, and wear a pantiliner to handle the first when it comes to periods, every girl ' s body has a unique ( and unpredictable ) timeline for getting on track. if your period still has not settled into a relatively predictable pattern after 3 years, or if you have four or five regular periods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39808902783990896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.571593"} {"text": "first when it comes to periods, every girl ' s body has a unique ( and unpredictable ) timeline for getting on track. if your period still has not settled into a relatively predictable pattern after 3 years, or if you have four or five regular periods and then skip your periods for a couple of months, make an appointment with your doctor to check for possible problems. why haven ' t i started my period yet? everybody goes through puberty at different speeds. some girls begin menstruating as early as age 8 or 9 ; others don ' t get going until they ' re 15 or 16. it all depends on your hormones - and your family. want to guess when you ' ll get your period? ask when your mom and grandmothers ( from both sides of your family ) started theirs. when you start puberty is partly linked to genetics. so although there ' s no guarantee that you ' ll follow in their footsteps, your relatives could give you a pretty good clue about your own period. one thing that can delay puberty - and your period - is excessive exercising, usually distance running, ballet, or gymnastics, combined with a poor diet. for exercise to be excessive, it means more than just playing soccer for a couple of hours a few times a week or working out once in a while with an exercise tape. to exercise so much that you delay your period, you would have to train vigorously for several hours a day, most days of the week, and not get enough calories, vitamins, and unless compulsive exercise has postponed your period, there ' s nothing you can do on your own to hurry things along. if you haven ' t started to menstruate by the time you ' re 16, consult your doctor. he or she will probably do a pelvic exam and take a blood test to determine the hormone levels in your body. then the doctor might prescribe hormones to jump - start your even if it seems strange to you, most of the stuff that goes along with a girl ' s period is completely norma. but there are a few conditions that can be more serious. if you suspect you have any of these conditions, see your doctor for advice. is the term doctors use for absence of periods. girls who haven ' t started their periods by the time they are 16 may have primary amenorrhea, usually caused by a hormone imbalance or there ' s also a condition called secondary amenorrhea, when someone who had normal periods stops menstruating for at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38739252388831974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.572673"} {"text": "their periods by the time they are 16 may have primary amenorrhea, usually caused by a hormone imbalance or there ' s also a condition called secondary amenorrhea, when someone who had normal periods stops menstruating for at least 3 months. low levels of ( gnrh ), which controls ovulation and the menstrual cycle, frequently bring on amenorrhea. stress, anorexia, weight loss or gain, stopping birth control pills, thyroid conditions, and ovarian cysts are examples of things that can throw your hormones out of whack. to get everything back on course, your doctor may use hormone therapy. if a medical condition is affecting your monthly cycles, then treatment of the condition will help to resolve the problem. as mentioned earlier, lots of strenuous exercise combined with a poor diet can also cause amenorrhea. cutting back on exercise and eating a balanced diet with more calories will help correct the problem, but be sure to talk with your doctor as - jee - uh ) is the term doctors use for extremely heavy, prolonged periods. menorrhagia is more than just 1 or 2 days of a heavier - than - average flow. girls who have menorrhagia soak through at least a pad an hour for several hours in a row or have periods that are more than 7 days long. ( clotting during your period is not necessarily a sign of menorrhagia, though - lots of girls, with both heavy and light periods, pass clots when they menstruate. ) the most frequent cause of menorrhagia is an imbalance between the amounts of estrogen and progesterone in the body. because of this imbalance, the - tree - um, the lining of the uterus ) keeps building up. then when the body gets rid of the endometrium during a period, the bleeding is very heavy. many girls have hormone imbalances during puberty, so it ' s not uncommon to experience menorrhagia during the teen years. other cases of heavy bleeding may be caused by thyroid conditions, blood diseases, or inflammation or infections in the vagina or cervix. to help figure out the cause of abnormal bleeding, a doctor can do a pelvic exam, a pap smear, and blood tests. if you do have menorrhagia, it can be treated with hormones, medicine, or removal of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42707795642877366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.573582"} {"text": "figure out the cause of abnormal bleeding, a doctor can do a pelvic exam, a pap smear, and blood tests. if you do have menorrhagia, it can be treated with hormones, medicine, or removal of any growths in the uterus that may be the cause of excessive extremely painful periods - uh ) is the medical term for very painful periods. primary dysmenorrhea - painful periods that are not caused by a disease or other condition - is more common in teens than secondary dysmenorrhea ( painful periods caused by a disease or the culprit in primary dysmenorrhea is prostaglandin, the same naturally occurring chemical that causes cramps. in large amounts, prostaglandin can cause nausea, vomiting, headaches, backaches, diarrhea, and severe cramps when you have your period. fortunately, these symptoms usually only last for a day or two. doctors usually prescribe anti - inflammatory medicines to treat primary dysmenorrhea. as with cramps, exercise, hot water bottles, and birth control pills might also bring some relief. some of the more common conditions that can cause secondary - endometriosis, a condition in which tissue normally found only in the uterus starts to grow outside the uterus pelvic inflammatory disease ( pid ), a type of bacterial infection or growths on the inside wall of the uterus all of these conditions require that a doctor diagnose the problem and then treat you appropriately. what to do if you suspect a problem when you have questions about your period or anything else related to your development, talk to your doctor. this is particularly true if you notice a change in your menstrual cycle. though most period problems turn out to be nothing to worry about, it ' s always good to be safe. see your doctor if : - you have not started your period by the time you are 16. this may indicate that you have a problem that requires medical - you stop getting your period or it becomes really irregular after it has been regular for a while ( like 6 months or more ). this can be a sign that you may have a hormone imbalance or a problem with nutrition, which can harm your body if left - you have very heavy or long periods, especially if you have a short cycle and get your period frequently. in rare cases, lots of blood loss can cause ( iron deficiency ) and leave you feeling really weak and -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4066156592306021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.574535"} {"text": "how deep is your love for this song? go deeper. humble ( and racist ) beginnings in 1859, bryant \u2019 s minstrels needed to spice up their act. their material was growing stale ; audiences were tired of the same old song and dance. so the troupe owners asked one of the performers, daniel decatur emmett, to put together a new \u201c walk - around. \u201d walk - arounds were audience favorites, high - energy finales in which the cast members took turns trying to out - sing or dance the performer before them. emmett accepted the assignment, and legend has it that within a day he had written \u201c dixie. \u201d the song was like many other minstrel show songs of the time. it was narrated by a southern slave who told a tale about \u201c ole missus \u201d and her husband will. the specifics of the tale were not important, though. in fact, if you read the lyrics today, it \u2019 s hard to understand why audiences found them so hilarious. but that \u2019 s because the humor in minstrel show songs had little to do with the words sung. instead, audiences were entertained by the manner in which the song and dance routines were performed. in minstrel shows, white actors put on blackface by covering their faces with burnt cork and then talked, sang, and danced in a manner believed typical of african slaves. these imitations were grotesque stereotypes, crude and racist. and \u201c dixie \u201d was typical of the formula. emmett \u2019 s narrator sang in the broken english believed typical of slaves ( \u201c old missus marry will - de - weaber / willium was a gay deceaber \u201d ), and the words suggested that slaves were fat and happy in their lives ( \u201c dar ' s buck - wheat cakes an ' ingen ' batter, makes you fat or a little fatter \u201d ). most important, the song suggested that, contrary to all the talk of reformers and abolitionists, slaves were not interested in trading slavery for freedom. far from it, according to the song : they wished they were \u201c in dixie, hooray! hooray! \u201d despite what you may think, though, dan emmett was no friend of slavery \u2014 his father worked on the underground railroad. but that did not prevent him from writing a song aimed at tickling the same racist funny bone. nor did it prevent northern audiences from enjoying the song. in fact, shortly after it debuted at mechanics \u2019 hall in new york city, the song became a national hit. by 1860, people throughout the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4176862641760311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.584699"} {"text": "aimed at tickling the same racist funny bone. nor did it prevent northern audiences from enjoying the song. in fact, shortly after it debuted at mechanics \u2019 hall in new york city, the song became a national hit. by 1860, people throughout the country were \u201c whistlin \u2019 dixie. \u201d but almost as quickly as \u201c dixie \u201d became a hit, it was surrounded by controversy. southern secessionists, intent on withdrawing from the union now that abraham lincoln had been elected president, embraced the song as an anthem. most of the lyrics were unimportant, but one line in particular resonated with their cause : \u201c in dixie land i ' ll take my stand to live and die in dixie. \u201d and so when south carolinians met in a special convention to decide whether to withdraw from the union, a band played \u201c dixie \u201d every time a delegate voted in favor of secession. and two months later, when jefferson davis was inaugurated president of the confederate states of america, the band also played \u201c dixie. \u201d by the time the civil war had commenced, \u201c dixie \u201d was the confederacy \u2019 s unofficial anthem. one confederate officer, lester pike, even wrote a new set of lyrics, transforming the song into a battle cry : southrons, hear your country call you up, lest worse than death befall you to arms! to arms! to arms, in dixie it \u2019 s easy to see why southerners believed it was their song. after all, the song \u2019 s setting was a southern plantation. and \u201c dixie \u201d was a common nickname for the south, although it \u2019 s not exactly clear why. some believe the label may have come from ten - dollar bank notes circulated by a new orleans bank. referred to as \u201c dix \u201d \u2014 french for ten \u2014 they were only accepted as payment for transactions in regions close to new orleans. in other words, \u201c dixie land \u201d was that part of the deep south that honored these notes as tender. others argue, however, that dixie became another name for the south after charles mason and jeremiah dixon completed their survey in 1773, establishing the border between pennsylvania and virginia. since slavery was soon abolished in pennsylvania, the mason - dixon line became the border between free and slave states. yet others have argued that \u201c dixie land \u201d was a paradise - like plantation owned by a generous manhattan slave - owner named \u201c mr. dix \u201d ( or in some places \u201c mr. dixy \u201d or \u201c mr. dixie \u201d ) in the early part of the century, before slavery became illegal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3957305160711526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.585668"} {"text": "a paradise - like plantation owned by a generous manhattan slave - owner named \u201c mr. dix \u201d ( or in some places \u201c mr. dixy \u201d or \u201c mr. dixie \u201d ) in the early part of the century, before slavery became illegal in new york in 1827. allegedly rumors circulated around that time among slaves that he was a master so kind that his own slaves refused to leave or run away. hence \u201c dixie land \u201d grew to be known as a place of refuge and happiness for slaves somewhere in the north. war of the words however it originated, folks came to associate dixie with the south, and \u201c dixie land \u201d became known as a distinctive region that had built its economy on slave labor and that stretched from virginia south to florida and west to texas. but that did not prevent northerners from arguing that they had an equal claim on the song. after all, it had been written by a northerner ( emmett was from ohio ) and debuted in a northern city ( new york was about as union as it gets ). heck, even abe lincoln loved \u201c dixie ; \u201d he had used it regularly on whistle stops during his 1860 campaign. and so after southerners adopted the song for their secession soundtrack, northerner francis j. crosby answered with a set of pro - union lyrics : on! ye patriots to the battle hear fort moultrie ' s canon rattle then away, then away, then away to the fight! go meet those southern traitors with iron will and should your courage falter boys remember bunker hill hurrah! hurrah! hurrah! the stars and stripes forever! hurrah! hurrah! our union shall not sever! in crosby \u2019 s rendition, northern soldiers were told that their battle against southern rebellion was actually part of a larger war launched in 1775. fort moultrie was the patriot fort outside charleston, south carolina, that had played such a dramatic role in the defense of the city against british invaders during the american revolution. now that south carolina was the center of insurrection, crosby urged northern soldiers to remember these nation - founding battles \u2014 fort moultrie and bunker hill \u2014 and meet the southern traitors with an iron will. they were fighting to preserve the union that earlier patriots had secured through revolution ; if they adopted their forefathers \u2019 courage, \u201c our union shall not sever. \u201d in the end, the north won the musical battle as well as the military war. shortly after announcing the surrender of confederate general robert e. lee, lincoln ordered the band to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43532184553684905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.586617"} {"text": "forefathers \u2019 courage, \u201c our union shall not sever. \u201d in the end, the north won the musical battle as well as the military war. shortly after announcing the surrender of confederate general robert e. lee, lincoln ordered the band to strike up \u201c dixie. \u201d the song, he said, had been \u201c fairly captured. \u201d while some few may say lincoln had the song played as a way to rub in his victory, and others say that he told the band to play \u201c dixie \u201d because he missed hearing it himself, most historians agree that it was in fact part of a broader political plan. once the war was over, lincoln wanted nothing more than the successful reunion of two american peoples ravaged by war. having the band play \u201c dixie \u201d was symbolic of his desire to bring the broken pieces of their great nation back together. just a little bit of history repeating but all of the controversy surrounding the song did not end when lee surrendered at appomattox courthouse. roughly a century later, \u201c dixie \u201d excited a new set of arguments. this second round of debates began in the 1960s when african american students at southern universities objected to the playing of \u201c dixie \u201d at school events. the song was implicitly racist, they argued, rooted in the minstrel tradition that grotesquely mocked slaves and their degraded lives. and as the anthem of the confederacy, the song represented the south \u2019 s attempts to retain several million african americans in perpetual bondage. nonsense, answered the songs \u2019 defenders ; \u201c dixie \u201d was just a harmless expression of southern heritage. however it might have originated or been heard 100 years before, it had become nothing more than a celebration of the south, a proud and distinctive part of america. banning \u201c dixie, \u201d they said, was \u201c political correctness \u201d run wild, an overly sensitive reaction to an important expression of the south \u2019 s culture and history. the argument was not restricted to college campuses. several politicians joined the students in arguing that the song should be banned from public ceremonies, just as many countered that the song was a harmless piece of americana. even supreme court chief justice william rehnquist included \u201c dixie \u201d on the song list for the sing - along he hosted every year at a legal conference. so which is it? is the song a racist and painful expression of past sins? or is it an important piece of american history and culture, an expression of the \u201c old south \u201d that can be sung without endorsing the attitudes that may have originally lain beneath it? the debate continues to be wage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4494587700984039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.587779"} {"text": "expression of past sins? or is it an important piece of american history and culture, an expression of the \u201c old south \u201d that can be sung without endorsing the attitudes that may have originally lain beneath it? the debate continues to be waged today, and some of these questions are more easily answered than others. despite 19th - century attempts to rewrite the song \u2019 s history, \u201c dixie \u201d is not exactly a positive expression of the old south. it was not written on some southern porch, nor did it emerge from some ancient folk melody. it was written by a northerner and first performed in a new york theater, and many historians argue that it was intended to be an ironic parody of southern values, a joke at the plantation owners \u2019 expense. but clearly the south had a different idea of what the song meant. it was not only set within southern culture, it became an anthem as the confederacy launched its war for separation from the union ( another reason it should no longer be celebrated, some say ). there \u2019 s no denying the racist tone of the old minstrel song. with its crude portrait of slaves and cheery view of slave life, the song celebrates rather than mourns a tragic part of american history. but on the other hand, the part of the song most commonly sung today is the refrain, which, in isolation, makes a more simple statement : \u201c i wish i was in dixie, hooray! hooray! \u201d old song, new views on top of all the other controversy surrounding \u201c dixie, recent research suggests that the song may be representative of a different legacy of racism : america \u2019 s failure for centuries to acknowledge all of the contributions to american life made by african americans. according to some historians, daniel emmett did not actually write the song ; they claim he learned \u201c dixie \u201d from members of the snowden family band, a group of african american performers that lived near his family farm in ohio. there \u2019 s plenty of evidence to suggest that emmett knew the snowdens ; in fact, later in his career he actually performed alongside them. and the snowden family has long maintained that their ancestors wrote the famous minstrel hit, although no claims were made to this effect during emmett \u2019 s lifetime. not every music historian has embraced this theory. in fact, most argue that the evidence is more circumstantial than verifiable. yet the possibility serves as a reminder that african americans \u2019 contributions to our national culture were buried for centuries. and if ultimately proven true,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46303798593224305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.588799"} {"text": "theory. in fact, most argue that the evidence is more circumstantial than verifiable. yet the possibility serves as a reminder that african americans \u2019 contributions to our national culture were buried for centuries. and if ultimately proven true, the snowdens \u2019 authorship would provide yet another, albeit ironic, example of the enormous impact african americans made not only on american music, but also southern identity. it seems as though we may be in the same place as we were 150 years ago in terms of the song \u2019 s place in american society. is \u201c dixie \u201d another reminder of america \u2019 s painful past that should be mourned rather than celebrated? or is it an important expression of southern culture that deserves to be honored and performed? ultimately, it \u2019 s for you to decide. in the meantime, you might begin by asking a different set of questions. what sort of historical artifact is the song? what does it tell us about american culture and the ways in which 19th - century americans composed and used music? what does it say about american popular entertainment and both northern and southern audiences? what does the song say about its composer, a northerner and son of an abolitionist? what does it say about abe lincoln? and what might it say about the snowdens and other african american families like them? to play or not to play \u201c dixie \u201d \u2014 somehow that is still the question. next page : technique previous page : lyrics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47241343484941406, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.589494"} {"text": "brora : the industrial capital of sutherland a small pocket of jurassic rocks containing coal on the east coast of sutherland at brora gave rise to its place in history as the industrial capital of the highlands. coal was mined here for 400 years. the first reference to coal in brora occurs in a sutherland charter of 1529. the last pit closed in 1974. coal powered a range of local industries including brickworks, textile making, distilleries and of course salt panning. no trace of the coal industry upon which the one - time prosperity of brora so largely depended, now remains. \u201c the ancient glory of brora... laid bare \u201d these words from the inverness advertiser in 1869 were reporting an event in which \u201c the sand banks along the shore have been considerably encroached upon, and at port cheaniraidh ( winter port ), a mile to the west of the river, the action of the sea against the banks has laid bare a row of buildings which must have been for ages lain imbedded in the sea \u2026 numbers of people flock to visit this long hidden relic of the ancient glory of brora \u201d. read more about recent uncovering of long hidden buildings and new discoveries about brora \u2019 s former salt pan sites in our archaeology pages. local participation and events are the foundation and the strength of the brora saltpans project. find out more - and find yourself! on our gallery pages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40706326780873453, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.591988"} {"text": "paper recycling programme environmental responsibility is fundamental to shred - it \u2019 s corporate mission and values. once materials have been shredded on site at a customer \u2019 s facility, they are subsequently baled and recycled into a variety of useful paper products. this process ensures that our customers \u2019 confidential information is always disposed of in the most secure way possible, whilst helping save the environment in the process. for every two security consoles filled with paper, one tree is saved through the recycling process. in 2008, shred - it \u2019 s uk recycling programme saved over 630, 000 trees, through the responsible recycling of 35, 000 tonnes of paper. so if recycling is part of your organisation \u2019 s environmental policy, we can help you fulfil your green commitments. at the end of each year we provide our regularly - scheduled shred clients with an environmental certificate indicating the number of trees saved by using shred - it \u2019 s services. shred - it trucks and eco - friendly document shredding shred - it uses environmentally friendly hydraulic fluids ( environ mv 32 ) in all of our new shredding vehicles which are : - inherently biodegradable - non - toxic, non - carcinogenic, low odour - contain no heavy metals that contaminate ground and waste waters - have a longer life than vegetable - oil - based fluids which decreases consumption shred - it also uses \u201c idle down \u201d in our new technology as part of our eco - friendly paper shredding. all of our new technology meets euro 5 emission standards and use adblue\u00ae technology to provide cleaner emissions. all of our security consoles are constructed with 100 % recycled - wood particle board. shred - it is continually developing new technologies and processes to help further reduce our emissions, fuel consumption and carbon footprint. interested in a greener tomorrow? want to see how paper shredding helps save the environment? for more information on our commitment to the environment, download our environmental fact sheet. contact us today to find out how paper shredding can help save the environment \u2013 and stay secure in the process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4777934200781956, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.595774"} {"text": "do it when you ' re 18! now that you are 18, make sure you have your say \u2013 use your right to vote. if you don \u2019 t you will lose your chance to influence the way things are run in the country. you can vote : - when you ' re 18 and have registered to vote. - you also need to be a british, irish, commonwealth or european union citizen. remember you can only vote at elections if your name appears in the register of electors. how do you register? an electoral registration form is sent to every household in september / october every year. make sure your name is included on this form before it is returned to us. you should be included on this form if you are : - 16 years of age or over ( as the register of electors runs from 1st december to 30th november every year we need the dates of birth of persons just under 18 to make sure they are on the register in time for them to vote ). although your name may appear on the register of electors before you are 18 you will not be allowed to vote until you are 18. - a british, irish, commonwealth or european union citizen the information we receive on the registration forms returned from each household is then transferred into a list and is called the electoral register. this register is published every year on the 1st december. if you move house after the register has been compiled you can apply to have your details changed by completing a rolling registration form. there are two variations of this register one is called the full register and the other is the edited register. the full register is everyone who is registered to vote. it is used for elections and by certain organisations to check credit applications and to stop crime. the edited register is some of the people who are registered to vote. you can choose if you want to be on this register or not by ticking a box on the registration form that \u2019 s sent to your home. anyone can purchase this register and use it for whatever purpose. some points to remember - it is a legal requirement to register to vote. - it is not compulsory to vote but it is to register to vote. - you must register annually. - if you apply for credit, credit reference agencies can use the register to check your details and if you are not registered you may be refused credit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4018658747449657, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.601074"} {"text": "bombay ( mumbai ) was originally established on seven islets off the coast of india but the separating waterways have been filled in to connect these islands to each other and to the much larger salsette island. now the site of the city is essentially a peninsula ( although technically still an island ). a bridge across thana creek brings the extensive development on the mainland into the metropolitan area of bombay. what is now mumbai was known to the greek ptolomy as heptanesia, \" seven islands. \" but in even more ancient times the area was known for the temple to the goddess mumba, a consort of shiva. the name bombay stems from the 16th century when the portuguese acquired control of the area. bombay is a corruption of mumbai. the portuguese monarchy transferred control of the area to the british monarchy in 1661 a part of the dowry of the sister of of the portuguese king when she married king charles ii of england. the monarchy transferred control in 1668 to the east india company. initially bombay was far less important to the east india company than its trading stations in calcutta and madras. but bombay began to grow as a result of refugees from the region seeking the protection that the british could provide. over the years bombay grew to be the most important center of trade, commerce, manufacturing and finance for india. bombay was particularly important in the cotton textile industry in the 19th century, but that industry is now less significant. bombay has well - developed industries in vehicles, chemicals, electronics, paper making, publishing and food processing. bombay is the home of the reserve bank of india, the central bank of the nation. private banking is also concentrated in bombay. in effect, bombay is the new york and chicago of india. home page of thayer watkins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43445410648360666, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.602825"} {"text": "the autocad command system : the first thing to understand about autocad is how the command system operates. everything in autocad is achieved by issuing a command. generally, commands are entered by : in some cases, a particular command can be entered in any one of those three ways depending on your personal preference. to complicate the matter further, some commands can be typed in with an abbreviated alias, which is often the quickest way to get the command started. once a command has been issued, autocad displays a prompt ( or instruction ) on the command line indicating your options for proceeding with that command. to see how the command process operates, watch the command line as you click on any toolbar button. you will see the corresponding command printed at the command prompt and then, as autocad responds to the command, it will display some kind of instruction or prompt ( on the same line ) and then wait for you to respond. remember to press the key if you wish to cancel the command ( unless you want to carry it through to see what happens ). the command line prompt always follows the same \u201c pattern \u201d. autocad first tells you what it expects you to do ( \u201c enter a point \u201d, \u201c type in a value \u201d, etc ). if there are other alternative actions you can take as part of that command sequence, then those are listed next within square brackets, each separated by a slash character. you can select any of those alternative options by typing the capitalized letters only of the option. at the end of the prompt line, if appropriate, autocad displays the default answer to the prompt within angle brackets. if you simply press the enter key, autocad will use that default value. to develop your understanding of this process further, choose any of the drawing tools, click the button while watching the command prompt, and then pick points in the drawing area in response to the prompts. you should be able to draw things with very little further explanation!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44601003758119045, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.605890"} {"text": "when selecting a solar electric back power system for your home or business, it is important to know approximately how much power you will need to have available to power emergency loads during a blackout. unlike an offgrid solar system which needs to replenish the amount of power consumed with available sunlight within each day that the system is operating. a backup power system need only supply power for the anticipated duration of a blackout, which in most cases is only a few hours. in fact in most cases, solar panels are not necessary in such a system because the backup power system ' s batteries can be recharged in anticipation of the next power failure by using utility power once it has returned to normal operation. the only advantage that solar panels would serve in such a system would be in the event that a prolonged outage ( more than 24 hours ) should occur. in a typical backup power system, batteries store the energy that is needed to power the designated emergency loads for the pre - determine period of time. just like a small ups ( uninterruptible power supply ) for your computer can supply power for 5 to 15 minutes allowing you time to safely shut you computer off, a backup power system supplies power but in this case for hours or even days, allowing you to operate your home or business until the power has returned. in order to select the appropriate system for your backup power needs, it is important to match your anticipated power consumption with your back up system ' s battery bank capacity. to correctly size a system for your home or business you must first determine the wattage of each item that you wish to power during a power failure and also determine how long each item will run during the power failure. for example a 60 watt light bulb that is used for 5 hours will consume 300 watt hours. watts multiplied by time is equal to watt hours. a microwave oven that consumes 800 watts that runs for 15 minutes, consumes 200 watt hours, 800 watts times. 25 hours equals 200 watt hours. so to correctly size a system, simply make a list of each item that you intend to run. next to each item write down it ' s power consumption in watts and next to that write down the amount of time that the item will run during the power failure, then multiply the watts of the item by the amount of time that it will run and write that number down in the last column. after you have calculated the watt hour consumption for each item, simply add each item ' s watt hour rating together and you ' ll have your total consumption", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47221094800454844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.615615"} {"text": "item by the amount of time that it will run and write that number down in the last column. after you have calculated the watt hour consumption for each item, simply add each item ' s watt hour rating together and you ' ll have your total consumption.. for example : once we have this information, it ' s a simple matter to match the number of batteries that you will need in order to store enough power for what you choosing an inverter for your backup power system dc to ac inverters are available as inverter units only, or may have additional circuits added that allows them to charge batteries when an external ac source is fed into the inverter. this type of configuration is know as an inverter / charger. in addition to the charger circuit, these units will typically include a device known as an ac transfer switch. the advantage to purchasing an inverter / charger with transfer switch is that it can function as a highly reliable automatic power backup unit or ups. when the utility company is operating normally the inverter / charger passes the utility company power through its internal transfer switch to your appliances and maintains a charge on your battery bank. as soon as the utility power fails, the inverter automatically stops charging the battery bank and begins producing its own ac power which is passed on to your appliances through its internal ac when the utility power returns, the inverter goes back to charging the batteries and again passes the utility power though the transfer switch to your appliances. most inverter / chargers switch from utility power to inverter power and back again so fast that most of your appliances will hardly miss a beat. sizing the wattage rating of an inverter for your backup system is a simple matter of determining the total number of appliances that you would typically be operating on a concurrent basis, and adding a buffer of at least 500 watts. in other words if there was a possibility that you would have your 600 watt microwave, a 200 watts coffee maker and a 200 watt stereo running at the same time, you would be drawing 1000 watts, then you should choose a 1500 watt inverter. an inverter should never be run at it ' s maximum rating for prolonged periods of time, doing so will shorten the life of the inverter. another issue to consider is the amount of surge current that your appliances draws. any appliance that uses a transformer, motor or other magnetic device draws what is known as surge current at startup. these devices are otherwise known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5020642436735587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.616762"} {"text": "the inverter. another issue to consider is the amount of surge current that your appliances draws. any appliance that uses a transformer, motor or other magnetic device draws what is known as surge current at startup. these devices are otherwise known as inductors. inductors appose the flow of electrical current. when an inductor is first energized there is a great degree of inertia that must be overcome for the magnetic field which surrounds the inductor to reach it ' s maximum field. just as it ' s difficult to initially push a car by hand that is at rest and gets easier to push as it gets going. initially starting an inductor takes a great deal of current to get it started but backs off on the current after it gets going. devices such as microwave ovens, refrigerator compressors, fan motors and large transformer based appliances can draw from 3 to 6 times it ' s normal wattage in an initial surge of current. this initial surge of current typically only lasts milliseconds but it ' s enough to shut down an inverter if it ' s not sized properly. thus it ' s important to choose an inverter that has enough surge capacity to start such appliances. for example a meager 600 watt microwave oven will typically require a 2000 watt inverter just to get it started. if all of this information seems a little overwhelming, don ' t worry our friendly knowledgeable staff are here to help you every step of and finally, be cautious when purchasing a backup power system for your home or place of the internet. get to know who you ' re dealing with. many of the backup power kits that are available on the internet are actually home made configurations. many websites on the internet that would appear to be large reputable companies are actually home based affairs that operate from an impossible to trace pob ( po box ). remember, you ' re about to give this individual your personal information and more importantly your credit card number. is his company solvent? does he have liability insurance? does he really have the items that you ' re about to purchase in stock? does he have any stock? with the advent of the energy crisis, dozens of home based dealers with little or no formal training or experience have cropped up on the internet. even if you don ' t live nearby, ask the dealer if you can get directions to his place of business so you can stop by and take a look at some products. if you can ' t get directions or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5142947537117177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.617715"} {"text": "problems of philosophy chapter 5 - knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description after distinguishing two types of knowledge, knowledge of things and knowledge of truths, russell devotes this fifth chapter to an elucidation of knowledge of things. he further distinguishes two types of knowledge of things, knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. we have knowledge by acquaintance when we are directly aware of a thing, without any inference. we are immediately conscious and acquainted with a color or hardness of a table before us, our sense - data. since acquaintance with things is logically independent from any knowledge of truths, we can be acquainted with something immediately without knowing any truth about it. i can know the color of a table \" perfectly and completely when i see it \" and not know any truth about the color in itself. the other type of knowledge of things is called knowledge by description. when we say we have knowledge of the table itself, a physical object, we refer to a kind of knowledge other than immediate, direct knowledge. \" the physical object which causes such - and - such sense - data \" is a phrase that describes the table by way of sense - data. we only have a description of the table. knowledge by description is predicated on something with which we are acquainted, sense - data, and some knowledge of truths, like knowing that \" such - and - such sense - data are caused by the physical object. \" thus, knowledge by description allows us to infer knowledge about the actual world via the things that can be known to us, things with which we have direct acquaintance ( our subjective sense - data ). according to this outline, knowledge by acquaintance forms the bedrock for all of our other knowledge. sense - data is not the only instance of things with which we can be immediately acquainted. for how would we recall the past, russell argues, if we could only know what was immediately present to our senses. beyond sense - data, we also have \" acquaintance by memory. \" remembering what we were immediately aware of makes it so that we are still immediately aware of that past, perceived thing. we may therefore access many past things with the same requisite immediacy. beyond sense - data and memories, we possess \" acquaintance by introspection. \" when we are aware of an awareness, like in the case of hunger, \" my desiring food \" becomes an object of acquaintance. introspective acquaintance is a kind of acquaintance with our own minds that may be understood as self - consciousness. however, this self - consciousness is really more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6199948993374317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.631411"} {"text": "in the case of hunger, \" my desiring food \" becomes an object of acquaintance. introspective acquaintance is a kind of acquaintance with our own minds that may be understood as self - consciousness. however, this self - consciousness is really more like a consciousness of a feeling or a particular thought ; the awareness rarely includes the explicit use of \" i, \" which would identify the self as a subject. russell abandons this strand of knowledge, knowledge of the self, as a probable but unclear dimension of acquaintance. russell summarizes our acquaintance with things as follows : \" we have acquaintance in sensation with the data of the outer senses, and in introspection with the data of what may be called the inner sense \u2014 thoughts, feelings, desires, etc. ; we have acquaintance in memory with things which have been data either of the outer senses or of the inner sense. further, it is probable, though not certain, that we have acquaintance with self, as that which is aware of things or has desires towards things. \" all these objects of acquaintance are particulars, concrete, existing things. russell cautions that we can also have acquaintance with abstract, general ideas called universals. he addresses universals more fully later in chapter 9. russell allocates the rest of the chapter to explaining how the complicated theory of knowledge by description actually works. the most conspicuous things that are known to us by description are physical objects and other people ' s minds. we approach a case of having knowledge by description when we know \" that there is an object answering to a definite description, though we are not acquainted with any such object. \" russell offers several illustrations in the service of understanding knowledge by description. he claims that it is important to understand this kind of knowledge because our language uses depends so heavily on it. when we say common words or proper names, we are really relying on the meanings implicit in descriptive knowledge. the thought connoted by the use of a proper name can only really be explicitly expressed through a description or proposition. bismarck, or \" the first chancellor of the german empire, \" is russell ' s most cogent example. imagine that there is a proposition, or statement, made about bismarck. if bismarck is the speaker, admitting that he has a kind of direct acquaintance with his own self, bismarck might have voiced his name in order to make a self - referential judgment, of which his name is a constituent. in this simplest case, the \" proper name has the direct use which it always wishes to have, as simply", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6221097879777157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.632895"} {"text": "own self, bismarck might have voiced his name in order to make a self - referential judgment, of which his name is a constituent. in this simplest case, the \" proper name has the direct use which it always wishes to have, as simply standing for a certain object, and not for a description of the object. \" if one of bismarck ' s friends who knew him directly was the speaker of the statement, then we would say that the speaker had knowledge by description. the speaker is acquainted with sense - data which he infers corresponds with bismarck ' s body. the body or physical object representing the mind is \" only known as the body and the mind connected with these sense - data, \" which is the vital description. since the sense - data corresponding to bismarck change from moment to moment and with perspective, the speaker knows which various descriptions are valid. still more removed from direct acquaintance, imagine that someone like you or i comes along and makes a statement about bismarck that is a description based on a \" more or less vague mass of historical knowledge. \" we say that bismarck was the \" first chancellor of the german empire. \" in order to make a valid description applicable to the physical object, bismarck ' s body, we must find a relation between some particular with which we have acquaintance and the physical object, the particular with which we wish to have an indirect acquaintance. we must make such a reference in order to secure a meaningful description. to usefully distinguish particulars from universals, russell posits the example of \" the most long - lived of men, \" a description which wholly consists of universals. we assume that the description must apply to some man, but we have no way of inferring any judgment about him. russell remarks, \" all knowledge of truths, as we shall show, demands acquaintance with things which are of an essentially different character from sense - data, the things which are sometimes called ' abstract ideas ', but which we shall call ' universals '. \" the description composed only of universals gives no knowledge by acquaintance with which we might anchor an inference about the longest - lived man. a further statement about bismarck, like \" the first chancellor of the german empire was an astute diplomatist, \" is a statement that contains particulars and asserts a judgment that we can only make in virtue of some acquaintance ( like something heard or read ). statements about things known by description function in our language as statements about the \" actual thing described ; \" that is, we intend to refer to that thing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6207744937350703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.634205"} {"text": "judgment that we can only make in virtue of some acquaintance ( like something heard or read ). statements about things known by description function in our language as statements about the \" actual thing described ; \" that is, we intend to refer to that thing. we intend to say something with the direct authority that only bismarck himself could have when he makes a statement about himself, something with which he has direct acquaintance. yet, there is a spectrum of removal from acquaintance with the relevant particulars : from bismarck himself, \" there is bismarck to people who knew him ; bismarck to those who only know of him through history \" and at a far end of the spectrum \" the longest lived of men. \" at the latter end, we can only make propositions that are logically deducible from universals, and at the former end, we come as close as possible to direct acquaintance and can make many propositions identifying the actual object. it is now clear how knowledge gained by description is reducible to knowledge by acquaintance. russell calls this observation his fundamental principle in the study of \" propositions containing descriptions \" : \" every proposition which we can understand must be composed wholly of constituents with which we are acquainted. \" indirect knowledge of some particulars seems necessary if we are to expressively attach meanings to the words we commonly use. when we say something referring to julius caesar, we clearly have no direct acquaintance with the man. rather, we are thinking of such descriptions as \" the man who was assassinated on the ides of march \" or \" the founder of the roman empire. \" since we have no way of being directly acquainted with julius caesar, our knowledge by description allows us to gain knowledge of \" things which we have never experienced. \" it allows us to overstep the boundaries of our private, immediate experiences and engage a public knowledge and public language. this knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description theory was a famous epistemological problem - solver for russell. its innovative character allowed him to shift to his moderate realism, a realism ruled by a more definite categorization of objects. it is a theory of knowledge that considers our practice of language to be meaningful and worthy of detailed analysis. russell contemplates how we construct a sense of meaning about objects remote from our experience. the realm of acquaintance offers the most secure references for our understanding of the world. knowledge by description allows us to draw inferences from our realm of acquaintance but leaves us in a more vulnerable position. since knowledge by description also depends on truths, we are prone to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6322126380897151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.635803"} {"text": "of acquaintance offers the most secure references for our understanding of the world. knowledge by description allows us to draw inferences from our realm of acquaintance but leaves us in a more vulnerable position. since knowledge by description also depends on truths, we are prone to error about our descriptive knowledge if we are somehow mistaken about a proposition that we have taken to be true. critics of this theory have held that russell ' s hypothesis of knowledge by description is confusing. his comments when defining sense - data, that the physical world is unknowable to us, contradict his theory of knowledge by descriptions. he implies that \" knowledge by description \" is not really a form of knowledge since we can only know those things with which we are acquainted and we cannot be acquainted with physical objects. russell ' s theory amounts to the proposition that our acquaintance with mental objects appears related in a distant way to physical objects and renders us obliquely acquainted with the physical world. sense - data are our subjective representations of the external world, and they negotiate this indirect contact. while innovative, russell ' s theory of knowledge by description is not an attractive theory of knowledge. it is clearly unappealing because our impressions of the real world, on his view, are commensurate with muddy representations of reality. though we have direct access to these representations, it seems impossible to have any kind of direct experience of reality. reality, rather, consists in unconscious, inferential pieces of reasoning. readers ' notes allow users to add their own analysis and insights to our sparknotes \u2014 and to discuss those ideas with one another. have a novel take or think we left something out? add a readers ' note!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6508848987566699, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.636739"} {"text": "the idea that many athletes need to learn to breathe properly might sound ridiculous at first. but many young athletes are breathing improperly during their workouts, thus failing to maximize their strength training. think of how many bright red faces you \u2019 ve seen at the gym. that doesn \u2019 t necessarily mean their owners are having a great workout. it could mean they \u2019 re breathing backwards, or not at all. \u201c breathing backwards \u201d refers to those who take in a big gulp of air as they struggle to lift the weight, exhaling after they finally get to the top of the exercise. \u201c not at all \u201d refers to the valsalva maneuver, which is the practice of forcefully exhaling against a closed airway. weightlifters commonly use this technique, believing the trapped air in the body helps stabilize the spine during a lift, preventing injury. this is actually dangerously inaccurate. in fact, \u201c a study published in the june 1986 issue of the journal spine found that the valsalva maneuver actually increases the pressure of the spine, \u201d says personal trainer and livestrong. com contributor kimberly wonderly. \u201c dr. michael hall, a family physician for dubois regional medical center in dubois, pennsylvania, states that the valsalva maneuver increases your risk of stroke, raises the amount of pressure within your eyes and greatly elevates your blood pressure. \u201d breathing in this manner also risks dizziness and fatigue, either of which would probably end your workout early. wonderly continues, \u201c proper breathing brings focus to both your breath and your body, which allows your body to signal you if a lift poses a risk of injury through improper form or too much resistance. \u201d let \u2019 s break down proper breathing techniques for the bench press as an example of when you should inhale and exhale : in short, the rule is to exhale when you exert force [ push the bar ] and inhale as you relax [ lower the bar ]. this pattern of breathing will allow you to focus on your form and engage the muscles needed to complete the exercise. like a sport - specific skill, proper breathing can take time and practice to master. but in the end, it \u2019 s worth it, and you \u2019 ll notice benefits in your workouts. for more help in mastering your breathing technique during strength training, tweet us at @ stackmedia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.50509451897477, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.639214"} {"text": "a concussion is a minor traumatic brain injury that may occur when the head hits an object, or a moving object strikes the head. it can affect how the brain works for a while. a concussion can lead to a bad headache, changes in alertness, or loss of consciousness. causes, incidence, and risk factors : a concussion can result from a fall, sports activities, or car accidents. a big movement of the brain ( called jarring ) in any direction can cause a person to lose alertness ( become unconscious ). how long the person stays unconscious may be a sign of the severity of the concussion. concussions do not always result in loss of consciousness. most people who have a concussion never pass out. but they may describe seeing all white, black, or stars. a person can also have a concussion and not realize it. symptoms of a concussion range from mild to severe. they can include : - acting confused, feeling spacey, or not thinking straight - being drowsy, hard to wake up, or similar changes loss of consciousness - memory loss ( amnesia ) of events before the injury or right after - nausea and vomiting - seeing flashing lights - feeling like you have \" lost time \" the following are emergency symptoms of a concussion. seek medical care right away if there are : - changes in alertness and consciousness - confusion that does not go away - muscle weakness on one or both sides - persistent confusion - pupils of the eyes that are not equal in size - remaining unconsciousness ( coma ) - repeated vomiting - unequal pupils - unusual eye movements - walking or balance problems - unconsciousness ( coma ) that continues head injuries that cause a concussion often occur with injury to the neck and spine. take special care when moving people who have had a head injury. while recovering from a concussion, the person may : - be withdrawn, easily upset, or confused - have a hard time with tasks that require remembering or concentrating - have mild headaches - be less tolerant of noise - be very tired signs and tests : the doctor will perform a physical exam. the person ' s nervous system will be checked. there may be changes in the person ' s pupil size, thinking ability, coordination, and reflexes. tests that may be ordered include : a more serious head injury that involves bleeding or brain damage must be treated in a hospital. for a mild head injury no treatment may be needed. but be aware that the symptoms of a head injury can show up later. - friends or family may need to keep an eye on adults for symptoms after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5555429806609724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.645841"} {"text": "brain damage must be treated in a hospital. for a mild head injury no treatment may be needed. but be aware that the symptoms of a head injury can show up later. - friends or family may need to keep an eye on adults for symptoms after they are released from the emergency room or doctor \u2019 s office. - parents or caregivers of children need to keep an eye on a child for symptoms after a head injury. - both adults and children must follow the health care provider \u2019 s instructions about when the person can return to sports. after even a mild concussion : - do not do activities that can cause further head injury. - avoid tasks that require concentration or complicated thinking. these include reading, homework, and preparing reports. - avoid bright lights and loud sounds. these can overstimulate the brain. recovering from a concussion takes time. - it may take days, weeks, or even months. - the person have trouble concentrating and may be unable to remember things. the person may be irritable, have headaches, dizziness, blurry vision, and nausea that comes and goes. - adults should get help from family or friends before making important decisions. this is because reasoning and thinking processes may be impaired. in a small group of patients, symptoms of the concussion do not go away. the risk of long - term changes in the brain is high if the person has more than one brain injury seizures may occur after more severe head injuries. calling your health care provider : call the health care provider if a head injury causes changes in alertness or produces any other worrisome symptoms. if symptoms do not go away or are not improving after 2 or 3 weeks, talk to the doctor. call the doctor right away if the following symptoms occur : - changes in behavior or unusual behavior - changes in speech ( slurred, difficult to understand, does not make sense ) - difficulty waking up or becoming more sleepy - double vision or blurred vision - fluid or blood leaking from the nose or ears - headache that is getting worse, lasts a long time, or does not get better with over - the - counter pain relievers - problems walking or talking - seizures ( jerking of the arms or legs without control ) - vomiting more than three times not all head injuries can be prevented. but the following simple steps can help keep you and your child safe : - always use safety equipment during activities that could cause a head injury. these include seat belts, bicycle or motorcycle helmets, and hard hats. - learn and follow bicycle safety recommendations. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43700854523506605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.647022"} {"text": "the following simple steps can help keep you and your child safe : - always use safety equipment during activities that could cause a head injury. these include seat belts, bicycle or motorcycle helmets, and hard hats. - learn and follow bicycle safety recommendations. - do not drink and drive. do not allow yourself to be driven by someone who you know or suspect has been drinking alcohol or is otherwise impaired. biros mh, heegard wg. head injury. in : marx ja, hockberger rs, walls rm, et al., eds. rosen ' s emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. 7th ed. philadelphia, pa : elsevier mosby ; 2009 : chap 38. hunt t, asplund c. concussion assessment and management. clin sports med. 2009 ; 5 - 17. landry gl. head and neck injuries. in : kliegman rm, stanton bf, st. geme jw iii, et al., eds. nelson textbook of pediatrics. 19th ed. philadelphia, pa : elsevier saunders ; 2011 : chap 680. | review date : 1 / 1 / 2013 | reviewed by : jacob l. heller, md, mha, emergency medicine, virginia mason medical center, seattle, washington. also reviewed by a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc., editorial team : david zieve, md, mha, david r. eltz, stephanie slon, and nissi wang. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4263556164787039, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.647829"} {"text": "how to become an airline or commercial pilot students often use flight simulators to learn how to fly. many pilots learn to fly in the military, but a growing number now earn an associate \u2019 s or bachelor \u2019 s degree from a civilian flying school. all pilots who are paid to transport passengers or cargo must have a commercial pilot ' s license and an instrument rating. to qualify for a commercial pilot \u2019 s license, applicants must be at least 18 years old and have at least 250 hours of flight experience. education and training military veterans have always been an important source of experienced pilots because of the extensive training and flight time that the military provides. however, an increasing number of people are becoming pilots by attending flight school or taking lessons from a federal aviation administration ( faa ) certified instructor. the faa certifies hundreds of civilian flight schools, including some colleges and universities that offer pilot training as part of an aviation degree. in addition, most airline companies require at least 2 years of college and prefer to hire college graduates. in fact, most pilots today have a bachelor \u2019 s degree. because the number of college - educated applicants continues to increase, many employers are making a college degree an entry - level requirement. preferred courses for airline pilots include english, math, physics, and aeronautical engineering. because pilots must be able to make quick decisions and react appropriately under pressure, airline companies will often reject applicants who do not pass psychological and aptitude tests. once hired by an airline, new pilots undergo additional company training that usually includes 6 - 8 weeks of ground school and 25 hours of additional flight time. after they finish this training, airline pilots must keep their certification by attending training once or twice a year. commercial pilot \u2019 s license. all pilots who are paid to transport passengers or cargo must have a commercial pilot ' s license. to qualify for this license, applicants must be at least 18 years old and have at least 250 hours of flight experience. applicants must also pass a strict physical exam to make sure that they are in good health, must have vision that is correctable to 20 / 20, and must have no physical handicaps that could impair their performance. in addition, they must pass a written test that includes questions about safety procedures, navigation techniques, and faa regulations. finally, they must demonstrate their flying ability to an faa - designated examiner. instrument rating. to fly during periods of low visibility, pilots must be rated to fly by instruments. they may qualify for this rating by having at least 40 hours of instrument flight experience. pilots also must pass a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3861354608794654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.652037"} {"text": "ability to an faa - designated examiner. instrument rating. to fly during periods of low visibility, pilots must be rated to fly by instruments. they may qualify for this rating by having at least 40 hours of instrument flight experience. pilots also must pass a written exam and show an examiner their ability to fly by instruments. airline certifications. currently, airline captains must have an airline transport pilot certificate. in 2013, new regulations will require first officers to have this certificate as well. applicants must be at least 23 years old, have a minimum of 1, 500 hours of flight time, and pass written and flight exams. furthermore, airline pilots usually maintain one or more advanced ratings, depending on the requirements of their particular aircraft. all licenses are valid as long as a pilot can pass periodic physical, eye, and flight examinations. many civilian pilots start as flight instructors, building up their flight hours while they earn money teaching. as they become more experienced, these instructors can move into jobs as commercial pilots. commercial pilots may begin their careers flying charter planes, helicopters, or crop dusters. these positions typically require less experience than airline jobs require. some commercial pilots may advance to flying corporate planes. in nonairline jobs, a first officer may advance to captain and, in large companies, to chief pilot or director of aviation. however, many pilots use their commercial experience as a steppingstone to becoming an airline pilot. airline pilots may begin as flight engineers or first officers for regional airline companies. newly hired pilots at regional airline companies typically have about 2, 000 hours of flight experience. over time, experience gained at these jobs may lead to higher paying jobs with major airline companies. newly hired pilots at major airline companies typically have about 4, 000 hours of flight experience. for airline pilots, advancement depends on a system of seniority outlined in union contracts. typically, after 1 to 5 years, flight engineers may advance to first officer and, after 5 to 15 years, to captain. communication skills. pilots must speak clearly when conveying information to air traffic controllers. they must also listen carefully for instructions. depth perception. pilots must be able to see clearly and judge the distance between objects. detail oriented. pilots must watch many systems at the same time. even small changes can have significant effects, so they must constantly pay close attention to many details. monitoring skills. pilots must regularly watch over gauges and dials to make sure that all systems are in working order. problem - solving skills. pilots must be able to identify complex problems and figure out appropriate solutions. when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42378034741302734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.653004"} {"text": "- introduction to hubble - the current science instruments - mission operations and observations - previous instruments - technical overview introduction to hubble the hubble space telescope ( hst ) is a cooperative program of the european space agency ( esa ) and the national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ) to operate a space - based observatory for the benefit of the international astronomical community. hst is an observatory first envisioned in the 1940s, designed and built in the 1970s and 80s, and operational since the 1990. since its preliminary inception, hst was designed to be a different type of mission for nasa - - a long - term, space - based observatory. to accomplish this goal and protect the spacecraft against instrument and equipment failures, nasa planned on regular servicing missions. hubble has special grapple fixtures, 76 handholds, and is stabilized in all three axes. hst is a 2. 4 - meter reflecting telescope, which was deployed in low - earth orbit ( 600 kilometers ) by the crew of the space shuttle discovery ( sts - 31 ) on 25 april 1990. responsibility for conducting and coordinating the science operations of the hubble space telescope rests with the space telescope science institute ( stsci ) on the johns hopkins university homewood campus in baltimore, maryland. stsci is operated for nasa by the association of universities for research in astronomy, inc. ( aura ). hst ' s current complement of science instruments includes three cameras, two spectrographs, and fine guidance sensors ( primarily used for accurate pointing, but also for astrometric observations ). because of hst ' s location above the earth ' s atmosphere, these science instruments can produce high - resolution images of astronomical objects. ground - based telescopes are limited in their resolution by the earth \u2019 s atmosphere, which causes a variable distortion in the images. hubble can observe ultraviolet radiation, which is blocked by the atmosphere and therefore unavailable to ground - based telescopes. in the infrared portion of the spectrum, the earth \u2019 s atmosphere adds a great deal of background, which is absent in hubble observations. when originally planned in the early 1970s, the large space telescope program called for return to earth, refurbishment, and re - launch every 5 years, with on - orbit servicing every 2. 5 years. hardware lifetime and reliability requirements were based on that 2. 5 - year interval between servicing missions. in the late 70s, contamination and structural loading concerns associated with return to earth aboard the shuttle eliminated the concept of ground return from the program. nasa decided that on - orbit servicing might be adequate to maintain hst", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5550723482219097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.670439"} {"text": "5 - year interval between servicing missions. in the late 70s, contamination and structural loading concerns associated with return to earth aboard the shuttle eliminated the concept of ground return from the program. nasa decided that on - orbit servicing might be adequate to maintain hst for its 15 - year design life. a three - year cycle of on - orbit servicing was adopted. hst servicing missions in december 1993, february 1997, december 1999, march 2002 and may 2009 were enormous successes and validated the concept of on - orbit servicing of hubble. the years since the launch of hst in 1990 have been momentous, with the discovery of spherical aberration in its main mirror and the search for a practical solution. the sts - 61 ( endeavour ) mission of december 1993 corrected the effects of spherical aberration and fully restored the functionality of hst. since then, servicing missions have regularly provided opportunities to repair aging and failed equipment as well as incorporate new technologies in the telescope, especially in the science instruments that are the heart of its operations. see opo ' s hubble primer for more information about hst. the current science instruments space telescope imaging spectrograph a spectrograph spreads out the light gathered by a telescope so that it can be analyzed to determine such properties of celestial objects as chemical composition and abundances, temperature, radial velocity, rotational velocity, and magnetic fields. the space telescope imaging spectrograph ( stis ) can study these objects across a spectral range from the uv ( 115 nanometers ) through the visible red and the near - ir ( 1000 nanometers ). stis uses three detectors : a cesium iodide photocathode multi - anode microchannel array ( mama ) for 115 to 170 nm, a cesium telluride mama for 165 to 310 nm, and a charge coupled device ( ccd ) for 165 to 1000 nm. all three detectors have a 1024 x 1024 pixel format. the field of view for each mama is 25 x 25 arc - seconds, and the field of view of the ccd is 52 x 52 arc - seconds. the main advance in stis is its capability for two - dimensional rather than one - dimensional spectroscopy. for example, it is possible to record the spectrum of many locations in a galaxy simultaneously, rather than observing one location at a time. stis can also record a broader span of wavelengths in the spectrum of a star at one time. as a result, stis is much more efficient at obtaining scientific data than the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5323401247721365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.671429"} {"text": "in a galaxy simultaneously, rather than observing one location at a time. stis can also record a broader span of wavelengths in the spectrum of a star at one time. as a result, stis is much more efficient at obtaining scientific data than the earlier hst spectrographs. a power supply in stis failed in august 2004, rendering it inoperable. during the servicing mission in 2009, astronauts successfully repaired the stis by removing the circuit card containing the failed power supply and replacing it with a new card. since stis was not designed for in - orbit repair of internal electronics, this task was a substantial challenge for the astronaut crew. near infrared camera and multi - object spectrometer the near infrared camera and multi - object spectrometer ( nicmos ) is an hst instrument providing the capability for infrared imaging and spectroscopic observations of astronomical targets. nicmos detects light with wavelengths between 0. 8 and 2. 5 microns - longer than the human - eye limit. the sensitive hgcdte arrays that comprise the infrared detectors in nicmos must operate at very cold temperatures. after its deployment, nicmos kept its detectors cold inside a cryogenic dewar ( a thermally insulated container much like a thermos bottle ) containing frozen nitrogen ice. nicmos is hst ' s first cryogenic instrument. the frozen nitrogen ice cryogen in nicmos was exhausted in early 1999, rendering the instrument inoperable at that time. an alternate means of cooling the nicmos was developed and installed in the march 2002 servicing mission. this device uses a mechanical cooler to cool the detectors to the low temperatures necessary for operations. the technology for this cooler was not available when the instrument was originally designed, but fortunately became available in time to support the reactivation of the instrument. since late 2008, the nicmos cooling system ( ncs ) has experienced difficulties maintaining the instrument \u2019 s nominal scientific operating state, in which the detectors are maintained at ~ 77k. repeated restart attempts have demonstrated that it is not possible to restart the ncs in a cold state immediately following safing events. the main culprit for the problems is believed to be water ice in the primary ( circulator ) loop of the ncs. an inefficient approach to this problem would be to put the ncs through a several - month warm - up / cooldown cycle and hope that there is an opportunity for science prior to the next payload safing event. the only feasible path towards satisfactory operation of nic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5791097258668132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.672628"} {"text": "to this problem would be to put the ncs through a several - month warm - up / cooldown cycle and hope that there is an opportunity for science prior to the next payload safing event. the only feasible path towards satisfactory operation of nicmos is to remove the putative water by venting the existing contaminated ne coolant and replacing it with a fresh charge, which is available onboard but has never actually been used on - orbit. based on the cycle 18 proposal review results, stsci and goddard hst project, with the concurrence of nasa headquarters, have decided that nicmos will not be available for science in cycle 18. a decision on the availability of nicmos beyond cycle 18 has not yet been made and awaits further discussion. advanced camera for surveys the acs is a camera designed to provide hst with a deep, wide - field survey capability from the visible to near - ir, imaging from the near - uv to the near - ir with the point - spread function critically sampled at 6300 a, and solar blind far - uv imaging. the primary design goal of the acs wide - field channel is to achieve a factor of 10 improvement in discovery efficiency, compared to wfpc2, where discovery efficiency is defined as the product of imaging area and instrument throughput. these gains are a direct result of improved technology since the hst was launched in 1990. the charge coupled devices ( ccds ) used as detectors in the acs, are more sensitive than those of the late 80s and early 90s, and also have many more pixels, capturing more of the sky in each exposure. the wide field camera in the acs is a 16 megapixel camera. the acs was installed during the march 2002 servicing mission. as a result of the improved sensitivity it instantly became the most heavily used hubble instrument. it has been used for surveys of varying breadths and depths, as well as for detailed studies of specific objects. the acs worked well until january 2007, at which time a failure in the electronics for the ccds occurred and has prevented use of those detectors. engineers and astronauts then developed an approach to remove and replace the failed electronics, which was carried out during the 2009 servicing mission. as with the stis repair, the acs repair was challenging, since the instrument was not designed originally with this type of repair in mind. fine guidance sensors the fine guidance sensors ( fgs ), in addition to being an integral part of the hst pointing control system ( pcs ), provide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5327768961155215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.673584"} {"text": "repair was challenging, since the instrument was not designed originally with this type of repair in mind. fine guidance sensors the fine guidance sensors ( fgs ), in addition to being an integral part of the hst pointing control system ( pcs ), provide hst observers with the capability of precision astrometry and milliarcsecond resolution over a wide range of magnitudes ( 3 < v < 16. 8 ). its two observing modes - position mode and transfer mode - have been used to determine the parallax and proper motion of astrometric targets to a precision of 0. 2 mas, and to detect duplicity or structure around targets as close as 8 mas ( visual orbits can be determined for binaries as close as 12 mas ). cosmic origins spectrograph the cosmic origins spectrograph ( cos ) is a fourth - generation instrument that was installed on the hubble space telescope ( hst ) during the 2009 servicing mission. cos is designed to perform high sensitivity, moderate - and low - resolution spectroscopy of astronomical objects in the 115 - 320 nm wavelength range. it significantly enhances the spectroscopic capabilities of hst at ultraviolet wavelengths, and provides observers with unparalleled opportunities for observing faint sources of ultraviolet light. the primary science objectives of the cos are the study of the origins of large scale structure in the universe, the formation and evolution of galaxies, the origin of stellar and planetary systems, and the cold interstellar medium. the cos achieves its improved sensitivity through advanced detectors and optical fabrication techniques. at uv wavelengths even the best mirrors do not reflect all light incident upon them. previous spectrographs have required multiple ( 5 or more ) reflections in order to display the spectrum on the detector. a substantial portion of the cos improvement in sensitivity is due to an optical design that requires only a single reflection inside the instrument, reducing the losses due to imperfect reflectivity. this design is possible only with advanced techniques for fabrication, which were not available when earlier generations of hst spectrographs were designed. cos has a far - uv and near - uv channel that use different detectors : two side - by - side 16384 x 1024 pixel cross - delay line microchannel plates ( mcps ) for the far - uv, 115 to 205 nm, and a 1024x1024 pixel cesium telluride mama for the near - uv, 170 to 320 nm. the far - uv detector is similar to detectors flown on the fuse spacecraft, and takes advantage of improved technology over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5504778400266174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.674692"} {"text": "nm, and a 1024x1024 pixel cesium telluride mama for the near - uv, 170 to 320 nm. the far - uv detector is similar to detectors flown on the fuse spacecraft, and takes advantage of improved technology over the past decade. the near - uv detector is a spare stis detector. wide field camera 3 the wide field camera 3 ( wfc3 ) is also a fourth generation instrument that was installed during the 2009 servicing mission. equipped with state - of - the - art detectors and optics, wfc3 provides wide - field imaging with continuous spectral coverage from the ultraviolet into the infrared, dramatically increasing both the survey power and the panchromatic science capabilities of hst. the wfc3 has two camera channels : the uvis channel that operates in the ultraviolet and visible bands ( from about 200 to 1000 nm ), and the ir channel that operates in the infrared ( from 900 to 1700 nm ). the performance of the two channels was designed to complement the performance of the acs. the uvis channel provides the largest field of view and best sensitivity of any ultraviolet camera hst has had. this is feasible as a result of continued improvement in the performance of charge coupled devices designed for astronomical use. the ir channel on wfc3 represents a major improvement on the capabilities of the nicmos, primarily as a result of the availability of much larger detectors, 1 megapixel in the wfc3 / ir vs. 0. 06 megapixels for the nicmos. in addition, modern ir detectors like that in the wfc3 have benefited from improvements over the last decade in design and fabrication. mission operations and observations : although hst operates around the clock, not all of its time is spent observing. each orbit lasts about 95 minutes, with time allocated for housekeeping functions and for observations. \" housekeeping \" functions includes turning the telescope to acquire a new target, switching communications antennas and data transmission modes, receiving command loads and downlinking data, calibrating the instruments and similar activities. on average, the telescope spends about 50 % of the time observing astronomical targets. about 50 % of the time the view to celestial targets is blocked by the earth, and that time is used to carry out these support functions. each year the stsci solicits ideas for scientific programs from the worldwide astronomical community. all astronomers are free to submit proposals for observations. typically, 700 - 1200 proposals are submitted each year. a series of panels, involving roughly 100 astronomers from around the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5154101617715323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.675728"} {"text": "the stsci solicits ideas for scientific programs from the worldwide astronomical community. all astronomers are free to submit proposals for observations. typically, 700 - 1200 proposals are submitted each year. a series of panels, involving roughly 100 astronomers from around the world, are convened to recommend which of the proposals to carry out over the next year. there is only sufficient time in a year to schedule about 1 / 5 of the proposals that are submitted, so the competition for hubble observing time is tight. after proposals are chosen, the observers submit detailed observation plans. the stsci uses these to develop a yearlong observing plan, spreading the observations evenly throughout the period and taking into account scientific reasons that may require some observations to be at a specific time. this long - range plan incorporates calibrations and engineering activities, as well as the scientific observations. this plan is then used as the basis for detailed scheduling of the telescope, which is done one week at a time. each event is translated into a series of commands to be sent to the onboard computers. computer loads are uplinked several times a day to keep the telescope operating efficiently. when possible, two scientific instruments are used simultaneously to observe adjacent target regions of the sky. for example, while a spectrograph is focused on a chosen star or nebula, a camera can image a sky region offset slightly from the main viewing target. during observations the fine guidance sensors ( fgs ) track their respective guide stars to keep the telescope pointed steadily at the right target. engineering and scientific data from hst, as well as uplinked operational commands, are transmitted through the tracking data relay satellite ( tdrs ) system and its companion ground station at white sands, new mexico. up to 24 hours of commands can be stored in the onboard computers. data can be broadcast from hst to the ground stations immediately or stored on a solid - state recorder and downlinked later. the observer on the ground can examine the \" raw \" images and other data within a few minutes for a quick - look analysis. within 24 hours, gsfc formats the data for delivery to the stsci. stsci is responsible for calibrating the data and providing them to the astronomer who requested the observations. the astronomer has a year to analyze the data from the proposed program, draw conclusions, and publish the results. after one year the data become accessible to all astronomers. the stsci maintains an archive of all data taken by hst. this archive has become an important research tool in itself. astronomers regularly check the archive to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5301374161490102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.677902"} {"text": "draw conclusions, and publish the results. after one year the data become accessible to all astronomers. the stsci maintains an archive of all data taken by hst. this archive has become an important research tool in itself. astronomers regularly check the archive to determine whether data in it can be used for a new problem they are working on. frequently they find that there are hst data relevant for their research, and they can then download these data free of charge. hubble has proven to be an enormously successful program, providing new insight into the mysteries of the universe. previously flown instruments : - wide field planetary camera - wide field planetary camera 2 - faint object spectrograph - goddard high resolution spectrograph - corrective optics space telescope axial replacement - faint object camera - high speed photometer wide field / planetary camera the wide field / planetary camera ( wf / pc1 ) was used from april 1990 to november 1993, to obtain high resolution images of astronomical objects over a relatively wide field of view and a broad range of wavelengths ( 1150 to 11, 000 angstroms ). wide field planetary camera 2 the original wide field / planetary camera ( wf / pc1 ) was replaced by wfpc2 on the sts - 61 shuttle mission in december 1993. wfpc2 was a spare instrument developed by the jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, california, at the time of hst launch. it consisted of four cameras. the relay mirrors in wfpc2 were spherically aberrated in just the right way to correct for the spherically aberrated primary mirror of the observatory. ( hst ' s primary mirror is 2 microns too flat at the edge, so the corrective optics within wfpc2 were too high by that same amount. ). the \" heart ' ' of wfpc2 consisted of an l - shaped trio of wide - field sensors and a smaller, high resolution ( \" planetary \" ) camera tucked in the square ' s remaining corner. wfpc2 was removed in the may 2009 servicing mission and replaced by the wide - field camera 3 ( wfc3 ). faint object spectrograph a spectrograph spreads out the light gathered by a telescope so that it can be analyzed to determine such properties of celestial objects as chemical composition and abundances, temperature, radial velocity, rotational velocity, and magnetic fields. the faint object spectrograph ( fos ) was one of the original instruments on hubble ; it was replaced by nicmos during the second servicing mission in 1997", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5395647731379898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.679456"} {"text": "composition and abundances, temperature, radial velocity, rotational velocity, and magnetic fields. the faint object spectrograph ( fos ) was one of the original instruments on hubble ; it was replaced by nicmos during the second servicing mission in 1997. the fos examined fainter objects than the high resolution spectrograph ( hrs ), and could study these objects across a much wider spectral range - - from the uv ( 1150 angstroms ) through the visible red and the near - ir ( 8000 angstroms ). the fos used two 512 - element digicon sensors ( light intensifiers ). the \" blue \" tube was sensitive from 1150 to 5500 angstroms ( uv to yellow ). the \" red \" tube was sensitive from 1800 to 8000 angstroms ( longer uv through red ). light entered the fos through any of 11 different apertures from 0. 1 to about 1. 0 arc - seconds in diameter. there were also two occulting devices to block out light from the center of an object while allowing the light from just outside the center to pass on through. this could allow analysis of the shells of gas around red giant stars of the faint galaxies around a quasar. the fos had two modes of operation : low resolution and high resolution. at low resolution, it could reach 26th magnitude in one hour with a resolving power of 250. at high resolution, the fos could reach only 22nd magnitude in an hour ( before noise becomes a problem ), but the resolving power was increased to 1300. goddard high resolution spectrograph the goddard high resolution spectrograph ( ghrs ) was one of the original instruments on hubble ; it failed in 1997, shortly before being replaced by stis during the second servicing mission. as a spectrograph, hrs also separated incoming light into its spectral components so that the composition, temperature, motion, and other chemical and physical properties of the objects could be analyzed. the hrs contrasted with the fos in that it concentrated entirely on uv spectroscopy and traded the extremely faint objects for the ability to analyze very fine spectral detail. like the fos, the hrs used two 521 - channel digicon electronic light detectors, but the detectors of the hrs were deliberately blind to visible light. one tube was sensitive from 1050 to 1700 angstroms ; while the other was sensitive from 1150 to 3200 angstroms. the hrs also had three resolution modes : low, medium, and high.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5647770343849823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.680964"} {"text": "deliberately blind to visible light. one tube was sensitive from 1050 to 1700 angstroms ; while the other was sensitive from 1150 to 3200 angstroms. the hrs also had three resolution modes : low, medium, and high. \" low resolution \" for the hrs was 2000 - - higher than the best resolution available on the fos. examining a feature at 1200 angstroms, the hrs could resolve detail of 0. 6 angstroms and could examine objects down to 19th magnitude. at medium resolution of 20, 000 ; that same spectral feature at 1200 angstroms could be seen in detail down to 0. 06 angstroms, but the object would have to be brighter than 16th magnitude to be studied. high resolution for the hrs was 100, 000, allowing a spectral line at 1200 angstroms to be resolved down to 0. 012 angstroms. however, \" high resolution \" could be applied only to objects of 14th magnitude or brighter. the hrs could also discriminate between variations in light from objects as rapid as 100 milliseconds apart. corrective optics space telescope axial replacement costar was not a science instrument ; it was a corrective optics package that displaced the high speed photometer during the first servicing mission to hst. costar was designed to optically correct the effects of the primary mirror ' s aberration for the faint object camera ( foc ), the high resolution spectrograph ( hrs ), and the faint object spectrograph ( fos ). all the other instruments that have been installed since hst ' s initial deployment, have been designed with their own corrective optics. when all of the first - generation instruments were replaced by other instruments, costar was no longer be needed and was removed from hubble during the 2009 servicing mission. faint object camera the faint object camera ( foc ) was built by the european space agency as one of the original science instruments on hubble. it was replaced by acs during the servicing mission in 2002. there were two complete detector systems for the foc. each used an image intensifier tube to produced an image on a phosphor screen that is 100, 000 times brighter than the light received. this phosphor image was then scanned by a sensitive electron - bombarded silicon ( ebs ) television camera. this system was so sensitive that objects brighter than 21st magnitude had to be dimmed by the camera ' s filter systems to avoid saturating the detectors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5335088091451543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.681936"} {"text": "##or image was then scanned by a sensitive electron - bombarded silicon ( ebs ) television camera. this system was so sensitive that objects brighter than 21st magnitude had to be dimmed by the camera ' s filter systems to avoid saturating the detectors. even with a broad - band filter, the brightest object that could be accurately measured was 20th magnitude. the foc offered three different focal ratios : f / 48, f / 96, and f / 288 on a standard television picture format. the f / 48 image measured 22 x 22 arc - seconds and yielded a resolution ( pixel size ) of 0. 043 arc - seconds. the f / 96 mode provided an image of 11 x 11 arc - seconds on each side and a resolution of 0. 022 arc - seconds. the f / 288 field of view was 3. 6 x 3. 6 arc - seconds square, with resolution down to 0. 0072 arc - seconds. high speed photometer the high speed photometer ( hsp ) was one of the four original axial instruments on the hubble space telescope ( hst ). the hsp was designed to make very rapid photometric observations of astrophysical sources in a variety of filters and passbands from the near ultraviolet to the visible. the hsp was removed from hst during the first servicing mission in december, 1993. for more complete technical information about hst and its instruments, see the hst primer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.568021632845629, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.682541"} {"text": "honour and cherish them... in our country, the father was the head of the family and the sole bread winner from ancient times. however, with more and more women going to work, to supplement the income, this role of being the sole bread winner has changed in modern times. but, in our culture, he ' s still the head of the family and is highly respected. even though the mother is the primary care - giver, traditionally father ' s too play a key role in the upbringing of a child, especially in these modern times where both parents go to work. it is important to show love and gratitude to your father for all he does to provide for the family and protect you all. today, which is father ' s day is ideal to do so, especially if you are too busy with your own life. even though we don ' t need such special days, let ' s make the most of it and see how it originated. in the us and many other countries, father ' s day is celebrated on the third sunday in june. so, it means today is father ' s day. according to this rule, the date changes every year. next year it ' ll fall on june 20. there have been many theories about father ' s day and how it came into practice to celebrate our wonderful fathers. some say, the idea evolved from around 4, 000 years ago when a boy with the name of elmusu wished his father longevity ( long life ) life and good health by making a card out of mud clay and scribing his appreciation message on it. what happened to elmusu and his father is not known, but the tradition of having a special day to honour our fathers has continued through the years internationally. the commercialisation of father ' s day is said to have emerged after an american ( spokane, washington ) woman named sonora smart dodd thought of the father ' s day celebration whilst listening to a mother ' s day sermon in 1909. having being raised by her widowed single father, henry jackson smart after sonora ' s mother died, senora wanted her father to know how special he was to her. she saw him as a selfless, courageous and loving man and since he was born in june - she chose to celebrate and hold the first father ' s day on june 19, in spokane, washington. in 1924, president calvin coolidge proclaimed the third sunday in june as father ' s day, which was then established as a permanent national observance by president nixon in 1972. roses are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4116661632543225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.685578"} {"text": "what is lead poisoning? lead poisoning occurs when you absorb too much lead by breathing or swallowing a substance with lead in it, such as paint, dust, water, or food. lead can damage almost every organ system. in children, too much lead in the body can cause lasting problems with growth and development. these can affect behavior, hearing, and learning and can slow the child ' s growth. in adults, lead poisoning can damage the brain and reference nervous system opens new window, the stomach, and the kidneys. it can also cause reference high blood pressure opens new window and other health problems. although it isn ' t normal to have lead in your body, a small amount is present in most people. environmental laws have reduced lead exposure in the united states, but it is still a health risk, especially for young children. what causes lead poisoning? lead poisoning is usually caused by months or years of exposure to small amounts of lead at home, work, or day care. it can also happen very quickly with exposure to a large amount of lead. many things can contain or be contaminated with lead : paint, air, water, soil, food, and manufactured goods. the most common source of lead exposure for children is reference lead - based paint opens new window and the dust and soil that are contaminated by it. this can be a problem in older homes and buildings. adults are most often exposed to lead at work or while doing hobbies that involve lead. who is at highest risk of lead poisoning? lead poisoning can occur at any age, but children are most likely to be affected by high lead levels. children at highest risk include those who : - live in or regularly visit homes or buildings built before 1978. these buildings may have lead - based paint. the risk is even higher in buildings built before 1950, when lead - based paint was more commonly used. - are immigrants, refugees, or adoptees from other countries. reference 1 they may have been exposed to higher lead levels in these countries. - are 6 years old or younger. young children are at higher risk because : - they often put their hands and objects in their mouths. - they sometimes swallow nonfood items. - their bodies absorb lead at a higher rate. - their brains are developing quickly. others at risk for lead poisoning include people who : - drink water that flows through pipes that were soldered with lead. - work with lead either in their job or as a hobby ( for example, metal smelters, pottery makers, and stained glass artists ). -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47974443035476116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.690383"} {"text": "poisoning include people who : - drink water that flows through pipes that were soldered with lead. - work with lead either in their job or as a hobby ( for example, metal smelters, pottery makers, and stained glass artists ). - eat food from cans made with lead solder. these types of cans aren ' t made in the united states. - cook or store food in ceramic containers. some ceramic glaze contains lead that may not have been properly fired or cured. - eat or breathe traditional or folk remedies that contain lead, such as some herbs and vitamins from other countries. - live in communities with a lot of industrial pollution. what are the symptoms? you may not notice any symptoms at first. the effects are easy to miss and may seem related to other conditions. the higher the amount of lead in the body, the more severe the symptoms are. in children, symptoms can include : - slightly lower intelligence and smaller size compared to children of the same age. - behavior problems, such as acting angry, moody, or hyperactive. - learning problems. - lack of energy, and not feeling hungry. in adults, lead poisoning can cause : - changes in behavior, mood, personality, and sleep patterns. - memory loss and trouble thinking clearly. - weakness and muscle problems. severe cases can cause seizures, paralysis, and coma. how is lead poisoning diagnosed? the doctor will ask questions and do a physical exam to look for signs of lead poisoning. if your doctor suspects lead poisoning, he or she will do a blood test to find out the amount of lead in the blood. diagnosing lead poisoning is difficult, because the symptoms can be caused by many diseases. most children with lead poisoning don ' t have symptoms until their blood lead levels are very high. in the united states, there are screening programs to check lead levels in children who are likely to be exposed to lead. whether your child needs to be tested depends in part on where you live, how old your housing is, and other risk factors. talk to your child ' s doctor about whether your child is at risk and should be screened. adults usually aren ' t screened for lead poisoning unless they have a job that involves working with lead. for these workers, companies usually are required to provide testing. if you are pregnant or trying to get pregnant and have a family member who works with lead, you may want to ask your doctor about your risk for lead poisoning. but in general, experts don ' t recommend routine testing for lead in pregnant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4460591730555855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.691330"} {"text": "testing. if you are pregnant or trying to get pregnant and have a family member who works with lead, you may want to ask your doctor about your risk for lead poisoning. but in general, experts don ' t recommend routine testing for lead in pregnant women who don ' t have symptoms. reference 2 how is it treated? treatment for lead poisoning includes removing the source of lead, getting good nutrition, and, in some cases, having chelation therapy. removing the source of lead. old paint chips and dirt are the most common sources of lead in the home. lead - based paint, and the dirt and dust that come along with it, should be removed by professionals. in the workplace, removal usually means removing lead dust that ' s in the air and making sure that people don ' t bring contaminated dust or dirt on their clothing into their homes or other places. good nutrition. eating foods that have enough iron and other vitamins and minerals may be enough to reduce lead levels in the body. a person who eats a balanced, nutritious diet may absorb less lead than someone with a poor diet. reference chelation therapy opens new window. if removing the lead source and getting good nutrition don ' t work, or if lead levels are very high, you may need to take chelating medicines. these medicines bind to lead in the body and help remove it. if blood lead levels don ' t come down with treatment, home and work areas may need to be rechecked. call your local health department to see what inspection services are offered in your area. the best way to avoid lead poisoning is to prevent it. treatment cannot reverse any damage that has already occurred. but there are many reference ways to reduce your exposure \u2014 and your child ' s \u2014 before it causes symptoms. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference july 26, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference john pope, md - pediatrics reference r. steven tharratt, md, mpvm, facp, fccp - pulmonology, critical care medicine, medical toxicology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4501189015847147, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.692167"} {"text": "chocolate may be good for the heart, scientists have said, following a large study that found that those who eat more of it are less likely to suffer heart disease and strokes. why chocolate lovers should be better off than those who shun it is not clear. it contains antioxidant flavonoids, known to be protective, but also sugar and \u2014 especially in the forms popular in the uk \u2014 milk powder, which are implicated in weight gain. obesity is a well - established cause of serious heart problems. dieticians suggested that eating chocolate might be helpful because people find it relaxing. the study was presented at the european society of cardiology meeting in paris and was published online by the british medical journal. it was undertaken by oscar franco and colleagues from cambridge university, who wanted to try to establish whether a long - speculated association between eating chocolate and reduced risk of heart disease was real. the scientists carried out a review of all the relevant and most convincing evidence they could find \u2014 seven studies involving more than 100, 000 people. they compared the rates of heart disease in those who ate the most chocolate with those who ate the least. five of the seven studies found chocolate \u2014 eaten in a variety of forms, from sweet bars to chocolate biscuits and drinking cocoa \u2014 to be protective. they concluded that the \u201c highest levels of chocolate consumption were associated with a 37 percent reduction in stroke compared with lowest levels. \u201d the studies did not differentiate between dark, milk and white chocolate. they also found no effect on heart failure. the authors are cautious about the results, warning that chocolate is high in calories \u2014 about 500 for every 100g \u2014 which can cause people to put on weight and lead to heart disease. however, they think the possible benefits should be further explored, including ways to reduce the fat and sugar content of chocolate. \u201c this paper doesn \u2019 t really say eat chocolate to improve heart health. nor do the authors conclude this either. what they seem to say is, those who don \u2019 t deny themselves a sweet treat of chocolate \u2014 white or brown \u2014 have better cardiovascular outcomes, \u201d said catherine collins, a dietician at st george \u2019 s hospital in london. \u201c i do feel that the perceived relaxing effect of chocolate... [ is ] perhaps akin to modest alcohol consumption \u2014 a relaxing treat, perceived as a \u2018 de - stressor \u2019 and a food whose cost base is so low it \u2019 s affordable by virtually all, \u201d she said. in the uk, she said, any benefit must be almost entirely due to this relaxation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41161764863649253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.696625"} {"text": "drought emergency planning workshops during 2012, the texas commission on environmental quality ( tceq ) hosted drought emergency planning workshops throughout the state. the workshops provided local government officials, board members, and their water system operators information and tools to prevent and mitigate water outages. workshop presentation topics included : - the status and severity of the continuing drought in texas, - an explanation of the emergency process and the role of each agency in the process, - a discussion on what the drinking water task force is and what it has done thus far, - an explanation of available tools, including financial, managerial, and technical ( fmt ) assistance ; the enviromentor program ; funding ; and the texas water infrastructure coordination committee ( twicc ), - a discussion on creating an emergency plan : - obtaining interconnections - drilling emergency wells - planning for conservation representatives from the texas commission on environmental quality, texas division of emergency management, texas water development board, the texas water infrastructure coordination committee, local river authorities, and the local ground water conservation districts were available to provide additional information. drought and emergency management resources for public water systems - map of current drought conditions \u2013 u. s. drought monitor map of current drought conditions - financial, managerial, and technical assistance program \u2013 professional contractors who provide a water system, or the utility operating it, help that is tailored to their specific needs - enviromentor program \u2013 professional volunteers who can help small businesses and local governments comply with state environmental rules - resources for texas water and wastewater utilities ( rg - 220 ) \u2013 lists agencies and organizations that provide funding and assistance to utilities for water, wastewater, and waste disposal - texas water infrastructure coordination committee ( twicc ) \u2013 committee to identify solutions to water and wastewater infrastructure compliance issues and to seek funding - emergency interconnection procedure for public water systems \u2013 tceq \u2019 s procedure for public water system emergency interconnection - emergency and temporary use of wells for public water supplies \u2013 rules and procedures for converting wells to temporary use to supply the public when other sources are unavailable - list of licensed water haulers \u2013 list of licensed water haulers in texas - tceq drought contingency plans \u2013 resources for developing a contingency plan in the event of drought or similar water shortage - water conservation \u2013 learn how you can conserve water - texas drought information \u2013 drought information, including surface and groundwater regulations, and emergency procedures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.436082936460524, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.699291"} {"text": "some of the founders and leading lights in the fields of artificial intelligence and cognitive science gave a harsh assessment last night of the lack of progress in ai over the last few decades. during a panel discussion \u2014 moderated by linguist and cognitive scientist steven pinker \u2014 that kicked off mit \u2019 s brains, minds, and machines symposium, panelists called for a return to the style of research that marked the early years of the field, one driven more by curiosity rather than narrow applications. \u201c you might wonder why aren \u2019 t there any robots that you can send in to fix the japanese reactors, \u201d said marvin minsky, who pioneered neural networks in the 1950s and went on to make significant early advances in ai and robotics. \u201c the answer is that there was a lot of progress in the 1960s and 1970s. then something went wrong. [ today ] you \u2019 ll find students excited over robots that play basketball or soccer or dance or make funny faces at you. [ but ] they \u2019 re not making them smarter. \u201d patrick winston, director of mit \u2019 s artificial intelligence laboratory from 1972 to 1997, echoed minsky. \u201c many people would protest the view that there \u2019 s been no progress, but i don \u2019 t think anyone would protest that there could have been more progress in the past 20 years. what went wrong went wrong in the \u2019 80s. \u201d winston blamed the stagnation in part on the decline in funding after the end of the cold war and on early attempts to commercialize ai. but the biggest culprit, he said, was the \u201c mechanistic balkanization \u201d of the field, with research focusing on ever - narrower specialties such as neural networks or genetic algorithms. \u201c when you dedicate your conferences to mechanisms, there \u2019 s a tendency to not work on fundamental problems, but rather [ just ] those problems that the mechanisms can deal with, \u201d said winston. winston said he believes researchers should instead focus on those things that make humans distinct from other primates, or even what made them distinct from neanderthals. once researchers think they have identified the things that make humans unique, he said, they should develop computational models of these properties, implementing them in real systems so they can discover the gaps in their models, and refine them as needed. winston speculated that the magic ingredient that makes humans unique is our ability to create and understand stories using the faculties that support language : \u201c once you have stories, you have the kind of creativity that makes the species different to any other. \u201d smaller design teams can now prototype and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5254676381903995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.703449"} {"text": "an illustration of nasa \u2019 s mars exploration rover spirit. credit : nasa jpl nasa \u2019 s mars exploration rovers, spirit and opportunity, have been trekking across the martian surface for the past half decade, surviving dust storms, sand traps, and three freezing winters with only minor setbacks. now spirit, having just received much fanfare in celebration of its five - year anniversary on the planet, appears to be running awry, and its operating team is concerned. it plans to conduct diagnostic tests on the rover later this week. engineers first noticed spirit \u2019 s peculiar behavior on sunday. the rover had radioed to say that it had received its driving commands for the day, but strangely, it had not moved. while nasa says that this can happen for a number of reasons, the rover also failed to record its day \u2019 s activities to its nonvolatile memory \u2013 storage that is retained even when the rover is powered off. the next day, the team asked the rover to determine its orientation by locating the sun. spirit found the sun, but it inaccurately reported its location. the spirit team does not yet have an explanation for why the rover may be a little out of whack, but one hypothesis is that it could be suffering the fleeting effects of cosmic rays hitting its electronics. diagnostic tests should provide a more definitive answer soon. spirit, like opportunity, is a warrior of the red planet. both rovers, launched in january 2004, were scheduled to last a minimum of three months and a maximum of six. now, after five years, the rovers have turned mars into what seems like a next - door neighbor \u2013 not the alien planet that it once was. since landing, the rovers have made important scientific discoveries. spirit discovered deposits of salts and minerals such as sulfur and silica, which only form with water. this happened when it inadvertently dug a trench behind itself while dragging a broken right front wheel. this video highlights spirit \u2019 s adventures : crater - exploring rover, was fortunate to land on exposed bedrock that was determined to be laid down in water some 3. 5 to 4 billion years ago. this was the first evidence of ancient surface water. it also discovered tiny balls of material that appear to have formed in the presence of water. this video highlights opportunity \u2019 s activities : scott maxwell, a rover driver at nasa \u2019 s jet propulsion laboratory, says that \u201c the mission just keeps getting better and better the longer it goes. \u201d \u201c mars is such a complex place, and these are such capable vehicles that there will never come a time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47491967266782276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.706157"} {"text": "pricing carbon emissions a bill before congress may prove a costly way to reduce greenhouse gases. - friday, june 5, 2009 - by kevin bullis experts are applauding a sweeping energy bill currently before the united states congress, saying that it could lead to significant cuts in greenhouse - gas emissions and improve the likelihood of a comprehensive international agreement to cut greenhouse gases. \" it ' s real climate - change legislation that ' s being taken seriously, \" says gilbert metcalf, a professor of economics at tufts university. but many warn that the bill ' s market - based mechanisms and more conventional regulations could make these emissions reductions more expensive than they need to be. the bill, officially called the american clean energy and security act of 2009, is also referred to as the waxman - markey bill, after its sponsors, henry waxman ( d - ca. ) and edward markey ( d - mass. ). the legislation would establish a cap and trade system to reduce greenhouse gases, an approach favored by most economists over conventional regulatory approaches because it provides a great deal of flexibility in how emissions targets are met. but it also contains mandates that could significantly reduce the cost savings that the cap and trade approach is supposed to provide. in a cap and trade system, the government sets a cap on total emissions of greenhouse gases from various industrial and utility sources, including power plants burning fossil fuels to generate electricity. it then issues allowances to polluters allowing them to emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases ; total emissions are meant to stay under the cap. over a period of time, the government gradually reduces the cap and the number of allowances until it reaches its target. if companies ' emissions exceed their allowances, they must buy more. economists like the system because companies can choose to either lower their emissions, such as by investing in new technology, or buy more allowances from the government or from companies that don ' t need them - - whichever makes the best economic sense. it is meant to create a carbon market, putting a value on emissions. in the proposed energy bill, the government will set caps to reduce greenhouse - gas emissions by 17 percent by 2020 ( compared with 2005 levels ) and by 80 percent by 2050 - - targets chosen to prevent the worst effects of climate change. setting caps will make electricity more expensive, as companies turn to cleaner technologies to meet ever lower caps or have to spend money to buy allowances from others with lower emissions. but the bill has some provisions for cushioning the blow, especially at first. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47103123334962405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.708985"} {"text": "the a - z of programming languages : lua - 11 september, 2008 20 : 29 this time we chat to prof. roberto ierusalimschy about the design and development of lua. prof. ierusalimschy is currently an associate professor in the pontifical catholic university of rio de janeiro ' s informatics department where he undertakes research on programming languages, with particular focus on scripting and domain specific languages. prof. ierusalimschy is currently supported by the brazilian council for the development of research and technology as an independent researcher, and has a grant from microsoft research for the development of lua. net. he also has a grant from finep for the development of libraries for lua. please note that due to popular demand we are no longer following alphabetical order for this series. if you wish to submit any suggestions for programming languages or language authors you would like to see covered, please email firstname. lastname @ example. org. what prompted the development of lua? was there a particular problem you were trying to solve? in our paper for the third acm history of programming languages conference we outline the whole story about the origins of lua. to make a long story short, yes, we did develop lua to solve a particular problem. although we developed lua in an academic institution, lua was never an \" academic language \", that is, a language to write papers about. we needed an easy - to - use configuration language, and the only configuration language available at that time ( 1993 ) was tcl. our users did not consider tcl an easy - to - use language. so we created our own configuration language. how did the name lua come about? before lua i had created a language that i called sol, which stood for \" simple object language \" but also means \" sun \" in portuguese. that language was replaced by lua ( still nameless at that time ). as we perceived lua to be \" smaller \" than sol, a friend suggested this name, which means \" moon \" in portuguese. were there any particularly difficult problems you had to overcome in the development of the language? no. the first implementation was really simple, and it solved the problems at hand. since then, we have had the luxury of avoiding hard / annoying problems. that is, there have been many problems along the way, but we never had to overcome them ; we have always had the option to postpone a solution. some of them have waited several years before being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5231911928818147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.714390"} {"text": "the luxury of avoiding hard / annoying problems. that is, there have been many problems along the way, but we never had to overcome them ; we have always had the option to postpone a solution. some of them have waited several years before being solved. for instance, since lua 2. 2, released in 1995, we have wanted lexical scoping in lua, but we didn \u2019 t know how to implement it efficiently within lua ' s constraints. nobody did. only with lua 5. 0, released in 2003 did we solve the problem, with a novel algorithm. what is the most interesting program that you ' ve seen written with lua and why? i have seen many interesting programs written in lua, in many different ways. i think it would be unfair to single one out. as a category, i particularly like table - driven programs, that is, programs that are more generic than the particular problem at hand and that are configured for that particular problem via tables. - the a - z of programming languages : awk - the a - z of programming languages : ada - the a - z of programming languages : asp - the a - z of programming languages : bash / bourne - again shell - the a - z of programming languages : c + + - the a - z of programming languages : forth - the a - z of programming languages : intercal - the a - z of programming languages : yacc - the a - z of programming languages : modula - 3 - the a - z of programming languages : d - the a - z of programming languages : python - pontifical catholic university - our paper review : sony xperia sp coming to a shopping centre near you : 3d body scanners asic debacle : conroy open to transparency over website blocks verizon, jennifer lopez partner on latino - focused wireless stores wikileaks party closer to registering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.521413855689401, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.715190"} {"text": "researchers calculated that cutting daily processed meat intake to 20g ( just under an ounce ) would reduce premature deaths by 3. 3 per cent, mainly by cutting cancer and heart disease rates. about 100, 000 people die prematurely in britain every year, before the age of 65, suggesting the reduction could prevent about 3, 000 early deaths a year. however, the study by zurich university academics has been criticised by a dietitian. the researchers, who followed the health of almost 450, 000 people aged 35 to 69, found the more processed meat people ate, the more likely they were to die early from any cause. this was true even after attempting to account for the fact that those who eat more meat tend to be less active, drink more and smoke. professor sabine rohrmann, who led the analysis of the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study, said : \u201c risks of dying earlier from cancer and cardiovascular disease also increased with the amount of processed meat eaten. \u201c overall, we estimate that three per cent of premature deaths each year could be prevented if people ate less than 20g processed meat per day. \" the researchers also found an indication that eating a lot of unprocessed red meat resulted in higher death rates, although this link was not strong enough for them to consider it statistically valid. but dr carrie ruxton, a dietitian from the meat advisory panel, said : \u201c this study should not put you off the odd bacon sandwich. \u201d she argued that such studies could never truly account for lifestyle differences, and isolate the supposed role of meat intake in death rates. \u201c if you \u2019 ve got someone who \u2019 s overweight, watching television for hours, munching a meat pie and smoking a fad, which one of those is relevant? \u201d she asked. \u201c you can \u2019 t say reducing processed meat intake will reduce mortality rates by three per cent. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4477115488262189, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.717117"} {"text": "wreck of the bounty the remains of the ship lie in just three metres of water below bounty bay, where it was burned by the mutineers in 1790. tourists can dive onto it. another wreck, the ss cornwallis, can also be explored. the only settlement. it contains a post office, church, courthouse, library, health centre, acupuncturist and hairdresser. power is provided by three generators, which operate for five hours in the morning and five hours in the evening. bells in the main square are used to make public announcements. a series of strikes in ones and twos is the call for prayer, three strikes signifies public work, four strikes is the signal for a share - out of food from a passing ship and five strikes announces the arrival of a ship. hill of difficulty the steep slope up which visitors must travel after arriving in bounty bay, following in the footsteps of the mutineers. opened in adamstown in 2005, it contains the original bible from the bounty. a four metre anchor from the ship is mounted in the square outside the courthouse. a bounty canon is also on display nearby. fletcher christian ' s cave on a ridge west of adamstown is a cave in which fletcher christian stayed during an early periods of upheaval on the island. he is said to have later been killed by another islander. the uninhabited islands of ducie and oeno, which also form part of the same overseas territory, have large central lagoons. whirlpools in the ducie lagoon are caused by tunnels that drain it to the sea. the lagoon is deep and noted for its poisonous fish and dangerous sharks. the islands are home to thousands of birds, including several rare species, including, the henderson crake, henderson fruit - dove, henderson lorikeet, henderson petrel, henderson reed - warbler, phoenix petrel and pitcairn reed - warbler. pitcairn ' s waters are full of fish. local boats are available for trips, or visitors can fish from the rocks. humpbacks and pilot whales can be spotted from the shore as they breach in the waters just off the coast. there is one cafe on pitcairn, called christian ' s cafe. it opens every friday. there is also a takeaway, open on wednesdays, and two bakeries. all visitors will also need an alcohol license before their arrival, if they wish to drink. these cost \u00a340 and are valid for six months. john adams ' grave known as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3793485857750402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.720892"} {"text": "also a takeaway, open on wednesdays, and two bakeries. all visitors will also need an alcohol license before their arrival, if they wish to drink. these cost \u00a340 and are valid for six months. john adams ' grave known as the patriarch of pitcairn, john adams outlived the other bounty mutineers and played a key role in restoring stability to the community after its early period of bloodshed. bang on iron a place on the northeast coast road where, under an overhanging rock, the mutineers set up their forge. another unusually - named spot is \" where reynolds cut the firewood \", a place where the captain of a ship visiting the island came ashore for firewood. bernice christian memorial park a sports area with facilities for tennis, volleyball, rounders, cricket and longball. a steep cliff, at the bottom of which is a popular picnic area and pitcairn ' s only beach. includes all of the island ' s 11 endemic plant species, as well as other rare flora and fauna. well - preserved remains of stone age settlements from the island ' s earlier inhabitants. there are also the remains of a prehistoric altar at tedside, where human sacrifices are understood to have been made. the 1, 1138 ft highest point on pitcairn. little george coc ' nuts a valley located in the south west of pitcairn. it was a coconut grove owned by george young, son of mutineer ned young. no guts captain the burial site of a captain from an early visiting ship who requested before death that he not be buried at sea. pitcairn was the next landfall and he was buried there. pitcairn is surrounded by a treacherous \u2013 but stunning \u2013 coastline with locations whose names evoke the island ' s history. among the sites for tourists to visit are several where inhabitants have suffered accidents, including \" where dan fall \", \" where freddie fall \", \" where minnie off \" and \" where tom off \". others include \" timiti ' s crack \", where a tahitian fell to his death, and \" down the god \", where heathen idols were found and cast into the sea. rocks off the shore include big george rock, bitey - bitey and bop bop. an area of the southern coast is called ugly name side. the origin of the name is unknown. nearby is a point simply called \" oh dear \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39609570592701115, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.721802"} {"text": "we hear so much about toxins in fish, you \u2019 re probably wondering \u2013 what exactly is safe to eat? according to health magazine, experts say that most seafood is healthy to eat twice a week. it contains high - quality protein, heart - healthy omega - 3s, and low levels of saturated fat. some types also contain pollutants such as mercury, which could harm developing babies. it is important to avoid these. luckily, it \u2019 s pretty easy to do. here \u2019 s how. - think small. tim fitzgerald is a scientist and senior policy specialist with the environmental defense fund. he says that the best way to reduce exposure to contaminants is to cut back on eating big fish. pollutants from the atmosphere regularly settle into the ocean, and fish that grow large - like shark, marlin and chilean sea bass - accumulate more contaminants in their bodies during their long lives. - also : mix it up. you want to eat a variety of seafood to lower the risks of contaminants. for example, if you like tuna, eat it only once a week because it \u2019 s a bigger fish. then choose something smaller, such as shrimp, for your next meal. whatever you do, don \u2019 t stop eating all seafood out of fear. dr. dariush mozaffarian is a director with the harvard school of public health. he says that eating fish is the single best dietary change you can make to reduce your risk of heart disease. studies show that the abundant omega - 3 fats in seafood help your heart by lowering blood - fat levels, slowing the buildup of plaque in your arteries, and lowering blood pressure. also, the environmental defense fund has come up with a new \u201c super green \u201d list of seafood that \u2019 s both low in contaminants, great sources of omega - 3s, and easy on the planet \u2013 meaning they \u2019 re not caught by trawls and dredges, which damage the ocean floor. this list includes farmed muscles, oysters and trout, wild alaskan salmon, pole - caught albacore tuna, and wild pacific sardines. so go ahead and enjoy them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42477321996636164, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.723904"} {"text": "city cbd looking south | population : | | 90, 466 ( 2006 census ) | | area : | | 116. 5 km\u00b2 ( 45. 0 sq mi ) | | region : | | darling downs, south east queensland | the city of toowoomba was a local government area located in the darling downs region of queensland, australia, encompassing the centre and inner suburbs of the regional city of toowoomba. the city covered an area of 116. 5 square kilometres ( 45. 0 sq mi ), and existed as a local government entity in various forms from 1860 until 2008, when it amalgamated with several other councils in the surrounding area to form the toowoomba region. the toowoomba municipality was proclaimed on 19 november 1860 under the municipalities act 1858, a piece of new south wales legislation inherited by queensland when it became a separate colony in 1859. william henry groom, sometimes described as the \" father of toowoomba \", was elected its first mayor. it achieved a measure of autonomy in 1878 with the enactment of the local government act. with the passage of the local authorities act 1902, toowoomba became a town council on 31 march 1903. on 29 october 1904, toowoomba was proclaimed a city. toowoomba absorbed parts of the shire of middle ridge and town of newtown on 23 february 1917, and on 19 march 1949, following a major reorganisation of local government in south east queensland, toowoomba grew its area to include parts of the highfields and drayton shires. in 2005 toowoomba city councillor lyle shelton called for toowoomba ' s boundaries to be expanded to encompass the area some refer to as \" greater toowoomba \", reflecting toowoomba ' s suburban spread beyond the city boundaries. in 2006 the mayor proposed a controversial plan to recycle sewage into cooby dam which is used for drinking water. the federal government agreed to provide partial funding subject to a number of conditions including a requirement to hold a referendum on the issue. on 29 july 2006, toowoomba voted against the recycled sewage project with the ' no ' vote winning by 62 % to 38 %. on 15 march 2008, under the local government ( reform implementation ) act 2007 passed by the parliament of queensland on 10 august 2007, the city of toowoomba merged with the shires of cambooya, clifton, crows nest, jondaryan, millmerran, pittsworth and shire of rosalie to form the toowoomba region. the former mayor of the shire of jondaryan won the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38798727265615846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.727388"} {"text": "peerumade, kottayam, punalur, tiruvalla and alappuzha are those stations in the state which have witnessed significant reduction in rainfall during the last century. y. e. a. raj, deputy director - general, regional meteorological centre, chennai, revealed this during a special address at the kerala environment congress 2012 here. the topic of his address was \u2018 extent of climate change over india and its projected impact on indian agriculture. \u2019 climate change in respect of individual stations manifests with mixed trends with positive and negative changes, he said. for instance, positive trends are available from stations such as kochi ( 100. 6 mm ) and kasaragode ( 153. 5 mm ) in the state. \u201c it must be stated here that rainfall series for individual months / seasons in some of the series may have shown a significant trend. in some other cases, these trends would have manifested only recently. \u201c a more detailed analysis of time series must be performed to detect and analyse such incidence, \u201d raj said. the scenario of significant climate change, especially global warming, is now well documented and the evidence incontrovertible. however, in the indian context, there appears to be no clear signal of such change at least in crucial parameters such as rainfall and occurrence of cyclonic storms. projected climate change based on various models suggests steady increase in temperature and, at a later stage, slight increase in rainfall. the effect on agriculture is likely to be mixed, raj said. the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere initially favours agricultural production. but increase in temperature would have exactly the reverse effect. the situation is fluid and could even be seen to be contradictory at times. this calls for learnt and measures responses based on scientific facts free from transnational biases.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4467333734087932, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.729473"} {"text": "most people know guantanamo bay as the us military prison located in cuba, but few know the american presence in this bay goes back to 1898. guantanamo bay is a 45 square mile area located on the eastern end of cuba. christopher columbus described the bay as \" a broad bay with dark water, of unsuspected dimensions, \" during his second voyage to the new world. spanish settlers later took control of the area from the native people, and the british would later seize control in 1741. during the spanish - american war in1898, a us fleet took shelter in the bay from summer hurricane weather. after the spanish - american war, the us government signed a perpetual lease with the first president of cuba in 1903. it left cuba with sovereignty of the land, but gave the us \" complete jurisdiction and control \" of the area. this lease was reaffirmed in a 1934 treaty. the authenticity of the lease is still debated today. the united states used the bay as coal refueling station and a harbor for its military. during wwii it served as a strategic base for escorting cargo ships to the panama canal. over the years the bay went through many transformations and redesigns, including dry docks, airfields, and eventually the construction of the today ' s military prisons. guantanamo bay is known today for \" war on terror \" prisons, but has been an important military location for a great portion us history.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4443059898828504, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.731139"} {"text": "some games industry facts - a typical computer game costs approximately \u00a319. 99 - \u00a349. 99 to buy and anywhere from \u00a3300, 000 to \u00a35, 000, 000 to develop! - a game, depending on its size, scope, content and platform can take from 6 months to 3 years to create. most games have a team size varying between 12 and 60 staff which will include programmers, artists, designers, scripters, audio engineers and producers. games are also usually created as multi - platform, ( for example pc, xbox360 and nintendo wii ). - there are approximately 200 hundred developers based in the uk with team sizes varying from 20 to 200 people. across the world there are around 2000 developers some of which employ over 1000 staff! - the uk is recognised as having some of the best development studios in the world. uk game developers are also employed at studios across the world ; as far afield as australia, canada, japan and north america to many the creation of a game may seem quite easy, but today \u2019 s games take a great deal of time and resource. most game development is broken down into a series of milestones the key ones of which are as follows : - the concept \u2013 typically drawings, words, models, code and basic prototypes that describe the nature, objectives and features of the game.. - design document \u2013 a detailed plan of the game \u2019 s features and how it will play are generated from the concept and presented to potential publishers. - technology demo \u2013 a prototype that demonstrates the game \u2019 s technology, illustrating the appearance and movement of the characters or objects on the screen. this is usually produced for review purposes, to decide if the concept is marketable. - playable prototype or vertical slice \u2013 normally a few levels of the game produced with as many of the game play features in and working. this allows reviewers to get a feel for the game, the level of complexity, the saleability of the title and technical risk involved in fully developing the game. - alpha / beta \u2013 the next major milestones that represent near completed games. these are subject to extensive game - play, compatibility and bug testing by both the developer and the publisher. - master \u2013 a completed game approved by the platform holder and available for manufacturing in readiness for sales on the high street.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.434828354489067, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.734500"} {"text": "what should medical volunteers consider before taking part in a clinical trial? it is important for medical volunteers to learn as much about the clinical trial before deciding to take part, and discuss any questions they have concerning the study with the research staff, in order to learn about the type of care that can be expected and the various procedures involved. below is a list of questions that could be helpful for a medical volunteer to consider before taking part in the clinical trial. answers to these questions are usually covered in the informed consent document that is provided to medical volunteers before taking part in the study. - what is the aim of the study? - what is the required medical volunteer population for the study? - what are the reasons for researchers believing that the drug under investigation will be effective? has the drug been researched before? - what are the tests and procedures that will be carried during the study - what are the likely risks, side - effects and benefits for a medical volunteer taking part in the study? - how will my usual routine be affected? - what is the duration of the study? - will i be required to stay in the clinical unit overnight - who is the funding the clinical trial? - will i be compensated for my time? - are there any long - term commitments required for study participation? - how can i tell if the drug under investigation is effective? will the study results be disclosed to me? - who is the person responsible for my wellbeing during the course of the study? what preparation should potential medical volunteers make before meeting with a research team to discuss clinical trial participation? it is important for potential medical volunteers to plan ahead and prepare any questions they have for the initial meeting with the research team. it may also be beneficial for a friend or relative to come along to the screening visit to provide support and hear the responses to these questions. every clinical trial conducted in the uk must be approved and monitored by and independent research ethics committee ( irec ) to ensure it safe to conduct the research study in human volunteers ( with as least possible risks ) and to ensure the study objectives are ethical and in line with good clinical practice ( gcp ) guidelines. an irec is an independent committee of research experts, physicians, statisticians and other community representatives that assess whether the planned research study is ethical and ensure that the rights of medical volunteers are protected. all research organisations that support or conduct biomedical research involving human medical volunteers must, by uk legislation, be approved and continuously monitored by an irec. how is the safety of the medical volunteer protected? the conduct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41946013956158457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.738457"} {"text": "book of hours. tours, ca. 1470. ( ms. 7 ). albrecht durer. apocalypse. nuremberg : a. durer, 1511. the song of songs which is solomon ' s. chelsea : ashendene press, 1902. the tradition of the book in the western world is well documented in the watkinson. - medieval manuscripts and manuscript leaves, 12th - 15th century - 3, 000 - 4, 000 early printed books ( 15th - 17th centuries ) - trumbull - prime collection of early illustrated books, especially strong in 16th - century german and italian materials, including works of albert durer, emblem books and florentine and venetian book illustration - ca. 10, 000 18th - century titles - 19th - century illustrated books on a wide range of subjects and from many lands, including an extensive cruikshank collection - alphabet books ( ca. 350 titles ) - fine printing from the private press collection including : - a nearly complete run of the ashendene press - classic titles from the private press movement - 100 + contemporary artists ' books and examples of fine printing - examples of fine bookbinding ( 15th - 20th centuries ) - extensive secondary holdings on the history of printing and bookbinding book arts and the history of the book guide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42744104193014754, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.739725"} {"text": "today, where the grass is always greener. the university of houston ' s college of engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. what sport uses the world ' s largest maintained playing field? that would be golf. a typical course covers more area than 100 football fields, though only about half of that is manicured grass. golf courses provide pleasant green space, as housing developers are all too aware. but the voracious need for weed killers, pesticides, fertilizers, and water puts golf courses squarely in the sights of environmentalists. today ' s picture perfect courses are a far cry from the grassy dunes of scotland where the game originated. early course maintenance was performed by grazing animals who, together with sea birds, also provided natural fertilizer. the demand for near flawless courses grew with changes in technology. by the end of the twentieth century, course design wasn ' t so much about respecting nature as it was about taming it. course architects bulldozed first and asked questions later. but that ' s changed. today, the best course designs fit naturally into the landscape and respect the surrounding environment. the courses at bandon dunes, unpretentiously laid out on the windswept oregon coast, have won accolades from architects, golfers, and environmentalists alike. they ' re among a growing number of courses achieving recognition as certified audubon cooperative sanctuaries. golf courses can be used to reclaim otherwise unusable land. houston ' s wildcat course is built on the site of a former garbage dump. one benefit for golfers is that the course has hills \u2014 a rarity in the gulf coastal region. abandoned strip mines and quarries can be the setting for stunning layouts. the aptly named quarry golf course in san antonio falls into this category. many golf courses maintain their own lakes and ponds for watering the turf. that reduces demand on public sources of water. some have experimented with the use of gray water \u2014 wastewater that doesn ' t include sewage. the highly rated jimmie austin course at the university of oklahoma is an example. some of the greatest strides in environmentally sound golf can be found in improvements to grass. the u. s. golf association ' s turfgrass and environmental research program is constantly working to develop pest resistant strains of grass that survive on less water. it turns out that watching grass grow can be a vibrant activity. so why is the golf community so actively focused on environmental issues? well, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46551589267057114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.744371"} {"text": "##grass and environmental research program is constantly working to develop pest resistant strains of grass that survive on less water. it turns out that watching grass grow can be a vibrant activity. so why is the golf community so actively focused on environmental issues? well, in part it ' s good for public relations. as the film wall street ' s protagonist gordon gekko might say, \u201c green is good. \u201d but it goes much deeper. after all, greenskeepers are highly educated professionals responsible for some of the largest, most heavily used green spaces in the world. they ' re gardeners with really big gardens. and they share a love of nature just as they share a love of the game. i ' m andy boyd at the university of houston, where we ' re interested in the way inventive minds work. notes and references : t. cook. \" greener links. \" from the oregon state university ' s oregon ' s agricultural progress website : http : / / oregonprogress. oregonstate. edu / spring - 2006 / greener - links. accessed march 27, 2012. p. iacobelli. \" natural golf courses redefine green. \" from the environment on msnbc website : http : / / www. msnbc. msn. com / id / 8418445 / ns / us _ news - environment / t / natural - golf - courses - redefine - green / #. t3npxdmwx _ h. accessed march 27, 2012. r. maranon. \" ou golf course stays green with grey water. \" from the oklahoma daily website : http : / / oudaily. com / news / 2009 / sep / 18 / ou - golf - course - stays - green - grey - water /. accessed march 27, 2012. all pictures are taken from the websites of the referenced golf courses. this episode was first aired on march 29, 2012 the engines of our ingenuity is copyright \u00a9 1988 - 2012 by john h. lienhard.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45885309373325583, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.745631"} {"text": "university of idaho geologists take preventative measures before potential earthquake monday, july 11 2011 idaho falls, idaho \u2013 grand teton national park is a spectacular site along the wyoming - idaho border. the park brings in nearly 4 million visitors a year and creates a scenic background for those who live there. while the beauty is stunning, it \u2019 s tempered by the potential of danger from beneath the ground. the majestic mountain range sits on an active fault line that could one day lead to a severe earthquake. the university of idaho and the idaho bureau of homeland security are working together with local officials to identify areas that would be most affected in idaho \u2019 s teton county in the event of an earthquake. the results of the survey will allow county leaders and citizens the opportunity to better protect government buildings and private property before an earthquake hits. \u201c with eastern idaho \u2019 s risk from earthquakes, it is important to have the best information so that emergency managers can be prepared and make informed decisions, \u201d said brig. gen. bill shawver, director of idaho bureau of homeland security. \u201c this project is a great cooperative effort between teton county, the university of idaho and bhs that will increase the ability of emergency managers to plan for earthquakes. \u201d teton county \u2019 s governmental seat is the city of driggs, roughly 20 miles west of the teton fault. while this fault has been seismically quiet in recorded historic time, geologists believe it could generate a magnitude 7. 2 earthquake at some point in the future. \u201c such an earthquake could produce heavy damage in teton county to structures not built to seismic standards, \u201d explained bill phillips, research geologist for the idaho geological survey. \u201c the amount of damage during earthquakes also is influenced by local soil and rock conditions. we are constructing a map of these conditions in teton county so that emergency planners can be better prepared. \u201d during the week of july 18 - 22, geologists will be in the field using seismographs and geophone sensors in 25 places around teton county to determine what type of soil and bedrock make up the area and how those areas would react during potential earthquake activity. results from the survey will be given to the county \u2019 s emergency services center. the survey is funded by the idaho bureau of homeland security through the earthquake hazard reduction grant program. for more information on the survey, contact bill phillips from the university of idaho at ( 208 ) 301 - 8794, or greg adams from teton county at ( 208 ) 354 - 2703. # # # about the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4534565087994216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.749215"} {"text": "reduction grant program. for more information on the survey, contact bill phillips from the university of idaho at ( 208 ) 301 - 8794, or greg adams from teton county at ( 208 ) 354 - 2703. # # # about the university of idaho founded in 1889, the university of idaho is the state \u2019 s land - grant institution and its principal graduate education and research university, bringing insight and innovation to the state, the nation and the world. university researchers attract nearly $ 100 million in research grants and contracts each year. the university of idaho is classified by the prestigious carnegie foundation as high research activity. the student population of 12, 000 includes first - generation college students and ethnically diverse scholars, who select from more than 130 degree options in the colleges of agricultural and life sciences ; art and architecture ; business and economics ; education ; engineering ; law ; letters, arts and social sciences ; natural resources ; and science. the university also is charged with the statewide mission for medical education through the wwami program. the university combines the strength of a large university with the intimacy of small learning communities and focuses on helping students to succeed and become leaders. it is home to the vandals, and competes in the western athletic conference. for more information, visit www. uidaho. edu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4732540901464575, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.749739"} {"text": "omphalocele repair - series omphalocele is an abdominal wall defect at the base of the umbilical cord ( umbilicus ) ; the infant is born with a sac protruding through the defect which contains small intestine, liver, and large intestine. omphalocele is frequently associated with other birth defects, such as heart defects, imperforate anus, urinary problems, and genetic defects. omphalocele is very similar to gastroschisis, except that the organs are enclosed in a sac. omphalocele is a life - threatening event requiring immediate intervention. the infant may be born underweight ( small for gestational age ) due to stress from this condition before birth. immediately after delivery, the exposed organs are covered with warm, moist, sterile dressings. a tube is inserted into the stomach ( nasogastric tube, also called ng tube ) to keep the stomach empty to prevent choking on or breathing in ( aspiration ) stomach contents into the lungs. the surgery is done as soon as the infant is stable. while the baby is deep asleep and pain - free ( under general anesthesia ) an incision is made to remove the sac membrane. the bowel is examined closely for signs of damage or additional birth defects. damaged or defective portions are removed and the healthy edges stitched together. a tube is inserted into the stomach ( gastrostomy tube ) and out through the skin. the organs are replaced into the abdominal cavity and the incision closed, if possible. the infant is cared for post - operatively in a neonatal intensive care unit. the baby is placed in an isolette ( incubator ) to keep warm and prevent infection. oxygen is given and mechanical ventilation is often required. intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and pain medications will be given. a nasogastric tube will be in place to keep the stomach emptied of gastric secretions. feedings are started by nasogastric tube as soon as bowel function resumes. feedings are started very slowly and often infants are reluctant to feed. these babies may need feeding therapy and lots of encouragement. last reviewed 11 / 7 / 2011 by neil k. kaneshiro, md, mha, clinical assistant professor of pediatrics, univeristy of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4380439828597079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.752208"} {"text": "college living can undoubtedly be exciting. for most students attending schools outside of their home town or state, it ' s their first opportunity to be independent. for many students, this is the first time they are away from their homes, families and friends for any significant period. while college provides new and exciting opportunities, it also introduces a myriad of new safety hazards, especially to students living in dormitories, apartments and other community locations. although a student may have been the safest person in their school, house or neighborhood, an impeccable safety record doesn ' t safeguard someone against the actions of other residents in shared college housing facilities. therefore, it is extremely important to develop and practice an escape route should there be a fire. fire is the third leading cause of accidental deaths in the united states. a residential fire occurs every 82 seconds in this country, and once burning, the size of a fire doubles every 30 seconds. if a fire should occur in your building, evacuate as soon as possible. do not try to act bravely or put the fire out. that is a fight too easily lost, and is just not worth it. if you have an escape plan, follow it at the first sign or smell of a fire. never exit a door if it feels hot to the touch, as flames are likely on the other side. it is also a good idea to know where all the fire extinguishers are located in the building. in community living facilities, everyone must do their part to make their dwelling a safer place. here are a few easy steps you can take to help prevent fire through electrical hazards : - look for the ul mark on all products. it means samples of the product have been tested for safety. - make sure outlets are not overloaded. - check electrical wires and cords on appliances, tools, lamps, etc., to make sure they are not worn or frayed. - never run electrical wires or extension cords under carpets or heavy items, and never bunch them up behind a hot appliance. - unplug appliances when not in use. - have building management install at least one smoke alarm on each level, and make sure they are maintained and tested regularly. fire is a chemical reaction involving fuel, oxygen and heat. take away any of these three elements and a fire cannot last. there are four classifications of fires dependent on their fuels : - class a - - ordinary materials like wood, paper, cloth, rubber and plastics. most home fires fall into this category. - class b - - comb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4518310365187374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.755259"} {"text": "second world assembly on ageing madrid, spain 8 - 12 april 2002 no safety net for older migrants and refugees \" older refugees have been invisible for too long. \" - united nations high commissioner for refugees sadako ogata ( 1999 ) older refugees represent some 11. 5 per cent of refugee populations and, in some cases, they may represent as much as 30 percent. the majority of older refugees are women. these are people who have lost more than just family or belongings, and in interviews conducted by the office of the united nations high commissioner for refugees ( unhcr ), it is apparent that for many, there is no reason to live. the figures tell little, however, of individual hardship and suffering. typical is the case of an old man sitting alone, weeping, in a camp in the former yugoslav republic of macedonia. clutching his few belongings and refusing to move, he seemed to have lost the will to live. or the 86 year - old kosovo serb woman, living by herself in pristina, who had been brutally beaten by three teenagers. the media, for the most part, do not cover the particular situations of older persons in need, and such images and stories are rarely known. but they are real, and so is the painful situation of so many older refugees. older refugees commonly encounter three main problems : social disintegration, negative social selection and chronic dependency. \u00b7 social disintegration occurs when, due to economic decline, the formal or informal social support systems erode ; or when war, flight or insecurity cause families to become separated and dispersed. in either case, the number of elderly persons in need increases. \u00b7 negative social selection occurs when refugee camps and collection centres empty over a period of time. those who are young, healthy and able - bodied are the first to depart, leaving behind the weak and the vulnerable. the plight of the elderly is particularly wretched. often they have nowhere to go and no one to care for them. \u00b7 chronic dependency can occur when solitary older persons, unable to secure state benefits or family support, become dependent on unhcr for long periods of time. in this situation, unhcr faces a particular challenge. at the same time that unhcr is working to ensure that the older person ' s experience of exile is not deepened by poverty and destitution, it must also discourage chronic dependency - by helping them to regularize their status and obtain access to all possible benefits, entitlements and rights. in 2000, to address these problems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47358436307989504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.762217"} {"text": "of exile is not deepened by poverty and destitution, it must also discourage chronic dependency - by helping them to regularize their status and obtain access to all possible benefits, entitlements and rights. in 2000, to address these problems, the standing committee of unhcr approved its policy on older refugees. based on the 1991 united nations principles for older persons, the policy stresses that older refugees should not be seen solely as passive recipients of assistance ; on the contrary, they should be seen as a valuable resource with much to offer. these are people with a wealth of accumulated experience and knowledge, and they are well able to participate in decisions and activities that affect their own lives and those of their families and communities. older refugees often serve as formal and informal leaders of communities. they provide guidance and advice, and they transmit traditions, skills and crafts to other generations, thus preserving the culture of the dispossessed and displaced. they make active contributions to the well - being of their family members, and only become totally dependent in the final stages of frailty, disability and illness. older persons have taken the lead in returning to countries as far afield as croatia and liberia, and once back home they are often able to contribute to peace and reconciliation measures. making full use of the capabilities and talents of older refugees and realizing their potential is an essential component of the programmes of unhcr. although older refugees may have specific needs, unhcr has found that they can best be assisted within overall protection and assistance programmes rather than through the establishment of separate services. for example, older refugees may need food that is easily digestible, but that need can better be met through appropriate planning within existing programmes. the needs of older refugees are also met most effectively within the context of family and the community. therefore the capacity of families and communities to meet their own needs and incorporate older people within them should be strengthened. \" migrants... tend to be paid low wages, receive few or no benefits, and work without even minimal safety and health protection.... clearly, we must work together to ensure that migrants live in dignity and safety. \" - united nations secretary - general kofi annan they migrated from their homes, usually in the countryside, when they were younger, in search of new jobs and opportunities. but after spending years working in low - paying positions, many older migrants find themselves living anonymously in crowded apartments in growing cities, with little support from either their families or from the government. according to available data, one in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46564851838524013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.763350"} {"text": "new jobs and opportunities. but after spending years working in low - paying positions, many older migrants find themselves living anonymously in crowded apartments in growing cities, with little support from either their families or from the government. according to available data, one in every 50 persons - some 150 million total - live permanently or temporarily outside their country of origin. this number includes 80 to 97 million workers and their dependants, some 14 million recognized refugees, and permanent immigrants. according to estimates by the international monetary fund, migrant worker earnings sent back to home countries accounted for $ 77 billion in 1997, second only to world petroleum exports in international trade monetary flows. where the extended family network once helped older people in the rural community, older migrants find that these traditional social networks are non - existent, and there are few alternatives to replace them in the cities. the situation becomes critical, especially when the older migrant becomes ill or disabled. the problems that older migrants face are generally the problems that most older poor people have, and efforts to assist the older poor will help migrants as well. these efforts include providing better access to social protection, designing measures to sustain economic and health security, establishing community centres for older persons, and helping families share living spaces with older family members who are in need. for older migrants who have moved to another country, the situation is different, often depending on how well they have integrated into their new country. as legal international migrants from earlier decades grow older, governments can assist them, for example, by extending social protection and ensuring pension rights. they can help them become part of their new communities by breaking down language barriers and ensuring that they receive services. the situation of ageing migrants who perform illegal work is different since they fall outside the realm of social protection and have no access to pension schemes or adequate health services. the international labour organization ( ilo ) has identified the plight of these migrants as a significant cause for concern. the ilo is working to ensure that older migrants receive treatment equal to that of national workers, and that the rights that they have acquired are maintained after transfer of residence from one country to another. this article was based on information provided by the office of the united nations high commissioner for refugees ( unhcr ) and the international labour organization ( ilo ). for further information, please contact : un department of public information tel : ( 212 ) 963 - 0499 published by the united nations department of public information dpi / 2264 march 2002back to table of contents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45921372451008347, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.764387"} {"text": "- date submitted : 25 oct 2011 - stakeholder type : member state - name : canada - submission document : download millennium development goals ( 1 hits ), mdg canada ' s national submission twenty years after the earth summit much has been done to address the environmental and development challenges identified in 1992. however, many of the challenges still exist, others have grown more acute and new issues have emerged. it is clear that progress needs to be more comprehensive and effective. the un conference on sustainable development ( uncsd ) in june 2012 in brazil is an opportunity to reinvigorate efforts towards sustainable development through an international renewal of political commitment that highlights the economic importance of the sustainable use of natural resources and raises awareness of the economic and social costs of environmental damage and its associated impact on human well - being. the government of canada ' s approach to sustainable development emphasizes transparency and accountability in the integration of sustainability into government planning, reporting, programming and decision - making within the federal government. the cornerstone to this approach is canada ' s federal sustainable development strategy ( fsds ), which is an integrated, whole - of - government, results - based approach to achieve sustainability. a key component of the fsds is the effective monitoring and reporting on goals and targets using indicators in order to track effectively and report on progress. the government of canada considers sustainability issues through its cabinet committee structure. canada has many national institutions that address various aspects of sustainable development and that are part of the overall supportive framework for sustainable development in canada. over the last ten years, canada has provided important contributions to the efforts of developing countries towards meeting the millennium development goals ( mdgs ). canadian development assistance has been significantly increased and canada is working to make its assistance more effective, accountable and responsive to the needs and priorities of developing countries. canada doubled its international assistance from 2001 to 2010, with assistance to africa doubling from 2003 / 04 to 2008 / 09. canada has been a first - mover on announcing and disbursing against its 2009 g8 l ' aquila summit commitments to support sustainable agricultural development. as of april 2011, canada has fully disbursed its $ 1. 18 billion l ' aquila commitment and is the first g8 country to do so. canada has launched significant new initiatives to support maternal, newborn and child health ( the 2010 g8 muskoka initiative ), education and food security in developing countries, with a clear focus on sustainability of effort and impacts. a critical component of canada ' s aid effectiveness agenda in support of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4471697670237096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.787932"} {"text": "maternal, newborn and child health ( the 2010 g8 muskoka initiative ), education and food security in developing countries, with a clear focus on sustainability of effort and impacts. a critical component of canada ' s aid effectiveness agenda in support of the paris declaration is ensuring that aid is effective, accountable and responsive to the needs and priorities of its developing country partners. one means of achieving this is through the establishment of gender equality, governance and environmental sustainability as cross - cutting themes that are integrated into development assistance. canada believes that countries need to focus and strengthen efforts on the management of their natural resources in a sustainable and socially responsible manner. these efforts should include policies that improve natural resource management, environmental sustainability and corporate social responsibility. particular attention should be given to assisting countries that face significant capacity challenges. canada has taken a leadership role in corporate social responsibility ( csr ) by launching in 2009 its csr strategy for the canadian extractive sector operating abroad. the strategy includes support for host country resource governance capacity - building initiatives such as the extractive industries transparency initiative ; endorsement and promotion of widely - recognized international csr performance guidelines such as the voluntary principles on security and human rights ; and the creation of the office of the extractive sector csr counsellor. part i? conference objective securing renewed political commitment for sustainable development is in the interest of all countries. sustainable development requires conscious effort, priority and planning at all levels in order to be effective. national priorities need to support and align with local action and actors in order to achieve tangible results. in canada ' s view, this requires a focus on practical steps for implementation which avoid duplication and overlap, harness broad support internationally and make a difference in the lives of citizens. the conference can help make the case that a transition to a green economy can be consistent with the environmental, economic and social objectives underpinning sustainable development and poverty eradication. canada sees the conference as an opportunity to identify ( a ) policy tools and best practices to facilitate the transition and ( b ) a balanced suite of voluntary indicators for measuring progress towards a green economy. the conference could also propose practical strategies to improve the existing institutional framework for sustainable development, with the objective of enhancing coherence and co - ordination, while reducing inefficiency and duplication. with the current global economic situation, priority needs to be given to the effective use of existing resources for sustainable development, and improving the quality and effectiveness of programs, more than ever. canada would like the outcome document to be strategic, concise and focused on highlighting progress on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4597804794632426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.789034"} {"text": "economic situation, priority needs to be given to the effective use of existing resources for sustainable development, and improving the quality and effectiveness of programs, more than ever. canada would like the outcome document to be strategic, concise and focused on highlighting progress on the two conference themes. part ii? a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication transitioning towards a green economy is a long - term process that requires the active engagement and leadership of many actors including industry and civil society as well as all levels of government. the engagement of the private sector, especially small and medium enterprises, is critical. the conference could examine the means by which industry, civil society and government can work together to leverage their potential to create jobs, support workers through training and skills development, access financing, advance innovative technologies, and influence the supply chain towards greener methods of production. the five thematic priorities of canada ' s international development assistance are sustainable economic growth, security and stability, democracy, children and youth and food security. canada believes that the conference should explore the opportunities associated with a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. using both regulatory and non - regulatory instruments according to national circumstances can enable the wide range of sectors and actors whose participation is necessary to successfully achieve a green economy. well - designed regulations provide predictability for business, thus supporting innovation and economic growth while meeting environmental objectives. in canada, a number of policy tools and practices developed and implemented over the years have contributed to greening our economy. in that vein, a number of policy tools and best practices are included in annex i for consideration as part of a green economy toolkit which canada believes would be a useful contribution of the conference towards sustainable development efforts. examples include canadian initiatives in the fields of chemicals management, corporate social responsibility and green accounting. in order to provide evidence of progress towards a green economy, indicators will be needed that can be applied flexibly to demonstrate the effectiveness of regulatory and non - regulatory actions, as well as provide the data needed for evidence - based decision - making. canada believes that a balanced suite of indicators, adaptable to national circumstances, can assist governments to measure progress as they transition to a green economy but their interpretation should consider differences in national circumstances to avoid inappropriate comparisons. ( see annex b ). part iii? institutional framework for sustainable development transparent, democratic and accountable systems of governance at the local and national level are vital to achieving sustainability globally and directly influence the ability of states to achieve sustainable economic, environmental and social development and security for their citizens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47624981499909114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.790283"} {"text": ". part iii? institutional framework for sustainable development transparent, democratic and accountable systems of governance at the local and national level are vital to achieving sustainability globally and directly influence the ability of states to achieve sustainable economic, environmental and social development and security for their citizens. there is significant scope for improvement with regard to the un ' s ability to foster the integration of economic, social and environmental considerations into its support for sustainable development. canada believes that the international framework for sustainable development could be enhanced through greater integration and coherence among economic, social and environmental objectives in the existing un institutional system and on - the - ground programs of member states. the existing un structure includes many important bodies in which member states can discuss pressing sustainable development issues. these include the general assembly, as well as the un economic and social council and its functional and regional commissions. the programmes and funds, such as undp and unep also have a vital role to play, as well as the secretariats of the multilateral environmental agreements ( meas ). canada considers that the conference can serve as an opportunity to improve the current institutional arrangements for sustainable development to bring more cohesion and effectiveness and avoid duplication. a number of ideas have been advanced for mainstreaming sustainable development within the un. these have included enhancing unep, strengthening the integrative role of the undp, especially at the country - level, a new umbrella organization for sustainable development, a specialized agency such as a world environment organization, possible reforms to the economic and social council ( ecosoc ) and the commission on sustainable development, and enhanced institutional reforms and streamlining of present structures. while remaining open to discussing all options that could promote better integration of sustainable development, in the current challenging global economic context, it is not possible in canada ' s view to envisage the creation of new agencies such as a world environment organization. canada would like to explore options related to improving the effectiveness, coherence and coordination of unep and undp, as well as whether a more focused agenda and streamlined format at the un commission on sustainable development is feasible so that the outcomes make a more effective contribution to achieving sustainable development and the implementation of agenda 21. canada is also open to a discussion on whether ecosoc could play a more integrative role with regard to international sustainable development. in addition to these, another option that could also be considered as part of a \" package \" of institutional reforms is the elaboration of a framework that better enables the mainstreaming of sustainable development considerations ( i. e., economic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45658998539362133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.791383"} {"text": "sustainable development. in addition to these, another option that could also be considered as part of a \" package \" of institutional reforms is the elaboration of a framework that better enables the mainstreaming of sustainable development considerations ( i. e., economic, social and environmental considerations ) across the un system, with a particular emphasis on the un ' s programming activities at the country level. this approach would include efforts to support sustainable development considerations identified within national partners ' development priorities as a core element of an enhanced sustainable development partnership. the framework could be focused on improving existing mechanisms and structures and program delivery at the country level rather than the creation of new institutions ( for further details see annex iii ). canada looks forward to working constructively towards a successful conference with concrete and practical results. canada would like to see a concise outcome document that, on the green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication theme, fosters the sharing of best practices, encourages the exchange of information, improves the capacity to measure progress and provides support for the active engagement of the private sector ; and on the institutional framework for sustainable development theme, promotes better coherence and coordination of existing mechanisms and structures for addressing sustainable development issues in the united nations system, in particular at the country level where the impact in people ' s lives is greatest. annex i - policy tools and best practices for a green economy toolkit the government of canada believes that the elaboration of a green economy toolkit would be a useful contribution of the conference towards sustainable development efforts. practical solutions would assist in securing renewed political commitment for sustainable development, and would help bring local actions in line with national priorities in a manner applicable to local circumstances. the sharing of policy tools and best practices reinforces canada ' s interest to duplication and overlap and achieve concrete results in the pursuit of sustainable avoid development. canada has identified a number of policy tools and best practices that could be considered for the toolkit, which are outlined below. decision - making and results green accounting ( or integrated environmental and economic accounting ) measures linkages between the environment and the economy. statistics canada has played a leadership role in the development of green accounting since the first rio conference. this tool has garnered increasing attention worldwide as governments and international organizations recognize the need to reconcile social and economic development with environmental sustainability. variables measured in the canadian accounts include greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, water flows and stocks of natural resources, and research is underway to develop accounts on ecosystem goods and services. as much as possible, the accounts include both physical and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4671760169011563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.792562"} {"text": "with environmental sustainability. variables measured in the canadian accounts include greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, water flows and stocks of natural resources, and research is underway to develop accounts on ecosystem goods and services. as much as possible, the accounts include both physical and monetary measures, are complementary with the national economic accounts, and are based on internationally agreed concepts and methods. strategic environmental assessment ( sea ) is a systematic and comprehensive process of examining the environmental and socio - economic effects of policies, plans and programs in order to influence decisions - making towards more sustainable paths. in canada ' s experience, seas can alert decision makers to risks, incorporate community engagement and traditional knowledge, and facilitate cooperation across sectors and boundaries. the use of integrated strategic environmental assessment, which can incorporate other critical themes like gender equality and governance, can be a particularly good tool for furthering sustainable development and moving towards a green economy. as per a 2004 cabinet directive, all canadian federal departments must complete a sea of a policy, plan or program proposal, including free trade agreements, when the proposal may result in important environmental impacts, either positive or negative. the results of the sea are then integrated into the development of the proposal and inform ongoing decision making. the integration of corporate social responsibility ( csr ) practices and principles into business operations can help companies contribute to the realization of a green economy. canada has funded the development of a csr implementation guide, a csr tool kit for business, and a small and medium enterprise ( sme ) sustainability road map. these free on - line tools provide practical guidance on why and how to integrate sustainability - oriented practices into business operations. themes include : governance, decision - making, human resources, purchasing and marketing, waste management, buildings, transportation, product design and development, and resource use. in march 2009, the government of canada announced building the canadian advantage : a corporate social responsibility strategy for the canadian international extractive sector. the four pillars of the strategy are : 1 ) continuing support for host country capacity - building initiatives related to resource governance ; 2 ) promotion of widely - recognized international corporate social responsibility performance guidelines ; 3 ) the creation of the office of the extractive sector corporate social responsibility counsellor to assist in the resolution of issues pertaining to the activities of canadian companies abroad ; and 4 ) support for the development of a centre for excellence in corporate social responsibility to develop and disseminate high - quality csr tools and training to stakeholders. well - designed regulations provide predictability for business thus supporting innovation and economic growth while meeting environmental performance objectives. an example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44820447533032354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.794413"} {"text": "development of a centre for excellence in corporate social responsibility to develop and disseminate high - quality csr tools and training to stakeholders. well - designed regulations provide predictability for business thus supporting innovation and economic growth while meeting environmental performance objectives. an example of canadian environmental policies and regulations that support these goals include canada ' s approach to managing chemical substances through the chemicals management plan ( cmp ), designed to protect the environment and human health by setting stringent standards, while also spurring innovation and investment in the economy by being flexible, predictable, and cost effective. canada was the first country in the world to categorize the thousands of chemical substances in use before comprehensive environmental protection laws were created. this has facilitated priority setting for those substances suspected to have the most dangerous properties and those requiring further research. canada ' s risk - based approach relies on sound science, assessment, and monitoring, combined with a variety of tools to manage the potential risks posed by chemicals. the goal is to safeguard human health and our environment while supporting economic growth. the air quality health index ( aqhi ) is a public information tool that provides current conditions and daily forecasts about air quality levels. it is the first of its kind to communicate the short - term health risks posed by the air pollutant mixture ( ground level ozone, particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide ) which are known to harm human health including cardiovascular and respiratory effects. aqhi forecasts are currently available across canada through environment canada ' s airhealth. ca website and disseminated by a private broadcaster. the success of the aqhi can be attributed to strong partnerships between environment canada, health canada, provincial governments and key stakeholder groups who share a common interest in ensuring that canadians have access to information that can help them protect their health. it demonstrates environment - health linkages and as such can contribute to the green economy by influencing the behaviour of canadians. sustainable development technology canada ( sdtc ) was created by canada to finance and support the development and demonstration of clean technologies which provide solutions to issues of climate change, clean air, water quality and soil, and which deliver economic, environmental and health benefits to canadians. sdtc, which unep ' s sustainable energy finance initiative ( sefi ) has called \" a carefully crafted hybrid between grant and venture capital \", targets the gap in earlystage venture capital financing, as well as the risk of proving a technology worthy of private investment. sdtc operates two funds aimed at the development and demonstration of innovative technological solutions. the $ 590 million", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5588551906600218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.795703"} {"text": "and venture capital \", targets the gap in earlystage venture capital financing, as well as the risk of proving a technology worthy of private investment. sdtc operates two funds aimed at the development and demonstration of innovative technological solutions. the $ 590 million sd tech fundtm supports projects that address climate change, air quality, clean water, and clean soil. the $ 500 million nextgen biofuels fundtm supports the establishment of first - of - kind large demonstration - scale facilities for the production of next - generation renewable fuels. since 2002, sdtc has completed seventeen funding rounds and allocated a total of $ 515 million to 210 projects. that amount has been leveraged with an additional $ 1. 2 billion in funding from other project partners for a total project value of $ 1. 8 billion. sdtc has been recognized as a model by the oecd, which has stated that \" sdtc plays a very positive role in enhancing canada ' s competitive position in the environmental field. \" sefi has noted that \" sdtc ' s strategy exemplifies how taking aspects of different financial mechanisms can be very to help support sustainable development initiatives and spur green innovation at the local level, the canada endowed the federation of canadian municipalities ( fcm ) with $ 550 million to establish the green municipal fund ( gmf ), which is co - managed by natural resources canada and environment canada at arm ' s length ( the fcm board of directors, the decision - making body for the gmf, is advised by a 15 member council with five appointees from the federal government ). the fund supports municipal initiatives to improve local air, water and soil quality and promote renewable energy with grants and below - market loans. through gmf, fcm provides funding to three types of initiatives : plans, studies and projects. grants are available for sustainable community plans, feasibility studies and field tests, while a combination of grants and loans are available for capital projects. funding, for which all canadian municipalities and their partners are eligible, is allocated in five sectors of municipal activity : brownfields, energy, transportation, waste and water. the fund promotes partnerships between, and leverages funds from, the public and private sectors. further, support for community investment in clean energy is also available from the gmf as well as the ecoenergy for aboriginal and northern communities program, which funds energy efficiency and renewable energy projects in first nations, inuit, metis and northern communities agriculture is vital to addressing climate change, food security, poverty reduction and sustainable development. the objective of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5013847248956771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.796807"} {"text": "the ecoenergy for aboriginal and northern communities program, which funds energy efficiency and renewable energy projects in first nations, inuit, metis and northern communities agriculture is vital to addressing climate change, food security, poverty reduction and sustainable development. the objective of the global research alliance on agricultural greenhouse gases is to increase international collaboration and investment in public and private research activities to improve knowledge sharing, access to and application by farmers of sustainable practices and technologies. the exchange of existing and new science - based knowledge and practices can provide an opportunity for farmers to contribute to addressing the global challenges of climate change and food security, while pursuing sustainable livelihoods. canada has initiated a $ 25 million agricultural greenhouse gases program to increase the development and adoption of sustainable practices that mitigate agricultural greenhouse gases, which can be shared domestically and internationally. sustainable resource management the international model forest network ( imfn ) was introduced by canada at unced in 1992, with the aim of sharing best practices with the world. model forests are large, forest - based landscapes where a wide variety of stakeholders work together to address social, environmental and economic issues in a sustainable manner. model forests provide a practical and flexible approach to sustainable forest management, with a focus on enabling local communities to address challenges specific to their landscapes for their benefit. canada demonstrates its global commitment to issues such as biodiversity conservation, climate change and local economic development through support of the imfn, a robust international network unique in bridging policy - making and on - the - ground delivery. with 58 model forests in nearly 30 countries, the imfn provides the framework for exchanging innovative ideas between sites. canada ' s green mining initiative ( gmt ), launched in 2009, brings together stakeholders to develop green technologies, processes and knowledge for sustainable mining. the gmi objectives are to improve the mining sector ' s environmental performance, promote mining innovation and position canadian mining companies and suppliers as global leaders in green mining in an emerging market. natural resources canada invests $ 8m annually on the gmi with an additional $ 3m in direct industry funding. the green mining initiative has spurred green mining innovation across canada, which led to significant progresses on a number of key r & d projects and new projects being launched. examples include developing and testing, in collaboration with a canadian equipment manufacturer, the first worldwide electric - diesel hybrid loader in a canadian mine. additional funding from sustainable development technology canada will result in the bringing to market of a new hybrid loader with over twice the production capacity of the first prototype. a green mining vehicle? green energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5157809500045066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.797879"} {"text": "worldwide electric - diesel hybrid loader in a canadian mine. additional funding from sustainable development technology canada will result in the bringing to market of a new hybrid loader with over twice the production capacity of the first prototype. a green mining vehicle? green energy roadmap is being developed to provide a strategy for selecting clean alternatives to diesel. meeting strength requirements for a unique alternative binder process that could be used for mining backfill was also undertaken. patenting is underway for this technology as well as for a technology developed to successfully recover gold without the use of cyanide. results of a third year of monitoring on mine sites as part of the green mines green energy initiative continue to demonstrate that the growth of biomass crops on mine tailings is feasible. gmi is a striking example of good governance in sustainable mining and of what can be achieved throughout collaboration and partnerships. benefits of increasing collaboration at the international level could be significant. canada ' s integrated oceans management program ( iom ) supports regional processes through which decisions are made for the sustainable use, development and protection of canada ' s marine ecosystem and resources. the iom program provides federal, provincial and territorial authorities, industry and canadians with the science and risk - based tools and governance fora needed to collaboratively develop integrated management plans for defined ocean spaces. these plans, which incorporate social, economic and environmental considerations in decision making, are informed by the identification of ecologically and biologically significant areas ; species and community properties ; the mapping of human uses ; and the assessment of potential interactions between uses and key functional and structural aspects of marine ecosystems. outcomes of the iom process also include the identification of conservation measures, including networks of marine protected areas needed to support the sustainable development of ocean resources contributing to canada ' s continuing fulfillment of international ocean - related commitments. sustainable consumption and production significant canadian advancement in green building and sustainable community planning has been accelerated, in part, by federal programs such as the equilibriumtm sustainable housing demonstration initiative. led by the canada mortgage and housing corporation ( cmhc ) and supported by natural resources canada ' s canmet energy expertise, this initiative will result in the design, construction and demonstration of 12 highly sustainable homes across the country which produce as much energy as they consume on an annual basis. this cooperation between the public and private sectors has informed, inspired and accelerated the adoption of net zero energy healthy housing concepts nationally. building on this successful initiative, the $ 4. 2m equilibrium tm communities initiative supports research, monitoring and showcasing of selected high performance neighbourhood projects. equilibrium tm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5462038431678382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.799012"} {"text": "has informed, inspired and accelerated the adoption of net zero energy healthy housing concepts nationally. building on this successful initiative, the $ 4. 2m equilibrium tm communities initiative supports research, monitoring and showcasing of selected high performance neighbourhood projects. equilibrium tm communities aims to provide measurable improvements over current practices in energy and water consumption, environmental protection, financial viability, land use and transportation. canada has put in place a strategy for the environmentally sound and secure disposal of all of its surplus electronic and electrical equipment. the federal e - waste disposal strategy emphasizes reuse prior to recycling, where possible. reuse options include donation to computers for schools ( cfs ), interdepartmental transfer, charitable donation and sale to the public. the strategy provides recycling options for equipment that cannot be reused including disposal through provincial recycling programs and a standing offer for e - waste recycling services. the strategy is contributing to the realization of the green economy in canada by creating green jobs, diverting e - waste from landfill, supporting provincial recycling infrastructure and providing computer - based educational and learning opportunities. technology roadmaps ( trms ) are effective tools to enhance the coordination and development of innovative industries and technologies, with benefits to sustainability and the green economy. since 2002, canada has used trms as forecasting tools that aim to determine future market needs, promote collaboration, and advance promising technologies. trm processes allow government, industry and academia to work together to predict needs. many trms focus on advancing emerging renewable and clean energy industries, or to address sustainability issues of other industrial sectors. industry canada and natural resources canada have completed trms for sustainable fuels and chemicals from biomass, hydrogen fuel cell commercialization, clean coal, and carbon capture and storage. work continues on trms for marine energy and sustainable housing. among canada ' s newer initiatives are green patents, or patent applications related to environmental technologies. accelerating such patent applications can foster investment and expedite commercialization of technologies that could help to resolve or mitigate environmental impacts or to conserve the natural environment and resources. in 2011, the canadian intellectual property office implemented a new regulation to expedite the examination of green patents, and no fee is required. annex ii - proposed green growth / green economy indicators as part of canada ' s commitment to further dialogue and identify a balanced approach to measuring progress towards green growth, canada believes there would be value in an international discussion on a suite of green growth indicators that countries could voluntarily choose to compile. in support of a constructive discussion at rio + 20, canada is in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.534270815372375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.800172"} {"text": "a balanced approach to measuring progress towards green growth, canada believes there would be value in an international discussion on a suite of green growth indicators that countries could voluntarily choose to compile. in support of a constructive discussion at rio + 20, canada is in favour of a process for the creation of a voluntary set of indicators. in this spirit, canada has identified an illustrative set of indicators for international consideration building upon the oecd ' s ongoing work on green growth. using the oecd ' s towards green growth framework as a lens, canada ' s draft indicators have been groupedby the themes identified by the oecd. the policy rationale for the indicators selected in each theme is summarized below : i. environmental and resource productivity indicators in this theme reflect the need for natural capital to be used efficiently. sustainable growth will require the decoupling of economic growth and environmental impacts. ii. natural asset base indicators in this theme reflect that traditional markets and accounting frameworks do not always properly reflect the risks associated with declining natural capital stocks. further, longer - term economic prosperity requires an adequate asset base. iii. environmental quality of life indicators in this theme reflect that environmental considerations can be particularly important to people when they have a direct impact on their lives. indicators in this theme can be an effective bridge across the economic, social, and environmental pillars of sustainable development. iv. economic opportunities and policy responses indicators in this theme reflect that policies can help shape and define new opportunities. innovative markets and technologies can spur productivity and job growth while minimizing the environmental footprint of goods and services. work is required to ensure that the proposed indicators can overcome challenges in data, methodology, and comparability across countries. canada looks forward to continuing to collaborate closely with the un, the oecd, member countries, and other partners to further develop this important work. proposed green growth indicators i. environmental and resource efficiency and productivity 1. production - based co2 intensity 2. demand - based co2 intensity 3. energy intensity 4. share of renewable energy ( by type ) in total primary energy supply and in electricity production 5. non - ghg emitting sources as a share of total primary energy supply and in electricity 6. material intensity 7. waste intensity 8. nutrient flows and balances 9. multi - factor productivity reflecting environmental services ii. natural asset base physical and monetary ( where possible ) measures of key natural capital stocks : 10. energy resources 11. freshwater resources 12. forest resources 13. fish resources 14. mineral resources 15. land resources (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48746314133394325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.801240"} {"text": "- factor productivity reflecting environmental services ii. natural asset base physical and monetary ( where possible ) measures of key natural capital stocks : 10. energy resources 11. freshwater resources 12. forest resources 13. fish resources 14. mineral resources 15. land resources ( land use and quality ) iii. environmental quality of life 17. environmentally induced health problems & related costs 18. population - weighted exposures to air pollution iv. economic opportunities and policy responses 19. r & d expenditure of importance to green growth 20. patents of importance to green growth 21. environment - related innovation in all sectors 22. value of environmental goods and services produced in the economy 23. value - added in environmental goods and services production 24. imports and exports of environmental goods and services 25. employment in environmental goods and services production ( direct and indirect ) 26. capital and operating expenditures on environmental protection ( remediation andmitigation ) annex iii - institutional framework for sustainable development proposal better integration of sustainable development considerations in the un system : a potential outcome for rio + 20 this is a proposal for the elaboration of a framework that better enables the mainstreaming of sustainable development considerations ( i. e., economic, social and environmental considerations ) across the un system, with a particular emphasis on the un ' s programming activities at the country level. this approach would include efforts to support developing countries to integrate sustainable development considerations into their national development plans and priorities as a core element of an enhanced sustainable development partnership. this proposal is focused on improving existing mechanisms and structures and program delivery at the country level rather than the creation of new institutions and agencies. it is meant to serve as a contribution to the overall effort to improve the institutional framework for sustainable development this proposal is focused on establishing sustainable development as a mainstream priority within un programming in developing countries. as such, it seeks to address a gap in the context of the institutional framework for sustainable development, which includes efforts at strengthening sustainable development at the local, national, regional and international levels. to achieve the integration of sustainable development considerations, a two - pronged approach could be adopted. at the country level : the first element is inspired by the delivering as one initiative as an example of how to achieve greater coherence and coordination among un activities at the country level. un programming within the delivering as one framework is based on the un development assistance framework ( undaf ). it is the role of the resident coordinator to ensure its implementation. following the principle of national ownership, whereby the un development assistance framework ( undaf ) is built upon the national priorities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47305754612322937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.802376"} {"text": "framework is based on the un development assistance framework ( undaf ). it is the role of the resident coordinator to ensure its implementation. following the principle of national ownership, whereby the un development assistance framework ( undaf ) is built upon the national priorities set out by the host country under the principles elaborated by the paris declaration and the accra agenda for action, there would be the need for program countries to identify sustainable development within their national plans or poverty reduction strategies. an opportunity for this is presented by the rio + 20 conference, the objective of which is to secure renewed political commitment for sustainable development. one possible outcome of the conference could be for member states to commit to identifying sustainable development as a priority within their national development plan, perhaps with the formal relabelling of undaf as the un sustainable development assistance framework, or something comparable. once identified as a national priority, the resident coordinator would coordinate the mainstreaming of sustainable development considerations and their implementation by the various un agencies active within the country while ensuring their coherence and consistency in accordance with national priorities. the resident coordinator would rely on the input of those agencies with mandates related to the three pillars of sustainable development : unep and undp, among others, with respect to the environmental pillar ; the un regional economic commissions with respect to the economic pillar ; and a combination of agencies including inter alia undp, un women, unesco and unicef with respect to the social pillar. at the headquarters level : the second element could involve calling for all un entities to mainstream sustainable development considerations across all areas of their work. while many of these entities already incorporate sustainable development considerations within their activities, there is a need to ensure both the priority and the coherence of the un system ' s engagement and activities related to sustainable development on an ongoing basis. one possible method of achieving this could be through the inclusion of a call for the un system and for each un entity governing body to do so within the rio + 20 outcome document. the rio + 20 document could call on the un secretary - general to provide high - level guidance to un entities to mainstream sustainable development considerations as a top priority for operational activities. consideration could be given to updating the mandate of the united nations development group ( undg )? the un body supporting the resident coordinator and the un country teams in the delivery of coherent programming and the attainment of internationally agreed development goals? so that its focus on sustainable development is made explicit. consideration could also be given to providing a formal, permanent role for unep within theundg advisory group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4793417353879166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.803471"} {"text": "disparities affecting children cloud economic good news story despite widespread economic upturn in south - eastern europe and the commonwealth of independent states ( see / cis ) since the late \u2018 90s, one in four children under 15 is still living in extreme income poverty according to a unicef report. the innocenti social monitor 2006 : understanding child poverty in south - eastern europe and the commonwealth of independent states finds that while the number of children under 15 living in extreme poverty has decreased from 32 million to 18 million, stark disparities in child well - being and opportunities exist : the share of children now living in extreme poverty ranges from 5 per cent in some see countries to a startling 80 per cent in the poorest central asia countries. analysis of data from rural and urban settings, from households of different sizes and structures, throws up disparities within countries that particularly affect children in families where there are more than two siblings. official data for bosnia and herzegovina say that extreme poverty ( persons with annual consumption bellow 772 bam per capita ) is not reported, but that because of statistical probability can be supposed that it is less than 5 per cent. based on absolute poverty line ( persons with annual consumption bellow 2223 bam per capita ), among the poorest group in bih, as reported in the official government report from 2004, are families with three and more siblings ( 66 % households are poor ), refugees and displaced persons ( 37 % families are poor ), households with two children ( 32 % families are poor ), families in which the head of the household is younger than 25 ( 29 of them are poor ), unemployed and families in which the head of the household has only primary education ( 25 % ). direct income support in the form of state transfers for households with children are widespread in the region, much occurring in the form of pensions. however, income support targeted on children is often of too low value to have a significant impact on poverty reduction \u201c child poverty should be the number one concern of governments in the region, \u201d said maria calivis, unicef regional director for central and eastern europe and the commonwealth of the fact that increase of family leads a family to poverty in bih is alarming. additionally alarming is the fact that the risk of falling into poverty, for families with two or more children, is increasing in the last several years. in 2005 / 2006, economic policy and planning unit ( eppu ) bih, together with unicef and save the children uk, have undertaken a research on socio - economic policy impact to child rights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45164153262233137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.807873"} {"text": "more children, is increasing in the last several years. in 2005 / 2006, economic policy and planning unit ( eppu ) bih, together with unicef and save the children uk, have undertaken a research on socio - economic policy impact to child rights. the first step was to assess the impact of eventual increase in electricity price to benefit of children and families. in the research the parents agreed that increase of price of electricity would predominantly affect habits and living standards of children. \u201d in our everyday life, everything affects children. they feel the irresponsibility and immaturity of adults who decide on their behalf. \u201d \u201c the increase in price of electricity affect young people the most, because parents, maybe not knowingly, begin economizing on clothing, schooling, even provisions. \u201d \u201c children suffer because of poverty... chidren already do not have normal conditions for development ( education, nutrition, hygiene, leisure time and similar ) \u201c \u2013 these are some statements of parents who participated in the research. one of the boys who participated in the focus groups discussion told a story about his schoolmate who had to leave the school after the first year because he couldn ' t afford to buy books, shoes, transportation and other necessities. he went to visit him in his village and he found him keeping sheep. one of the fathers in mostar, who has a child with special needs said in the research that in case of increase in price of electricity \u201e he couldn ' t afford the hearing device for his child, which would affect him significantly. his schooling would be questionable, because he couldn ' t hear, and all progress so far would be diminished. \u201c interviewed representatives of educational institutions believe that changes in using electricity caused by increase in price would affect quality and duration of classes. in some elementary schools, school representatives even mentioned effects of economizing electricity expenditure, for example through shortening the classes. the unicef \u2019 s social monitor 2006 report argues that the future of the region depends on a healthy and educated generation, which will require a better use of resources and more generous support from the international community. to address the challenges posed by the persistence of child poverty in the region, the report calls on governments to work towards : \u2022 more and better public spending on social services ( health, education and social infrastructure ) ; reforms of the budget allocation principles to ensure adequately resources targeted in those regions and population groups most in need ; \u2022 better targeting and higher levels of social transfers to families with young children in order to provide effective protection from poverty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.479747185716051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.808856"} {"text": "there are more than 4. 2 million teenagers in mozambique. for many, poverty, hiv / aids and limited education opportunities have made adolescence a particularly challenging period. yet, an increasing number of them are getting involved in finding solutions to their own problems and in creating new opportunities to voice their concerns through media programmes, youth groups or community theatre. however, access to secondary school is limited and remains the privilege of mostly urban children. only eight per cent of children of secondary school age attend high school. there are not enough secondary schools in the country and most are located in towns. to cope with overcrowding, schools have introduced morning, afternoon and evening shifts in both secondary and primary schools. it is not uncommon to see students in class at 10 pm. pressure to leave school, especially for girls, comes from different fronts. girls often have to drop out to take care of younger siblings or sick family members. many also drop out when they get married at an early age \u2013 around 18 per cent of 20 to 24 year - old women have been married before the age of 15. adolescence also carries other risks. by the age of 14, a third of mozambican children have become sexually active but knowledge of hiv prevention methods is low. twelve per cent of young women and 27 per cent of young men aged 15 \u2013 24 reported using condoms during their last sexual relation. girls and young women are three times more likely to be hiv - positive than boys and young men.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43749496772246377, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.811263"} {"text": "want to stay on top of all the space news? follow @ universetoday on twitter at 54. 6 million km away at its closest, the fastest travel to mars from earth using current technology ( and no small bit of math ) takes around 214 days \u2014 that \u2019 s about 30 weeks, or 7 months. a robotic explorer like curiosity may not have any issues with that, but it \u2019 d be a tough journey for a human crew. developing a quicker, more efficient method of propulsion for interplanetary voyages is essential for future human exploration missions \u2026 and right now a research team at the university of alabama in huntsville is doing just that. this summer, uahuntsville researchers, partnered with nasa \u2019 s marshall space flight center and boeing, are laying the groundwork for a propulsion system that uses powerful pulses of nuclear fusion created within hollow 2 - inch - wide \u201c pucks \u201d of lithium deuteride. and like hockey pucks, the plan is to \u201c slapshot \u201d them with plasma energy, fusing the lithium and hydrogen atoms inside and releasing enough force to ultimately propel a spacecraft \u2014 an effect known as \u201c z - pinch \u201d. \u201c if this works, \u201d said dr. jason cassibry, an associate professor of engineering at uah, \u201c we could reach mars in six to eight weeks instead of six to eight months. \u201d the key component to the uah research is the decade module 2 \u2014 a massive device used by the department of defense for weapons testing in the 90s. delivered last month to uah ( some assembly required ) the dm2 will allow the team to test z - pinch creation and confinement methods, and then utilize the data to hopefully get to the next step : fusion of lithium - deuterium pellets to create propulsion controlled via an electromagnetic field \u201c nozzle \u201d. although a rocket powered by z - pinch fusion wouldn \u2019 t be used to actually leave earth \u2019 s surface \u2014 it would run out of fuel within minutes \u2014 once in space it could be fired up to efficiently spiral out of orbit, coast at high speed and then slow down at the desired location, just like conventional rockets except \u2026 better. \u201c it \u2019 s equivalent to 20 percent of the world \u2019 s power output in a tiny bolt of lightning no bigger than your finger. it \u2019 s a tremendous amount of energy in a tiny period of time, just a hundred billionths of a second. \u201d \u2013 dr. jason cassibry on the z - pinch effect in fact, according to a uahuntsville news release", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4914335945446363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.814006"} {"text": "the aftenposten newspaper in norway reports that earlywednesday morning, the country was struck by a meteor thathad theexplosive force of the atomic bomb that was dropped onhiroshima in 1945. the meteor hit the side of a mountain. there are no reportsof damage or casualties, but if the impact was as great asit appears, it is one of the most significant such events indecades. aftenposten quoted norwegian astronomer knut j? rgen r? ed? degaard as saying, \" there were ground tremors, a houseshook and a curtain was blown into the house. this is simplyexceptional. i cannot imagine that we have had such apowerful meteorite impact in norway in modern times. if themeteorite was as large as it seems to have been, we cancompare it to the hiroshima bomb. of course the meteorite isnot radioactive, but in explosive force we may be able tocompare it to the ( atomic ) bomb. \"? degaard seemed surprisedby the fact that no astronomer anywhere in the world wasaware that this meteor was on its way.? degaard said the meteorite was visible for over 100 miles. despite the fact that in summer, the midnight sky in norwaystays lit up by the sun, the meteor flash was witnessed byalmost everyone in the country. residents of the northernpart of norway, especially, reported seeing a \" ball of fire \" that took several seconds to streak across the sky. peter bruvold, who caught the meteor on camera, says, \" i sawa brilliant flash of light in the sky, and this became alight with a tail of smoke. \" he then heard an enormouscrash. he says, \" i heard the bang seven minutes later. itsounded like when you set off a solid charge of dynamite akilometer ( over half a mile ) away. \" at unknowncountry. com, we regularly tell you what ' sreally goingon. at this website, you can get information youjust won ' tfind anywhere else. that ' s what we do for you ; now there ' ssomethingyou can do for us : subscribe today. that way you can be surewe ' ll behere for you tomorrow! to learn more, clickhere andhere. note : this news story, previously published on our old site, will have any links removed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.478262222818741, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.816759"} {"text": "chapter 9 - submerged orifices 12. orifice check structures occasionally, at a given site, the canal water surface level should be checked up to a specified elevation while simultaneously measuring the rate of flow. the combined checking and measuring functions can be provided by orifice check structures which are built into the canals as in - line structures ( figure 9 - 7 ). one or more orifice openings of the necessary size are constructed in the lower portion of a wall that extends across the canal at the upstream end of the check - type structure. these orifices are used to measure the discharge. a second wall with one or more gated openings is constructed at the downstream end of the structure. this downstream control is used to check the canal water surface to the desired elevation. two stilling wells are located outside of the structure. one is connected to a piezometer in the canal upstream from the orifice wall, and the other is connected to a piezometer in the basin between the upstream and downstream walls. in small orifice check structures, staff gages are used in place of piezometer and stilling wells. in either case, the differential head acting across the orifice can be determined, and with knowledge of the orifice dimensions and characteristics, the rate of flow can be determined. the coefficients of discharge that should be used to compute the rate of flow are difficult to determine analytically because of different degrees of suppression at the bottom and sides and between the orifice openings. computed discharge tables are ordinarily provided for each structure, but usually a statement is included that a field rating is necessary to ensure accurate results. in general, the recommended practice is that field ratings be made by current meter data and that discharge curves be prepared. for maximum potential accuracy, care must be exercised to prevent either excessively small gate openings or small differential head readings that cause large errors of precision of head or gate opening effects on discharge measurement.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.469041564447397, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.818805"} {"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb the two witnesses. 1 * a then i was given a measuring rod like a staff and i was told, \u201c come and measure the temple of god and the altar, and count those who are worshiping in it. 2but exclude the outer court * of the temple ; do not measure it, for it has been handed over to the gentiles, who will trample the holy city for forty - two months. 3i will commission my two witnesses * to prophesy for those twelve hundred and sixty days, wearing sackcloth. \u201d 4b these are the two olive trees and the two lampstands * that stand before the lord of the earth. 5 * if anyone wants to harm them, fire comes out of their mouths and devours their enemies. in this way, anyone wanting to harm them is sure to be slain. 6they have the power to close up the sky so that no rain can fall during the time of their prophesying. they also have power to turn water into blood and to afflict the earth with any plague as often as they wish. c 7when they have finished their testimony, the beast that comes up from the abyss * will wage war against them and conquer them and kill them. d 8their corpses will lie in the main street of the great city, * which has the symbolic names \u201c sodom \u201d and \u201c egypt, \u201d where indeed their lord was crucified. 9 * those from every people, tribe, tongue, and nation will gaze on their corpses for three and a half days, and they will not allow their corpses to be buried. 10the inhabitants of the earth will gloat over them and be glad and exchange gifts because these two prophets tormented the inhabitants of the earth. 11but after the three and a half days, a breath of life from god entered them. when they stood on their feet, great fear fell on those who saw them. e 12then they heard a loud voice from heaven say to them, \u201c come up here. \u201d so they went up to heaven in a cloud as their enemies looked on. f 13at that moment there was a great earthquake, and a tenth of the city fell in ruins. seven thousand people * were killed during the earthquake ; the rest were terrified and gave glory to the god of heaven. the seventh trumpet. * 15then the seventh angel blew his trumpet. there were loud voices in heaven, saying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44937942286025523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.824133"} {"text": "city fell in ruins. seven thousand people * were killed during the earthquake ; the rest were terrified and gave glory to the god of heaven. the seventh trumpet. * 15then the seventh angel blew his trumpet. there were loud voices in heaven, saying, \u201c the kingdom of the world now belongs to our lord and to his anointed, and he will reign forever and ever. \u201d 16the twenty - four elders who sat on their thrones before god prostrated themselves and worshiped god 17and said : \u201c we give thanks to you, lord god almighty, who are and who were. for you have assumed your great power and have established your reign. 18the nations raged, but your wrath has come, and the time for the dead to be judged, and to recompense your servants, the prophets, and the holy ones and those who fear your name, the small and the great alike, and to destroy those who destroy the earth. \u201d g 19then god \u2019 s temple in heaven was opened, and the ark of his covenant could be seen in the temple. there were flashes of lightning, rumblings, and peals of thunder, an earthquake, and a violent hailstorm. * [ 11 : 1 ] the temple and altar symbolize the new israel ; see note on rev 7 : 4 \u2013 9. the worshipers represent christians. the measuring of the temple ( cf. ez 40 : 3 \u2013 42 : 20 ; 47 : 1 \u2013 12 ; zec 2 : 5 \u2013 6 ) suggests that god will preserve the faithful remnant ( cf. is 4 : 2 \u2013 3 ) who remain true to christ ( rev 14 : 1 \u2013 5 ). * [ 11 : 2 ] the outer court : the court of the gentiles. trample \u2026 forty - two months : the duration of the vicious persecution of the jews by antiochus iv epiphanes ( dn 7 : 25 ; 12 : 7 ) ; this persecution of three and a half years ( half of seven, counted as 1260 days in rev 11 : 3 ; 12 : 6 ) became the prototype of periods of trial for god \u2019 s people ; cf. lk 4 : 25 ; jas 5 : 17. the reference here is to the persecution by the romans ; cf. introduction. * [ 11 : 3 ] the two witnesses, wearing sackcloth symbolizing lamentation and repentance, cannot readily be identified. do they represent moses and elijah, or the law and the prophets, or peter and paul? most probably", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43937383956267495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.825058"} {"text": "introduction. * [ 11 : 3 ] the two witnesses, wearing sackcloth symbolizing lamentation and repentance, cannot readily be identified. do they represent moses and elijah, or the law and the prophets, or peter and paul? most probably they refer to the universal church, especially the christian martyrs, fulfilling the office of witness ( two because of dt 19 : 15 ; cf. mk 6 : 7 ; jn 8 : 17 ). * [ 11 : 5 \u2013 6 ] these details are derived from stories of moses, who turned water into blood ( ex 7 : 17 \u2013 20 ), and of elijah, who called down fire from heaven ( 1 kgs 18 : 36 \u2013 40 ; 2 kgs 1 : 10 ) and closed up the sky for three years ( 1 kgs 17 : 1 ; cf. 18 : 1 ). * [ 11 : 8 ] the great city : this expression is used constantly in revelation for babylon, i. e., rome ; cf. rev 14 : 8 ; 16 : 19 ; 17 : 18 ; 18 : 2, 10, 21. \u201c sodom \u201d and \u201c egypt \u201d : symbols of immorality ( cf. is 1 : 10 ) and oppression of god \u2019 s people ( cf. ex 1 : 11 \u2013 14 ). where indeed their lord was crucified : not the geographical but the symbolic jerusalem that rejects god and his witnesses, i. e., rome, called babylon in rev 16 \u2013 18 ; see note on rev 17 : 9 and introduction. * [ 11 : 9 \u2013 12 ] over the martyrdom ( rev 11 : 7 ) of the two witnesses, now called prophets, the ungodly rejoice for three and a half days, a symbolic period of time ; see note on rev 11 : 2. afterwards they go in triumph to heaven, as did elijah ( 2 kgs 2 : 11 ). * [ 11 : 13 ] seven thousand people : a symbolic sum to represent all social classes ( seven ) and large numbers ( thousands ) ; cf. introduction. by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49050201412667926, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.825907"} {"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb the story of jonah has great theological import. it concerns a disobedient prophet who rejected his divine commission, was cast overboard in a storm and swallowed by a great fish, rescued in a marvelous manner, and returned to his starting point. now he obeys and goes to nineveh, the capital of israel \u2019 s ancient enemy. the ninevites listen to his message of doom and repent immediately. all, from king to lowliest subject, humble themselves in sackcloth and ashes. seeing their repentance, god does not carry out the punishment planned for them. at this, jonah complains, angry because the lord spares them. this fascinating story caricatures a narrow mentality which would see god \u2019 s interest extending only to israel, whereas god is presented as concerned with and merciful to even the inhabitants of nineveh ( 4 : 11 ), the capital of the assyrian empire which brought the northern kingdom of israel to an end and devastated jerusalem in 701. the lord is free to \u201c repent \u201d and change his mind. jonah seems to realize this possibility and wants no part in it ( 4 : 2 ; cf. ex 34 : 6 ). but the story also conveys something of the ineluctable character of the prophetic calling. the book is replete with irony, wherein much of its humor lies. the name \u201c jonah \u201d means \u201c dove \u201d in hebrew, but jonah \u2019 s character is anything but dove - like. jonah is commanded to go east to nineveh but flees toward the westernmost possible point ( 1 : 2 \u2013 3 ), only to be swallowed by a great fish and dumped back at this starting point ( 2 : 1, 11 ). the sailors pray to their gods, but jonah is asleep in the hold ( 1 : 5 \u2013 6 ). the prophet \u2019 s preaching is a minimum message of destruction, while it is the king of nineveh who calls for repentance and conversion ( 3 : 4 \u2013 10 ) ; the instant conversion of the ninevites is greeted by jonah with anger and sulking ( 4 : 1 ). he reproaches the lord in words that echo israel \u2019 s traditional praise of his mercy ( 4 : 2 ; cf. ex 34 : 6 \u2013 7 ). jonah is concerned about the loss of the gourd but not about the possible destruction of 120, 000 ninevites ( 4 : 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41585803003740407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.830407"} {"text": "\u2019 s traditional praise of his mercy ( 4 : 2 ; cf. ex 34 : 6 \u2013 7 ). jonah is concerned about the loss of the gourd but not about the possible destruction of 120, 000 ninevites ( 4 : 10 \u2013 11 ). unlike other prophetic books, this is not a collection of oracles but the story of a disobedient, narrow - minded prophet who is angry at the outcome of the sole message he delivers ( 3 : 4 ). it is difficult to date but almost certainly is postexilic and may reflect the somewhat narrow, nationalistic reforms of ezra and nehemiah. as to genre, it has been classified in various ways, such as parable or satire. the \u201c sign \u201d of jonah is interpreted in two ways in the new testament : his experience of three days and nights in the fish is a \u201c type \u201d of the experience of the son of man ( mt 12 : 39 \u2013 40 ), and the ninevites \u2019 reaction to the preaching of jonah is contrasted with the failure of jesus \u2019 generation to obey the preaching of one who is \u201c greater than jonah \u201d ( mt 12 : 41 \u2013 42 ; lk 11 : 29 \u2013 32 ). the book of jonah may be divided as follows : by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4417689058085673, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.831079"} {"text": "the usb to serial adapter - generally a usb to serial adapter, also referred to as a usb serial converter or usb rs232 adapter is a small electronic device which can convert a usb signal to serial rs232 data signals. rs232 is the type which is in many older pcs and is referred to as a serial com port. a usb to serial adapter typically converts between usb and either rs232, rs485, rs422 or tcp signals, however some usb to serial adapter / usb rs232 serial converter designs have other special conversion features. even the usb to serial adapter rs232 standard is an older communication protocol it is still used by many modern usb to serial adapter devices in both business and consumer markets and is also often used for personal and office usb to serial adapter devices. more recently most new computers do not have a com port so a usb serial adapter is often used to connect many types of devices. a usb to serial adapter is a very useful device for connecting equipment such as usb to serial adapter printers, scanners, scales and gps devices, but also most usb to serial business and consumer equipment. a usb to serial adapter is typically either a rs232 usb serial adapter, a rs485 usb serial adapter or a rs422 usb serial adapter. many new usb to serial adapter devices are today designed with a multiple usb to serial adapter rs232 / rs485 and even usb to serial adapter rs422 interface, which makes it very convenient since you then can use it for both rs232 and rs485 products. the usb serial adapter protocol has been around for many years and is a very reliable protocol. the usb serial adapter is usually used in industrial, office and business environments however also often as a consumer product for connecting usb serial products to personal computers. the rs485 usb to serial adapter is most often only used in industrial environments, labs and similar facilities since the rs485 usb to serial adapter protocol is very useful in these environments. the usb to serial adapter is made in a variety of models and types, the standard non - isolated usb to serial adapter is most commonly used in business, office and laboratory environments. the isolated usb to serial adapter is often used in industrial environments due to its resistance to voltage spikes and ground loops.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4811379939524166, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.833423"} {"text": "when the invader appears honest citizens must choose sides. forced at length to defend their own homes and firesides, massachusetts and connecticut now felt the recoil of unpatriotic behavior. instead of trusting their governors with the local defense as the administration had done with states which upheld the war, the president now insisted upon retaining the exclusive control of military movements. because massachusetts and connecticut had refused to subject their militia to the orders of the war department, monroe declined to pay their expenses. the cry was raised by peace men in consequence that the national government had abandoned new england to the common enemy. upon this false assumptionfor false, candor must pronounce it, inasmuch as government was maturing all the while a consistent plan of local defensethe massachusetts loaders made hasty proclamation that no choice was left between submitting to the enemy, which could not be thought of, and appropriating to the defense of the states the revenues derived from her people, which had hitherto been spent elsewhere. the massachusetts legislature appropriated $ 1, 000, 000 to support a state army of 10, 000 men. and otis, who inspired these measures, brought massachusetts to the point of instituting a delegate convention of eastern statesthis convention to meet at hartford. a hartford convention was no new project to otis ' s own mind. the day for assembling was fixt at december 15th. twelve delegates were appointed by the massachusetts legislature, men of worth and respectability, chief of whom were cabot and otis. in connecticut, whose legislature was not slow to denounce monroe ' s conscription plan as barbarous and unconstitutional, a congenial delegation of seven was made upgoodrich and hillhouse, hoary men of national renown, at the head. rhode island ' s legislature added four more to the list. so deep - rooted, however, was the national distrust of this movement that vermont and new hampshire shrank from giving the convention a public sanction. new hampshire had a republican council ; while in vermont the plattsburg victory stirred the union spirit ; chittenden himself having changed in official tone after the war became a defensive one. violent county conventions representing fractions of towns chose, however, three delegates, two in new hampshire and one in vermont, whose credentials being accepted by the convention, the whole number of delegates assembled at hartford was twenty - six. this hartford convention remains famous in american history only as a powerful menstruum in national politics. what its most earnest projectors had hoped for was left", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4737731407050151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.840160"} {"text": "being accepted by the convention, the whole number of delegates assembled at hartford was twenty - six. this hartford convention remains famous in american history only as a powerful menstruum in national politics. what its most earnest projectors had hoped for was left but half done ; but that half work condemned to political infamy twenty - six gentlemen highly respectable. lawyers, they were, of state eminence, for the most part, and all of high social character, but inclined, like men of ability most used to courts than conventions, to treat constituencies like clients, and spend great pains over phraseology. perhaps, indeed, these had been selected purposely to play the lion ' s part, that moderate fellow - citizens, unionists at heart, whose conversion was essential, might not quake at the roar of the convention. quincy was not there, nor the stout - hearted pickeringof whose readiness to become a rebel unless the constitution could be altered, flagrante bello, to suit his views, there can be little doubt. delegates like the present were prudent rather than earnest, better talkers than actors ; men by no means calculated for bold measures. what bold measures were possible? one may ask. pickering ' s confederacy of 18042 would have embraced new york, perhaps pennsylvania. but these eastern federalists, with that clannishness at which hamilton himself had marveled, were now circumscribed within the limits of new england, and of that section, moreover, but three states out of five had delegations at hartford worthy of the name. the first effort to assemble a new england convention was, we have seen in 1808 - 9. the second, if john quincy adams may be believed, was in 1812, immediately after the declaration of war against great britain, and that project dexter defeated by a speech in faneuil hall. the third, and present, tho partially successful, by bringing delegates into conference, was, like the stamp act congress, or the annapolis conference of 1786, an instrument necessarily for later and riper designs. the american confederacy, the american union, are each the product of begetting conventions ; nor without prudence were states now forbidden to enter into agreements or compacts with one another without the consent of congress. the hartford convention may well have justified dire forebodings, for it did not dissolve finally, as a mass - meeting might have done, upon a full report, but contingently adjourned to boston. organized on the appointed day in hartford, then a town", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4859751157547288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.841169"} {"text": "well have justified dire forebodings, for it did not dissolve finally, as a mass - meeting might have done, upon a full report, but contingently adjourned to boston. organized on the appointed day in hartford, then a town of four thousand inhabitants, by the choice of george cabot as president, and theodore dwight as secretary, the present convention remained in close session for three continuous weeks. of irregular political assemblies the worst may be suspected when proceedings are conducted in secrecy ; and never, certainly, were doors shut more closely upon a delegate, and professedly a popular convention, than upon this one ; not even doorkeeper or messenger gaining access to the discussion. inviolable secrecy was enjoined upon every member, including the secretary, at the first meeting, and once more before they dispersed, notwithstanding the acceptance of their final report. the injunction was never removed. not before a single state legislature whose sanction of this report was desired, not to any body of those constituents whose votes were indispensable to the ultimate ends, if these ends were legally pursued, was that report elucidated. four years afterward, when the hartford convention and its projectors bent under the full blast of popular displeasure, cabot delivered to his native state the sealed journal of its proceedings, which had remained in his exclusive custody ; but that when opened was found to be a meager sketch of formal proceedings, and no more ; making no record of yeas and nays, stating none of the amendments offered to the various reports, attaching the name of no author to a single proposition, in fine, carefully suppressing all means of ascertaining the expression or belief of individual delegates. casual letters of contemporaries are preserved sufficient to show that representative federalists labored with these delegates to procure a separation of the states, but how many more of the same strain president cabot may have torn up one can only conjecture. that twenty - six public men should have consented to leave no ampler means of vindicating to their own age, and to posterity, themselves and their motives, may evince a noble disinterestedness, sublime confidence in the rectitude of their own intentions, a comforting reliance upon \" the searcher of hearts, \" but certainly an astonishing ignorance of human nature in this our inquisitive republic. assembling amid rumors of treason and the execration of all the country west of the hudson, its members watched by an army officer who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4461916679594993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.842109"} {"text": "of hearts, \" but certainly an astonishing ignorance of human nature in this our inquisitive republic. assembling amid rumors of treason and the execration of all the country west of the hudson, its members watched by an army officer who had been conveniently stationed in the vicinity, the hartford convention, hardening into stone, preserves for all ages a sphinxlike mystery. the labors of this convention, whatever they were, ended with a report and resolutions, signed by the delegates present, and adopted on the day before final adjournment. report and resolutions disappointed, doubtless, both citizens who had wished a new declaration of independence, and citizens who had feared it. neither virginia nor kentucky could, with propriety, condemn the heresies of state sovereignty which supplied the false logic of this report, and an imperfect experience of this federal union may excuse in otis and his associates theoretical errors which jefferson and madison while in the opposition had, first inculcated. constitutional amendments were here proposed which, not utterly objectionable under other circumstances, must have been deemed at this time an insult to those officially responsible for the national safety, and only admissible as a humiliation of the majority. it requires little imagination to read, in report and resolutions, a menace to the union in its hour of tribulation, a demand for the purse and sword, to which only a craven congress could have yielded, and a threat of local armies which, with the avowed purpose of mutual aid, might in some not remote contingency be turned against foes american not less than british. 1 from schouler ' s \" history of the united states. \" by permission of the author and of his publishers, dodd, mead & company. copyright, 1880 - 1891. 2 timothy pickering, secretary of state in adams ' s cabinet, and afterward senator from pennsylvania, is here referred to. he came into serious disagreement with adams and was summarily removed. out of this rupture and the bad feeling that ensued, came what is known as pickering ' s confederacy. the battle of new orleans", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.487715514835035, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.843223"} {"text": "previously just the worry of climate scientists, environmentalists, doomsday prognosticators, and gas - price watchers, climate change is starting to worry some others \u2014 public health specialists, who say that global warming could affect large swaths of the population. in a paper published in the journal plos medicine tuesday, a group of european public health experts write that climate change could alter \" patterns of physical activity and food availability, and in some cases [ bring ] direct physical harm. \" slight temperature increases could also change disease distribution in colder regions and make hotter regions less hospitable to humans. \" certain subgroups are at more risk \u2014 mainly the young, the old, and the poor, \" says peter byass, director of the umea centre for global health research in sweden. \" the middle age and wealthy will be better off. it ' s a crude way of looking at it, but it ' s not so far off the mark. \" that means more prevalence of diseases that affect the poor, such as malaria and dengue fever, and heat stroke in drought - afflicted areas. for years, scientists have warned about more extreme hurricanes and weather patterns, but until recently, not much emphasis was put on less noticeable changes. \" i don ' t think there ' s a big gang of global health experts saying [ climate change ] is unimportant, \" he says. \" but i don ' t think people have been making the connections that need to be made between public health and climate change. \" byass ' paper isn ' t the first time health officials have pondered the human toll of climate change. in march, a group of doctors suggested that the incidence of asthma and other lung respiratory illnesses could increase, due to longer pollen seasons and increasing ranges of disease - causing molds and mosquitoes. \" at this point, we might not be able to stop climate change, but we can be a bit prepared as to what the consequences might be, \" he says. it ' s something people in his field are increasingly worried about. at last year ' s \" durban climate meeting, \" a united nations convention to discuss climate change, people focused on health issues had their say. the unpredictability of climate change \u2014 there are many models of what might happen over the next century \u2014 makes byass ' and his colleagues ' jobs much harder, he says. \" i think it ' s pretty clear that things won ' t stay the same, so we can talk about the what - ifs of different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4171721348452656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.848478"} {"text": "happen over the next century \u2014 makes byass ' and his colleagues ' jobs much harder, he says. \" i think it ' s pretty clear that things won ' t stay the same, so we can talk about the what - ifs of different climate change [ theories ], but it ' s hard to say for sure what will happen, \" he says. the united nations has been placing more of an emphasis on climate change, with many of its member countries asking the world ' s largest carbon producers \u2014 china, india, and the united states \u2014 to enter legally - binding agreements to reduce emissions. this year, government officials will meet in doha to continue negotiating. late last year, officials from around the world met in durban, south africa at what is now known as the \" durban climate meeting, \" in which officials from india, the united states, and china agreed to continue negotiating legally - binding carbon emission rules. \" it ' s about behaving in a way that ' s responsible for the planet. one would hope the united nations could help get everyone together, \" byass says. countries must be willing to take an economic hit in becoming more energy efficient. \" protecting the future of the planet has a price tag, there ' s no doubt about that. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44411670101024636, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.849089"} {"text": "researching the history of agriculture in vermont you can get a good background on the general agricultural history of vermont by reading a short history of vermont barns [ link ] and looking at the barn census powerpoint presentation ( click here to open the presentation in a new window. if the presentation does not display correctly, click here to download the presentation as a ppt file. the file is large ; 54 megabytes. ) barn design was influenced by local tradition, availability of materials, and the specific demands of different types of farming in different periods of history. with a little background you can decipher the clues that the building gives you. depending on your time and interest, you can also consult the long history of vermont agriculture [ link ] and the other publications listed in the resources section. doing a little reading before you look at your first barn will make it easier to understand what you are looking at, how it functioned, and when it was built. the visual glossary [ link ] and vermont agricultural property types [ link ] give more detailed information on the whole array of historic agricultural buildings in vermont, from corn cribs to silos, to mink sheds and potato barns. researching the history of your community although the majority of your time will be spent out and about, exploring the different parts of your community while looking for barns and other agricultural structures, it is worthwhile to first spend some time researching your community \u2019 s history to become familiar with the influences that shaped its agricultural past. this isn \u2019 t as difficult as it sounds. historical research is a great way to really get a feel for the way your community developed and may provide clues as to what barns ( either general types or specific instances ) may hold special significance in your community. historical research can answer questions such as : what crops and livestock were common in the area? at one time were there especially large or significant farming operations nearby? if so, what were their names and locations? what ethnic groups settled and farmed the area? what influences did they have on the way different agricultural structures were designed? how did agriculture cause the community to grow and change? how did technologies ( like railroads and electricity ) or events ( like wars or the great depression ) change agriculture in your community? to conduct research, a good place to start is your town library or community historical society. you may want to look for county, town, or other local histories that have been published. also interesting are historic photograph files that may have images of older farms and newspaper clipping folders that may contain historical agricultural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4580890999929346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.855391"} {"text": "town library or community historical society. you may want to look for county, town, or other local histories that have been published. also interesting are historic photograph files that may have images of older farms and newspaper clipping folders that may contain historical agricultural news of the community. two widely available 19th century map sources, the wallings maps and beers atlases, include symbols that indicate properties with buildings, including owner names. the division for historic preservation has been conducting inventories of historic buildings since the early 1970 \u2019 s. the information for two counties \u2013 addison and rutland - has been published in book form. offprints of single town sections are available for free upon request, while supplies last. please call 828 - 1220 to request a copy of your town section ( only available for addison and rutland county towns ; for more information see the ' related information ' section of the website. ) the division \u2019 s office in montpelier has a resource room with files on over 40, 000 historic buildings in vermont, and the public is welcome to visit and use the records. copies of those records are available on cd, and the division is working on distributing them to libraries, starting with the larger libraries in each region. town clerks and local libraries often have a binder with paper copies of the records for their town. other sources of information can include town clerks, local historians, college and university libraries and history departments, and the vermont historical society www. vermonthistory. org. the vermont landscape images project [ link ] contains an on - line archive of historic photos, organized by town. part of the fun of historical research is playing detective \u2013 finding out who might have the type of information you \u2019 re looking for and talking with them to see how their insight applies to the questions you have. don \u2019 t be afraid to be creative in where you look for information. when researching your community \u2019 s agricultural history, you can \u2019 t go wrong if you always keep in mind the six basic questions ; who, what, when, where, why, and how. farmers who own or used to own the barn you are surveying will undoubtedly be the best source of specific information about the age and evolution of the structure. they may know dates of construction, how the barn was used and how it changed over time. they will often know the family history of the farm, including stories that bring the history of the barn alive. in the field \u2013 what you \u2019 ll need now that you have a better understanding of the agricultural history of your community, it \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4547189195481364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.856642"} {"text": "time. they will often know the family history of the farm, including stories that bring the history of the barn alive. in the field \u2013 what you \u2019 ll need now that you have a better understanding of the agricultural history of your community, it \u2019 s time to get out there and find some barns! a little organization at this step can make things run very smoothly, so here are some suggestions about supplies you may need and ways to conduct your piece of the census. first, get some good road maps of the area you \u2019 ll be surveying. you can contact your town office or the agency of transportation to see what free maps are available. you can also download maps from the vermont center for geographic information website [ link ]. vcgi offrs a variety of maps, including maps of town highways [ link ]. plan a route that covers all the roads in the area you \u2019 ve chosen. barn census volunteers can work individually or in groups. if you are working in a group that is going to split up to divide the work, each smaller group should be assigned their own sector on the map so that it \u2019 s less likely that work will be duplicated. next, you should gather the supplies that you \u2019 ll want to bring with you. we recommend : - blank survey worksheets [ link ] ( you \u2019 ll need one sheet for every barn you survey, so make sure to print and bring extras! ) - a hard writing surface, like a clipboard or notebook - a digital camera - letter of introduction [ link ] ( please open the file, fill in your name and print it out. you may want multiple copies ) - a dashboard sign [ link ] identifying your vehicle as participating in the vermont barn census - a copy of this manual you may also want to bring : - cell phone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3901921810243235, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.857406"} {"text": "treatment for malocclusion topic overview back to top orthognathic surgery treats malocclusion ( \" poor bite \" ) by restructuring the jaw through cutting the bone and repositioning the bone segments. adults who have jaw - related malocclusion are sometimes offered a choice between simple orthodontic treatment and orthodontic treatment combined with orthognathic surgery. adults who have severe jaw problems may need surgery to improve their looks and how the jaw works. severe jaw problems can include upper jaws that don ' t match with the lower jaws. oral and maxillofacial surgeons or plastic surgeons perform this surgery using general anesthesia. recovery takes several weeks. while the bone slowly heals, the jaw is held in place with wires or plates and screws. the most common problem after this surgery is numbness of the upper or lower lip ( paresthesia ). other risks include infection, bleeding ( hemorrhage ), swelling, muscle spasm, and temporomandibular disorder. for most people, orthognathic surgery is elective, based on personal choice. because orthognathic surgery requires a long and difficult recovery period, you should carefully weigh the benefits against the hardship and expense of the surgery. for those few people who also have serious functional problems, such as problems with chewing or closing the mouth, orthognathic surgery may be a necessity. credits back to top | primary medical reviewer | | adam husney, md - family medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | william f. hohlt, dds - orthodontics | | last revised | | january 2, 2013 | to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.43113230837516325, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.859829"} {"text": "nasa ' s curiosity landing blazes trail for humans on mars the most technologically advanced space robot ever built - - the 5 foot tall curiosity contains a total of 10 scientific instruments, including a robotic arm with a power drill - - landed on mars last night, beginning a mission eight years in the making to search for signs of past life on the red planet. an image taken by rover curiosity on august 6, 2012 of mount sharp on mars. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech. us president barack obama praised nasa \u2019 s successful landing of the car - sized rover curiosity that travelled 570 million - km over eight months to reach our neighbour planet. \" tonight, on the planet mars, the united states of america made history, \" obama said. equipped with ten instruments, including a laser that can zap rocks from a distance and a mobile organic chemistry lab, curiosity gives scientists the opportunity to learn more than they ever have about mars. it also furthers the possibility of one day sending humans to mars to investigate first - hand. nasa administrator charles bolden noted that obama wants to be able to send humans to mars by the 2030s. the curiosity mars descent imager ( mardi ) captured the rover ' s descent to the surface of the red planet. the instrument shot 4 fps video from heatshield separation to the ground. source : youtube. \u201c today, the wheels of curiosity have begun to blaze the trail for human footprints on mars, \u201d bolden said at a press conference immediately following the release of the first few images from a new, and until now, unexplored part of mars. secrets of a martian mountain curiosity landed next to a strip of dunes in gale crater, a desirable destination given signs that water, a key requirement for life as we know it, once carved channels along the crater \u2019 s wall. at the centre of the 154 - km - wide crater rests mount sharp, a 5. 8 kilometre mountain that rivals mount kilimanjaro in height. scientists believe the mountain \u2019 s layers of sediment could hold clues to the planet \u2019 s ancient history, including whether it held microbial life. able to roll over obstacles 2 feet high and travel up to about 200 metres per day, the nuclear powered mobile laboratory will eventually be digging, drilling and investigating the martian landscape for at least the next two years in search of the building blocks of life : carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and oxygen. but before the exploration begins, scientists at nasa intend to perform a few weeks of health checks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4237831889716051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.866716"} {"text": "investigating the martian landscape for at least the next two years in search of the building blocks of life : carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and oxygen. but before the exploration begins, scientists at nasa intend to perform a few weeks of health checks on the machine that just survived the most epic landing in the history of robotic space travel. this view of gale crater is made up of a combination of data from three mars orbiters. the circle in the top left corner indicates the area where scientists aimed curiosity \u2019 s landing. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / esa / dlr / fu berlin / msss. surviving seven minutes of terror scientists at nasa \u2019 s jet propulsion laboratory ( jpl ) in pasadena, california twitched and hunched forward nervously as they waited for confirmations that curiosity had survived the technological challenge of landing on the surface of mars. scientists had dubbed the descent into the martian atmosphere the \u201c seven minutes of terror \u201d due to the intricate and tightly choreographed maneuvers required for a safe landing, including slowing down from 20, 921 km per hour to zero in just a few minutes. a heat - shield protected the one - tonne curiosity from a 1600 degrees celsius blaze that engulfed it at the force of impact with the martian atmosphere. because the martian atmosphere is so thin, a supersonic parachute, weighing only 100 pounds but able to withstand 65, 000 pounds of pressure, then needed to slow down its descent, but even it could only do so much. to enable a safe landing, nasa equipped the rover with a \u201c rocket - propelled backpack \u201d to lower it down to the surface on cables. photo of parachute landing today nasa released a photo of the parachute landing that was snapped by a spacecraft that \u2019 s been orbiting mars for six years. in a testament to advanced planning, the commands to take the photo had to be uploaded 72 hours prior. \" guess you could consider us the closest thing to paparazzi on mars, \" said sarah milkovich, high resolution imaging science experiment ( hirise ) investigation scientist at nasa ' s jpl. \" we definitely caught nasa ' s newest celebrity in the act. \" photo credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / univiversity of arizona. astronomer, lecturer, and author phil plait, who blogs for the popular discover magazine blog bad astronomy, wrote about the \u201c sheer amazingness \u201d of capturing a photo of the 16 - metre - wide parachute. \u201c here we have a picture taken by a camera on board a space probe that \u2019 s been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4559895414115863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.867655"} {"text": "blogs for the popular discover magazine blog bad astronomy, wrote about the \u201c sheer amazingness \u201d of capturing a photo of the 16 - metre - wide parachute. \u201c here we have a picture taken by a camera on board a space probe that \u2019 s been orbiting mars for six years, reset and re - aimed by programmers hundreds of millions of kilometers away using math and science pioneered centuries ago, so that it could catch the fleeting view of another machine we humans flung across space, traveling hundreds of million of kilometers to another world at mind - bending speeds, only to gently \u2013 and perfectly \u2013 touch down on the surface mere minutes later. \u201d nasa erupts in cheers the landing depended on the perfect execution of a computer already given its commands, while scientists could only wait for a delayed signal back on earth on how it all went. it takes fourteen minutes for a signal to reach earth from mars. engineers at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, california celebrate the landing of nasa ' s rover curiosity on mars. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech. when word of the safe landing reached earth, scientists at nasa jumped out of their chairs and threw their hands up in the air in joy, erupting in cheers, hugs and tears. a few minutes later they received the first three photos taken by curiosity, black - and - white images of the rover \u2019 s wheel on the rocky surface of mars. \u201c i can \u2019 t believe this. this is unbelievable, \u201d said allen chen, the deputy head of the rover \u2019 s descent and landing team. in times square, hundreds gathered to watch the nasa live stream of the team in california overseeing the landing. when nasa released the images online, their website crashed due to an unprecedented number of hits. mission manager at nasa ' s jpl michael watkins said that he loves these first few images the most. \u201c here we are seeing a part of mars that we ' ve never seen before, \u201d he said in a news conference this morning. better resolution photos should be arriving in the next few days along with black - and - white panoramas and the first colour images. working on mars time hundreds of thousands of scientists and engineers contributed to this $ 2. 5 billion mission to mars. all together seven countries collaborated, including canada, finland, spain, russia, france, germany, and the united states. scientists at the canadian space agency ( csa ) spent years working on a device aboard curiosity. a new alpha particle x - ray spectrometer, designed by a team of researchers at guel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49102112844061707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.868714"} {"text": "ear checksour hospital offers thorough ear exams as one of our many extensive dermatology services. conditions of the ears can be extremely uncomfortable and even painful. symptoms like head shaking, scratching and pawing at the ears, rubbing the ears on the floor or furniture, whining, and abnormal odors are common. conditions of the ear occur frequently in dogs and cats and result from a variety of causes. determining these causes is vital to the long term resolution of the symptoms. as with any other health issue, gathering a detailed history and performing a full examination of the patient are critical. careful examination of the ear with an otoscope, visualizing the full length of the ear canal and the ear drum, provides information important to the diagnosis. pain is common in ear disease and some patients will require sedation or anesthesia to be properly evaluated. additional diagnostic tests are often warranted. gathering samples to check for mites, inflammation, bacteria and yeast is a common first step. cultures are sometimes needed. in uncomplicated ear disease, treatment may be straight - forward when the proper information is gathered. however, most recurrent cases of ear disease involve multiple causes like allergy, infection, foreign bodies, tumors or ear mites. treating only one cause will limit the response to therapy. rechecking the ear after each stage of the treatment is critical to providing a long term resolution to the problem.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.468752141915175, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.870157"} {"text": "in the book cutting through the hype : the essential guide to school reform, authors jane l. david and larry cuban concisely describe various aspects of educational reform. they categorize educational reform into three strategies : reforming the system, reforming how schools are organized, and reforming teaching and learning. their descriptors are factual, historical and informative, but conspicuously devoid of any information supporting partisan political positions. david and cuban give the facts about 22 educational reform strategies and not the political spins from either side of the aisle either vociferously supporting or vehemently opposing any of these 22 educational reform strategies. does the american voter see education reform as another partisan political fight as our political leaders have demonstrated? apparently, american voters see education reform much like david and cuban see education reform, desperately needed and devoid of political bias. according to the center for the next generation survey of american voters attitudes on education and global competitiveness ( http : / / www. tcng. org / files / survey _ of _ american _ voters _ attitudes _ on _ education _ and _ global _ competitiveness. pdf ) and as stated in a recent us politics today article ( http : / / uspolitics. einnews. com / pr _ news / 111185232 / more - than - three - in - four - u - s - voters - want - next - president - to - prioritize - education - new - survey - finds ), 78 percent of american voters say restoring america \u2019 s leadership in global innovation and increasing investments in education should be a top or high priority for the next president. the american voter, regardless of political affiliation, wants education reform but are they willing to pay for educational reform? the answer is a resounding \u201c yes! \u201d the survey also revealed that by more than a ratio of 2 - 1, voters are very, or somewhat willing to pay more in taxes if the funds are dedicated to k - 12 education programs. the willingness to pay more taxes if funds are dedicated to education improvements was represented by strong majorities of each major political affiliation ( 81 percent of democrats surveyed, 59 percent of independents surveyed and 57 percent of republicans surveyed. ) the american voter realizes the importance of a strong education system and how it relates to global competitiveness ; however, the improvement of our education system is contingent upon employing effective education reforms as described by david and cuban. perhaps david and cuban did not address the politics of educational reform because the urgency of educational reform has superseded political partisanship. the american voter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48963939192823747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.872870"} {"text": "[ photographs by the author, shown here by kind permission of the dean & chapter. click on the images to enlarge them : some details cannot be seen in the smaller versions. ] st chad ' s roman catholic cathedral, queensway ( inner ring road dual carriageway ), birmingham, by a. w. n. pugin ( 1812 - 1852 ) with george myers ( 1803 - 1875 ) as builder. 1837 - 41. the interior is seen here at the start of a particularly joyous mass for french - speaking members of the community. overlooking the congregation on the right is a sixteenth - century oak statue of st chad holding a model of lichfield cathedral, where this \" apostle of the midlands \" established his see in the seventh century. in terms of its continued outreach and vibrancy, as well as of its historic significance in the catholic revival, st chad ' s is one of pugin ' s most important works. it also marks a major advance in the architect ' s own career. john betjeman was less than complimentary about the exterior, describing it as \" not much to look at. \" but the interior was quite another matter : \" inside it fairly takes the breath away, \" he wrote : \" it soars to the heavens ; its long thin pillars are like being in a mighty forest. the roof is a bit flimsy - looking, but the flimsiness is redeemed by the brilliant colours. the stained glass glows like jewels ; the great rood screen in front of the altar adds mystery to what would otherwise be rather an obvious place ; the altars blaze with gilding and colour \" ( qtd. in doolan 1 ). not everyone would agree that the roof looks \" flimsy \" : andy foster, for instance, admires the \" daringly thin timbers, \" suggesting that \" anything heavier would overwhelm the arcades \" which he describes as \" exceptionally tall and delicate \" ( 49 ). but most would find the rest of betjeman ' s comment perfectly accurate \u2014 except for the mention of the rood screen, which was removed in 1967 in the interests of accessibility and openness ( see final discussion ). left : the chancel. right : looking towards the west entrance. worth noting in the left - hand picture ( when enlarged ) is the statue just glimpsed on the extreme left. a fifteenth - century oak figure of the virgin mary from the netherlands or perhaps germany, which pugin restored and gave to the cathedral in 1841,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4655205007954748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.885355"} {"text": "in the left - hand picture ( when enlarged ) is the statue just glimpsed on the extreme left. a fifteenth - century oak figure of the virgin mary from the netherlands or perhaps germany, which pugin restored and gave to the cathedral in 1841, it was probably the very first such statue to have been \" erected for public veneration in england after the reformation \" ( doolan 5 ). so, like the new cathedral itself, it marks a significant step forward for catholicism in britain. foster describes the virgin as looking \" memorably enduring and serene \" ( 51 ). the statue stands under its canopy by the lady chapel, against the beautifully stencilled and scrolled pillars shown in close - up here. the archbishop ' s throne to its right, also of oak, was designed by pugin, its canopy matching that over the altar, and rising to nearly 30 ' ( dent 467 ). looking west from the chancel gives some idea of the spatial dimensions of the cathedral. the original organ was housed in a west gallery, which also accommodated the choir ; but it was moved to the sacristy in 1854 ( see dent 464 ). the present organ was installed here only in the late twentieth century. its splendid case works well with other elements in the cathedral. interior of chancel left to right : ( a ) stained glass window to the left of centre : here pugin shows st john the evangelist and st peter, above st michael and st edmund. ( b ) close - up of the altar of 1841, decorated at the top by joseph aloysius pippet, hardman ' s chief decorator. ( c ) central east window, showing mary holding the infant jesus, beside st chad with his mitre and red chasuble. all three east windows were the gift of the earl of shrewsbury : note the shields between the saints of the left - hand window, sporting the rampant heraldic lions of his family, cf. the lions on the west door of st giles, cheadle. the windows were executed for pugin by william warrington ( shepherd 356 ). the altar is described by foster as an \" important, early re - creation of medieval fittings, comparable with pugin ' s thrones in the house of lords \" ( 51 ). the finely - wrought casket on the altar was also designed by pugin. it is a reliquary \u2014 a container for the relics of st chad found under the altar of the chapel of aston hall, on the outskirts of birmingham. pugin was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41226676706500953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.886394"} {"text": "finely - wrought casket on the altar was also designed by pugin. it is a reliquary \u2014 a container for the relics of st chad found under the altar of the chapel of aston hall, on the outskirts of birmingham. pugin was guided here by bede ' s description of the original shrine for the relics at lichfield cathedral ( see fisher 29 - 30 ). even the curtains either side of the altar were designed by pugin ( doolan 6 ). left : the lady chapel, with its screen, altar, elaborate reredos, cylindrical tabernacle and window all designed by pugin. right : close - up of altar carving, showing the presentation of jesus in the temple, the nativity, and the adoration of the magi. the hounds in the nativity scene may be another reference to the earl of shrewsbury ' s family shield. left : the reredos shows the visitation, with mary and her cousin elizabeth, the virgin mary with the infant jesus, and the annunciation, with the angel gabriel. below are four female saints : mary magdalene, st barbara, st cecilia and st catherine. right : the stained glass window at the back, partly obscured here, shows mary with st cuthbert and st. chad. pugin particularly mentions the tabernacle in the lady chapel when writing to a. n. didron, editor of annales archeologiques, in january 1842, describing it as being \" en forme de tour ornee de pierreries at de quatre evangelistes, en email \" ( 9 ). the lady chapel ' s screen too is elaborate, beautifully carved with a central quatrefoil, trefoils and pinnacled arches. this makes up a little for the loss of the cathedral ' s original rood screen. the walls are stencilled in patterns of blue and gold, with the initial \" m \" and fleur - de - lys patterning close to the altar. all in all, as pugin himself remarks to didron, the chapel is \" extremement riche \" ( 9 ). monument to bishop walsh left : the monument to bishop walsh in the north aisle, in bath stone. right : closer view of the bishop ' s recumbent effigy. bishop walsh ( 1776 - 1849 ), shown here in \" pontificals, with crozier and mitre \" ( dent 465 ), was responsible for commissioning not only this cathedral but st mary ' s college in nearby oscott. he had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.407920832937091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.887316"} {"text": "bishop walsh ( 1776 - 1849 ), shown here in \" pontificals, with crozier and mitre \" ( dent 465 ), was responsible for commissioning not only this cathedral but st mary ' s college in nearby oscott. he had taken a personal and paternal interest in the young architect, sometimes calling him \" bishop pugin, \" and forbidding him to fast during lent to preserve his health. he had once written to shrewsbury, \" i consider him to be an extraordinary genius raised up for these times \" ( qtd. in hill 210 ). the design of the monument is widely attributed to pugin, and its execution to george myers, in 1850. the central roundel of its daipered backing sports a little figure of the bishop bearing a model of the cathedral. the monument was displayed in the medieval court at the great exhibition, where it attracted praise for being so finely carved and authentically medieval : \" the effigy has a striking resemblance to those venerable and dignified effigies still remaining in our ancient churches \" ( the crystal palace, 215 ). note that an early account credits the design of the monument to pugin ' s eldest son, edward welby pugin ( see dent 465 ). this seems likely in view of the latter ' s similar monuments to his own father at st augustine ' s, ramsgate ( 1853 ), and to canon richard north at our ladye star of the sea, greenwich ( 1860 ). but it seems even more likely that pugin himself would have been involved in paying this tribute to his old friend. the octagonal font, designed by pugin, not elaborate but with four carvings representing the four evangelists. the casket for the holy oils, behind it, was also designed by pugin, as were the candle - holders and tiles, the latter made for pugin by minton & and co. ( see doolan 3 ). the candlestand by the font is similar to one of the large ones illustrated in the crystal palace catalogue ( 218 ), and is for the paschal candle at easter. st chad ' s makes its impact by bringing together many different elements. as at st giles in cheadle, pugin has turned his hand to every aspect of the church and its fitments and furnishings, drawing on his scholarly research into medieval craftsmanship, and blending the subsequent designs into a new harmony. as well as recreating the past in his architecture and art, he has brought in the fruits of another related interest \u2014 collecting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41689346646492575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.888387"} {"text": "\" extraordinary genius. \" - st chad ' s exterior - the rood screen originally at st chad ' s - the bishop ' s house ( that once stood opposite ; sadly, dem. 1960 ) - some of pugin ' s other stained glass windows in the cathedral ( coming shortly ) - st thomas a becket window, by john hardman & co. ( 1865 ) ( coming shortly ) - world war i memorial window, by john hardman & co. ( dedicated 1921 ) ( coming shortly ) web resources of special interest - [ offsite ] \" the building of st chad ' s cathedral. \" catholic herald archive. - [ offsite ] navigate to a virtual tour of the crypt ( the cathedral ' s own website ). \" cathedral church of st chad, birmingham. \" british listed buildings. web. 20 january 2013. the crystal palace, and its contents. london : w. m. clark, 1851. internet archive. web. 20 january 2013. dent, robert kirkup. old and new birmingham : a history of the town and its people. birmingham : houghton & hammond, 1880. internet archive. web. 20 january 2013. doolan, father brian. the metropolitan cathedral and basilica of st chad birmingham. 5th revised ed. birmingham : st chad ' s publications, 2006. available at the cathedral. print. fisher, michael. \" gothic for ever \" : a. w. n. pugin, lord shrewsbury, and the rebuilding of catholic england. reading : spire, 2012. print. foster, andy. birmingham. pevsner architectural guides. new haven and london : yale university press, 2005. print. hill, rosemary. god ' s architect : pugin and the building of romantic britain. london : penguin, 2007. print. o ' donnell, roderick. the pugins and the catholic midlands. leominster : gracewing, and the archdiocese of birmingham, 2002. print. pugin, a. w. n. the collected letters of a. w. n. pugin, vol. 1. 1830 - 42. ed. margaret belcher. oxford : oxford university press, 2001. print. shepherd, stanley a. the stained glass of a. w. n. pugin. reading : spire books, 2009. print. last modified 20 january 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43426395777647797, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.890210"} {"text": "by pete kotz by michael musto by michael musto by capt. james van thach told to jonathan wei by kera bolonik by michael musto by nick pinto by steve weinstein washington, d. c. president bush ' s vague plan for coping with a serious outbreak of bird flu is based largely on fear and greed. there is no secret about this. he seeks to get people ' s attention by scaring the citizenry with visions of millions of people dying from a pandemic so bad it leads to martial law, mass quarantines, restrictions on travel, and so on. he wants to encourage private business to meet the crisis by producing more of existing drugs such as tamiflu to combat a flu plague and entice the drug companies to work harder and faster to make a vaccine by ensuring its profitability. the answer to a bird flu pandemic is not a passive first - world population riveted to the tv, watching one person after another drop dead across the world as sickened birds fly closer and closer and finally land in our midst. the answer lies in effective communication at all levels among different nations, through their medical establishments, scientists, and spotters, so that as soon as sick or dead birds are found, the birds in surrounding areas can be culled. this is a job for the world health organization, which is part of the united nations, the organization bush and his ambassador, john bolton, are determined at all costs to wreck. while developed countries race to lay in supplies of antiviral drugs, there is little interest in the animals themselves and in animal - human interaction where flu can begin and spread. the who and food and agriculture organization have only 40 veterinarians between them. \" reducing human exposure requires education about handling poultry and a fundamental change in cultural attitudes towards human - animal interactions and husbandry in many parts of the world, \" writes the lancet, the british medical journal. \" in some african countries, people sleep in the same places as poultry. in southeast asia, ' wet markets, ' where live poultry are traded and slaughtered on the spot, pose a risk of human transmission. and in central asia and eastern europe, hunting of wild birds may have played a major part in the spread of avian influenza. \" changing the interplay of animals and humans may meet considerable resistance among small poultry farmers in poor countries, who face the loss of whole flocks in a mass culling. if farmers are offered too little to cull their birds, they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4409225844712709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.897227"} {"text": "influenza. \" changing the interplay of animals and humans may meet considerable resistance among small poultry farmers in poor countries, who face the loss of whole flocks in a mass culling. if farmers are offered too little to cull their birds, they won ' t do it. and if too much money is proffered, \" the money will be an incentive to deliberately infect their flocks, \" milan brahmbhatt, the world bank ' s lead economist for east asia and the pacific, told the lancet. the overall effect of a pandemic in asia will be to drive small poultry farmers out of business and open the way for u. s. - style industrial chicken farming, with ownership concentrated in the hands of a few. among the major exporters are china and thailand ( southeast asia now accounts for about a quarter of the world poultry business ). most of their chickens go to japan. many countries are banning imports from these two nations, and that is running up the price of chickens worldwide and promising to up exports from such places as the u. s., brazil, and the eu. a serious effort to stave off a pandemic also means stopping the pharmaceutical companies from scaring people to make more money. it is by now well - known that the drug companies provide huge sums of cash to politicians $ 133 million to federal candidates since 1998, according to the center for public integrity, with upwards of $ 1. 5 million going to bush, the top recipient. the industry operates an elaborate lobby in washington that in 2004 spent $ 123 million and employed an army of 1, 291 lobbyists, more than half of whom were former federal officials. the industry ' s sales machine aims to bypass doctors with tv and other advertising aimed directly at the patient, appealing to his or her judgment over that of a physician. in the case of making and marketing drugs to combat flu, the results are disastrous. the industry claims it can ' t make flu vaccines because there is no money in it. when asked about last year ' s flu vaccine shortage by cbs ' s bob schieffer, bush said the industry was fearful of damage suits concocted by ambulance - chasing lawyers. he explained the shortage this way : \" bob, we relied upon a company out of england to provide about half of the flu vaccines for the united states citizen, and it turned out that the vaccine they were producing was contaminated. and so we took the right action and didn ' t allow contaminated medicine into our country. \" this was not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.464821069897698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.900161"} {"text": "england to provide about half of the flu vaccines for the united states citizen, and it turned out that the vaccine they were producing was contaminated. and so we took the right action and didn ' t allow contaminated medicine into our country. \" this was not true. the american inspectors had approved flu vaccine shipments from a u. s. producer ' s british company. it was british inspectors who blocked shipment of the questionable vaccine from the american firm. with no vaccine in sight, the u. s. government, along with others, is belatedly stocking up on tamiflu, a drug that supposedly offers some defense against bird flu. but last week japanese newspapers told how children who were administered tamiflu went mad and tried to kill themselves by jumping out of windows. in a cautionary statement the fda noted 12 deaths among children, and said there are reports of psychiatric disturbances, including hallucinations, along with heart and lung disorders. roche, the manufacturer, is quoted by the bbc as stating that the rate of deaths and psychiatric problems is no higher among those taking its medication than among those with flu. the company is increasing tamiflu production to 300 million doses a year to meet demand. find everything you ' re looking for in your city find the best happy hour deals in your city get today ' s exclusive deals at savings of anywhere from 50 - 90 % check out the hottest list of places and things to do around your city", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42138163220281566, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.915059"} {"text": "written by andrew forgotch last updated on january 07, 2013 @ 8 : 25pm created on january 07, 2013 @ 6 : 47pm health departments all across the state have reported high number of flu cases. the latest totals showed that there were more than 10 - thousand confirmed cases of the flu across the state. what ' s shocking is that that might be a low estimate. that ' s because doctors rely on numbers from doctors from across the state to report the number of cases they treated. the problem is that not everyone who is sick goes to the doctor ' s office. as of mid - december there had been more than 10 - thousand cases of the flu in west virginia. last year there were a little less than 6 - thousand cases for the entire month of december. health officials are concerned because the flu season typically hits in late january or early february. the good news in all of this is that the strain that ' s going around is the h3n2, and that ' s what ' s included in the flu vaccine. ted krafczyk, an epidemiologist with the monongalia county health department, said it ' s not too late to get a flu shot. krafczyk also said to parent the flu it ' s a good idea that you wash your hands on a regular basis. you must have an active wdtv. com user account to post comments. please login to your account, or create your free account today!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39004787451881406, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.917777"} {"text": "meningitis rate is dropping in u. s. cdc researchers say pneumococcal vaccine is helping to lower meningitis rate may 25, 2011 - - cases of bacterial meningitis continue to decline in the u. s., with incidence falling by almost a third over the last decade, the cdc says. the latest drop is being attributed in part to the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, which protects children from a leading cause of bacterial meningitis, streptococcus pneumoniae. it follows an even bigger decline in cases over the previous decade, which saw the introduction of a vaccine targeting haemophilus influenza type b ( hib ). between the mid - 1980s and mid - 1990s, bacterial meningitis cases in the u. s. dropped by 55 %. the cdc report appears in tomorrow ' s new england journal of medicine. \" the good news is that this very serious infection is now a lot less common than it was, \" cdc chief of bacterial and respiratory diseases cynthia whitney, md, mph, tells webmd. \" but we want people to know that this disease does still occur. there are about 4, 000 cases of bacterial meningitis each year in the u. s., so physicians still need to be aware of the signs and treat patients quickly and aggressively. \" meningitis can be fatal quickly while there has been great progress in preventing bacterial meningitis, far less progress has been made in treating the disease once people get it, whitney says. if not treated quickly, bacterial meningitis can sometimes progress from first symptoms to death in less than a day. in april, a 21 - year - old college student in new hampshire with a rare form of bacterial meningitis died just 12 hours after seeking medical treatment for a severe headache and rash, according to news reports. and last spring, two students at an elementary school in oologah, okla., died and four others were hospitalized with bacterial meningitis within days of first complaining of symptoms. high fever, headache, and neck stiffness are the most common symptoms of bacterial meningitis in adults and children over the age of 2. \" when people get bacterial meningitis, it still tends to be very serious, \" whitney says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42647941155418534, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.931620"} {"text": "campbell county, georgia was a county of the u. s. state of georgia from 1828 to 1931. it was created by the state legislature on december 20, 1828 from land taken from fayette, coweta, and carroll counties, and from the half of dekalb county which became fulton county soon afterward. georgia ' s cherokee land lottery of 1832 also added to the county. the county was named for duncan g. campbell, one of the u. s. commissioners responsible for the treaty of indian springs. the original county seat was campbellton ; however, when the atlanta & west point railroad began to plan its route, the town ' s residents said no due to noise concerns. the tracks were laid through fairburn instead, which flourished while campbellton died out, and fairburn soon became the new county seat in 1870. the campbell county courthouse was listed on the national register of historic places. the northwestern half of campbell ( and a bit more of carroll ) became douglas county in 1870, divided on october 17 at the chattahoochee river. the remainder of campbell county was ceded to fulton county at the end of 1931, along with milton county, to save money. the legislation creating the merger was enacted on august 9, 1929, with milton being added to the process in 1931. campbell county is a former county. note : campbell was annexed to fulton in 1932.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.397101992199943, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.936975"} {"text": "primary health care in action madagascar in numbers1 - life expectancy ( both sexes, 2006 ) : 59 years - gross national product per capita ( ppp in international $, 2006 ) : 870 - per capita total expenditure on health ( ppp in international $, 2005 ) : 33 - number of physicians ( per 10 000 population, 2005 ) : 3 madagascar primary health drive achieves mixed results2 - life expectancy has increased since 1990, polio has been eradicated and infant mortality is declining - islanders have never been more motivated to look after their health - only 60 \u2013 70 % of the population has ready access to primary health care services - health centres in a poor state of disrepair when the first batch of 1500 young health aides was dispatched in 1980 to madagascar \u2019 s villages, it was thought to herald a new era in health care for the island nation off the south - east coast of africa. the project was the centrepiece of the country \u2019 s primary health care programme, launched in 1978 with high hopes of meeting the alma - ata goal of providing health for all by 2000. the \u2018 health for all \u2019 idea was not to eradicate every disease, but to attain an acceptable level of health, equitably distributed throughout the world. the results in madagascar, however, have been mixed, with strong advances in some areas and little progress in others. on the plus side, islanders today have never been more motivated to look after their health, says professor dieudonne randrianarimanana, cabinet director of the madagascar ministry of health, family planning and social protection. health has improved currently, average life expectancy is 59 years which represents an increase of about 6 years from its 1990 level. poliomyelitis has been eradicated. officials there say the prevalence of leprosy is less than 1 per 10 000 ; and infant mortality is decreasing ( in 2006 the probability of dying in the first year of life was down to 72 deaths per 1000 live births compared with 84 in 2000 and 103 in 1990 ). but 30 years on, only 60 \u2013 70 % of the population has ready access to primary health care, officials say. many people still have to walk 10 kilometres or more to receive treatment, though mobile health centres have been introduced in remote and sparsely populated areas. like randrianarimanana, nurse florentine odette razanandrianina has experienced the ups and downs of primary health care. she arrived in the village of ambohimiarintsoa, 200 kilometres from the capital antananar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41404735135151305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.941145"} {"text": "randrianarimanana, nurse florentine odette razanandrianina has experienced the ups and downs of primary health care. she arrived in the village of ambohimiarintsoa, 200 kilometres from the capital antananarivo, in october 2006 to run the health clinic. she provides twice - weekly prenatal and postnatal check - ups. she also offers child immunization and vaccination, family planning services and disease treatment. but five of the centre \u2019 s seven small rooms are in a poor state of repair and lack sufficient equipment, razanandrianina says. \u201c we have five mattresses for only one bed. consequently, we are often obliged to let patients sleep on the mattresses placed directly on the soil. \u201d health workers receive mixed reception there are many other health centres in a similarly poor state of disrepair across madagascar, officials admit. also, frictions can arise when modern practices are perceived as counter to traditional customs. since moving to the village, razanandrianina \u2019 s efforts to teach people about the need for personal hygiene have not always been welcome. despite these setbacks, razanandrianina has not curtailed her efforts. for example, when people from villages further away have chosen not to attend vaccination clinics, she has gone to them. \u201c every time we visit the remotest villages, people wait for us in a group. they really appreciate our visits, \u201d razanandrianina says. this is an abridged version of an article published in the bulletin of the world health organization in june 2008. 1world health statistics 2008, online version : http : / / www. who. int / whosis / data / search. jsp ( accessed on 26 / 09 / 2008 ) 2primary health care : back to basics in madagascar, who bulletin, vol 86 ( 6 ), http : / / www. who. int / bulletin / volumes / 86 / 6 / 08 - 010608 / en / index. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43012751333060034, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.941955"} {"text": "the ungulates and their relatives are a puzzling group, including animals as diverse as whales and hippos, elephants and hyraxes, horses and tapirs, giraffes and sheep. what they have in common is that many of them walk around on their toenails. the phylogeny ( family relationships ) of the ungulates is a constantly shifting terrain, but genetic analysis is beginning to help sort out this enigmatic group of animals. at whozoo, elephants, hippos and rhinos have been grouped for convenience as \" large herbivores, \" but this is an artifical grouping ; these animals actually represent three different branches of hooved animals. the simplified family tree below is redrawn from the cladograms and other information at the university of california museum of paleontology web site and from an article on mammalian phylogeny in nature ( 1 february 2001 ). the three main branches of the tree below are the cetartiodactyla, the perissodactyla and a part of the recently defined superorder afrotheria, which includes the orders proboscidea ( elephants ), sirenia ( manatees and sea cows ) and hyracoidea ( hyraxes ). in the perissodactyla, the major axis of the leg lines up with the middle toe ( the third digit ), while in the hooved members of the cetartiodactyla, this axis falls between two toes ( the third and fourth digits ). because of molecular evidence that indicates similarities between hippos and whales, the order cetartiodactyla combines two former orders : the cetacea ( whales and dolphins ) and the artiodactyla. the ruminants are a large and successful subgroup of the cetartiodactyla with complex stomachs and the habit of chewing a cud - - a chunk of food that has been swallowed once and then brought back up into the mouth for additional processing. of the ruminants, the bovids constitute the largest and most diverse group, including cattle, antelope, sheep and goats. pointers indicate taxa with representatives at the fort worth zoo. for groups including animals with an informational page or a picture at whozoo, there is a link from the group name to one representative of the group. university of california museum of paleontology. murphy, et al. molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. nature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49625419093139617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.947666"} {"text": "i posted a couple of weeks ago about our progress with determining importance and main idea / details in informational text. if you ' re interested, you can read about that here. while we continue to work on this, we have layered in work on note taking and text structures. i will eventually share some of that work, but today i want to share some of the main idea stuff. what i found when we started, was that the kids struggled with one main idea, let alone two. so, i backtracked a bit to get that solid, before pushing for that 5th grade standard of finding more than one ( it will be coming! ). since i ' m a pretty linear thinker, i approached it from the sequence of modeling, doing as a whole class, trying alone, then getting in small groups to do it together. they did a really nice job. here are the kids as they began working alone in short text, rocking those post - its : they ' re so diligent, and i swear the rest of the class was doing the same! they are the greatest class ever. they had a choice of three short articles that we had already worked with in other ways, so they were somewhat familiar. as they worked, i conferred with them to get a sense of who might be finding it tricky and who was on the road to getting it. this helped me to group them for the small group portion of this work. once i had a sense of how to group them, their task was to get together, share their work with one another, and collaboratively generate a main idea that they felt was most accurate. this was great to observe - - i ' m so proud of their ability to listen to one another and speak kindly to one another when they disagree. once they did this, the worked together to determine the most important / key details to support this main idea. they then put this together on a large chart paper to then present to the group. here, you can see a main idea that one of the groups came up with. this group read an article called \" alaska : state of extremes \". this main idea is pretty accurate : \" one main idea is that alaska is extreme because it stands out from the other 49 states. \" true. however, we talked subsequently about paraphrasing to show understanding. ( foreshadowing our note taking work ) for example, here, using something other than extreme ( extraordinary / exceptional / unusual characteristics, etc. ), would be closer to extreme than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5671032924555364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.951765"} {"text": "we talked subsequently about paraphrasing to show understanding. ( foreshadowing our note taking work ) for example, here, using something other than extreme ( extraordinary / exceptional / unusual characteristics, etc. ), would be closer to extreme than stands out. in any event, they ' re on the right track. here are the key ideas / supports that fit nicely with their main idea : and here is one that is a bit awkward : in this one, they were looking at a section of the text that was about how the capitol is tricky to even get to, because there are no roads and it ' s very isolated, the point being that in most states, the capitol is accessible and not isolated. this idea was not as explicit in the text as the other three, so they needed to do a bit more work here. they were able to hint that they understood this in conversation, but had trouble articulating it in a way that was clear. they were pulling this together with the idea of alaska not being part of the contiguous us as well. that ' s ok! we will get there, little people. by the way, these adorable people decided to stay in for recess to fancy up the poster with all of the patterns and such, since i was pretty clear that the sketching and doodling done in workshop should be in service of the work itself ( sometimes it is, right? ). in this case, they just wanted to make it look nice, so we had lunch together while they decorated it. i love these kids - - they are kids i am willing to give up my lunch to hang out with, which, if you know me, says something. i have other examples, but you get the idea. we will be working on the 2 main ideas as we keep going with note taking, text structures and summarization. i ' m loving this unit, though i ' m fumbling in the dark a bit since it ' s new to our curriculum ( not info. text, just the particular unit itself ). we have a wonderful staff developer from teachers college coming in mid - december to help us with the final phase, which is to do with research. she has a great blog if you are interested : indent. there ' s a nice post about annotating that i found very helpful. and now i will leave you with a picture of another main idea on this chilly saturday morning. i sure needed this by the end of conference week : need i say more? our jobs are awesome", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5394278635964915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.952803"} {"text": "in 1991 the galileo spacecraft photographed the asteroid, gaspra. this picture shows the asteroid in false color. gaspra circles the sun between mars and jupiter. click on image for full size japan and u. s. join together for asteroid expedition news story originally written on june 20, 1997 the first asteroid collection mission has been set. japan and the united states will put joint efforts into the muses - c mission to be launched in january 2002 from kagoshima space center, japan. this will allow the spacecraft to arrive at the nereus asteroid in september 2003. nereus is a small asteroid approximately one mile in diameter. it was discovered in 1982. at its closest point to the sun, its orbit takes it just inside the orbit of the earth. the muses - c spacecraft contains a miniature robotic rover that will conduct surface measurements of the rocky asteroid. the rover weighs less than 2. 2 pounds. it is to date the smallest ever flown in space. asteroid samples will also be taken during the mission and will be returned in january 2006 by a parachute - borne recovery capsule. this mission is extremely important. if successful, it will grant earth - bound scientists first - hand information about the materials that helped form the inner, rocky planets more than four billion years ago. isotopic measurements of the asteroid samples may even unlock information about cosmological beginnings. dr. jurgen rahe, director of solar system exploration at nasa headquarters expressed excitement about the mission by saying, \" this ambitious mission is an opportunity for two spacefaring nations to combine their expertise and achieve something truly shop windows to the universe science store! our online store includes issues of nesta ' s quarterly journal, the earth scientist, full of classroom activities on different topics in earth and space science, as well as books on science education! you might also be interested in : it was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. it seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. either way, nasa led the way to a great century of discovery. unfortunately,... more the space shuttle discovery lifted off from kennedy space center at 2 : 19 p. m. est, october 29th. the sky was clear and the weather was great as discovery took 8 1 / 2 minutes to reach orbit for the unitied... more a moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid, eugenia. this is only the second time in history that a satellite has been seen circling an asteroid. a special mirror allowed scientists to find the moon... more will russia ever put the service", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5045342461944871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.955834"} {"text": "odd wisconsin archive the search for wisconsin ' s first priest that ' s the question that greeted rev. a. a. a. schmirler as he paddled the rivers of northern wisconsin during the summer of 1959. the historian - priest was not fishing, however, but retracing the route of the first missionary to visit wisconsin almost exactly 300 years before. father schmirler was trying to discover the exact location where fr. rene menard died while trying to reach refugee indians on the headquarters of the black river in the summer of 1661. when menard died, iroquois warriors hundreds of miles to the east had driven rival indian nations who were sympathetic to the french from new york, ohio, quebec, and michigan. the fleeing tribes, who included the sauk, fox, potawatomi, kickapoo, ottawa, miami, huron, and others, took refuge in wisconsin during the 1650s. some who had lived close to the french settlements had become christian, and fr. menard joined a flotilla of fur traders to rejoin his congregation in the far western wilderness. so in the fall of 1660, the first missionary to wisconsin travelled the great lakes with fur traders. he made it as far as lake superior when his birchbark canoe was irretrievably damaged just as winter set in. he survived at modern l ' anse, michigan, with the help of voyageurs and local indians. while wintering on keweenaw bay, he wrote two letters about conditions among the refugees, and with the spring thaw set out for a village of exiled hurons near the headwaters of the black river. he hiked overland across the upper penninsula, entered the wisconsin river near lac vieux desert, and proceeded down it to the vicinity of wausau. guided by a frenchman named l ' esperance who had already made the trip, he threaded the streams northwest of modern wausau. when they were within one day of their desination, fr. menard left the canoe to make a short portage while l ' esperance shot the rapids. fr. menard was never seen again. three hundred years later, fr. schmirler followed him downriver from lac vieux desert in a 14 - foot kayak. he had first examined all the contemporary textual and cartographic evidence, as well as reviewing all the previous theories about where fr. menard had died. allowing for modern changes in the river ( such as dams ) and considering the practices of 17th - century", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37269813863815804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.959824"} {"text": "ma ingalls describes family life in 1861 letters to charles and martha carpenter, 1861 - 1919 and 1975 - 1977 ( selection ). caroline quiner ingalls ( mother of laura ingalls wilder ) wrote this letter to her sister, martha quiner carpenter, on oct. 6, 1861. both sisters were in their early twenties and recently married. caroline was still living near their parents at concord, in jefferson co., wis., but martha had moved with her new husband to stockholm, in pepin co. a few years later, caroline would join her sister up north when the ingalls family moved to the \" little house in the big woods \" in nearby pepin. caroline ' s letter was written before she had any children. it describes life on the farm of laura ' s grandparents, including an epidemic of scarlet fever which sickened laura ' s cousins and nearly killed her grandmother. it also describes laura ' s parents ' early married life, their health, and their farm work and crops. 1860 census records suggest that the people mentioned in the letter are : \" mother \" : charlotte mary ( tucker ) ( quiner ) holbrook, laura ' s maternal grandmother. \" charlotte \" : charlotte holbrook, caroline ' s half - sister and laura ' s aunt, born 1854 \" eliza \" : eliza quiner, caroline ' s sister, born 1842 \" louisa \" : daughter of caroline ' s brother henry quiner, born 1860 \" lafayette \" : three - year - old son of charles ingall ' s sister lydia \" thomas \" : thomas quiner, caroline ' s brother, born 1844 \" nancy \" : nina quiner, wife of caroline ' s brother joseph. \" father ingalls \" : lansford ingalls, charles ' father and laura ' s grandfather \" peter \" : peter ingalls, charles ' brother and laura ' s uncle to see the original handwritten letter, click \" view the document \" below. use the right - hand frame of the document viewer to navigate. to see a typed transcript, open the drop - down box above the navigation pane reading, \" view image & text. \" this letter is part of a small collection of letters to charles and martha carpenter preserved by the family. civil war letters by laura ' s uncles and one aunt are included elsewhere in turning points in wisconsin history. a lesson plan based on this document is available. immigration and settlement | wisconsin in the civil war era the civil war home front farming and rural life | creator : |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.387340803853693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.964921"} {"text": "many living things undergo a process known as development in which a single cell replicates and divides to form a multicellular organism with various structures and functions that the original cell did not have. you are one such organism, growing from a fertilized egg cell in your mother ' s womb to the full - sized adult you are today. along the way, your cells changed from having features like the original fertilized egg to having those of the developed cells that make up human tissues like nerve and skin. this process is known as differentiation. plants are also multicellular organisms, and they too undergo this differentiation process. there are many similarities between the way plants and animals like yourself differentiate, and therefore, they make excellent creatures to study the cycle of growth and development. you will be studying this cycle in a lab in the next few days, and to be ready for it, there are some ideas with which you need to be familiar. the following questions will help you do so. 1. what function does dna play in all organisms? 2. how does fertilization occur in flowering plants and what does it produce? 3. why is there identical dna in all cells of the same plant ( provided there are no mutations )? 4. what occurs during cellular differentiation? 5. does a developing plant embryo undergo differentiation? explain your answer. 6. what is germination? 7. describe the physical appearance and function of the radicle and hypocotyl in germinating and sprouting seeds? 8. how can cells create tissues that have different morphology and physiology in spite of the fact that the dna in all the cells in any organism are identical? 9. make a labeled diagram of a young radicle and identify the regions where you think the most growth is taking place? 10. if respiration rate ( consumption of o2 / min / mg tissue ) is directly related to rate of growth in a plant, what part of the radicle would have the highest respiration rate? explain your answer. 11. hormones play a critical role in the growth and development of plants as well as other organisms ; what are the specific hormones that influence radicle development and what effect do they have?. 12. pick two embryonic plant structures and decide on an interesting question you could ask about their respective developmental rates ; then write a hypothesis that addresses your question ( explaining why it does ) and write a brief summary of a procedure you could use to test it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.507469741478849, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.967605"} {"text": "i ' m young - do i really need to know the signs of a stroke? q. i hear a lot about knowing the signs of stroke. i ' m young - is it really important to me? a. a stroke can happen to anyone at anytime, regardless of race, gender or age, so we all should be aware of the risks, symptoms and prevention. some risks for stroke may be out of your control. risks that you cannot change include being over age 55, male, african - american, having a family history, or a medical condition such as diabetes. lifestyle risk factors include : \u2022 inactivity ( lack of exercise ) \u2022 poor diet \u2022 alcohol consumption however, there are risks for stroke that we can control. medical conditions that contribute to an increase risk for stroke that can be managed or controlled include : \u2022 previous stroke episode \u2022 high cholesterol \u2022 high blood pressure \u2022 heart disease \u2022 atrial fibrillation it is believed that 80 % of strokes are preventable. listed below are stroke prevention guidelines as provided by the national stroke association include : 1. know your blood pressure ( hypertension ) 2. if you take blood pressure medicine, take it as prescribed. 3. know if you have atrial fibrillation ( afib ) - afib is an abnormal heartbeat that can increase stroke risk by 500 percent 4. stop smoking and using tobacco products. smoking doubles the risk of stroke. 5. limit alcohol use - alcohol use has been linked to stroke in many studies. 6. know your cholesterol levels - cholesterol is a fatty substance in blood that is made by the body and it also comes from food. high cholesterol levels can clog arteries and cause a stroke. 7. control diabetes - you doctor can prescribe a nutrition program, lifestyle changes and medicine. know your blood sugar level and your hemoglobin a1c if you have diabetes 8. manage exercise and diet - excess weight strains the circulatory system. maintain a diet low in calories, salt, saturated and trans fats and cholesterol. eat as least five servings of fruit and vegetables daily. cardiovascular exercise for 30 minutes per day 5 days a week. 9. treat circulation problems - fatty deposits can block arteries. to learn more about stroke, visit www. stroke. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40565513246960927, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.970446"} {"text": "sorry, no definitions found. \u201c to say nothing of bill, staggering around those second - tier campaign - stops, still wagging that effete index - finger in our faces. \u201d \u201c the nails should be neither longer nor shorter than the points of the fingers ; and the surgeon should practice with the extremities of the fingers, the index - finger being usually turned to the thumb ; when using the entire hand, it should be prone ; when both hands, they should be opposed to one another. \u201d \u201c that analysis used the measurements of thumb width, index - finger width, and index - finger length for the program. \u201d \u201c among the channels xm is adding : a classic rock venue called big tracks ; u. s. country, which will offer - - you guessed it - - country & western music ; a southern gospel station, enlighten ; and thanks to the magic of diversity and freedom of choice, the former will be joined by a channel devoted to - - prepare those pinky and index - finger mephistopheles horns - - heavy metal rock. \u201d \u201c geraldine turns away from the bench and sends an index - finger signal to clarence wexler. \u201d \u201c then when he spoke he was likely to fling back his great, white mane, his eyes half closed yet showing a gleam of fire between the lids, his clenched fist lifted, or his index - finger pointing, to give force and meaning to his words. \u201d \u201c you might wear out your index - finger running up and down the columns of dictionaries, and never find the word, \u201d \u201c she clenched her hands, looked at her index - finger nail again. \u201d \u201c sweeney used the traditional black \" stroke \" or \" frailing \" or \" claw - hammer \" style of striking down across the strings with thumb and the back of the index - finger nail ( i would demonstrate ). \u201d \u201c \u201c the new act makes inheritance on intestacy very much simpler, \u201d said mr. murbles, setting his knife and fork together, placing both elbows on the table and laying the index - finger of his right hand against his left thumb in a gesture of tabulation. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 index - finger \u2019. sentences showing how finger is used to point at with..., she was never wea..., the cardinals hav..., thy heart is fing..., to cheat ( a perso..., frank lee.. had \u2018 f", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5504788144110802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.973632"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a state of open, armed, often prolonged conflict carried on between nations, states, or parties. - n. the period of such conflict. - n. the techniques and procedures of war ; military science. - n. a condition of active antagonism or contention : a war of words ; a price war. - n. a concerted effort or campaign to combat or put an end to something considered injurious : the war against acid rain. - v. to wage or carry on warfare. - v. to be in a state of hostility or rivalry ; contend. - idiom. at war in an active state of conflict or contention. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. a contest beween nations or states ( international war ), or between parties in the same state ( civil war ), carried on by force of arms. international or public war is always understood to be authorized by the sovereign powers of the nations engaged in it ; when it is carried into the territories of the antagonist it is called an aggressive or offensive war, and when carried on to resist such aggression it is called defensive. certain usages or rights of war have come to be generally recognized and defined under the name of the laws of war, which in general ( but subject to some humane restrictions which in recent times have been greatly increased ) permit the destruction or capture of armed enemies, the destruction of property likely to be serviceablo to them, the stoppage of all their channels of traffic, and the appropriation of everything in an enemy ' s country necessary for the support and subsistence of the invading army. on the other hand, though an enemy may be starved into surrender, wounding, except in battle, mutilation, and all cruel and wanton devastation are contrary to the usages of war, as are also bombarding an unprotected town, the use of poison in any way, and torture to extort information from an enemy : but it is admitted that an enemy may be put to death for certain acts which are in themselves not criminal, and it may be even highly patriotic and praiseworthy, but are injurious to the invaders, such as firing on the invaders although not regularly enrolled in an organized military force, or seeking to impair the invaders ' lines of communication. - n. a state of active opposition, hostility, or contest : as, to be at war ( that is, engaged in active hostilities ). -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5579419440234249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.984415"} {"text": "enrolled in an organized military force, or seeking to impair the invaders ' lines of communication. - n. a state of active opposition, hostility, or contest : as, to be at war ( that is, engaged in active hostilities ). - n. any kind of contest or conflict ; contention ; strife : as, a wordy war. - n. the profession of arms ; the art of war. - n. forces ; army. compare battle. - n. warlike outfit. - n. specifically \u2014 in roman history, the war between sulla and marius ( commencing 88 b. c. ) or that between pompey and c\u00e6sar ( commencing 49 b. c. ) - n. in english history, the war of the great rebellion. see rebellion. - n. in united states history, the war of secession. see secession. - n. of 1828 \u2013 9, ending in the defeat of turkey ; - n. of 1853 \u2013 6 ( see crimean ) ; - n. of 1877 \u2013 8, between russia and its allies ( rumania, etc. ) and turkey, resulting in the defeat of turkey and the reconstruction of southeastern europe. - n. 343 \u2013 341 b. c. - n. 326 \u2013 304 b. c. - n. 298 \u2013 290 b. c., ending in the triumph of rome. - to make or carry on war ; carry on hostilities ; fight. - to contend ; strive violently ; be in a state of opposition. - to make war upon ; oppose, as in war ; contend against. - to carry on, as a contest. - same as worse. - to defeat ; worst. - a middle english form of ware. - a middle english form of were. - n. uncountable organized, large - scale, armed conflict between countries or between national, ethnic, or other sizeable groups, usually involving the engagement of military forces. - n. countable a particular conflict of this kind. - n. countable by extension, any conflict, or anything resembling a conflict. - n. uncountable a particular card game for two players, notable for having its outcome predetermined by how the cards are dealt. - v. intransitive to engage in conflict ( may be followed by \" with \" to specify the foe ). - v. to carry on, as a contest ; to wage. gnu webster ' s 1913 - adj. obsolete ware ; aware. - n. a contest between nations or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5859250117975747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.985452"} {"text": "( may be followed by \" with \" to specify the foe ). - v. to carry on, as a contest ; to wage. gnu webster ' s 1913 - adj. obsolete ware ; aware. - n. a contest between nations or states, carried on by force, whether for defence, for revenging insults and redressing wrongs, for the extension of commerce, for the acquisition of territory, for obtaining and establishing the superiority and dominion of one over the other, or for any other purpose ; armed conflict of sovereign powers ; declared and open hostilities. - n. ( law ) a condition of belligerency to be maintained by physical force. in this sense, levying war against the sovereign authority is treason. - n. poetic instruments of war. - n. poetic forces ; army. - n. the profession of arms ; the art of war. - n. a state of opposition or contest ; an act of opposition ; an inimical contest, act, or action ; enmity ; hostility. - v. to make war ; to invade or attack a state or nation with force of arms ; to carry on hostilities ; to be in a state by violence. - v. to contend ; to strive violently ; to fight. - v. rare to make war upon ; to fight. - v. rare to carry on, as a contest ; to wage. - n. the waging of armed conflict against an enemy - v. make or wage war - n. an active struggle between competing entities - n. a concerted campaign to end something that is injurious - n. a legal state created by a declaration of war and ended by official declaration during which the international rules of war apply - from middle english werre, from late old english werre, wyrre \" armed conflict \" from old northern french werre ( compare old french guerre, guerre, whence modern french guerre ), from frankish * werra ( \u201c riot, disturbance, quarrel \u201d ) from proto - germanic * werro ( \u201c mixture, mix - up, confusion \u201d ), from proto - indo - european * wers - ( \u201c to mix up, confuse, beat, thresh \u201d ). akin to old high german werra ( \" confusion, strife, quarrel \" ) ( german verwirren ( \u201c to confuse \u201d ) ), old saxon werran ( \" to confuse, perplex \" ), dutch war ( \" confusion, disarray \" ), old english wyr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5826002978529943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.986471"} {"text": "strife, quarrel \" ) ( german verwirren ( \u201c to confuse \u201d ) ), old saxon werran ( \" to confuse, perplex \" ), dutch war ( \" confusion, disarray \" ), old english wyrsa, wiersa ( \" worse \" ), old norse verri ( \" worse \" ) ( originally \" confounded, mixed up \" ). compare latin versus ( \" against, turned \" ), past participle of vertere ( \" turn, change, overthrow, destroy \" ). more at worse, wurst. ( wiktionary ) - middle english warre, from old north french werre, of germanic origin. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c view favorites yahoobuzzarticleheadline = ' american plans to loot iraqi oil and other bush war crimes ' ; yahoobuzzarticlesummary = ' though bush has given every other lie and cover story to justify the us war of aggression against iraq, the real reasons for the \\ ' war \\ ' are now openly admitted. \u201d \u201c view favorites yahoobuzzarticleheadline = ' president bush regrets his legacy as man who wanted war ' ; yahoobuzzarticlesummary = ' president bush has admitted to the times that his gun - slinging rhetoric made the world believe that he was a guy really anxious for war in iraq. \u201d \u201c edwards : \" end ' preventive war ' doctrine \" yahoobuzzarticleheadline = ' edwards : \" end \\ ' preventive war \\ ' doctrine \" ' ; yahoobuzzarticlesummary = ' article : john edwards talks about ending bush \\ ' s \" preventative war doctrine \" and how to diplomatically engage with iran. \u201d \u201c view favorites yahoobuzzarticleheadline = ' chomsky : \\ ' there is no war on terror \\ ' ' ; yahoobuzzarticlesummary = ' the acclaimed critic of u. s. foreign policy analyzes bush \\ ' s current political troubles, the war on iraq, and what \\ ' s really behind the global \\ ' war on terror. \u201d \u201c if iraq is key to bush ' s ' terror war '... we ' re losing yahoobuzzarticleheadline = ' if iraq is key to bush \\ ' s \\ ' terror war \\ '... we \\ ' re losing ' ; yahoobuzzarticlesummary = ' article : if democrats", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5288407776643343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.987354"} {"text": "re losing yahoobuzzarticleheadline = ' if iraq is key to bush \\ ' s \\ ' terror war \\ '... we \\ ' re losing ' ; yahoobuzzarticlesummary = ' article : if democrats are going to continue to acknowledge bush \\ ' s \\ ' terror war \\ ', they should oblige him and aggressively tie it to the quagmire in iraq and his regime \\ ' s wallowing failures elsewhere in the world. \u201d \u201c bushs insistence that he treated war with iraq as a last resort and that saddam hussein was the one who chose war by refusing to let \u201d \u201c thats funny lynn cheney is a war monger of the aei enterprise $ $ for $ $ war $ $ think tank. \u201d \u201c while the phrase the war to end war is often associated with woodrow wilson, its authorship was claimed by wells in an article in liberty, december 29, 1934, p. 4. \u201d \u201c at the same time, if we have the choice of continued war or a cowardly peace - - _ we vote for war _. \u201d \u201c _ it is the war which kills slavery, and not the man who leads the war _. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 war \u2019. english words of anglo - saxon origin. with the exception of abbreviations and mosaic words all types of words ( proper names, past tense of verbs, etc. ) are allowed. movies or tv shows where the titles are also common words, generally one - word titles. unabashedly stolen from a comment made by courier12. words for fighting ( open list, randomness ) absolute majority, absolute monarchy, abstentionism, access to informa..., acquisition of arms, action brought be..., action for annulment, action to establi..., ad hoc committee, adjournment, adjournment motion, administration and 965 more... all words of the poem by gerard nolst trenite dearest creature in creation, study english pronunciation. i will teach you in my verse <...... and all that heavy metal. a list of english words that are three letters long. abm agreement, accession to a co..., accession to a tr..., accession to an a..., achievement of peace, acp - ec convention, advanced technolo..., aerospace industry, african organisation, aggression, agreement, agricultural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.500301753865237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.988313"} {"text": "the challenges we face due to the effects of climate change are unprecedented. its reach is widespread, taking into account damage to ecosystems - which in turn effects entire nation \u2019 s infrastructures - the economy and peoples ' health. already we are seeing extreme weather conditions leading to widespread hunger and disease. reports find that unless action is taken now, the economic costs of climate change could amount to us $ 20 trillion annually by 2100 - that \u2019 s 6 - 8 % of global economic output. since 1990, annual losses of around $ 60 billion due to climate change have been recorded - with 2005 costing a record $ 200 billion. in the us, hurricane katrina cost $ 125 billion in economic losses. the european heat wave in 2003 cost $ 15 billion in damages. flood damage costs in europe are anticipated to rise from $ 10 billion to $ 120 - $ 150 in the years ahead. massive amounts of revenue will be lost from the collapse of the tourist industry as places of natural beauty and tranquillity are irreparably damaged. an example of this is australia \u2019 s great barrier reef. currently attracting millions of visitors each year, it is already showing signs of dying. if ocean temperatures continue to increase, it is predicted that 95 % of the barrier reef \u2019 s living coral will soon be lost. there is not one part of the world or any one individual living on the planet that will go unaffected by the serious results of inaction on climate change. predictions of the timescale in which we may expect to experience the most serious effects of climate change have been seen to be conservative, with many events, such as the complete melting of arctic ice, being revised to occur sooner as the science is better understood. the cost of not putting climate change mitigation at the top of the agenda now could be immeasurable. further delay will increase the costs of reducing emissions and will risk us reaching the point of no return. as the cost of action is far less than cost of inaction, reports show that policies put foward with the goal of mitigating global warming in the short term will not have a major impact on the economy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4512998557064613, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.990702"} {"text": "the feasibility of micronutrient ( iron ) food fortification in pacific island countries ( a report of mr robert hughes prepared for who western pacific regional office ) the main aim of the consultancy was to obtain information on food production and distribution, availability and consumption in the pacific to determine the best vehicles for food fortification. specific objects were : 1. determination of the total volume of possible vehicles for fortification available for consumption in pacific island countries ( pic ) by source of origin. 2. description of distribution and marketing structure ( in bulk or labeled ), as well as agreements among countries regarding importations and food control. 3. investigate the availability of information from food consumption studies that can help determine the distribution of the above foods ( potential vehicles for fortification ) in each country in order to estimate nutritional implications for urban vs rural population, different age groups, males / females and socio - economic classes. 4. draw conclusions on the most suitable vehicles for a fortification program for the pacific countries and propose the steps needed to implement this. the prevalence of anaemia is high in the region and the most likely causes are diets insufficient in iron and / or parasite infections. the prevalence of anaemia in women and children in pics is high enough to warrant a public health intervention. fortifying the food supply with iron would be an effective way of increasing population iron intakes. the most effective programs to reduce iron deficiency anaemia would involve the elimination of helminth and parasite infections and increasing dietary iron intakes of pacific populations. food import volumes were determined for 10 pics. the principal sources of origin of flour and rice for most pics were fiji, australia and the usa and imported rice and flour from these countries now provide the main staple foods. literature searches found only three recent pacific food consumption studies. low proportions of rural populations consume flour and rice ( 14. 7 % ) in vanuatu and possibly most of rural / remote melanesia. on the basis of evidence food availability data and limited consumption studies, flour and rice appear to be the most suitable vehicles for fortification. results of 3 food consumption studies may not be sufficient on which to base a food fortification program. imported flour and rice is already enriched in many pics. food production in australia, nz and the usa shows a general trend towards enriching foods for domestic consumption with additional nutrients, including iron. the issue of fortifying multiple food vehicles becomes an alternative to fortification of a single food. food availability data collected and analysed by fao remains the best source of food availability in the pacific. unfortunately,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5071462025965224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:37.997651"} {"text": "consumption with additional nutrients, including iron. the issue of fortifying multiple food vehicles becomes an alternative to fortification of a single food. food availability data collected and analysed by fao remains the best source of food availability in the pacific. unfortunately, these data only provide information for 8 pics and at best, are only rough estimates. in many cases country import data were either, unreliable, inappropriate, or not available in a form that could be analysed, raising more issues than solely determining the nutrient quality of the food supply. from the results of this consultancy, it is recommended that : 1. wheat flour and rice are the most suitable vehicles for iron fortification in pics. issues such as levels and safety of iron fortificants, policing of mandatory fortification, quality control, contamination and producer compliance are beyond the scope of this consultancy. 2. fortification and helminth elimination programs be undertaken in unison. there is enough evidence to suggest that a food fortification program should not be undertaken in isolation. iron deficiency anaemia is an outcome of a range of influencing factors that include an iron deficient diet and helminth / parasite infections. since fortified foods seem to be imported into many pics, the question of whether a fortification program is necessary arises. more data should be collected to determine the exact proportions of fortified foods already entering pics. pacific governments should be alerted to this in order to make informed decisions about the development of national and / or regional food fortification programs. this also enables governments and regional bodies to determine whether a single or multiple food vehicle program will be the most effective. 3. regular low - cost food and nutrition surveys be undertaken. the searches undertaken during this consultancy showed that little is known about the dietary habits and food consumption patterns of pacific populations. very little is known about food distribution within countries and what proportion of anaemia prevalence is due to parasitic infection. accurate information on food consumption is necessary for governments to make decisions about a range of food and health issues in order to develop policy and programs. 4. a uniform regional approach to food import and availability data collection and analysis be taken. this consultancy found it difficult to access individual pic food availability data and of data received, many were incomplete, difficult to interpret and / or inconsistent. this raises issues of national food security, disaster preparedness and emergency relief. every country government should have easy access to up - to - date per capita food availability of nutrient rich foods in order to determine quantities of foods available to feed populations in times of emergency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5097445144437918, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.000174"} {"text": "achieving quality the final piece of the puzzle properly calibrated testing equipment ensures quality in order for a business to generate a high - quality product or service, it is essential to obtain a quality measurement system that will be used to study the integrity of its finished product. in the certification industry, testing equipment is essential to measure the different variables that could potentially alter the quality of a raw material, finished product or final status on a certification report. the quality of a product or service is compromised if the test equipment used to measure the final quality is not reading accurate results. this is why a flawless calibration system is the final puzzle piece to achieving a high - quality product or service. what is calibration? in this article, calibration will be defined as the comparison between measurements. during the calibration of a test instrument, a device with a known magnitude or assigned correctness, known as a standard, will be used to check the measuring accuracy of a test instrument. calibration ensures that a measuring instrument is providing results for a sample that fall in an acceptable accurate range. accurate testing results allow manufacturers or certification agencies to eliminate or minimize factors that could cause inaccurate measurements during production or testing. calibration procedures naturally vary depending on the instrument being calibrated. generally, the test instrument is used to test calibrators, which are one or more test samples that have known values. the results are then used to establish a relationship between the measurement instrument and the known values. the calibration processes eliminate or \u201c zero out \u201d the current instrument error at the specified calibration points. this process basically \u201c teaches \u201d the instrument to produce more accurate results. after a test instrument is calibrated, it will provide more accurate results for unknown values tested during its everyday normal usage. to keep a successful calibration system, calibrations must be done consistently and on a systematic schedule. when is calibration needed? during the manufacturing or certification process of any product, there may be many different types of test instruments used to determine the quality of a product or service. the question of which test instruments need to be calibrated and which do not is answered by whether or not the test performed and the test instrument used affect the final quality of the product or service. there are situations in which a test instrument does not need to be calibrated. if the readings of the test instrument are for reference only, and the accuracy of the test results have little or no impact on the quality of the product or service", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5622248219985223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.009918"} {"text": ". there are situations in which a test instrument does not need to be calibrated. if the readings of the test instrument are for reference only, and the accuracy of the test results have little or no impact on the quality of the product or service being provided, then you do not need to calibrate the test instrument. it is important to be aware that non - calibrated instruments can appear to be working properly while not providing reliable results. sometimes cost is the main reason that people choose not to calibrate a test instrument. it is important to know that there can be huge hidden costs associated with not calibrating a test instrument that should be calibrated. calibrating test instruments may decrease the number of final product rejects because they do not fall within acceptable tolerances. besides saving money in some situations, there are health, safety, legal and regulatory concerns that should be considered. who should perform calibrations? once it is determined which test instruments need to be calibrated, the next step is to determine who will perform these calibrations. to be sure that the calibration results are accurate, they must be traceable back to standards held at a national measurement institute. in order to maintain formal traceability of measurements, the calibrations should be done by a national metrology institute or a united kingdom accreditation service - accredited ( or equivalent ) laboratory that has independent third - party accreditation. national physical laboratory is an example of one of these national measurement institutes. it is also essential that the appropriate equipment and procedures are used in the calibration process and that trained, authorized personnel are performing the calibrations. you can choose a non - accredited source to calibrate your equipment, and you can also choose to calibrate your equipment yourself, but keep in mind the confidence that can be placed on the results will be much greater if the calibration source is third - party accredited. frequency of calibration after you decide who will perform your calibrations, the next question is how frequently an instrument should be calibrated. just like refueling your car, you should calibrate your test instrument when needed. daily or periodic standard checks can provide a good indication of how the test instrument is performing. if these checks show that the instrument performance is stable, then the instrument does not need to be recalibrated. if the history of standard checks show that the instrument is showing a short - term significant shift, then the test instrument should be recalibrated. some laboratory standard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.459021972569132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.014427"} {"text": "xmlsh is derived from a similar syntax as the unix shells ( see philosophy ). if you are familiar with any of these shell languages ( sh, bash, ksh, zsh ) you should be right at home. an attempt was made to stay very close to the sh syntax where reasonable, but not all subtlies or features of the unix shells are implemented. in order to accomidate native xml types and pipelines some deviations and extensions were necessary. lastly, as an implementation issue, xmlsh is implemented in java using the javacc compiler for parsing. this made support for some of the syntax and features of the c based shells difficult or impossible. future work may try to tighten up these issues. xmlsh can run in 2 modes, interactive and batch. in interactive mode, a prompt ( \" $ \" ) is displayed and in batch mode there is no prompt. otherwise they are identical. running xmlsh with no arguments starts an interactive shell. running with an argument runs in batch mode and invokes the given script. you can run an xmlsh script by passing it as the first argument, followed by any script arguments xmlsh myscript. xsh arg1 arg2 for details on xmlsh invocation and parameters see xmlsh command - current directory - environment variables - standard ports ( input / output / error ) the shell itself maintains additional environment which is passed to all subshells, but not to external ( sub process ) commands. - namespaces, including the default namespace ( see namespaces ) - declared functions ( see syntaxfunction ) - imported modules and packages ( see modules ) - shell variables ( environment variables and internal shell variables ) ( see builtinvariables ) - positional parameters ( $ 1... $ n ) - shell options ( - v, - x... ) on startup, xmlsh reads the standard input ( interactive mode ) or the script file ( batch mode ), parses one command at a time and executes it. the following steps are performed - parse statement. statements are parsed using the core syntax. - expand variables. variable expansion is performed. see variables and coresyntax. - variable assignment. prefix variable assignment is performed. variables and coresyntax. - io redirection. io redirection ( input, output, here documents ) commandredirect and coresyntax. - command execution. commands are executed. commandexecution - exceptions raised can be handled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4505046879783446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.034730"} {"text": "is the u. s. ready for human rights? : : discussion guide the articles mentioned below are available on our website : see our focus index to our human rights issue. you are welcome to download and photocopy the articles free of charge. if you would like to purchase multiple copies of yes! or subscriptions for your class or group, please phone 800 / 937 - 4451. the united states has been proud of its leadership in human rights. many times throughout history, we have amended our constitution to answer demands for increased tolerance and equal treatment of all citizens. yet now we find uncharged captives held indefinitely in guantanamo bay, reports of torture in abu ghraib, limits on prisoners ' access to habeas corpus, and other violations. in order for any great nation to progress, it must reflect upon itself, celebrating its accomplishments, addressing areas of concern, and working towards improvement. one of the key goals of this issue of yes! is to present such a \u201c look in the mirror \u201d for the united states. this discussion guide will focus on the following articles : - sometimes a great nation by eric foner - check your rights at the border by justin akers chacon - who ' s afraid of economic human rights? by carol estes - mere justice by jesse wegman - yes. we ' re ready. by larry cox & dorothy thomas - the universal declaration of human rights with footnotes by the yes! team sometimes a great nation see article online : : sometimes a great nation by eric foner the united states has sometimes been the world leader in human rights. yet as thomas jefferson warns, \u201c the price of liberty is eternal vigilance. \u201d has our record of courage and decency led us to assume that we are still the gold standard of human rights enforcement? foner urges us to examine our true history \u2014 one made up of both justice and injustice, of honor and cowardice. can we reclaim our right to call ourselves a truly great nation in terms of human rights? foner says yes. - in your opinion, what are the some of the u. s. ' s greatest achievements in human rights? what are some of the times the u. s. has fallen short of its ideals? - consider a time when someone discriminated against you based on your gender or the color of your skin, or something more abstract, like your faith or level of education. discuss this experience. were you treated with less dignity than you deserve? how did it make you feel?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4713304255947537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.066155"} {"text": "discriminated against you based on your gender or the color of your skin, or something more abstract, like your faith or level of education. discuss this experience. were you treated with less dignity than you deserve? how did it make you feel? - throughout history, various groups have been denied equal opportunities for reasons that seem justified at the time. in examining past differences that were once intolerable, but are now accepted, perhaps we can learn something. do you see any commonalities among groups of the past and present that have been excluded and oppressed? - sometimes, we are a great nation. with concentrated effort, we can reclaim a national identity associated with upholding human rights. what steps can you as an individual take to advance this change? check your rights at the border see article online : : check your rights at the border by justin akers chacon u. s. trade policy is one of the factors contributing to the immigration of people from mexico and central america seeking work in the united states. free trade agreements have lowered tariffs and undermined traditional economies. chacon says that human rights are among the many things immigrants leave behind while making the journey north. - part of eliminating stereotypes is identifying and addressing them. what words or images come to mind when you think of the word \u201c immigrant? \u201d where did these associations come from? - consider your own heritage. if your ancestors immigrated to the united states, what stories have they passed down in your family? did they experience economic, cultural, social, or other kinds of discrimination? - what role do immigrants play in our country? what are the advantages and disadvantages of easing the limitations on international migration? what effect would that have in your own life, neighborhood, and job? - what distinguishes \u201c beneficial \u201d immigration from \u201c harmful \u201d immigration? who ' s afraid of economic human rights? see article online : : who ' s afraid of economic human rights? by carol estes evidently, the u. s. government is. even though 155 of the world ' s nations have ratified the covenant on economic, social and cultural rights, which recognizes economic rights for all, the united states has not. carol estes argues that people who live in the richest country in the world should be entitled to housing, food, and medical care. - \u201c if you ' re homeless, you must have done something wrong to end up there, and you alone are responsible for getting yourself out of that situation. \u201d have you seen or heard messages like this? if so, where have they come", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4718313323469201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.068182"} {"text": ". - \u201c if you ' re homeless, you must have done something wrong to end up there, and you alone are responsible for getting yourself out of that situation. \u201d have you seen or heard messages like this? if so, where have they come from? do you agree or disagree with them? - the udhr recognizes that every human being has economic rights. do you think that in the united states we treat basic economic security as a right, or something to be earned? - does having a population of permanently poor people serve to sustain, or even benefit, an economic system? - how would your life be different if our government provided the basic economic security outlined in the udhr to all its citizens? what might you lose? what might you gain? see article online : : mere justice by jesse wegman in his article, wegman discusses the obstacles faced by prisoners who seek review of their cases using habeas corpus. he explains the origin of aedpa, the anti - terrorism and effective death penalty act, which dramatically hinders access to this right. the act speeds up the process by which death - row inmates are pushed to executions, and simultaneously restricts all other prisoners ' ability to appeal for justice. - do you think prisoners have too much access to court review of their cases, or too little? - wegman mentions that many politicians crack down on prisoners ' rights because they are afraid of being perceived as \u201c soft \u201d or \u201c sympathetic \u201d towards criminals. how do you feel about this? what does this tell us about our society? yes. we ' re ready. see article online : : yes. we ' re ready. by larry cox & dorothy thomas larry cox, the executive director of amnesty international, and dorothy q. thomas, senior program advisor to the u. s. human rights fund, say that human rights are a powerful unifying force for activists, and many groups are drawing on human rights theory to make change. - think of a cause about which you feel strongly. does this cause share values with those promoting human rights? could you imagine forming a meaningful connection with someone working towards a cause different from your own, based on human rights? - how might you expand the human rights network within your own community? the universal declaration of human rights see article online : : the universal declaration of human rights with footnotes by the yes! editorial team in 1948, the udhr was birthed into the world through the efforts of eleanor roosevelt and the newly formed united nations. the document was the first of its kind.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49488975119501805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.069221"} {"text": ": the universal declaration of human rights with footnotes by the yes! editorial team in 1948, the udhr was birthed into the world through the efforts of eleanor roosevelt and the newly formed united nations. the document was the first of its kind. its 30 articles define the basic rights we all own, simply by virtue of being human. the udhr has been translated into hundreds of languages, yet its contents are unfamiliar to many. examine your rights. then consider the yes! footnotes, showing a u. s. position on each article. - had you seen the udhr before? do any of the 30 articles surprise you? if so, which ones, and why? - the yes! team debated long and hard over whether to include the footnotes about the u. s. ' s position on each article. how did you feel about these interjections? did they make the document more meaningful, or take away from its inherent beauty? - how do you feel about this document? is it just a case of one group imposing norms on others, or are there such things as \u201c universal human rights \u201d? if such rights exist, does this document capture them? what rights do you feel are missing from the document, if any? what are you doing? how are you using this discussion guide? how could we improve it? please share your stories and suggestions with us at editors @ yesmagazine. org, with \u201c discussion guide \u201d as the subject. yes! is published by the positive futures network, an independent, nonprofit organization whose mission is to support people ' s active engagement in creating a more just, sustainable, and compassionate world. that means, we rely on support from our readers. independent. nonprofit. subscriber - supported.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47353116068118695, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.070716"} {"text": "wastes and waste management finnish waste legislation covers all types of waste except certain special wastes such as radioactive wastes, which are controlled by separate laws. finnish waste legislation is largely based on eu legislation, but in some cases includes stricter standards and limits than those applied in the eu as a whole. finland also has legislation on some issues related to wastes that have not yet been covered by eu legislation. for more information on wastes and their environmental impacts see the web pages on the state of the environment. statistics on the generation and management of wastes in finland are compiled by statistics finland. the ministry of the environment supervises and controls the way finnish waste legislation is put into practice. the finnish environment institute conducts research and training, publicises new ideas and methods, and monitors all developments related to waste issues, while also participation in drawingup new legislation and guidelines related to waste. the institute also monitors international waste shipments. centres for economic development, transport and the environment guide, encourage and monitor the implementation of the waste act in their own regions. they also provide training and advice for firms and the public, and issue waste permits to larger firms and operations. the national authority responsible for producer registration and other related issues is the centre for economic development, transport and the environment for pirkanmaa. local authorities organise the collection, recovery and disposal of household refuse and other similar waste, and supervise waste management in general in their own area. they also set local regulations on waste management, ensure that advice on waste matters is freely available, and issue waste permits to smaller firms and operations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4419490754972091, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.072591"} {"text": "best evidence in brief : free, fortnightly round - up of education research news better : evidence - based education : magazineexploring effective practice a book for governors : must - read book for school governors best evidence encyclopaedia : which educational programmes have good evidence? the iee is working to help schools with the problems they face - trying to make education research more accessible, directing them to solutions that have been proven to work, and connecting them with colleagues who have faced the same issues. you can guide our work by telling us the specific areas where you need proven programmes and practices for improving teaching and learning. we would be very grateful if you could answer a few questions about this. we are currently working with schools in the following ways : we have enrolled the help of schools across the country to take part in a range of research projects. this includes schools that are piloting new programmes and practices, and also \u2018 control \u2019 schools against which we compare the results. you can find out more about our current research here. school case study : st anne \u2019 s catholic primary school, keighley the iee is currently working with a small group of schools in our region, helping them with how they might select and use evidence - based programmes. the project, which is called yipi, has included putting together a directory of recommended programmes and practices. if successful, a larger pilot study will take place. yipi case study : pannal primary school, harrogate e4f is aimed at practitioners who are currently using, or wish to use, research evidence to inform their work. by participating in the scheme they will be able to access high - quality, independent research expertise and resources, with the help of a an intermediary ' broker '. people involved in e4f can also be put in touch with each other, so that they can share experiences and problems. e4f is a project of the coalition for evidence - based education ( cebe ), and it is hoped that it will get research evidence more widely used in decision - making in schools and colleges.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49816980267446687, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.075412"} {"text": "now the rats are sinking the leaking ship while the massive population of new york city is awfully impacted by sandy, there is a more populous and even more caustic population that is struggling with the aftermath : rats! as forbes notes, the nyc subway is notorious for its rat population and with all five subway tubes now submerged, one can only imagine where these cute cuddly rabies - wielding devil rodents will make their new homes. \" rats are incredibly good swimmers and they can climb \" is hardly the reassuring news lower manhattan homeowners were looking for, and as the daily mail notes, this could bring infectious diseases such as leptospirosis, hantavirus, typhus, salmonella, and even the plague into human contact. on the bright side ( well not really ), rats don ' t need to bite a human to transmit its gross payload ; rodent feces and urine can spread conditions like hantavirus just as easily - get long hand sanitizer stocks! if they can do this - then what happens when they are forced above ground? cue gratuitous \" biggest rat in the world \" scary video clip ( real or not - this is crazy ) - rats can climb brick walls, trees, and telephone poles, and walk across telephone lines. - rats can fall from a height of 50 feet without getting hurt. - rats can jump three feet in the air from a flat surface and leap more than four feet horizontally. - rats can scamper through openings as small as a quarter. general rule : if a rat \u2019 s head fits into the hole then the body will follow. everything you did not want to know about rats and really did not want to ask :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42500152053630463, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.078627"} {"text": "the real goal of nutrition is the management of cellular inflammation. increased cellular inflammation makes us fat, sick, and dumb ( how about overweight, ill, and less intelligent ). strictly speaking, diets are defined by their macronutrient balance. this is because that balance determines the resulting hormonal responses. this doesn \u2019 t mean you can ignore the impact of various food ingredients on the generation of cellular inflammation. this is why i categorize food ingredients into three major classes depending on when they were introduced into the human diet. the more ancient the food ingredients, the less damaging inflammatory impact they will have on turning genes off and on ( i. e. gene expression ). this is because the greater the period of time our genes have co - evolved with a given food ingredient, the more our body knows how to handle them. unfortunately, human genes change slowly, but changes in our food supply can happen very rapidly. with that as a background, let me describe the three major categories of food ingredients, especially in terms of their introduction to the human diet. this category includes food ingredients that were available more than 10, 000 years ago. our best evidence is that humans first appeared as a new species in southern africa about 200, 000 years ago ( 1 ). for the next 190, 000 years, food ingredients of the human diet consisted of animal protein ( grass - fed only ), fish, animal and fish fats, fruits, vegetables, and nuts. i call these paleolithic ingredients. this means for the first 95 percent of our existence as a species, these were the only food ingredients that genes were exposed to. as a result of 190, 000 years of co - existence with our genes, these food ingredients have the least inflammatory potential on our genes. our best estimate of the macronutrient composition of the typical paleolithic diet some 10 - 15, 000 years ago was 25 - 28 percent protein, 40 percent carbohydrate, 32 - 35 percent fat with a very high intake of epa and dha ( about 6 grams per day ) and a 1 : 1 ratio of omega - 6 to omega - 3 fats ( 2 ). this is basically the composition of the anti inflammatory diet ( 3 - 5 ). if you use only paleolithic ingredients, then you are almost forced to follow an anti inflammatory diet. the food ingredients are more restrictive, but the increased anti - inflammatory benefits are well worth it. the second group of food ingredients represents those food choices that were available 2,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5048955407271543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.088706"} {"text": "chinese yellow - headed box turtles are considered to be one of the 25 most endangered turtles in the world, with fewer than 150 individuals remaining in the wild. they once thrived in streams in the highlands of the anhui province of eastern china. but the population collapsed due to human consumption, use in traditional medicine, pollution, habitat loss, and the pet trade. chinese yellow - headed box turtles require the artificial manipulation of specific environmental and climatic conditions in order to be stimulated to breed. but the experts at wcs \u2019 s bronx zoo were able to successfully recreate these conditions in propagation areas in the zoo \u2019 s reptile house. \u201c the biology of the species requires the adults to hibernate prior to breeding, \u201d said don boyer, curator of herpetology at wcs \u2019 s bronx zoo. \u201c we carefully monitor the environment and gradually reduce the temperature in order to induce a natural state of hibernation. following hibernation, turtle pairs are introduced and carefully monitored to watch for evidence of courtship and breeding activities. \u201d read more about wcs ' s fine conservation efforts below the fold : more than half of the world \u2019 s approximately 330 species of freshwater turtles and tortoises are threatened with extinction due to illegal trade and habitat loss. most of the world \u2019 s turtle trade is driven by demand from china, specifically for human consumption, traditional medicines, and to sell for pets. the wcs strategy to save turtles draws on all of the resources and expertise across the institution \u2013 from its zoos and aquarium, wildlife health program, and global conservation programs. the plan involves preventing the extinction of at least half of the species appearing in a 2011 report by wcs and other groups that listed the 25 most endangered turtles and tortoises. wcs will breed and reintroduce some species, develop assurance colonies ( groups of animals maintained in our zoos or aquarium so that no genetic diversity is lost ) for others, and protect another subset with field work. the recent hatchings at the bronx zoo will become a part of an assurance colony kept at the zoo. \u201c the success we are seeing in the early stages of this program is encouraging, \u201d said jim breheny, wcs executive vice president of zoos and aquarium and bronx zoo director. \u201c over time, we hope to expand our turtle propagation work to extend to many of the most endangered species of turtles and tortoises. in implementing this strategy we will draw on the expertise found throughout the entire wcs organization as well as various partner organizations with whom we work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43873469874840704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.104593"} {"text": "by jonah lehrer book list creativity a flash in the pan or 99 - percent perspiration? a - list journalist lehrer ( how we decide, 2009 ) tackles the question in broad strokes, covering topics as diverse as office layouts, urban planning, drug use, and brain chemistry. it turns out that the question isn ' t easy to answer, for it seems that a method used by one creative person doesn ' t translate for another. lehrer describes the creative activities of such luminaries as david byrne and the ceo of pixar, then dissects why each approach works for that individual or group. some examples are a bit of a stretch. the section on shakespeare, for instance, is eye - rollingly speculative. but, just as lehrer points out that explicit instruction is anathema to creative play and discovery, he seems to say in each section, isn ' t this neat? and leave the bulk of the work to the reader ' s imagination. in that sense, imagine is a great introduction for anyone curious about the nature and dynamics of creativity. - - hunter, sarah copyright 2010 booklist from booklist, copyright \u00a9 american library association. used with permission. choice for those acquainted with lehrer ' s two previous books, proust was a neuroscientist ( 2007 ) and how we decide ( ch, aug ' 09, 46 - 6789 ), the format of the present volume will be quite familiar. the subject, in this case the creative process, is broken down into two subcategories - - \" alone \" and \" together \" - - each illumined by anecdote, case study, and scientific findings from the field and laboratory. in the course of looking at art, invention, and improvisation, the author has focused on creative works and products ranging from west side story, bob dylan ' s \" like a rolling stone, \" and shakespeare ' s henry vi to the personal computer, post - it notes, and nike ' s \" just do it \" slogan. he explores the creative work of individuals - - including steve jobs, paul erdos, jack kerouac, and yo - yo ma - - and innovative institutions such as 3 - m, google, second city, pixar, and eli lilly. lehrer examines both standard approaches to the study of creativity and recent developments in psychology and neuroscience, for example, right - brain functioning, neuronal learning, recursive loops, semantic priming, conceptual blending, and informational", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5766370890104098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.119793"} {"text": "eli lilly. lehrer examines both standard approaches to the study of creativity and recent developments in psychology and neuroscience, for example, right - brain functioning, neuronal learning, recursive loops, semantic priming, conceptual blending, and informational entropy. this is a fitting companion to the author ' s earlier work and an informative introduction to one of the most elusive of human capacities, the creative imagination. summing up : highly recommended. lower - and upper - division undergraduates ; graduate students ; professionals ; general readers. r. m. davis emeritus, albion college copyright american library association, used with permission. library journal in his new book on creativity, lehrer ( how we decide ) presents captivating case studies of innovative minds, companies, and cities while tying in the latest in scientific research. he recounts the sometimes surprising origins of hugely successful inventions, brands, and ideas ( e. g., the swiffer mop, barbie doll, pixar animation ) and reveals unexpected commonalities in the creative experiences ( e. g., the color blue, distractedness, living abroad ). the book combines individual case studies with broader psychology to provide new insights into creativity, much like sheena iyengar ' s the art of choosing. many of lehrer ' s insights are based on emerging scientific practices and are thus fresh and especially applicable to modern life. he emphasizes innovative companies and experimental approaches to education and includes historical factoids that reveal the backstories of everyday items. verdict lehrer ' s findings can be used to inform the design of innovative programs or to structure a productive work environment at home or at the office. this book will appeal to educators, business administrators, and readers interested in applied psychology. [ see prepub alert, 10 / 15 / 11. ] - ryan nayler, univ. of toronto lib., ont. ( c ) copyright 2012. library journals llc, a wholly owned subsidiary of media source, inc. no redistribution permitted. ( c ) copyright 2010. library journals llc, a wholly owned subsidiary of media source, inc. no redistribution permitted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5878941198300895, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.166642"} {"text": "april 1, 2009 the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 ( arra ) appropriates significant new funding for programs under parts b and c of the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). part b of the idea provides funds to state educational agencies ( seas ) and local educational agencies ( leas ) to help them ensure that children with disabilities, including children aged three through five, have access to a free appropriate public education to meet each child ' s unique needs and prepare him or her for further education, employment, and independent living. part c of the idea provides funds to each state lead agency designated by the governor to implement statewide systems of coordinated, comprehensive, multidisciplinary interagency programs and make early intervention services available to infants and toddlers with disabilities and their families. the idea funds under arra will provide an unprecedented opportunity for states, leas, and early intervention service providers to implement innovative strategies to improve outcomes for infants, toddlers, children, and youths with disabilities while stimulating the economy. under the arra, the idea funds are provided under three authorities : $ 11. 3 billion is available under part b grants to states ; $ 400 million is available under part b preschool grants ; and $ 500 million is available under part c grants for infants and families. preliminary information about each state ' s allocation is available at : http : / / www. ed. gov / about / overview / budget / statetables / index. html. this web site also provides information about the state fiscal stabilization fund ( sfsf ) under the arra, which is separate from the idea arra funds described in this fact sheet. this document focuses on part b ; additional information on part c is available at http : / / www. ed. gov / policy / gen / leg / recovery / factsheet / idea. html. idea, part b arra funds are a key element of the arra principles as described below : overview of arra principles : the overall goals of the arra are to stimulate the economy in the short term and invest in education and other essential public services to ensure the long - term economic health of our nation. the success of the education part of the arra will depend on the shared commitment and responsibility of students, parents, teachers, principals, superintendents, education boards, college presidents, state school chiefs, governors, local officials, and federal officials. collectively, we must advance arra ' s short - term economic goals by investing quickly, and we must support arra ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4726599938688394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.187784"} {"text": "principals, superintendents, education boards, college presidents, state school chiefs, governors, local officials, and federal officials. collectively, we must advance arra ' s short - term economic goals by investing quickly, and we must support arra ' s long - term economic goals by investing wisely, using these funds to strengthen education, drive reforms, and improve results for students from early learning through college. four principles guide the distribution and use of arra funds : spend funds quickly to save and create jobs. arra funds will be distributed quickly to states and other entities in order to avert layoffs and create jobs. states in turn are urged to move rapidly to develop plans for using funds, consistent with arra ' s reporting and accountability requirements, and to promptly begin spending funds to help drive the nation ' s economic recovery. improve student achievement through school improvement and reform. arra funds should be used to improve student achievement and help close the achievement gap. in addition, the sfsf requires progress on four reforms previously authorized under the bipartisan elementary and secondary education act of 1965, as amended, and the america competes act of 2007 : making progress toward rigorous college - and career - ready standards and high - quality assessments that are valid and reliable for all students, including english language learners and students with disabilities ; establishing pre - k to college and career data systems that track progress and foster continuous improvement ; making improvements in teacher effectiveness and in the equitable distribution of qualified teachers for all students, particularly students who are most in need ; providing intensive support and effective interventions for the lowest - performing schools. ensure transparency, reporting and accountability. to prevent fraud and abuse, support the most effective uses of arra funds, and accurately measure and track results, recipients must publicly report on how funds are used. due to the unprecedented scope and importance of this investment, arra funds are subject to additional and more rigorous reporting requirements than normally apply to grant recipients. invest one - time arra funds thoughtfully to minimize the \" funding cliff. \" arra represents a historic infusion of funds that is expected to be temporary. depending on the program, these funds are available for only two to three years. these funds should be invested in ways that do not result in unsustainable continuing commitments after the funding expires. awarding idea part b grants to states and preschool grants arra funds the department of education awarded 50 percent of the idea, part b grants to states and preschool grants arra funds to seas on april 1, 2009. the other 50 percent will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4653381697135387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.189966"} {"text": ". awarding idea part b grants to states and preschool grants arra funds the department of education awarded 50 percent of the idea, part b grants to states and preschool grants arra funds to seas on april 1, 2009. the other 50 percent will be awarded by september 30, 2009. these awards will be in addition to the regular fiscal year ( fy ) 2009 part b grants to states and preschool grants awards that will be made on july 1, 2009 ( grants to states and preschool grants ) and october 1, 2009 ( grants to states only ). together, these grant awards will constitute a state ' s total fy 2009 part b grants to states and preschool grants allocations. - a state did not need to submit a new application to receive the first 50 percent of the part b grants to states and preschool grants arra funds because these funds were made available to each state based on the state ' s eligibility established for fy 2008 part b funds and the provision of the certification required by section 1607 of the arra. the assurances in the state ' s fy 2008 application, as well as the requirements of the arra, apply to these arra funds. in order to receive the remaining 50 percent of idea, part b arra funds, a state must submit, for review and approval by the department, additional information that addresses how the state will meet the accountability and reporting requirements in section 1512 of the arra. - the additional idea funds provided under the arra do not increase the amount a state would otherwise be able to reserve for state administration or other state - level activities under its regular grants to states fy 2009 award. - lea eligibility for the first 50 percent of the idea arra funds is based on eligibility established by the lea for fy 2008 funds. - in accordance with the goals of the arra, a state should obligate idea arra funds to leas expeditiously, but prudently. a state should make the part b grants to states and preschool grants arra funds that it receives in march available to leas by the end of april 2009. - similarly, an lea should use the idea arra funds expeditiously, but prudently. an lea should obligate the majority of these funds during school years 2008 - 09 and 2009 - 10 and the remainder during school year 2010 - 11. states may begin obligating idea, part b arra funds immediately upon the effective date of the grant. all idea arra funds must be obligated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4570037039253617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.191223"} {"text": "years 2008 - 09 and 2009 - 10 and the remainder during school year 2010 - 11. states may begin obligating idea, part b arra funds immediately upon the effective date of the grant. all idea arra funds must be obligated by september 30, 2011. uses of idea, part b arra funds all idea arra funds must be used consistent with the current idea, part b statutory and regulatory requirements and applicable requirements in the general education provisions act ( gepa ) and the education department general administrative regulations ( edgar ). an lea must use idea arra funds only for the excess costs of providing special education and related services to children with disabilities, except where idea specifically provides otherwise. the idea arra funds constitute a large one - time increment in idea, part b funding that offers states and leas a unique opportunity to improve teaching and learning and results for children with disabilities. generally, funds should be used for short - term investments that have the potential for long - term benefits, rather than for expenditures the leas may not be able to sustain once the arra funds are expended. some possible uses of these limited - term idea arra funds that are allowable under idea and aligned with the core reform goals for which states must provide assurances under sfsf include : - obtain state - of - the art assistive technology devices and provide training in their use to enhance access to the general curriculum for students with disabilities. - provide intensive district - wide professional development for special education and regular education teachers that focuses on scaling - up, through replication, proven and innovative evidence - based school - wide strategies in reading, math, writing and science, and positive behavioral supports to improve outcomes for students with disabilities. - develop or expand the capacity to collect and use data to improve teaching and learning. - expand the availability and range of inclusive placement options for preschoolers with disabilities by developing the capacity of public and private preschool programs to serve these children. - hire transition coordinators to work with employers in the community to develop job placements for youths with disabilities. invitation for waivers the secretary intends to issue regulations to allow reasonable adjustments to the limitation on state administration expenditures to help states defray the costs of arra data collection requirements. idea, part b fiscal issues - an lea may be able to reduce the level of state and local expenditures otherwise required by the idea lea maintenance of effort ( moe ) requirements. generally, under section 613 ( a ) ( 2 ) ( c ), in any fiscal year that an lea ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47263033698854073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.192941"} {"text": "be able to reduce the level of state and local expenditures otherwise required by the idea lea maintenance of effort ( moe ) requirements. generally, under section 613 ( a ) ( 2 ) ( c ), in any fiscal year that an lea ' s idea allocation exceeds the amount the lea received in the previous year, under certain circumstances, the lea may reduce the level of state and local expenditures by up to 50 percent of the amount of the increase, as long as the lea uses those freed - up local funds for activities that could be supported under the esea, such as services for children at risk of school failure without additional support. if an lea takes advantage of this provision, the required moe for future years is reduced consistent with the reduction it took, unless the lea increases the amount of its state and local expenditures on its own. seas should encourage leas that can and do take advantage of this flexibility to focus the freed - up local funds on one - time expenditures that will help the state make progress on the goals in the sfsf program, such as improving the equitable distribution of effective teachers and the quality and use of assessments to enhance instruction for students most in need. - alternatively, an lea may ( or in some cases must ) use up to 15 percent of its total idea, part b grants to states and preschool grants for early intervening services for children in grades k through 12 who are not currently identified as children with disabilities, but who need additional academic and behavioral support to succeed in a general education environment. however, an lea may use only up to 15 percent of its allocation minus any amount ( on a dollar - for - dollar basis ) by which the lea reduced its required state and local expenditures under section 613 ( a ) ( 2 ) ( c ). - state - level moe may be waived under part b of the idea by the secretary of education on a state - by - state basis, for a single year at a time, for exceptional or uncontrollable circumstances, such as a natural disaster or a precipitous and unforeseen decline in the financial resources of a state. lea - level moe may not be waived. - with prior approval from the secretary of education, a state or lea may count sfsf ( but not idea arra funds ) under the arra that are used for special education and related services as non - federal funds for purposes of determining whether the state or lea has met the idea, part b moe requirements. ( see separate fact sheet on sfsf for more information. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5050762117765777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.195210"} {"text": "units of work the units of work are delivered as downloadable word documents so that teachers can customise them for use in their classroom. they include references to electronic resources ( software, websites and items from the learning federation collection of online resources ), print resources ( many include worksheets for students to use ) and other physical resources. there is a brief outline of each unit below including suggested year level ( s ). teachers from around the country were involved in this work, and aamt members would like to thank them for their efforts. melanie bezear, calwell primary school, act jane mcalpine, chapman primary school, act anne pillman, marryatville primary school, sa stephanie watts, trinity catholic primary school, nsw thomas psomas, all saints grammar school, nsw gayle cann, parap primary school, nt mark darrell, hallett cove school, sa nicole heyder, atwell college, wa lyn pierrehumbert, durack school, nt shelley jenkinson, deanmore primary school, wa bernie o \u2019 sullivan, st luke ' s anglican school, qld wendy fletcher, centre for extended learning opportunities roxanne steenbergen, claremont primary school, tas michael macrae, duncraig senior high school education support centre, wa terry jacka, st hilda ' s school, qld ed cuthbertson, lanyon high school, act [ year 1 ] counting on, counting back the beginning of this unit focuses on ensuring that students have basic foundation skills, and an understanding of both what the number line means and the forward and backward number sequence. they then progress to developing conceptual understandings of place value, specifically tens and ones. once these foundation skills have been mastered, students are introduced to the strategies of counting on and then counting back. uw _ 003 _ counting _ on _ counting _ back. doc 582. 50 kb [ years 2 - 4 ] going places in this unit of work students visualise and plan routes, understand and use the language of position and give and interpret directions using a variety of formats and resources. uw _ 005 _ going _ places. doc 665. 00 kb [ year 3 ] area and perimeter this unit allows students to explore the beginning concepts of perimeter and area, including the formal units of cm, m, cm sq, and m sq and to learn the differences between these measurements. uw _ 006 _ area _ perimeter. doc 140. 50 kb [ year 4 ] multiplying and dividing with arrays this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5339085165171708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.203665"} {"text": "the formal units of cm, m, cm sq, and m sq and to learn the differences between these measurements. uw _ 006 _ area _ perimeter. doc 140. 50 kb [ year 4 ] multiplying and dividing with arrays this unit explores the concepts of multiplication and division and offers students strategies to perform these operations. uw _ 003 _ uniting _ and _ dividing. doc 282. 50 kb [ years 4 - 5 ] cities taking shape students develop their knowledge of 2d and 3d shapes, and the relationships between them. they learn about how a 3d shape can look different when viewed from different positions. students use knowledge and skills gained through the unit to design and construct a \u2018 model \u2019 city or town block. uw _ 003 _ cities _ taking _ shape. doc 948. 00 kb [ years 4 - 10 ] telling the time this unit introduces the formal measurement of time using the terms \u2018 o \u2019 clock \u2019, \u2018 half past \u2019, \u2018 quarter past \u2019 and \u2018 quarter to \u2019 and their representation on an analogue clock. it is specifically for students with autism spectrum disorders ( asd ), so the learning experiences offered are structured, methodical and sequential and require one - to - one instruction. uw _ 006 _ telling _ the _ time. doc 639. 00 kb [ years 5 - 6 ] graphs and data this unit of work explores why we need data, and how to collate, present and analyse it to extract the information it offers. uw _ 004 _ graphs _ and _ data. doc 247. 00 kb [ years 5 - 6 ] chances are this unit explores the mathematics of chance. discover the language of chance and how it affects our decisions. explore the notion of probability, and how we can influence this. uw _ 005 _ chances _ are. doc 699. 50 kb [ year 6 ] you say data, i say data this unit introduces the students to a variety of graphs. they will examine examples of various types of graphs and then conduct their own surveys to collect and present the data in a specified form. uw _ 003 _ you _ say _ data. doc 495. 00 kb [ years 6 - 7 ] places for polygons this unit of work investigates the geometric properties of buildings to develop students \u2019 understanding of polygons. uw _ 003 _ places _ for _ polygons. doc 412. 00 kb [ years 6 - 8 ] take a chance this unit provides students with a real life context to investigate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5764845725785699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.204864"} {"text": "buildings to develop students \u2019 understanding of polygons. uw _ 003 _ places _ for _ polygons. doc 412. 00 kb [ years 6 - 8 ] take a chance this unit provides students with a real life context to investigate the language of chance and how events may be manipulated to alter the chance of something happening. it also introduces the use of fractions, decimals and percentages when looking at probability. uw _ 004 _ take _ a _ chance. doc 276. 50 kb [ years 7 - 8 ] fraction action in this unit of work students move from working with tenths, hundredths and thousandths to relating common and decimal fractions and percentages. uw _ 007 _ fraction _ action. doc 350. 50 kb [ year 8 ] investigating us this unit is designed to enable students to design and conduct simple surveys, collate the data into appropriate tables, identify the types of graphs that are suited to display the data sets depending on the number and types of variables, select appropriate display formats to represent the data and interpret data from the graphs and tables. it utilises students \u2019 natural interest regarding themselves and where they \u2018 fit in \u2019 in relation to their peers. uw _ 004 _ investigating _ us. doc 582. 00 kb [ years 8 - 10 ] turn up the volume in this unit of work students explore and explain the connections between the surface area and volume of different shapes and how each attribute is measured. uw _ 008 _ turn _ up _ the _ volume. doc 881. 00 kb [ years 11 - 12 ] periodic functions this unit focuses on periodic functions and is part of a university preparation course for those aiming to study mathematics and science courses such as engineering. uw _ 005 _ periodic _ functions. doc 831. 00 kb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5612066970847366, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.205584"} {"text": "china has stunned the world with its rapid economic growth in recent years, showcased through the glittering skyline of shanghai and the global events like the 2008 olympics. but while the country has amassed tremendous wealth, china still trails the developed world in its ability to provide even basic health care for its people. with its massive 1. 3 billion population, china ' s health care expenditures are miniscule compared to western nations. china spent less than 5 percent of its gdp on health care in 2005, compared to roughly 16 percent spent in the united states and 10 percent in canada, according to the world health organization. \" the amount of government spending on health care is really low. it ' s less than $ 10 per person, per year, \" said drew thompson, director of china studies and starr senior fellow at the nixon center. per person expenditures in the u. s. have topped $ 6, 000 in recent years. despite china ' s communist government, health care remains largely the responsibility of individuals. out - of - pocket expenses are extremely high in comparison to average earnings. a single hospital visit nearly matches china ' s annual income per capita. health insurance is not mandated, though the government does have health insurance programs that provide coverage to some 90 percent of the population. the programs include an employer - based system, a program for urban residents, and another program covering the rural population. for the most part, the programs do not cover the basic care. \" at the moment, most programs in the provinces across china provide primarily in - patient care service, \" said dr. gordon liu, professor of economics at peking university. \" basically, the goal is to protect you from having catastrophic problems. \" as a result, much of the chinese population doesn ' t even receive basic medical care. \" they ' re still paying largely out of pocket, which causes them to delay going to the doctor, \" thompson said. \" people don ' t go to the hospital until they ' re really sick. there ' s no preventative services. \" but even with the financial disincentive, there still is a shortage of care. \" usually, chinese people would have to wait many days to get registered, or you have to know someone... to get registered before you are diagnosed and treated, \" said liu. \" we have a supply shortage... meaning beds, the doctors, good hospital facilities are not enough to meet the demand by people. \" for those who do seek care, treatment rarely approaches anything close to a western standard of care. though", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4111774516058887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.208472"} {"text": "newly discovered bacterial alchemists could help save billions of plastic bottles from landfills. the pseudomonas strains can convert the low - grade pet plastic used in drinks bottles into a more valuable and biodegradable plastic called pha. pha is already used in medical applications, from artery - supporting tubes called stents to wound dressings. the plastic can be processed to have a range of physical properties. however, one of the barriers to pha reaching wider use is the absence of a way to make it in large quantities. the new bacteria - driven process \u2013 termed upcycling \u2013 could address that, and make recycling pet bottles more economically attractive. pet bugs although billions of plastic bottles are made each year, few are ultimately recycled. just 23. 5 % of us bottles were recycled in 2006. this is because the recycling process simply converts the low value pet bottles into more pet, says kevin o ' connor at university college dublin, ireland. \" we wanted to see if we could turn the plastic into something of higher value in an environmentally friendly way, \" he says. o ' connor and colleagues knew that heating pet in the absence of oxygen \u2013 a process called pyrolysis \u2013 breaks it down into terephthalic acid ( ta ) and a small amount of oil and gas. they also knew that some bacteria can grow and thrive on ta, and that other bacteria produce a high - value plastic pha when stressed. so they wondered whether any bacteria could both feed on ta and convert it into pha. bacteria hunt \" it was a long shot to be honest, \" says o ' connor. his team studied cultures from around the world known to grow on ta, but none produced pha. so they decided to look for undiscovered strains, in environments that naturally contain ta. analysing soil bacteria from a pet bottle processing plant, which are likely to be exposed to small quantities of ta, yielded 32 colonies that could survive in the lab using ta as their only energy source. after 48 hours they screened each culture for pha. three cultures, all similar to known strains of pseudomonas, accumulated detectable quantities of the valuable plastic. the next step is to improve the efficiency of the process, says o ' connor. \" a quarter to a third of each cell is filled with plastic \u2013 we want to increase that to 50 to 60 %. \" less landfill sudesh kumar, a microbiologist at the university of science, malaysia, in penang, is impressed with the study. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47923477213760246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.212572"} {"text": "simple observational proof of the greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide posted by ari jokimaki on april 19, 2010 recently, i showed briefly a simple observational proof that greenhouse effect exists using a paper by ellingson & wiscombe ( 1996 ). now i will present a similar paper that deepens the proof and shows more clearly how different greenhouse gases really are greenhouse gases. i \u2019 ll highlight the carbon dioxide related issues in their paper. walden et al. ( 1998 ) studied the downward longwave radiation spectrum in antarctica. their study covers only a single year so this is not about how the increase in greenhouse gases affects. they measured the downward longwave radiation spectrum coming from atmosphere to the surface during the year ( usually in every 12 hours ) and then selected three measurements from clear - sky days for comparison with the results of a line - by - line radiative transfer model. first they described why antarctica is a good place for this kind of study : since the atmosphere is so cold and dry ( < 1 mm of precipitable water ), the overlap of the emission spectrum of water vapor with that of other gases is greatly reduced. therefore the spectral signatures of other important infrared emitters, namely, co2, o3, ch4, and n2o, are quite distinct. in addition, the low atmospheric temperatures provide an extreme test case for testing models spectral overlapping is a consideration here because they are using a moderate resolution ( about 1 cm - 1 ) in their spectral analysis. they went on further describing their measurements and the equipment used and their calibration. they also discussed the uncertainties in the measurements thoroughly. they then presented the measured spectra in similar style than was shown in ellingson & wiscombe ( 1996 ). they proceeded to produce their model results. the models were controlled with actual measurements of atmospheric consituents ( water vapour, carbon dioxide, etc. ). the model is used here because it represents our theories which are based on numerous experiments in laboratories and in the atmosphere. they then performed the comparison between the model results and the measurements. figure 1 shows their figure 11 where total spectral radiance from their model is compared to measured spectral radiance. the upper panel of figure 1 shows the spectral radiance and the lower panel shows the difference of measured and modelled spectrum. the overall match is excellent and there \u2019 s no way you could get this match by chance so this already shows that different greenhouse gases really are producing a greenhouse effect just as our theories predict. walden et", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5460781292562502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.216051"} {"text": "panel shows the difference of measured and modelled spectrum. the overall match is excellent and there \u2019 s no way you could get this match by chance so this already shows that different greenhouse gases really are producing a greenhouse effect just as our theories predict. walden et al. didn \u2019 t stop there. next they showed the details of how the measured spectral bands of different greenhouse gases compare with model results. the comparison of carbon dioxide is shown here in figure 2 ( which is the upper panel of their figure 13 ). the match between the modelled and measured carbon dioxide spectral band is also excellent, even the minor details track each other well except for couple of places of slight difference. if there wouldn \u2019 t be greenhouse effect from carbon dioxide or if water vapour would be masking its effect, this match should then be accidental. i see no chance for that, so this seems to be a simple observational proof that carbon dioxide produces a greenhouse effect just as our theories predict. walden, v. p., s. g. warren, and f. j. murcray ( 1998 ), measurements of the downward longwave radiation spectrum over the antarctic plateau and comparisons with a line - by - line radiative transfer model for clear skies, j. geophys. res., 103 ( d4 ), 3825 \u2013 3846, doi : 10. 1029 / 97jd02433. [ abstract ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5476236895872447, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.216619"} {"text": "growing native plants pelargonium rodneyanum, commonly known as the magenta storksbill, is a member of the family geraniaceae. naturally occurring in fragmented populations within heathland, rocky outcrops, sclerophyll forest and woodland areas of south australia, new south wales and victoria. p. rodneyanum is commercially cultivated for use as a colourful potted, rockery or bedding display plant. preferring well - drained, slightly acidic soil, p. rodneyanum adapts well to most soil types and likes a full sun to semi - shaded position. it withstands frost in colder climates, is semi - drought tolerant and is useful as a spreading ground cover in the garden - easy removal prevents this attractive plant from becoming invasive. gardeners also appreciate its lengthy flowering period, producing blooms when other plants have stopped. an herbaceous perennial, p. rodneyanum reaches 45 cm in height, flowers during november through to may and forms vertical tubers as part of its root system. the light to dark green leaves are ovate to narrow ovate with crenate, shallow lobes and a 3 - 10 cm long petiole. the umbel inflorescence usually consists of 7 flowers on slender pedicels 13 - 22 mm in length, which rise from a whorl of 6 bracts on a 5 - 12 cm long peduncle. it has five petals that are deep pink in colour and irregular in shape and size. the two larger petals are marked with deep magenta streaks and are positioned slightly separate from the lower petals. of the ten stamens produced, 7 - 8 are fertile, slightly longer and bear anthers. the fruit forms on pilose mericarps which, when ripe, each contain a 1. 5 mm long, dark grey seed. p. rodneyanum can be propagated by tuber division ( end of winter early spring ), soft / semi hardwood cuttings ( spring through summer ), clump division ( all year ), meristem culture ( all year ) and by seed ( spring through summer ). using wind as a natural dispersal method, it readily self seeds although new seedlings tend not to flower during the first season of growth. p. rodneyanum benefits from a hard pruning and reduced water intake during the winter months ; tubers may rot if left in water for long periods. during early spring, p. rodneyanum may be susceptible to white fly, which can be treated with pyrethrum or diluted dishwash", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40191519676362175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.219212"} {"text": "washington - - splitting 5 - 4, the supreme court yesterday rejected the clinton administration ' s plan to use statistical sampling to make up for individuals who get overlooked in the 2000 census. the court ruled that the allocation of house of representatives seats after the next census must be based on a head count. the decision was a major setback for cities, for the democratic party and for a key part of its following : minorities, who are more often missed in counts by census - takers. the \" undercount \" in the 1990 census left out more than 4 million people, mainly urban minorities and children, according to the census bureau. the justices left open the possibility that sampling could be used to adjust population figures for two purposes - - dividing up $ 180 billion in federal aid to the states and redrawing election districts at other levels of government. it ruled narrowly that the census law does not permit sampling during the count every decade that is used to reapportion the 435 house seats among the states. it did not rule on the broader question of whether sampling is unconstitutional. however, four of the justices in the majority said \" a strong case can be made \" that sampling is unconstitutional. it would have taken five votes to establish that proposition. the challenge to the clinton administration ' s plan for the first - time use of sampling in the decennial census was made by the house, by four counties and by individual voters in 13 states. the court did not rule on whether the house could challenge the plan but found that the other challengers had made their case. the court majority decided an actual count - - in person, or by mail with follow - up, in - person contacts - - is the only method allowed by federal census law for house apportionment. \" from the very first census, the census of 1790, \" justice sandra day o ' connor wrote for the majority, \" congress has prohibited the use of statistical sampling in calculating the population for purposes of [ house ] apportionment. \" to baltimore ' s dismay baltimore, one of the cities in which minority population is thought to be undercounted in every census, could lose some access to federal money if sampling is not allowed for federal funding purposes after the 2000 census. the city ' s relative power in the the general assembly also could be adversely affected. news of the decision frustrated officials in baltimore, where one of every four dollars spent in the city ' s $ 1. 8 billion annual budget comes from the federal government. city leaders, including mayor kurt l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4542558283940594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.224460"} {"text": "general assembly also could be adversely affected. news of the decision frustrated officials in baltimore, where one of every four dollars spent in the city ' s $ 1. 8 billion annual budget comes from the federal government. city leaders, including mayor kurt l. schmoke, supported census sampling, noting that the majority of baltimore ' s population - - 60 percent - - is black. in the 1990 census, an estimated 4. 4 percent of the nation ' s african - american population was not counted, the biggest segment being males ages 18 to 34. baltimore officials say minorities tend to be undercounted because, if they are poor, they do not own property and are less likely to respond to census surveys. \" it ' s a shame, \" said gloria griffin, a city planner helping to organize a group to ensure a more accurate baltimore census. \" those poor souls who really need [ the federal aid ] are not going to get it. \" if sampling is done next year for purposes other than house apportionment, it could result in two versions of the nation ' s 2000 population : one for allocation of seats in the house, a second for everything else. but sampling can occur next year only if congress approves the necessary money. republicans strongly oppose sampling, because it appears to favor democrats. yesterday ' s decision, because of its limited scope, reignited that partisan controversy as it bears upon the census bureau ' s legal authority to use sampling techniques to calculate national, state and local populations for these key purposes : dividing $ 180 billion in federal funding for social programs - - an allocation keyed to population ; calculating where to draw the lines for house election districts, once the seats have been apportioned among the states, and districts for state legislatures and local governing bodies - - keyed to population within states. house speaker dennis hastert repeated the gop opposition after the court ' s ruling, saying : \" the [ clinton ] administration should abandon its illegal and risky polling scheme and start preparing for a true head count. \" president clinton appears to have no intention of abandoning support for sampling within the limits that the supreme court ruling may permit. he reiterated his support for sampling in his state of the union message last week, and the white house noted pointedly yesterday that the high court had not ruled sampling to be unconstitutional. house minority leader richard a. gephardt, a missouri democrat, interpreted the ruling to mean that the census bureau is required to do sampling for purposes of redistricting and distribution of federal funding.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40082957221850124, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.225394"} {"text": "effects of agriculture, urbanization, and climate on water quality in the northern great plains limnol. oceanogr., 44 ( 3 _ part _ 2 ), 1999, 739 - 756 | doi : 10. 4319 / lo. 1999. 44. 3 _ part _ 2. 0739 abstract : the quappelle valley drainage system provides water to a third of the population of the canadian great plains, yet is plagued by poor water quality, excess plant growth, and periodic fish kills. fossil algae ( diatoms, pigments ) and invertebrates ( chironomids ) in pasqua lake were analyzed by variance partitioning analysis ( vpa ) to determine the relative importance of climate, resource use, and urbanization as controls of aquatic community composition 1920 - 1994. from fossil analyses, we identified three distinct biological assemblages in pasqua lake. prior to agriculture ( ca. 1776 - 1890 ), the lake was naturally eutrophic with abundant cyanobacterial carotenoids ( myxo - xanthophyll, aphanizophyll ), eutrophic diatoms ( stephanodiscus niagarae, aulacoseira granulata, fragilaria capucina / bidens ), and anoxia - tolerant chironomids ( chironomus ). principal components ( pca ) and dissimilarity analyses demonstrated that diatom and chironomid communities did not vary significantly ( p. 0. 05 ) before european settlement. communities changed rapidly during early land settlement ( ca. 1890 - 1930 ) before forming a distinct assemblage ca. 1930 - 1960 characterized by elevated algal biomass ( inferred as beta - carotene ), nuisance cyanobacteria, eutrophic stephanodiscus hantzschii, and low abundance of deep - water zoobenthos. recent fossil assemblages ( 1977 - 1994 ) were variable and indicated water quality had not improved despite 3 - fold reduction in phosphorus from sewage. comparison of fossil community change and continuous annual records of 83 environmental variables ( 1890 - 1994 ) using vpa captured 71 - 97 % of variance in fossil composition using only 10 - 14 significant factors. resource use ( cropland area, livestock biomass ) and urbanization ( nitrogen in sewage ) were stronger determinants of algal and chironomid community change than were climatic factors ( temperature, evaporation, river discharge ). landscape analysis of infer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48431245708251763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.230446"} {"text": "spark plugs are instrumental in making a gasoline engine run. they shoot out a spark of electricity into the compressed mixture of air and gasoline within an engine ' s cylinders. this ignites the mixture and forces the cylinder ' s piston down. the motion of the piston is what creates power. spark plugs also have another job - - they pull heat away from the combustion chamber. that means spark plugs can get very hot. in general, cars have a spark plug for every cylinder in the engine. for instance, a four - cylinder engine will have four spark plugs. however, there are exceptions to the rule - - a vehicle with a hemi engine will have two spark plugs per cylinder. spark plugs wear out over time. as they get older, they may not spark properly. this affects your engine ' s performance and results in a loss of power. but replacing your spark plugs isn ' t like other car repair projects - - it ' s much more straightforward and only requires a few tools. you don ' t need to be a skilled auto mechanic to change your car ' s spark plugs. in most cases, you can switch out an old set for new plugs in about an hour. before changing your spark plugs, you should consult your vehicle ' s owner ' s manual. you ' re looking for two things : how often you should change your spark plugs and where the spark plugs are located on your engine. for most vehicles, the rule of thumb is to replace your spark plugs every 30, 000 miles ( 48, 280 kilometers ). you should also make sure the engine is cold before you start - - spark plugs can get very hot! even after other parts of your engine have cooled down, the spark plugs may still be too warm to touch. let your engine cool down for a couple of hours before you begin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4446904444229157, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.232544"} {"text": "approximately 7000 seeds per gram seed - counts are only a guide, not to be used for accurate calculations. b and t world seeds ' reference number : usda average, annual, minimum temperature zone : 4 type of plant - perennial flower : dk. purple, yellow throat, infl. 1 - 6 fruit :........ ( prov. sutherland, caithness, orkney only ) foliage : - 5cm., ell. - spath., dense farin. ben. height in meters : 0. 1 common names for primula scotica : is included in the following b and t world seeds flowering plant categories : 9 : alpine and rock garden seed list ( hardy and tender ) 12 : british native wild flowers shrubs and trees 43 : herbaceous border plant seed list 161 : edible flowers 185 : plant species whose germination is improved by smoke primula scotica seeds will usually germinate in 20 - 40 days, even under good conditions germination may be erratic. normally will only germinate with light so surface sow. sow primula scotica seeds on the surface of a peaty seed sowing mix at about 15\u00b0c. stratification ( cold treatment or vernalization ) some seeds need to be overwintered before they will germinate. some seeds need just a couple of weeks, others 3 months. seeds can be stratified in dampened peat or sand, in a plastic box or bag at 4\u00b0c or 5\u00b0c in a refrigerator. the seeds should not be frozen or in a wet medium. very small seeds can be sown on the surface of their growing medium, in pots sealed in plastic bags, and kept in the ' fridge. many vernalized seeds need light to germinate when they are sown in the \" spring \". p. sinensis germinates in the dark. cold stratify 3 weeks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44192537375492547, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.234594"} {"text": "by julie steenhuysen chicago ( reuters ) - using cervical fluid collected from routine pap smears, u. s. researchers were able to spot genetic changes caused by both ovarian and endometrial cancers, offering promise for a new kind of screening test for these deadly cancers. experts say that although the test has tremendous potential, it is still years from widespread use. but if proven effective with more testing, it would fill a significant void. currently, there are no tests that can reliably detect either ovarian or endometrial cancer, which affects the uterine lining. research teams have been trying for several years to find a screening test that could identify these cancers early, when there is a better chance of a cure. \" pap smears have had a tremendous impact in reducing the rate of cervical cancer in the united states, \" said dr. andrea myers of dana - farber cancer institute, a co - author of the commentary on the study published in science translational medicine. \" the lack of an equally effective screening test for women at high risk for endometrial or ovarian cancer has created a great deal of interest in developing tests that could identify these cancers by their genetic \u2018 signature ' - the collection of specific mutations within them, \" she said. \" this new study is an important step in that direction. \" the new approach, developed by a team at johns hopkins kimmel cancer center in baltimore, piggybacks on routine papanicolaou or pap testing, which is already done routinely to detect cervical cancer. the idea is to take fluid collected from the cervix for pap tests and use gene sequencing technology to look for genetic changes that would only be found in endometrial and ovarian tumors. since pap tests occasionally contain cells shed from the ovaries or the lining of the uterus, cancer cells from these organs could be present in the fluid as well. the team tested for mutations in 24 endometrial and 22 ovarian cancers. ' exciting first step ' \" we could detect 100 percent of endometrial cancers and 40 percent of ovarian cancers, even at the earliest stages of their disease, and we can do it without any false positives, \" said dr. luis diaz, associate professor of oncology at johns hopkins, who worked on the study published on wednesday in science translational medicine. diaz called the study \" an exciting first step. \" \" we ' re seeing high sensitivity in end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49503390821479215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.238224"} {"text": "\" said dr. luis diaz, associate professor of oncology at johns hopkins, who worked on the study published on wednesday in science translational medicine. diaz called the study \" an exciting first step. \" \" we ' re seeing high sensitivity in endometrial cancer. we ' re seeing moderate sensitivity in ovarian cancer, and we ' re seeing no false positives, \" he said. that offered enough rationale to start tests on 100 ovarian cancers of different stages and 100 endometrial cancers, as well as a large number of samples from healthy women. the team hopes to complete that testing by the end of the year. dr. shannon westin, an expert in gynecologic cancers at the university of texas md anderson cancer center, said the need for a screening test for these two cancers is great. in the united states, the two cancers combined are diagnosed in 70, 000 women each year, and about 23, 500 women will die from these cancers. westin, who co - wrote a commentary on the study, said the paper is \" very compelling and very interesting \" that you could find evidence of these cancers in a screening test using fluid from pap tests. but the test must still be validated and shown to be effective in a large populations of women, a process that could take 10 to 15 years. \" it ' s a great first step. it is a proof of principle that this can be done. patients are used to getting the pap smear. they understand it, \" she said. that might mean women would ultimately be comfortable getting this type of test. dr. david chelmow, a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at virginia commonwealth university medical center, who was not involved with the research, said it would be \" fantastic \" to have a test that would reliably detect cancers. \" it ' s an innovative idea. it ' s neat. but the question is really going to be what happens when this gets more thoroughly tested, \" he said. diaz said currently there are no tests to screen for these cancers early. the experimental test would cost about $ 100, but with the falling cost of sequencing technology, he estimates it will be half or even a tenth of that cost within the next year. ( reporting by julie steenhuysen ; editing by jilian mincer and eric walsh )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45130846652701057, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.239132"} {"text": "find and replace basics bluefish offers a wide range of find and replace methods in the edit menu, also available through the contextual menu within a document. here we will explore the most basic ones. for advanced find and replace methods, see section 5, \u201c find and replace \u201d. 10. 1. searching for a word within a whole document choose the edit \u2192 find... ( ctrl + f ) menu item. a find dialog will be displayed. enter the word ( or string ) to search for in the search for : field. then click ok. if the search is successful, the document window scrolls up to the first occurrence of the string to search in the document and highlights it. below is an example of a search applied to a mediawiki document. to find a subsequent occurrence of the string, use the edit \u2192 find again ( ctrl + g ) menu item. if no further occurrence is found, a dialog will be displayed notifying you that no match was found. 10. 2. setting limits to the search scope you may want to search for a string from the cursor location till the end of the document. here is an example to search all name = = occurrences within a python script from a given location. procedure v. 2. searching from selection - put the cursor where you want to start the search from in the document window - open the find... dialog - enter your search string in the search for : field - choose current position till end from the starts at : pop up menu - click ok. here is the result : notice that the search does not take into account the occurrence of the same string at line 50, since it is outside the search scope. you can also limit the search scope to a selection range. in that case, highlight the selection before the search, and choose beginning of selection till end of selection from the starts at : pop up menu in the find dialog. 10. 3. case sensitive search by default, the search process is case insensitive. if you want to make it case sensitive, just check the match case box in the find dialog. here is the result applied to a ruby script : notice again that the result does not catch the xml string at line 45, since the search string was xml and case sensitive search was requested. 10. 4. overlapping searches it may occur that the document contains some kind of palindrome you want to search for. the \" normal \" find process does not retrieve all occurrences of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4888980900319971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.247100"} {"text": "the search string was xml and case sensitive search was requested. 10. 4. overlapping searches it may occur that the document contains some kind of palindrome you want to search for. the \" normal \" find process does not retrieve all occurrences of that kind of string. in this case, you have to check the overlap searches box in the find dialog to retrieve all occurences of the string. the search ( with ctrl + f, then ctrl + g ) will give the following results : 10. 5. retrieving previous search strings notice that the pop up menu to the right of the search for field in the find dialog allows you to retrieve previous search strings. they are listed in reverse order by search history, providing quicker access to the most recent searches. 10. 6. more on find for an explanation of the bookmark results box of the find dialog, see section 4. 1, \" generating several bookmarks at once \u201d. you will find details on find again and find from selection in section 5, \u201c find and replace \u201d. for a quick way of switching from html entities to other types of encoding and changing letter cases, see section 5. 1, \u201c special find and replace features \u201d. 10. 7. replacing features the edit \u2192 replace... ( ctrl + h ) menu item works the same way and has all the features, the edit \u2192 find... ( ctrl + f ) menu item offers. the replace dialog is also accessible through the contextual menu within a document. for the features common to the find dialog, see 10. 1, \u201c searching for a word within a whole document \u201d. here we will explain the features unique to the replace dialog. 10. 8. retrieving previous replace strings as for the search for field ' s pop up menu, the replace with field ' s pop up menu allows you to retrieve previous strings used for replace, the most recent ones being at the top of the list. 10. 9. changing letter case when replacing if you want to change letter case when replacing, use the replace type pop up menu. the default choice is normal, that is the case is not changed. with the uppercase replace type, the search string will be replaced with its uppercase translation. likewise, with the lowercase replace type, the search string will be replaced with its lowercase translation. notice that in this case, the replace with field is deactivated, thus not taken into account even if you have entered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44621976054311857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.248081"} {"text": "over range of adhd behavior, genes major force on reading achievement, environment on math first study of its kind reveals complex interaction humans are not born as blank slates for nature to write on. neither are they behaving on genes alone. research by lee a. thompson, chair of case western reserve university \u2019 s psychological sciences department, and colleagues found that the link between attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) and academic performance involves a complex interaction of genes and environment. genetic influence was found to be greater on reading than for math, while shared environment ( e. g., the home and / or school environment the twins shared ) influenced math more so than reading. the researchers don \u2019 t know why. their study of twins, published in psychological science, vol. 21, was the first to look simultaneously at the genetic and environmental influences on reading ability, mathematics ability, and the continuum of adhd behavior. \u201c the majority of the twins used in the study don \u2019 t have adhd, \u201d thompson said. \u201c we are looking at the continuum of the behavioral symptoms of adhd - looking at individual differences - not a disorder with an arbitrary cutoff. \u201d this type of continuum is a normal distribution or bell curve, with scores symmetrically distributed about the average and getting much less frequent the farther away a score is from the average. disability is usually classified as the lower extreme on the normal distribution. the symptoms of adhd, according to thompson, can be described with such a continuum, as can reading and mathematics ability. only a small percent of individuals fall below the common medical cutoff between ability and disability. for what we refer to as gifted or disabled, thompson points out, \u201c there is no difference in cause, just different expression of achievement. \u201d thompson collaborated with sara hart, a graduate student at the florida center for reading research, and stephen petrill, a professor at the ohio state university, in analyzing 271 pairs of ten - year - old identical and fraternal twins. the twins were selected from the western reserve reading and mathematics project, a study that began in 2002 with kindergarten and first grade - age twins and has collected data yearly about their math and reading ability. the study focused on two adhd symptoms : inattention and hyperactivity, which are viewed as extremes of their respective attention and activity continuums. as part of the study, the mother of the twins rated each child on 18 items such as the child \u2019 s ability to listen when spoken to, play quietly, and sit still", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.523490356496827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.253819"} {"text": "which are viewed as extremes of their respective attention and activity continuums. as part of the study, the mother of the twins rated each child on 18 items such as the child \u2019 s ability to listen when spoken to, play quietly, and sit still, to assess attention and activity levels. a researcher testing each twins \u2019 mathematics and reading ability also rated the twins each year on their attention to tasks and level of hyperactivity. the researchers assessed reading ability by evaluating the twins \u2019 recognition and pronunciation of words and passage comprehension. they measured the twins \u2019 capacity for mathematics by focusing on the twin \u2019 s ability to solve problems, understanding of concepts, computational skills, and the number of computations completed in 3 minutes. researchers analyzed the data from three perspectives : one looked at the overall adhd behavior, one at the level of attention, and at the activity level. they then determined the similarities in genetic and environmental influence between adhd symptoms and reading and between the symptoms and mathematics. to do so, researchers looked at the variance and covariance of adhd symptoms and academic ability. variance measures the individual differences on a given trait within a population and covariance is a measure of how much two traits are related. these measures were broken down into identified components : additive genetic effects, shared environment and non - shared environment. using quantitative analysis of the components, the researchers found that there are some general genes that influence the symptoms of adhd simultaneously with reading and mathematics ability and some genes that influence each specifically. this study also found that both inattention and hyperactivity were related to academics. \u201c if we have this much overlap between genes that affect behaviors of adhd and academic achievement, \u201d thompson said, \u201c it gives validity to the relation of adhd behaviors and poor academics. \u201d but genes are not everything, thompson adds. there are different approaches for interventions that can be taken based on the extent of environmental influence on adhd behavior, reading ability, and mathematics ability across the entire continuum of expression. future research, the study notes, should focus on the underlying connection between adhd symptoms and poor academic achievement in order to identify the influences that may alter these often co - occurring outcomes. additional authors include erik willcutt from the university of colorado, boulder ; christopher schatschneider from florida center for reading research, florida state university ; kirby deater - deckard from virginia polytechnic institute and state university ; and laurie e. cutting from vanderbilt university. funding for the study was provided by the national institute of child health and human development and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5307792812676175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.254845"} {"text": "how much does the ocean weigh? water does weigh something ; about 8. 3 pounds per gallon. in research published this week, scientists from the national oceanography center and newcastle university have proposed an idea that will assess the mass of the world ocean by weighing it at a single point. but there is a catch. global sea level is currently rising at about 3 mm per year, but predictions of rise over the century vary from 30 cm to over a meter. there are two ways global sea level can increase. the water in the oceans can warm and expand, leading to the same weight of water taking up more space. in other words water density can vary which must be taken into account. alternatively, more water added to the ocean from melting of land ice will increase the ocean \u2019 s weight. the national oceanography centre \u2019 s prof christopher hughes said : \u201c we have shown that making accurate measurements of the changing pressure at a single point in the pacific ocean will indicate the mass of the world ocean. and we know where to place such an instrument \u2014 the central tropical pacific where the deep ocean is at its quietest. this pressure gauge needs to be located away from land and oceanic variability. the principle is rather like watching your bath fill : you don \u2019 t look near the taps, where all you can see is splashing and swirling, you look at the other end where the rise is slow and steady. \u201d by a lucky chance, pressure measurements have been made in the pacific ocean since 2001, as part of the u. s. national tsunami hazard mitigation program, which focuses on detecting the small pressure fluctuations produced by the deep ocean waves that become tsunamis at the coast. from these measurements, the team including dr rory bingham, based in the school of civil engineering and geosciences at newcastle university, have been able to show that a net 6 trillion tonnes of water enters the ocean between late march and late september each year, enough to raise sea level by 1. 7 cm, and leaves the ocean in the following six months. prof hughes : \u201c of course, what we are most interested in is how much water accumulates in the ocean each year, and this is where we currently have a problem. while present instruments are able to measure pressure variations very accurately, they have a problem with long term trends, producing false outcomes. \u201d by knowing the weight an estimate of how much the ocean in increasing would be known which would be related to how much global warming is occurring. \u201c this is a challenging goal. the pressure changes are smaller", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.432935492812936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.258516"} {"text": "throughout the history of the united states, equality for all people has been fought for and won time and time again. thomas jefferson wrote in the declaration of independence \u201d that all men are created equal, \u201d and over time equal rights have been gradually extended to different groups of people. however, equality has never been achieved without heated debate, despite our country \u2019 s founding principle that all people are created equal in the first place. the language used to seek equality has remained familiar over time. posters demanding equal rights ( pictured ) contain messages we have all seen or heard. one of my theories is that since the human life span is finite, the message of equality has to be relearned by each generation as it comes to realize that more work needs to be done. if humans lived longer, would full equality across racial and gender lines have been acquired by now? ask yourself : would women suffragists from the 1920s, who so vehemently demanded the right to vote, think it was fine for african americans to be denied this same right? it depends. my theory also includes the caveat that empathy for others does not always translate into citizens banding together for the greater good. then again, the social evolution of the united states is progressing. this progression is the reason the language and message of equality remains relevant. equality is a shared goal that not everyone enjoys. racial intolerance for one group is no different than bigotry for another. denying equality for a particular group plays into the kind of discriminatory trap that makes no sense if one applies the very same principles of equality indiscriminately. all people are created equal, period. the declaration of independence was written with the hope of possibility. think about it \u2014 the signers of this document were declaring a new and independent country! jefferson \u2019 s words made a statement about human rights that became the foundation for a country unlike any other in the world. the signers never anticipated that their vision would eventually embrace so many different kinds of people, but that is the beauty of it. the declaration was groundbreaking because it provided a foundation of principles and moral standards that have endured to modern times and that accommodate human evolution and its capacity for acceptance. stepping back and viewing all these posters as a whole, one could come to two conclusions. first : the human race does not learn from history. second : humans repeat the same mistakes over and over. however, i believe that the preservation and repurposing of the messages of protest in all their different forms are evidence that we do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5189683933522251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.263619"} {"text": "i learned a bit ago that two of my classes - - african - american literature and russian literature - - are somewhat connected, in the form of the founder of modern russian literature, aleksandr sergeyevich pushkin ( \u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d ). pushkin ' s father descended from one of the russian gentry ' s oldest families who traced their history to the 12th century, while his mother ' s grandfather was ibrahim petrovich gannibal, a former eritrean who was abducted when he was a child and ended up in russia and became a great military leader, engineer and nobleman after his adoption by peter the great. and from james weldon johnson ' s preface to the book of american negro poetry ( 1922 ) : is it not curious to know that the greatest poet of russia is alexander pushkin, a man of african descent ; that the greatest romancer of france is alexandre dumas, a man of african descent ; and that one of the greatest musicians of england is coleridge - taylor, a man of african descent? the fact is fairly well known that the father of dumas was a negro of the french west indies, and that the father of coleridge - taylor was a native - born african ; but the facts concerning pushkin ' s african ancestry are not so familiar. when peter the great was czar of russia, some potentate presented him with a full - blooded negro of gigantic size. peter, the most eccentric ruler of modern times, dressed this negro up in soldier clothes, christened him hannibal, and made him a special body - guard. but hannibal had more than size, he had brain and ability. he not only looked picturesque and imposing in soldier clothes, he showed that he had in him the making of a real soldier. peter recognized this, and eventually made him a general. he afterwards ennobled him, and hannibal, later, married one of the ladies of the russian court. this same hannibal was great - grandfather of pushkin, the national poet of russia, the man who bears the same relation to russian literature that shakespeare bears to english literature. here is an extremely interesting and informative pbs frontline page on pushkin ' s genealogy. posted by smit2174 at october 15, 2005 1 : 45 pm | trackback", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4775256564336755, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.265933"} {"text": "donna lund ' s aug. 22 first person essay \" girls, girls, girls \" may appear to be a cute story about the so - called differences between boys and girls, but it is actually a telling example of how gender stereotypes continue to be accepted in american society. ms. lund writes fondly about her granddaughters ' frilly dresses and girly squeals, juxtaposing them with her sons ' gruff avoidance of any conversation beyond sports. are boys and girls really so divided? if they are, it ' s because american families mistakenly continue to raise them that way. as an only child, i was brought up to appreciate \" masculine \" and \" feminine \" pastimes and modes of expression. i liked shopping for clothes with my grandmother, but i also loved working on cars with my grandfather. i never loved playing or talking about sports, but neither did i like doing or talking about my makeup. sure, i shed plenty of tears, but i also slipped into sullen silences. and i spent most of my time reading, writing and drawing - - activities associated with both genders. raising children to explore who they are regardless of how society prescribes their behavior often results in well - rounded, happy children who become confident, successful adults. most importantly, it disrupts the idea that men and women behave in essentially different ways - - the very idea that, less than a century ago, prohibited women from most careers, most athletics and most political activity, including the right to vote.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4987345666170001, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.267398"} {"text": "- marie gouze was born into a petit bourgeois family in 1748 in montauban, tarn - et - garonne, in southwestern france. her father was a butcher and her mother was the daughter of a cloth merchant. she believed, however, that she was the illegitimate daughter of jean - jacques lefranc, marquis de pompignan and his rejection of her claims upon him may have influenced her passionate defense of the rights of illegitimate children. - in 1765 she married louis aubry, a caterer, who came from paris with the new intendant of the town. this was not a marriage of love. gouze said in a semi - autobiographical novel ( memoire de madame de valmont contre la famille de flaucourt ) : \" i was married to a man i did not love and who was neither rich nor well - born. i was sacrificed for no reason that could make up for the repugnance i felt for this man. \" her husband died a year later, and in 1770 she moved to paris with her son, pierre, and took the name of olympe de gouges. - in 1773, according to her biographer olivier blanc, she met a wealthy man, jacques bietrix de rozieres, with whom she had a long relationship that ended during the revolution. she was received in the artistic and philosophical salons, where she met many writers, including la harpe, mercier, and chamfort as well as future politicians such as brissot and condorcet. she usually was invited to the salons of the marquise de montesson and the comtesse de beauharnais, who also were playwrights. she also was associated with masonic lodges among them, the loge des neuf s\u0153urs that was created by her friend michel de cubieres. surviving paintings of de gouges show her to be a woman of beauty. she chose to cohabit with several men who supported her financially. by 1784 ( the year that her putative biological father died ), however, she began to write essays, manifestoes, and socially conscious plays. seeking upward mobility, she strove to move among the aristocracy and to abandon her provincial accent. [ - 1784, she wrote the anti - slavery play zamore and mirza. for several reasons, the play was not performed until 1789. de gouges published it, however, as zamore et mirza, ou l ' heureux naufrage ( zamore and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3557307381102739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.275471"} {"text": "the anti - slavery play zamore and mirza. for several reasons, the play was not performed until 1789. de gouges published it, however, as zamore et mirza, ou l ' heureux naufrage ( zamore and mirza, or the happy shipwreck ) in 1788. it was performed as l ' esclavage des negres in december of 1789, but shut down after three performances. subsequently, it was published in 1792 under the title l ' esclavage des noirs. - she also wrote on such gender - related topics as the right of divorce and argued in favor of sexual relations outside of marriage. - as an epilogue to the 1788 version of her play zamore et mirza, she published reflexions sur les hommes negres. in 1790, she wrote a play, le marche des noirs ( the black market ) which was rejected by the comedie francaise ; the text was burned after her death. in 1808, the abbe gregoire included her on his list of the courageous men who pleaded the cause of \" les negres. \" - a passionate advocate of human rights, olympe de gouges greeted the outbreak of the revolution with hope and joy, but soon became disenchanted when egalite ( equal rights ) was not extended to women. - in 1791, she became part of the society of the friends of truth, an association with the goal of equal political and legal rights for women. also called the \" social club \", members sometimes gathered at the home of the well - known women ' s rights advocate, sophie de condorcet. here, de gouges expressed, for the first time, her famous statement : \" a woman has the right to mount the scaffold. she must possess equally the right to mount the speaker ' s platform. \" - that same year, in response to the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen, she wrote the declaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne ( declaration of the rights of woman and the female citizen ). this was followed by her contrat social ( social contract, named after a famous work of jean - jacques rousseau ), proposing marriage based upon gender equality. - she became involved in almost any matter she believed to involve injustice. - she opposed the execution of louis xvi of france, partly out of opposition to capital punishment and partly because she preferred a relatively tame and living king to the possibility of a rebel regency in exile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4356551088770681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.276439"} {"text": "became involved in almost any matter she believed to involve injustice. - she opposed the execution of louis xvi of france, partly out of opposition to capital punishment and partly because she preferred a relatively tame and living king to the possibility of a rebel regency in exile. this earned her the ire of many hard - line republicans, even into the next generation \u2014 such as the comment by the nineteenth century historian jules michelet, a fierce apologist for the revolution, who wrote, \" she allowed herself to act and write about more than one affair that her weak head did not understand. \" michelet was also part of a generation of men who opposed any political participation by women. he disliked de gouges for this reason. - as the revolution progressed, she became more and more vehement in her writings. - on 2 june 1793, the jacobins arrested her allies, the girondins, imprisoned them, and sent them to the guillotine in october. finally, her poster les trois urnes, ou le salut de la patrie, par un voyageur aerien ( the three urns, or the salvation of the country, by an aerial traveler ) of 1793, led to her arrest. that piece demanded a plebiscite for a choice among three potential forms of government : the first, indivisible republic, the second, a federalist government, or the third, a constitutional monarchy. - after being arrested, the commissioners searched her house for evidence. when they could not find any in her home, she voluntarily led them to the storehouse where she kept her papers. it was there that the commissioners found an unfinished play titled la france sauvee ou le tyran detrone ( france preserved, or the tyrant dethroned ). in the first act ( only the first act and a half remain ), marie - antoinette is planning defense strategies to retain the crumbling monarchy and is confronted by revolutionary forces, including de gouges herself. the first act ends with de gouges lecturing the queen for having seditious intentions and on how to lead her people. both de gouges and her prosecutor used this play as evidence in her trial. the prosecutor claimed that olympe ' s depictions of the queen threatened to stir up sympathy and support for the royalists, whereas de gouges stated that the play showed that she had always been a supporter of the revolution. - she spent three months in jail without an attorney, trying to defend herself. the presiding judge denied de gouge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4225807967941375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.277917"} {"text": "support for the royalists, whereas de gouges stated that the play showed that she had always been a supporter of the revolution. - she spent three months in jail without an attorney, trying to defend herself. the presiding judge denied de gouges her legal right to a lawyer, on the grounds that she was more than capable of representing herself. it seems as though the judge based this argument on de gouges ' s tendency to represent herself in her writings. - through her friends, she managed to publish two texts : olympe de gouges au tribunal revolutionnaire, where she related her interrogations and her last work, une patriote persecutee, where she condemned the terror. - the jacobins, who already had executed a king and queen, were in no mood to tolerate any opposition from the intellectuals. de gouges was sentenced to death on 2 november 1793, and executed the following day for seditious behavior and attempting to reinstate the monarchy. olympe was executed only a month after condorcet had been proscribed and just three days after the girondin leaders had been guillotined. her body was disposed of in the madeleine cemetery. olympe ' s last moments were depicted by an anonymous parisian who kept a chronicle of events : \" yesterday, at seven o ' clock in the evening, a most extraordinary person called olympe de gouges who held the imposing title of woman of letters, was taken to the scaffold, while all of paris, while admiring her beauty, knew that she didn ' t even know her alphabet.... she approached the scaffold with a calm and serene expression on her face, and forced the guillotine ' s furies, which had driven her to this place of torture, to admit that such courage and beauty had never been seen before.... that woman... had thrown herself in the revolution, body and soul. but having quickly perceived how atrocious the system adopted by the jacobins was, she chose to retrace her steps. she attempted to unmask the villains through the literary productions which she had printed and put up. they never forgave her, and she paid for her carelessness with her head. \" users browsing this forum : no registered users and 1 guest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3866376865203273, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.279964"} {"text": "the facts about the proposed odec power plant old dominion electric cooperative ( odec ) has proposed building a 1, 500 megawatt, coal - fired power plant \u2014 the cypress creek power station \u2014 in dendron in surry county, va., or on an alternative site in neighboring sussex county, virginia. if built, the plant would be the largest coal - fired power plant in the commonwealth. the chesapeake bay foundation ( cbf ) is very concerned that the plant will add significant additional pollution to an already polluted chesapeake bay, threaten human health, and exacerbate climate change and sea level rise in the chesapeake bay region. nitrogen pollution \u2014 more will hurt the bay a primary goal of the federal - state chesapeake bay cleanup is reducing nitrogen pollution. the dendron plant would add 1. 9 million more pounds of nitrogen pollution * to the air above the chesapeake bay and surrounding lands. air modeling predicts that 118 tons of this nitrogen \u2014 the equivalent of an additional major sewage treatment plant \u2014 will be deposited directly onto the chesapeake bay watershed, a system already so plagued by excess nitrogen pollution that the bay is on the environmental protection agency ' s official \" dirty waters list. \" nitrogen pollution promotes excess algae growth in the bay that clouds the water, stunts underwater grasses, and robs the water of oxygen vital to fish, crabs, and oysters. nitrogen pollution is a chief cause of the massive \" dead zones \" that appear annually in the bay. mercury \u2014 a toxic threat to people and wildlife a primary goal of the federal - state chesapeake bay cleanup is a bay free of toxic chemicals. the dendron plant would release 44 pounds of mercury * into the air. already, approximately 1, 300 miles of virginia rivers and nearly 40, 000 acres of virginia lakes are contaminated by mercury, including the meherrin river, parts of the nottoway, blackwater, mattaponi, and pamunkey rivers, dragon run, lake drummond, lake whitehurst, lake trashmore, chickahominy lake, and harrison lake. all are within a 60 - mile radius of the proposed dendron site, the area of greatest mercury fallout. mercury is toxic to humans, especially fetuses, infants, children, and pregnant women. mercury affects learning ability, language, motor skills and, at high levels, causes permanent brain damage. nitrogen oxides \u2014 more smog, more health problems ozone smog and soot released by coal - fired power plants are associated with increased risk of asthma, heart and respiratory problems, increased absences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49220075851538636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.285900"} {"text": ", at high levels, causes permanent brain damage. nitrogen oxides \u2014 more smog, more health problems ozone smog and soot released by coal - fired power plants are associated with increased risk of asthma, heart and respiratory problems, increased absences from school and work, increased hospitalizations, increased medication, and increased risk of premature death. the dendron plant would release 6. 2 million pounds of nitrogen dioxide * ( nox ) ; this is 8. 5 times more nox pollution than now produced by the entire county of surry. nox is a major component of ground level ozone ( smog ). nox pollution from the power plant would threaten air quality in surry county and worsen existing smog problems in hampton roads and richmond, two regions soon to be designated by epa as unhealthy for smog. according to epa, power plants are the second - largest source of nox in the atmosphere ; in virginia, power plants produce 18 percent of the annual airborne nox pollution. air modeling predicts the dendron plant will cause more than 264 tons of sulfur and 286 tons of soot to settle onto the chesapeake bay watershed, contributing to hazy air, health concerns, and acid rain. greenhouse gases \u2014 worsening climate change, sea level rise climate change caused by excess greenhouse gases will worsen sea - level rise in the chesapeake bay region, the second - most vulnerable area in the united states to sea level rise. this poses significant threats to the region ' s environment, economy, and military. the dendron plant would release 11. 7 million tons of carbon dioxide * into the air each year, adding more greenhouse gases to the earth ' s atmosphere and exacerbating climate change problems. recent scientific studies suggest that increased carbon dioxide levels in the chesapeake bay may increase the acidity of bay waters and seriously threaten restoration of the native oyster. coal - fired power plants are among the worst greenhouse gas polluters. to date, no technology exists to feasibly capture and contain carbon dioxide from coal - fired power plants ( carbon sequestration ). alternatives to a new coal - fired power plant are available energy efficiency and conservation \u2014 a 10 percent reduction in energy through efficiency and conservation will reduce virginia ' s 2016 estimated power shortfall by 97 percent ; a 14 percent reduction in energy through efficiency and conservation will eliminate all shortfalls and produce an excess 1, 055 megawatts of electricity. * * renewable energy \u2014 virginia has enough untapped renewable energy resources, including wind, tidal, solar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5000208223199099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.287241"} {"text": "september 14th, 2011 | caixin china \u2019 s bohai sea drowns in discharged waste oil from a recent spill blended with 30 years of waste dumped by cities and factories ringing the once - beautiful sea a recent offshore oil spill has given china reason to pause for a close look at the filth floating in the bohai sea which, after eons of pristine beauty followed by three decades of intense pollution, is today seriously ill. a map of polluted areas included in a 2008 report on the quality of the marine environment of the bohai sea, published by the state oceanic administration ( soa ), still paints a depressing picture. it shows that the entire length of the bohai shore, with the exception of a few sections near hebei province \u2019 s south qinhuangdao and beidaihe, as well as liaoning province \u2019 s dalian, has been seriously polluted. moreover, the report described sea conditions long before last year \u2019 s oil tank explosion and spill in the dalian area, and crude oil started leaking from connocophillips drilling rigs in june. as of 2005, according to other soa reports, about 14 percent of bohai \u2019 s waters were polluted. the percentage had risen to 22 percent by 2010. tianjin, the biggest city on the sea, is both a contributor and victim of the contamination. soa says more than 95 percent of the sea area off the city \u2019 s shore are rated grade iv \u2013 a classification given by scientists for seawater described as \u201c generally offensive in color, smell and taste. \u201d recent efforts to clean up bohai succeeded in reducing the total grade iv section of the sea by half, after a peak of 6, 120 square kilometers was reported in 2007. but the trend reversed in 2010, and the fouled area spread to 3, 220 square kilometers. the largest sections of polluted water in the bohai sea are in coastal areas that encompass fishing grounds, tourist areas and nature reserves, said wang shicheng, a former deputy director of the shandong province ocean and fisheries department. and 80 percent of the sea \u2019 s pollution comes from land sources, including factories and city sewage plants, said xia qing, a researcher at the china environmental science research institute and head of the organizational group that drafted a bohai sea environmental master plan. it \u2019 s a predicament that \u2019 s closely tied to china \u2019 s rapid, modern - day industrial development. scientists say the bohai sea has played the role of a \u201c pollution sink \u201d for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3835491708642171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.293301"} {"text": "a bohai sea environmental master plan. it \u2019 s a predicament that \u2019 s closely tied to china \u2019 s rapid, modern - day industrial development. scientists say the bohai sea has played the role of a \u201c pollution sink \u201d for a large swathe of modern china. about 45 rivers empty into the sea, and several major channels including the haihe, yellow and liaohe rivers are major channels for manmade discharges including sewage. moreover, thousands of sewage outlets empty directly into the sea, including those for factories in industrial zones built in recent years in shandong, tianjin, hebei and liaoning. many of these factories have been cited for high levels of pollution. overall, the amount of waste discharged into the sea greatly exceeds quotas set by environmental regulators. in 2008, for example, marine authorities who monitored 96 sewage outlets found 82 percent exceeded discharge standards. and in shandong alone, they found 96 percent exceeded the standards. wang says environmental authorities have proposed forcing local companies to meet discharge standards. but questions about the standards themselves cloud this proposal. for example, separate discharge standards have been established for the steel, printing and papermaking industries. \u201c environmental protection authorities think the pollution discharge situation is getting better and better, \u201d said wang. \u201c but marine authorities have found it to be getting worse and worse. \u201d one proof of deteriorating conditions is the shrinkage of the heavily tapped yellow river before it reaches the sea. the yellow is the sea \u2019 s most important river, but so little water winds up reaching the sea that salinity levels in the bohai have risen to the point of seriously inhibiting fish spawning. another harmful consequence of sea pollution is eutrophication, which can lead to red tides. one such \u201c micro - micro - flagellate \u201d red tide algae bloom lasted from late may to early july in hebei \u2019 s changli county. this was the third consecutive year in which the county \u2019 s seacoast experienced red tides, which halt development of young scallops and kill others. by staff reporter gong jing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.451692934396542, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.294109"} {"text": "average student loan debt for the class of 2011 was $ 26, 600, according to the project on student debt at the institute for college access & success. you may also have credit card balances and an automobile loan that all affect your credit record. how you use credit and how much debt you carry will affect many aspects of your life, both financial and personal. here \u2019 s what recent graduates should know about the impact of credit : * your credit score will likely affect your auto insurance rates. if you \u2019 ve been insured under your parents \u2019 policy, once you graduate and start your career, you \u2019 ll need to get your own coverage. credit scores are one of the factors auto insurance companies look at when deciding what your premium will be. although a higher score is no guarantee of a lower premium, a low score may drive your premium up \u2013 or even prompt an insurer to deny you coverage. * landlords and rental companies will almost certainly want to review your credit before agreeing to rent a home to you. a history of on - time payments and smart credit use can make landlords view you as a good potential renter. spotty payment history, a high debt load and questionable credit decisions may make you look less desirable. a poor credit history may mean a landlord asks for a larger security deposit from you \u2013 or may choose not to rent to you at all. * when you initiate an account with a utility company such as electric or gas providers, the company will ask to review your credit. blemishes on your credit report may prompt the utility to ask for a higher security deposit. * just like landlords and utility companies, cell phone providers may require a credit check \u2013 and a higher deposit if you have poor credit or little or no credit history. * if you \u2019 re considering surgery or a health procedure ( such as extensive dental work ) that \u2019 s not covered by your employer - provided health insurance, you may try to strike a payment deal with the doctor or service provider. a good credit report and score may make the provider more inclined to work with you on a payment plan. * if you fall in love and plan to get married, it \u2019 s unlikely bad credit or high debt will prompt a devoted partner to walk away from your relationship. but studies show that money stress can strain a marriage, and fights over money are a leading cause of divorce. while good credit can \u2019 t ensure wedded bliss, starting your marriage with good credit can make many aspects of life easier for you and your spouse. understanding how credit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3769315465642483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.300772"} {"text": "| bangladesh table of contents christianity ' s first contact with the indian subcontinent is attributed to the apostle thomas, who is said to have preached in southern india. although jesuit priests were active at the mughal courts in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the first roman catholic settlements in what became bangladesh appear to have been established by the portuguese, coming from their center in goa on the west coast of india. during the sixteenth century the portuguese settled in the vicinity of chittagong, where they were active in piracy and slave trading. in the seventeenth century some portuguese moved to dhaka. serious protestant missionary efforts began only in the first half of the nineteenth century. baptist missionary activities beginning in 1816, the anglican oxford mission, and others worked mainly among the tribal peoples of the low hills in the northern part of mymensingh and sylhet regions. many of the christian churches, schools, and hospitals were initially set up to serve the european community. they subsequently became centers of conversion activities, particularly among the lower caste hindus. the ministry of religious affairs provided assistance and support to the christian institutions in the country. in the late 1980s, the government was not imposing any restrictions on the legitimate religious activities of the missions and the communities. mission schools and hospitals were well attended and were used by members of all religions. the christian community usually enjoyed better opportunities for education and a better standard of living. in the late 1980s, christianity had about 600, 000 adherents, mainly roman catholic, and their numbers were growing rapidly. source : u. s. library of congress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3616847337541904, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.302410"} {"text": "by dr. ellen r. jordan texas a & m extension college station, texas \u2013 the use of waste milk to feed calves is a common practice on many dairy farms, but it comes with risk. along with the milk, calves may ingest pathogens that cause disease ( mycoplasma, salmonella and johne \u2019 s disease, etc. ). to minimize the risk, pasteurize the waste milk. mycobacterium paratuberculosis, the pathogen caused johne \u2019 s disease, is not easily destroyed. however, researchers at the national animal disease center in ames, iowa and at other locations have shown that pasteurization can destroy it and other pathogens provided the milk is heated to the correct temperature and held for a specified time. there are two general types of on - farm pasteurizers available. the first type is frequently referred to as a batch pasteurizer. milk is put into this pasteurizer, heated to 150\u00b0 f ( 65. 5\u00b0 c ) and held for 30 minutes. the second type is a commercial high - temperature, short - time pasteurizer or a htst pasteurizer. when using a htst pasteurizer, heat milk to 161\u00b0 f ( 71. 7\u00b0 c ) and hold for 15 seconds. since both types of pasteurizers have been shown to effectively destroy pathogens, either can be used. the critical point is to use the correct temperature and time for the type of pasteurizer chosen. because some of these same pathogens can be transferred in colostrum, there is interest in what happens to immunoglobulins if colostrum is pasteurized. in a recent study using the htst pasteurizer, there was a 25 % reduction in immunoglobulins, thus consider alternative methods to protect calves from disease found in colostrum. if you pasteurize colostrum, use the batch pasteurizer as the htst tends to clog with colostrum. for example, to control johne \u2019 s disease use only colostrum from cows that have recently been tested negative for johne \u2019 s. commercial colostrum supplements or replacements can also be fed if insufficient colostrum is available. waste milk can be used for feeding calves, however pasteurize it first to reduce the risk associated with this cost - saving practice. \u25a0 to contact dr. ellen r. jordan at texas a & m extensiion, call 972", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.460617303193245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.306292"} {"text": "5. 8 magnitude earthquake. there was a lot of chatter generated by it, probably disproportionate to the magnitude of the event. there were a few news items that might be of interest to some of you. first, contrary to initial reports, there was some building damage in virginia and the dc area, including the collapse of finials on the national cathedral ' s main tower. second, physorg explains why the earthquake was felt over such a large area, from georgia north to quebec and west to wisconsin. scientific american has a list of the top ten east coast earthquakes. finally, here is an interesting bird - related note from the national zoo : the first warnings of the earthquake may have occurred at the national zoo, where officials said some animals seemed to feel it coming before people did. the red ruffed lemurs began \u201c alarm calling \u201d a full 15 minutes before the quake hit, zoo spokeswoman pamela baker - masson said. in the great ape house, iris, an orangutan, let out a guttural holler 10 seconds before keepers felt the quake. the flamingos huddled together in the water seconds before people felt the rumbling. the rheas got excited. and the hooded mergansers \u2014 a kind of duck \u2014 dashed for the safety of the water.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43756123058474217, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.307657"} {"text": "word origin & history o. e. cocc, o. fr. coq, o. n. kokkr, all of echoic origin. o. e. cocc was a nickname for \" one who strutted like a cock, \" thus a common term in the middle ages for a pert boy, used of scullions, apprentices, servants, etc. a common personal name till c. 1500, it was affixed to christian names as a pet diminutive, cf. wilcox, hitchcock, etc. slang sense of \" penis \" is attested since 1618 ( but cf. pillicock \" penis, \" from c. 1300 ) ; cock - teaser is from 1891. a cocker spaniel ( 1823 ) was trained to start woodcocks. cock - and - bull is first recorded 1621, perhaps an allusion to aesop ' s fables, with their incredible talking animals, or to a particular story, now forgotten. french has parallel expression coq - a - l ' ane. in various mechanical senses, such as cock of a faucet ( late 15c. ) is of uncertain connection with cock ( n. 1 ), but ger. has hahn \" hen \" in many of the same senses. the cock of an old matchlock firearm is 1560s, hence half - cocked \" with the cock lifted to the first catch, at which position the trigger does not act. \" seeming contradictory senses of \" to stand up \" ( as in cock one ' s ear ), c. 1600, and \" to bend \" ( 1898 ) are from the two cock nouns. the first is probably in reference to the posture of the bird ' s head or tail, the second to the firearm position. to cock ones hat carries the notion of \" defiant boastfulness \" also in m. e. cocken ( c. 1150 ) \" to fight. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4718026741310265, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.309412"} {"text": "adjective, un \u00b7 ru \u00b7 li \u00b7 er, un \u00b7 ru \u00b7 li \u00b7 est. not submissive or conforming to rule ; ungovernable ; turbulent ; intractable ; refractory ; lawless : an unruly class ; an unruly wilderness. origin : 1350 \u2013 1400 ; middle english unruely, related forms equivalent to un - un - 1 + ruly, ruely governable, controllable ; see rule disobedient, unmanageable, uncontrollable, stubborn, disorderly, riotous. unruly, intractable, recalcitrant, refractory describe persons or things that resist management or control. unruly suggests persistently disorderly behavior or character in persons or things : an unruly child, peevish and willful ; wild, unruly hair. intractable suggests in persons a determined resistance to all attempts to guide or direct them, in things a refusal to respond to attempts to shape, improve, or modify them : an intractable social rebel ; a seemingly intractable problem in logistics. recalcitrant and refractory imply not only a lack of submissiveness but also an open, often violent, rebellion against authority or direction. recalcitrant the stronger of the two terms, suggests a stubborn and absolute noncompliance : a recalcitrant person, openly contemptuous of all authority. refractory implies active, mulish disobedience, but leaves open the possibility of eventual compliance : refractory students, resisting efforts to interest them in their studies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5412643654553236, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.312916"} {"text": "date : august 2007 creator : sarasti, israel a. description : reciprocal teaching comprehension - monitoring is a reading comprehension instructional procedure that combines four instructional strategies : predicting, summarizing, questioning, and clarifying to enhance students ' comprehension of text. the procedure is a dialogue between the teacher and the students. during reciprocal teaching instruction, the teacher and students take turns leading the dialogue in order to enhance the students ' comprehension - monitoring skills. the research on reciprocal teaching has included meta - analyses, group designs, qualitative designs, and single - subject research designs. these studies have identified gaps in the literature to include the measurement of treatment fidelity and treatment acceptability, as well as the psychometric properties of the instruments used to measure daily reading comprehension growth. these gaps were investigated in this study. the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of reciprocal teaching comprehension - monitoring with a group of fifteen 3rd grade students reading at grade level. specifically, this study investigated the use of curriculum - based measurement maze probes ( cbm - maze probes ) to formatively assess the reading comprehension growth of the students. additionally, this study implemented treatment integrity procedures and investigated the acceptability of reciprocal teaching and the cbm - maze probes through a treatment acceptability rating scale. a multiple baseline across groups with three phases ( baseline, intervention, follow - up ) was employed.... contributing partner : unt libraries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5470243872667179, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.315151"} {"text": "| skip navigation links | | exit print view | | man pages section 1m : system administration commands oracle solaris 11 information library | - create an ntfs file system mkntfs [ options ] device [ number _ of _ sectors ] mkntfs [ - c ] [ - c cluster - size ] [ - f ] [ - f ] [ - h heads ] [ - h ] [ - i ] [ - l volume - label ] [ - l ] [ - n ] [ - p part - start - sect ] [ - q ] [ - q ] [ - s sectors - per - track ] [ - s sector - size ] [ - t ] [ - v ] [ - v ] [ - z mft - zone - multiplier ] [ - - debug ] device [ number - of - sectors ] the mkntfs utility is used to create an ntfs file system on a device, usually a disk partition, or file. the device operand is the special file corresponding to the device ; for example, / dev / dsk / c0d0p0. the number - of - sectors operand is the number of blocks on the device. if omitted, mkntfs automatically figures the file system size. supported options are listed below. most options have both single - letter and full - name forms. multiple single - letter options that do not take an argument can be combined. for example, - fv is the equivalent of - f - v. a full - name option can be abbreviated to a unique prefix of its name. options are divided among basic, advanced, output, and help options, as listed below. enable compression on the volume. perform quick ( fast ) format. this option skips both zeroing of the volume and bad sector checking. set the volume label for the filesystem to string. causes mkntfs to not actually create a file system, but display what it would do if it were to create a file system. all formatting steps are carried out except the actual writing to the device. specify the size of clusters in bytes. valid cluster size values are powers of two, with at least 256, and at most 65536, bytes per cluster. if omitted, mkntfs uses 4096 bytes as the default cluster size. note that the default cluster size is set to be at least equal to the sector size, as a cluster cannot be smaller than a sector. also, note that values greater than 4096 have the side effect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46226696446431104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.319485"} {"text": "zone is the area at the beginning of the volume reserved for the mft, which stores the on - disk inodes ( mft records ). it is noteworthy that small files are stored entirely within the inode ; thus, if you expect to use the volume for storing large numbers of very small files, it is useful to set the zone multiplier to a higher value. although the mft zone is resized on the fly as required during operation of the ntfs driver, choosing an optimal value reduces fragmentation. valid values are 1, 2, 3, and 4. the values have the following meaning : mft zone mft zone size multiplier ( % of volume size ) 1 12. 5 % ( default ) 2 25. 0 % 3 37. 5 % 4 50. 0 % includes the verbose output from the - v option, as well as additional output useful for debugging mkntfs. verbose execution. errors are written to stderr, no output to stdout occurs at all. useful if mkntfs is run in a script. show a list of options with a brief description of each one. display the mkntfs licensing information and exit. display the mkntfs version number and exit. see attributes ( 5 ) for descriptions of the following attributes : mkntfs was written by anton altaparmakov, richard russon, erik sornes and szabolcs szakacsits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48498148984294465, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.321986"} {"text": "sign the resolution contents | feedback | search drcnet home | join drcnet drcnet library | schaffer library | cocaine according to ex - new york police commissioner raymond kelly, \" colombia has probably the best cocaine, the best heroin, and the best marijuana in the world. and the best coffee \". typically, coca thrives in warm, moist valleys between 1500 and 6000 metres above sea level. the plant grows to a height of up to eight feet. the leaves are rich in vitamins, protein, calcium, iron and fiber. the cocaine content of the leaves ranges from o. 1 % to 0. 9 % ; like the user, it tends to get higher with altitude. chewing coca also counters the symptoms of ' mountain sickness ' and oxygen - deprivation. the daily dose of the average coquero is around 200mg. chewing coca leaves with a dash of powdered lime is a nutritious and energising way to induce healthy mood without causing an unsustainable high. unfortunately, it is not very good for one ' s teeth. stictly speaking, the leaves aren ' t actually chewed. typically, the dried coca leaf is moistened with saliva. the wad is placed between the gum and cheek and it is gently sucked. the invigorating juices are swallowed. lime - rich materials such as burnt seashells or a cereal are used to promote the separation of the leaf ' s active alkaloid. shamans from some traditional indian tribes still smoke coca leaves for magical purposes. inhaling the sacred vapors induces a trance - like state. coca enables a shaman to cross ' the bridge of smoke ', enter the world of spirits, and activate his magical powers. alas the leaves don ' t travel well ; and this ancient usage is uncommon in the urban industrial west.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41406967865607847, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.325700"} {"text": "in 1996, the forest service described the 1. 8 million acre rio grande national forest, which rings the san luis valley in southern colorado, as \" large \u2026 and \u2026 essentially undeveloped. \" the agency expected things to stay that way, at least as far as petroleum extraction was concerned. an analysis of the management plan the forest adopted that year concluded \" development of oil and gas is not likely \" by 2011. and for the dozen years since that analysis, not a single acre of the rio grande nf was leased for oil development. that \u2019 s about to change. on may 8, the bureau of land management ( which manages federally - owned minerals ) will put up for bid 144, 000 acres of the forest for oil and gas drilling. that \u2019 s more than 225 square miles, or about half the size of rocky mountain national park. areas to be leased to industry include tens of thousands of acres of roadless lands, deer and elk winter range, lynx habitat, watersheds of the rio grande a few miles upstream from two national wildlife refuges and agricultural land, and steep slopes prone to erosion and landslides. while some of those areas may be \" protected \" by lease conditions that restrict the amount of bulldozing, road construction, logging, pipeline building, and other surface disturbance that petroleum development requires, the forest service could waive these conditions, essentially rendering them meaningless. back in ' 96, when the domestic oil bidness was slow, the forest service predicted only 9 wells would be drilled and less than 130 acres disturbed in the area where blm proposes its enormous sale. now, with the price of oil through the roof and natural gas prices nothing to sneeze at, far more development seems possible. previous lease sales in and around the san luis valley have run into significant opposition. the public has until april 23 to file official \" protests \" of each lease parcel. we \u2019 ll see what happens with this one.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4061650663085413, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.330543"} {"text": "( cnn ) - - one year before the day of his death, an ailing sen. ted kennedy electrified a crowd of thousands at the democratic national convention. sen. ted kennedy was an early supporter of barack obama ' s presidential campaign. \" there is a new wave of change all around us, and if we set our compass true, we will reach our destination - - not merely victory for our party, but renewal for our nation, \" kennedy said on august 25, 2008. \" and this november, the torch will be passed again to a new generation of americans, so with barack obama and for you and for me, our country will be committed to his cause. \" two months later, the election of the united states ' first black president marked the actualization of decades of work for kennedy, who was a champion of civil rights throughout his nearly 50 - year tenure in the senate. in the 1960s, as civil rights battles raged across the country, it was kennedy ' s brother, president john f. kennedy, who sought passage of a landmark bill to ban discrimination. and when jfk was assassinated, ted kennedy, already filling his older brother ' s senate seat, filled his shoes, too, helping to push the legislation through. democratic rep. john lewis of georgia, who worked closely with kennedy on civil rights issues, said kennedy was \" our shepherd, he was our champion, he was our leader. \" watch lewis talk about kennedy ' s civil rights legacy \u00bb the first major speech kennedy made on the senate floor was in support of the 1964 civil rights act, which banned discrimination based on race or gender in public places, schools and places of employment. \" he didn ' t have to do it. he was not from the heart of the american south... but i think because of his upbringing, his faith, his passion, he would say over and over again, ' we must do what is right. it ' s the right thing to do. we have a moral obligation, ' \" lewis said. and even as his 1980 presidential bid came to an end, kennedy kept his focus on equal rights. \" and we can be proud that our party stands plainly and publicly and persistently for the ratification of the equal rights amendment, \" he said in the keynote address at the democratic convention that year. \" women hold their rightful place at our convention, and women must have their rightful place in the constitution of the united states. on this issue we will not yield ; we will not equivocate ; we will not rationalize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3902321664808095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.335036"} {"text": "convention that year. \" women hold their rightful place at our convention, and women must have their rightful place in the constitution of the united states. on this issue we will not yield ; we will not equivocate ; we will not rationalize, explain or excuse. we will stand for e. r. a. and for the recognition at long last that our nation was made up of founding mothers as well as founding fathers. \" while the white house eluded his grasp, the longtime massachusetts senator was considered one of the most effective legislators of the past few decades. in addition to the civil rights act, kennedy played a key role in passing the voting rights act of 1965, the 1990 americans with disabilities act and the 1993 family and medical leave act. he earned a reputation as an outspoken liberal standard - bearer during a conservative - dominated era from the 1980s to the early 2000s. the senator pulled no punches when he felt civil rights might be in danger. in 1987, kennedy led the opposition to president reagan ' s nominee for the supreme court, robert bork. the senator was quick to warn that he thought bork ' s conservative ideology would be dangerous for the country. \" in robert bork ' s america, there is no room at the inn for blacks and no place in the constitution for women. and in our america, there should be no seat on the supreme court for robert bork, \" kennedy charged. his effort was successful, as reagan ' s nominee was rejected. sen. chris dodd, a close friend and colleague, said kennedy spent his life fighting for justice for all. \" the issue was people in the shadows, people who don ' t have lawyers and lobbyists, people who don ' t have advocates, \" said dodd, d - connecticut. \" and so his biggest issue were those millions of people - - and that includes everyone, because everyone at some point or another in our lives needs an advocate. and you never could have a better one than ted kennedy. when he was in your corner, he was in it forever. \" kennedy made life different - - and better, lewis said. \" during the ' 60s, i saw those signs that said ' white men, colored men ; white women, colored women ; white waiting, colored waiting. ' he helped to bring those signs down. \" for many, it was fitting that kennedy became an early supporter of obama ' s presidential campaign, reaching out to all the groups he championed in the past to carry his civil rights legacy to the future. \" the work begins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40139329728942397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.336040"} {"text": "do schools begin too early? the effect of start times on student achievement what time should the school day begin? school start times vary considerably, both across the nation and within individual communities, with some schools beginning earlier than 7 : 30 a. m. and others after 9 : 00 a. m. districts often stagger the start times of different schools in order to reduce transportation costs by using fewer buses. but if beginning the school day early in the morning has a negative impact on academic performance, staggering start times may not be worth the cost savings. proponents of later start times, who have received considerable media attention in recent years, argue that many students who have to wake up early for school do not get enough sleep and that beginning the school day at a later time would boost their achievement. a number of school districts have responded by delaying the start of their school day, and a 2005 congressional resolution introduced by rep. zoe lofgren ( d - ca ) recommended that secondary schools nationwide start at 9 : 00 or later. despite this attention, there is little rigorous evidence directly linking school start times and academic performance. in this study, i use data from wake county, north carolina, to examine how start times affect the performance of middle school students on standardized tests. i find that delaying school start times by one hour, from roughly 7 : 30 to 8 : 30, increases standardized test scores by at least 2 percentile points in math and 1 percentile point in reading. the effect is largest for students with below - average test scores, suggesting that later start times would narrow gaps in student achievement. the primary rationale given for start times affecting academic performance is biological. numerous studies, including those published by elizabeth baroni and her colleagues in 2004 and by fred danner and barbara phillips in 2008, have found that earlier start times may result in fewer hours of sleep, as students may not fully compensate for earlier rising times with earlier bedtimes. activities such as sports and work, along with family and social schedules, may make it difficult for students to adjust the time they go to bed. in addition, the onset of puberty brings two factors that can make this adjustment particularly difficult for adolescents : an increase in the amount of sleep needed and a change in the natural timing of the sleep cycle. hormonal changes, in particular, the secretion of melatonin, shift the natural circadian rhythm of adolescents, making it increasingly difficult for them to fall asleep early in the evening. lack of sleep, in turn, can interfere with learning. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47204588154270993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.350124"} {"text": "population has grown, the school district has changed the start times for many individual schools in order to maintain a balanced bus schedule, generating differences in start times for the same school in different years. the only nationally representative dataset that records school start times indicates that, as of 2001, the median middle - school student in the u. s. began school at 8 : 00. more than one - quarter of students begin school at 8 : 30 or later, while more than 20 percent begin at 7 : 45 or earlier. in other words, middle school start times are somewhat earlier in wake county than in most districts nationwide. the typical wake county student begins school earlier than more than 90 percent of american middle - school students. data and methods the data used in this study come from two sources. first, administrative data for every student in north carolina between 2000 and 2006 were provided by the north carolina education research data center. the data contain detailed demographic variables for each student as well as end - of - grade test scores in reading and math. i standardize the raw test scores by assigning each student a percentile score, which indicates performance relative to all north carolina students who took the test in the same grade and year. the second source of data is the start times for each wake county public school, which are recorded annually and were provided by the wcpss transportation department. about 39 percent of wcpss students attended magnet schools between 2000 and 2006. since buses serving magnet schools must cover a larger geographic area, ride times tend to be longer for magnet school students. as a result, almost all magnet schools during the study period began at the earliest start time. because magnet schools start earlier and enroll students who tend to have higher test scores, i exclude magnet schools from my main analysis. my results are very similar if magnet school students are included. the data allow me to use several different methods to analyze the effect of start times on student achievement. first, i compare the reading and math scores of students in schools that start earlier to the scores of similar students at later - starting schools. specifically, i control for the student \u2019 s race, limited english status, free or reduced - price lunch eligibility, years of parents \u2019 education, and whether the student is academically gifted or has a learning disability. i also control for the characteristics of the school, including total enrollment, pupil - to - teacher ratio, racial composition, percentage of students eligible for free lunch, and percentage of returning students. this approach compares students with similar characteristics who attend schools that are similar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4921292283325533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.352509"} {"text": "also control for the characteristics of the school, including total enrollment, pupil - to - teacher ratio, racial composition, percentage of students eligible for free lunch, and percentage of returning students. this approach compares students with similar characteristics who attend schools that are similar, except for the fact that some schools start earlier and others start later. the results produced by this first approach could be misleading, however, if middle schools with later start times differ from other schools in unmeasured ways. for example, it could be the case that more - motivated principals lobby the district to receive a later start time and also employ other strategies that boost student achievement. if that were the case, then i might find that schools with later start times have higher test scores, even if start times themselves had no causal effect. to deal with this potential problem, my second approach focuses on schools that changed their start times during the study period. fourteen of the district \u2019 s middle schools changed their start times, including seven schools that changed their start times by 30 minutes or more. this enables me to compare the test scores of students who attended a particular school to the test scores of students who attended the same school in a different year, when it had an earlier or later start time. for example, this method would compare the test scores of students at a middle school that had a 7 : 30 start time from 1999 to 2003 to the scores of students at the same school when it had an 8 : 00 start time from 2004 to 2006. i still control for all of the student and school characteristics mentioned earlier. as a final check on the accuracy of my results, i perform analyses that compare the achievement of individual students to their own achievement in a different year in which the middle school they attended started at a different time. for example, this method would compare the scores of 7th graders at a school with a 7 : 30 start time in 2003 to the scores of the same students as 8th graders in 2004, when the school had a start time of 8 : 00. as this suggests, this method can only be used for the roughly 28 percent of students in my sample whose middle school changed its start time while they were enrolled. my first method compares students with similar characteristics who attend schools that are similar except for having different start times. the results indicate that a one - hour delay in start time increases standardized test scores on both math and reading tests by roughly 3 percentile points. as noted above, however, these results could be biased by unmeasured differences between early - and late - starting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4699552730402404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.353682"} {"text": "that a one - hour delay in start time increases standardized test scores on both math and reading tests by roughly 3 percentile points. as noted above, however, these results could be biased by unmeasured differences between early - and late - starting schools ( or the students who attend them ). using my second method, which mitigates this bias by following the same schools over time as they change their start times, i find a 2. 2 - percentile - point improvement in math scores and a 1. 5 - point improvement in reading scores associated with a one - hour change in start time. my second method controls for all school - level characteristics that do not change over time. however, a remaining concern is that the student composition of schools may change. for example, high - achieving students in a school that changed to an earlier start time might transfer to private schools. to address this issue, i estimate the impact of later start times using only data from students who experience a change in start time while remaining in the same school. among these students, the effect of a one - hour later start time is 1. 8 percentile points in math and 1. 0 point in reading ( see figure 1 ). these estimated effects of changes in start times are large enough to be substantively important. for example, the effect of a one - hour later start time on math scores is roughly 14 percent of the black - white test - score gap, 40 percent of the gap between those eligible and those not eligible for free or reduced - price lunch, and 85 percent of the gain associated with an additional year of parents \u2019 education. the benefits of a later start time in middle school appear to persist through at least the 10th grade. all students in north carolina are required to take the high school comprehensive test at the end of 10th grade. the comprehensive exam measures growth in reading and math since the end of grade 8 and is similar in format to the end - of - grade tests taken in grades 3 \u2013 8. controlling for the start time of their high school, i find that students whose middle school started one hour later when they were in 8th grade continue to score 2 percentile points higher in both math and reading when tested in grade 10. i also looked separately at the effect of later start times for lower - scoring and higher - scoring students. the results indicate that the effect of a later start time in both math and reading is more than twice as large for students in the bottom third of the test - score distribution than for students in the top third", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4765487549701233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.354666"} {"text": "lower - scoring and higher - scoring students. the results indicate that the effect of a later start time in both math and reading is more than twice as large for students in the bottom third of the test - score distribution than for students in the top third. the larger effect of start times on low - scoring students suggests that delaying school start times may be an especially relevant policy change for school districts trying to meet minimum competency requirements ( such as those mandated in the no child left behind act ). why do start times matter? the typical explanation for why later start times might increase academic achievement is that by starting school later, students will get more sleep. as students enter adolescence, hormonal changes make it difficult for them to compensate for early school start times by going to bed earlier. because students enter adolescence during their middle - school years, examining the effect of start times as students age allows me to test this theory. if the adolescent hormone explanation is true, the effect of school start times should be larger for older students, who are more likely to have begun puberty. i therefore separate the students in my sample by years of age and estimate the effect of start time on test scores separately for each group. in both math and reading, the start - time effect is roughly the same for students age 11 and 12, but increases for those age 13 and is largest for students age 14 ( see figure 2 ). this pattern is consistent with the adolescent hormone theory. to further investigate how the effect of later start times varies with age, i estimate the effect of start times on upper elementary students ( grades 3 \u2013 5 ). if adolescent hormones are the mechanism through which start times affect academic performance, preadolescent elementary students should not be affected by early start times. i find that start times in fact had no effect on elementary students. however, elementary schools start much later than middle schools ( more than half of elementary schools begin at 9 : 15, and almost all of the rest begin at 8 : 15 ). as a result, it is not clear if there is no effect because start times are not a factor in the academic performance of prepubescent students, or because the schools start much later and only very early start times affect performance. of course, increased sleep is not the only possible reason later - starting middle - school students have higher test scores. students in early - starting schools could be more likely to skip breakfast. because they also get out of school earlier, they could spend more ( or less ) time playing sports, watching television,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.473511352367864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.355773"} {"text": "later - starting middle - school students have higher test scores. students in early - starting schools could be more likely to skip breakfast. because they also get out of school earlier, they could spend more ( or less ) time playing sports, watching television, or doing homework. they could be more likely to be absent, tardy, or have behavioral problems in school. other explanations are possible as well. while my data do not allow me to explore all possible mechanisms, i am able to test several of them. i find that students who start school one hour later watch 12 fewer minutes of television per day and spend 9 minutes more on homework per week, perhaps because students who start school later spend less time at home alone. students who start school earlier come home from school earlier and may, as a result, spend more time at home alone and less time at home with their parents. if students watch television when they are home alone and do their homework when their parents are home, this behavior could explain why students who start school later have higher test scores. in other words, it may be that it is not so much early start times that matter but rather early end times. previous research tends to find that students in early - starting schools are more likely to be tardy to school and to be absent. in wake county, students who start school one hour later have 1. 3 fewer absences than the typical student \u2014 a reduction of about 25 percent. fewer absences therefore may also explain why later - starting students have higher test scores : students who have an early start time miss more school and could perform worse on standardized tests as a result. later school start times have been touted as a way to increase student performance. there has not, however, been much empirical evidence supporting this claim or calculating how large an effect later start times might have. my results indicate that delaying the start times of middle schools that currently open at 7 : 30 by one hour would increase math and reading scores by 2 to 3 percentile points, an impact that persists into at least the 10th grade. these results suggest that delaying start times may be a cost - effective method of increasing student performance. since the effect of later start times is stronger for the lower end of the distribution of test scores, later start times may be particularly effective in meeting accountability standards that require a minimum level of competency. if elementary students are not affected by later start times, as my data suggest ( albeit not definitively ), it may be possible to increase test scores for middle school students at no cost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45711815008418644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.358559"} {"text": "in meeting accountability standards that require a minimum level of competency. if elementary students are not affected by later start times, as my data suggest ( albeit not definitively ), it may be possible to increase test scores for middle school students at no cost by having elementary schools start first. alternatively, the entire schedule could be shifted later into the day. however, these changes may pose other difficulties due to child - care constraints for younger students and jobs and afterschool activities for older students. another option would be to eliminate tiered busing schedules and have all schools begin at the same time. a reasonable estimate of the cost of moving start times later is the additional cost of running a single - tier bus system. the wcpss transportation department estimates that over the 10 - year period from 1993 to 2003, using a three - tiered bus system saved roughly $ 100 million in transportation costs. with approximately 100, 000 students per year divided into three tiers, it would cost roughly $ 150 per student each year to move each student in the two earliest start - time tiers to the latest start time. in comparison, an experimental study of class sizes in tennessee finds that reducing class size by one - third increases test scores by 4 percentile points in the first year at a cost of $ 2, 151 per student per year ( in 1996 dollars ). these calculations, while very rough, suggest that delaying the beginning of the school day may produce a comparable improvement in test scores at a fraction of the cost. finley edwards is visiting assistant professor of economics at colby college. sign up to receive notification when the latest issue of education next is posted in the meantime check the site regularly for new articles, blog postings, and reader comments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4271262682865097, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.359781"} {"text": "set aside what may have been portrayed about bullying on family - hour television. data being collected about the longstanding behavior indicates it is not a conflict. it \u2019 s victimization. \u201c make no mistake. bullying is out there ( in surry county ), \u201d said kimberly spencer, a behavioral health counselor for northern pediatrics with more than 15 years experience working with families and individuals in outpatient, inpatient and community mental health treatment facilities. she explained the unwanted, aggressive behavior among school - aged children is repeated or has the potential to be repeated over time. \u201c at its core, the definition of bullying is an imbalance of power either real or perceived, \u201d said spencer. \u201c kids who bully use their strength, for instance, to physically control someone \u2019 s behavior or use access to embarrassing information to control someone and it \u2019 s not just one person, it is a pattern. \u201d spencer said the topic of bullying is an umbrella subject with other issues including date violence and cyber bullying falling interconnected with it. she explained that cyber bullying is where a person uses social media on the internet such as facebook and my space and controls someone by posting pictures and status information to control another. she said social media users need to be aware how information they post about themselves could be used against them later on. some information also can be obtained by pedophiles resulting in physical harm to children. \u201c parents should be aware of all social media used by their children, \u201d said spencer. \u201c they should have access to all their children \u2019 s social accounts and use the parental controls on their computers. \u201d she said one important source of information about bullying is the website www. stopbullying. gov. spencer said times also have changed regarding date violence. now this violence can affect boys as well as girls. \u201c girls can be abusers as well as boys, \u201d said spencer, who added data indicates this behavior is remaining prevalent just like other forms of bullying. spencer said one helpful website to gain more information on date violence is www. loveisrespect. com. she said often victims of date violence don \u2019 t have to have physical marks like bruises. she said issues concerning her are school systems using only zero tolerance policies and conflict resolution and peer mediation as a means to stop bullying. zero tolerance policies suspend or expel children who bully others. spencer said this may be necessary but only in a small number of cases and should not be a standard prevention policy. spencer cited recent surveys of elementary and middle school students that show about one in five students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47390934379168154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.367364"} {"text": "policies suspend or expel children who bully others. spencer said this may be necessary but only in a small number of cases and should not be a standard prevention policy. spencer cited recent surveys of elementary and middle school students that show about one in five students admit to occasionally bullying their peers. she said the threat of expulsion or suspension may discourage children and adults from reporting bullying. often bullying is an indicator of poor role models in the home and suspension just sends bullies back into an environment encouraging bad behavior. she indicated conflict resolution and peer mediation, common strategies for dealing with issues between students, are misdirected because it sends the wrong message to students that both parties are partly right or wrong. \u201c the message should be that no one deserves to be bullied, \u201d said spencer. \u201c the message for children who bully should be their behavior is inappropriate and must stop. \u201d spencer also said mediation may upset victims because facing the child who bullied them may make them feel worse. she said group treatment for children who bully also can have the opposite effect because group members tend to serve as role models and reinforce bullying behavior as the group becomes like a gang. she said she favors using comprehensive plans where school staff model correct behavior and are trained on spotting, reporting and preventing bullying. \u201c my concern is that school systems educate their staff about preventing bullying and how to report it so victims don \u2019 t get victimized again, \u201d said spencer. \u201c it \u2019 s important that parents show in a healthy way they value their children \u2019 s opinions. not allowing children to run the house but making sure they have a say in age appropriate activities. \u201d she also favors assertiveness training for victims. \u201c this cuts down on victimization when children feel good about themselves, \u201d continued spencer. \u201c another powerful thing is bystanders to bullying not just walk away. there is power in numbers in defense of a person being bullied. don \u2019 t give a bully an audience. be a part of helping the victim get away and reporting it to responsible adults and not just watching. \u201d spencer said teachers, who typically rush in and separate the children to keep them from harm, must be aware of modeling correct behaviors. she said an example of this is not yelling at someone to stop yelling. surry county schools director of elementary curriculum and instruction jennifer scott and mount airy city schools assistant superintendent bryan taylor confirm both systems use positive behavior support to change the culture in schools with the goal to prevent bullying. \u201c bullying in the mount airy school system is taken very seriously, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4467954630532347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.368401"} {"text": "constitution of malta | this article is part of the series : politics and government of the current constitution of malta was adopted as a legal order on september 21, 1964, and is the self - declared supreme law of the land. therefore, any law or action in violation of the constitution is null and void. being a rigid constitution, it has a three - tier entrenchment basis in order for any amendments to take place. constitutional development since independence the constitution has been amended twenty - four times, most recently in 2007 with the entrenchment of the office of the ombudsman. the constitution is typically called the constitution of malta and replaced the 1961 constitution, dating from october 24, 1961. george borg olivier was its main instigator and negotiator. under its 1964 constitution, malta became a parliamentary democracy within the british commonwealth. queen elizabeth ii was sovereign of malta, and a governor general exercised executive authority on her behalf, while the actual direction and control of the government and the nation ' s affairs were in the hands of the cabinet under the leadership of a maltese prime minister. on december 13, 1974, the constitution was revised, and malta became a republic within the commonwealth, with executive authority vested in a maltese president. the president is appointed by parliament. in turn, the president appoints as prime minister the leader of the party that wins a majority of parliamentary seats in a general election for the unicameral house of representatives. the president also nominally appoints, upon recommendation of the prime minister, the individual ministers to head each of the government departments. the cabinet is selected from among the members of the house of representatives. the constitution provides for general elections to be held at least every five years. candidates are elected by the single transferable vote system. the entire territory is divided into thirteen electoral districts each returning five mps to a total of 65. since 1987, in case a party obtains an absolute majority of votes without achieving a parliamentary majority a mechanism in the constitution provides for additional seats to that party to achieve a parliamentary majority ( act iv of 1987 ). to date this mechanism, intended to counteract gerrymandering, came into effect twice : for the sixth and the eight parliaments. a similar mechanism was introduced in 1996 so that additional seats would be given to that party obtaining a relative majority of votes but not a parliamentary majority with only two parties achieving parliamentary representation. this mechanism was first applied in the 2008 general election. the nature of the constitution the independence constitution of malta of 1964 established malta as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4423370771681266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.378554"} {"text": "given to that party obtaining a relative majority of votes but not a parliamentary majority with only two parties achieving parliamentary representation. this mechanism was first applied in the 2008 general election. the nature of the constitution the independence constitution of malta of 1964 established malta as a liberal parliamentary democracy. it safeguarded the fundamental human rights of citizens, and forced a separation between the executive, judicial and legislative powers, with regular elections based on universal suffrage. this constitution was developed through constitutional history and its evolution. the constitutions of malta fell under three main categories. these were : - those over which the british possessed total power ; - the intermediate genres of constitutions ( 1921 - 1947 ), where malta had self government ( the 1961 constitution was very similar to these constitutions ) ; - the independence constitution of 1964. on july 27, 1960, the secretary of state for the colonies declared to the british house of commons the wish of her majesty \u2019 s government to reinstate representative government in malta and declare that it was now time to work out a new constitution where elections could be held as soon as it was established. the secretary, iain macleod, also notified the house of the appointment of a constitutional commission, under the chairmanship of sir hilary blood, to devise thorough constitutional schemes after consultation with representatives of the maltese people and local interests. the commissioners presented their report on december 5, 1960. the report was published on march 8, 1961. that same day, the secretary of state declared to the house of commons that her majesty \u2019 s government had taken a decision. the commissioner \u2019 s constitutional recommendations to be the basis for the subsequent malta constitution were to be granted. the 1961 constitution was also known as the blood constitution. it was enclosed in the malta constitution order in council 1961 and it was completed on 24 october of that same year. the statement that the order makes provision for a new constitution where malta is given self - government is found on the final page of the order in council. the 1961 constitution provided the backbone for the independence constitution. a date was provided to guarantee this legal continuity. an indispensable characteristic of this constitution is the substitution of the diarchic system, which was no longer practicable, by system of only one government, the government of malta, with full legislative and executive powers. at that time malta was still a colony and responsibility for defence and external affairs were referred to her majesty \u2019 s government. there was a clear indication that the road towards independence continued and now was at a highly developed stage. it is imperative to recognise that the 1961", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4729560805175167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.379675"} {"text": "time malta was still a colony and responsibility for defence and external affairs were referred to her majesty \u2019 s government. there was a clear indication that the road towards independence continued and now was at a highly developed stage. it is imperative to recognise that the 1961 constitution established most of the features of the 1964 constitution. the british recognised malta as a state. another important characteristic of this constitution was an innovative introduction of a chapter covering the safeguarding of fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. this is fairly significant because fundamental human rights are a protection for the individual by the state. in the 1961 constitution, fundamental human rights and freedoms are found in chapter iv. the protection of freedom of movement was introduced only in the 1964 constitution. the declaration of rights of the inhabitants of the islands of malta and gozo dated june 15, 1802, gives a collective declaration of rights. the 1961 constitution gave birth to what was recognised as a parliament in the 1964 independence constitution. the cabinet had the general direction and management of the government of malta. it consisted of the prime minister. the prime minister alone might summon it and it was this office which presided over it. not more than seven other ministers were members of the legislative assembly, and they were collectively responsible to it. this was one of the first attempts to restate some of the more important british constitutional conventions in the constitution. in the exercise of his powers, the governor was to act on the advice of the cabinet, except where he was directed to act in his discretion or on the recommendation or advice of a person other than the cabinet. three elections of the promulgation of the 1961 constitution existed. this constitution included the presence of a cabinet for the first time in malta. the legislature was unicameral. the legislative assembly \u2019 s normal life span was of four years. it consisted of fifty members and they were elected by universal suffrage from ten electoral divisions on the system of proportional representation by the single transferable vote. the 1961 constitution constructed a firm foundation for a future achievement of independence. when in 1964 malta did in fact become independent, because the government chose to avoid breaking all ties with the united kingdom, there was legal continuity of the legislation, as a result of which parliament remained functional. to a certain extent the same situation existed as regards to the legislation by the british parliament for malta. the malta independence order itself developed into the subject of an entrenchment, since here it is declared that this evolved into an extension to the 1961 constitution even in the sense of an amendment. even though malta acquired independence, there was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45321160536343197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.380988"} {"text": "for malta. the malta independence order itself developed into the subject of an entrenchment, since here it is declared that this evolved into an extension to the 1961 constitution even in the sense of an amendment. even though malta acquired independence, there was an ongoing presence of continuity. one of them is the monarchy pre - 1964 and prior 1964. the malta independence order 1964 was subject to the malta independence act of that same year and it is a document that holds the chief regulations that govern the constitution of a state. this document is supreme over each and every other document and all legislation is subject to it. throughout malta ' s constitutional history, the nation acquired its own constitution, and to a certain extent, the independence constitution is made up of certain principles that arose for the first time in previous constitutions. it can be said that the independence constitution has evolved from the constitution which preceded it. but one must not ignore the fact that changes have taken place in this process of evolution. the statement that the 1964 constitution is in fact a replica of the 1961 constitution with sovereignty added might be criticised by saying that some factors differ between the two constitutions. the 1964 constitution is not merely what can be defined as an improvement. it is more like another stepping - stone in constitutional history being the final step in a long series of constitutions. in fact, even though it may seem that some provisions were altered from the 1961 constitution to the 1964 constitution, some of those provisions remained unchanged until the amendments of the 1964 constitution were made. the malta independence order, 1964, as amended by acts : - xli of 1965, xxxvii of 1966 - ix of 1967 - xxvi of 1970 - xlvii of 1972 - lvii, lviii of 1974 - xxxviii of 1976 - x of 1977 - xxix of 1979 - iv of 1987 - xxiii of 1989 - proclamations nos. ii and vi of 1990 - acts xix of 1991 - ix of 1994 - proclamations iv of 1995 and iii of 1996 - acts : xi of 1996, xvi of 1997 - acts : iii of 2000 and xiii of 2001 past constitutions malta has had numerous past constitutions. - the 1813 constitution - the 1835 constitution - the 1849 constitution - the 1887 constitution - the 1903 constitution - the 1921 constitution - the 1936 constitution - the 1939 constitution - the 1947 constitution - the 1959 constitution - the 1961 constitution further reading - frendo, henry, the origins of maltese statehood - a case study of decolonization in the mediterranean - malta : peg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5042582271191589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.382235"} {"text": "constitution - the 1936 constitution - the 1939 constitution - the 1947 constitution - the 1959 constitution - the 1961 constitution further reading - frendo, henry, the origins of maltese statehood - a case study of decolonization in the mediterranean - malta : peg publications, isbn 99932 - 0 - 015 - 8. see also - supplement of the malta government gazette, no. 11688 of september 18, 1964 - supplement of the government gazette 31 october 1961 no. 11, 346 - section 2 : 1961 constitution \u2013 \u201c the state of malta \u201d - articles 5 - 17 : 1961 constitution - article 45 : 1961 constitution - article 50 : malta independence order - j. j. cremona - the maltese constitution and constitutional history since 1813 ( publishers enterprises group ltd ( peg ) \u2013 1994 ) isbn 99909 - 0 - 086 - 8 - royal instructions of july 16, 1813, ( c. o. 159 / 4 ) as supplemented by despatch at pp 124 - 125, infra - cremona, j. j, the malta constitution of 1835 and its historical background ( malta, 1959 ), ( appendix ) - ordinances and other official acts published by the government of malta and its dependencies, malta, 1853, vol x, pp70 - 77 - law, letters patent and other papers in relation to the constitution of the council of fovernment of malta, malta, g. p. o., 1889, pp 113 - 132 - malta government gazette no. 4603, june 22, 1903, pp 614 - 621 - malta government gazette no. 6389, may 4, 1921, pp 326 - 366 - malta government gazette no. 8206, september 2, 1936, pp 804 - 812 - malta government gazette no. 8534, february 25, 1939, pp 244 - 257 - the malta constitution 1947, malta, g. p. o. 1947 - the malta ( constitution ) order in council 1959, malta, department of information, 1959 - the malta constitution 1961, malta, department of information, 1961 | wikisource has original text related to this article : | - il - kostituzzjoni tar - repubblika maltija ministeru tal - gustizzja u l - intern. ( maltese ) - the constitution of the republic of malta ministry for justice and home affairs. ( english ) - the constitution of the republic of malta ministry for justice and home affairs. ( english )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4180412257117879, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.383132"} {"text": "nahum ( pron. : / / or / / ; hebrew : \u05e0\u05d7\u05d5\u05dd nahum ) was a minor prophet whose prophecy is recorded in the hebrew bible. his book comes in chronological order between micah and habakkuk in the bible. he wrote about the end of the assyrian empire, and its capital city, nineveh, in a vivid poetic style. little is known about nahum \u2019 s personal history. his name means \" comforter, \" and he was from the town of alqosh, ( nah 1 : 1 ) which scholars have attempted to identify with several cities, including the modern ` alqush of assyria and capharnaum of northern galilee. he was a very nationalistic hebrew however and lived amongst the elkoshites in peace. nahum ' s writings could be taken as prophecy or as history. one account suggests that his writings are a prophecy written in about 615 bc, just before the downfall of assyria, while another account suggests that he wrote this passage as liturgy just after its downfall in 612 bc. the book was introduced in calvin ' s commentary as a complete and finished poem : no one of the minor prophets seems to equal the sublimity, the vehemence and the boldness of nahum : besides, his prophecy is a complete and finished poem ; his exordium is magnificent, and indeed majestic ; the preparation for the destruction of nineveh, and the description of its ruin, and its greatness, are expressed in most vivid colors, and possess admirable perspicuity and fulness. \u2014 rev. john owen, translator, calvin ' s commentary on jonah, micah, nahum nahum, taking words from moses himself, have shown in a general way what sort of \" being god is \". the reformation theologian calvin argued, nahum painted god by which his nature must be seen, and \" it is from that most memorable vision, when god appeared to moses after the breaking of the tables. \" the tomb of nahum is supposedly inside the synagogue at alqosh, although there are other places outside iraq that lay claim also to being the original \u201c elkosh \u201d from which nahum hailed. alquosh was abandoned by its jewish population in 1948, when they were expelled, and the synagogue that purportedly houses the tomb is in a poor structural state, to the extent that the tomb itself is in danger of destruction. the tomb underwent basic repairs in 1796. when all jews were compelled to flee alq", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41103194978721436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.387527"} {"text": "they were expelled, and the synagogue that purportedly houses the tomb is in a poor structural state, to the extent that the tomb itself is in danger of destruction. the tomb underwent basic repairs in 1796. when all jews were compelled to flee alqosh in 1948, the iron keys to the tomb were handed to a chaldean man by the name of sami jajouhana. few jews visit the historic site, yet jajouhana continues to keep the promise he made with his jewish friends, and looks after the tomb. a team of us / uk construction engineers, led by huw thomas, is currently planning ways to save the building and the tomb. money has been allocated for proposed renovation in 2008. liturgical commemoration the prophet nahum is venerated as a saint in eastern christianity. on the eastern orthodox liturgical calendar, his feast day is december 1 ( for those churches which follow the traditional julian calendar, december 1 currently falls on december 14 of the modern gregorian calendar ). he is commemorated with the other minor prophets in the calendar of saints of the armenian apostolic church on july 31. - \" the chronology of biblical prophets \", adapted from hauer, c. e. & young, w. a., an introduction to the bible : a journey into three worlds, p. 123, englewood cliffs, nj : prentice - hall, 1994 - introduction to nahum at the international bible society website - nahum at the catholic encyclopedia - heaton, e. w., a short introduction to the old testament prophets, p. 35, oneworld publications, p. o. box 830, 21 broadway, rockport, na 01966, isbn 1 - 85168 - 114 - 0 - nahum at aboutbibleprophecy. com - \" commentaries on twelve minor prophets \". - calvin ; commentary on jonah, micah, nahum http : / / onetenthblog. wordpress. com / readings / 780 - 2 / - chaldean man keeps promise with jewish friends - renovation - al qush synagogue and the tomb of nahum at tombofnahum. com - great synaxaristes : ( greek ) \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc. 1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5. \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3. - prophet nahum. oca - feasts and saints. - december 1. the roman martyrology. | wikisource has original text", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4381882626932482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.388506"} {"text": "in 1779, ludd is supposed to have broken two stocking frames in a fit of rage. after this incident, attacks on the frames were jokingly blamed on ludd. when the \" luddites \" emerged in the 1810s, his identity was appropriated to become the folkloric character of captain ludd, also known as king ludd or general ludd, the luddites ' alleged leader and founder. supposedly, ludd was a weaver from anstey, near leicester. in 1779, either after being whipped for idleness, or after being taunted by local youths, he smashed two knitting frames in what was described as a \" fit of passion \". this story is traceable to an article in the nottingham review on 20 december 1811, but there is no independent evidence of its truth. john blackner ' s book history of nottingham, also published in 1811, provides a variant tale, of a lad called \" ludnam \" who was told by his father, a framework - knitter, to \" square his needles \". ludnam took a hammer and \" beat them into a heap \". news of the incident spread, and whenever frames were sabotaged, people would jokingly say \" ned ludd did it \". nothing more is known about the life of ludd. by 1812, the organized frame - breakers who became known as the luddites had begun using the name king ludd or captain ludd for their mythical leader. letters and proclamations were signed by \" ned ludd \". in popular culture - the character of ned ludd is commemorated in the folk ballad \" general ludd ' s triumph. \" chumbawamba recorded a version of this song on their 2003 release, english rebel songs 1381 \u2013 1984. - robert calvert wrote and recorded another song \" ned ludd, \" which appeared on his 1985 album freq ; which includes the lyrics : they said ned ludd was an idiot boy that all he could do was wreck and destroy, and he turned to his workmates and said : death to machines they tread on our future and they stamp on our dreams. - steeleye span ' s 2006 album bloody men has a five - part section on the subject of ned ludd. - the heaven shall burn song \" the final march \" has a direct reference to captain ludd. - alt - country band the gourds affectionately refer to ned ludd as \" uncle ned \" in the song \" luddite juice \" off their 2009 release, hay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4292335752720066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.392797"} {"text": "song \" the final march \" has a direct reference to captain ludd. - alt - country band the gourds affectionately refer to ned ludd as \" uncle ned \" in the song \" luddite juice \" off their 2009 release, haymaker. - the scottish folk musician alasdair roberts sings of ned ludd in his song \" ned ludd ' s rant ( for world rebarbarised ) \" on his 2009 album, spoils. - theo simon has written a song entitled \" ned ludd \", commemorating the machine - breakers of 1811 - 13 and praising current direct action protest as a continuation of his ethos. - san diego punk band the night marchers included a song called \" ned lud \" on their 2013 release \" allez, allez. \" - edmund cooper ' s alternative - history the cloud walker is set in a world where the luddite ethos has given rise to a religious hierarchy which dominates english society and sets carefully prescribed limits on technology. a hammer \u2013 the tool supposedly used by ned ludd \u2013 is a religious symbol, and ned ludd is seen as a divine, messianic figure. - the novel the monkey wrench gang ( 1975 ), by edward abbey, is dedicated to ned ludd. - anne finger wrote a collection of short stories titled call me ahab about famous disabled historical and literary figures, which included the story \" our ned \" about ned ludd. - ecodefense : a field guide to monkeywrenching was published by ned ludd books. much of the content came from the \" dear ned ludd \" column in the newsletter of the group earth first!. see also - anstey at welcome to leicester ( visitoruk. com ) according to this source, \" a half - witted anstey lad, ned ludlam or ned ludd, gave his name to the luddites, who in the 1800s followed his earlier example by smashing machinery in protest against the industrial revolution. \" - palmer, roy ( 1998 ) the sound of history : songs and social comment, oxford university press, isbn 978 - 0 - 19 - 215890 - 1, p. 103 - chambers, robert ( 2004 ) book of days : a miscellany of popular antiquities in connection with the calendar, part 1, kessinger, isbn 978 - 0 - 7661 - 8338 - 4, p. 357 - hammond, j. l. ; hammond, barbara ( 1919 ), the skilled labour", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4162605478000251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.395019"} {"text": "violence against women act the violence against women act of 1994 ( vawa ) is a united states federal law ( title iv, sec. 40001 - 40703 of the violent crime control and law enforcement act of 1994, h. r. 3355 ) signed as pub. l. 103 \u2013 322 by president bill clinton on september 13, 1994. the act provides $ 1. 6 billion toward investigation and prosecution of violent crimes against women, imposes automatic and mandatory restitution on those convicted, and allows civil redress in cases prosecutors chose to leave unprosecuted. the act also establishes the office on violence against women within the department of justice. its coverage extends to male victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking. vawa was drafted by the office of senator joe biden ( d - de ), with support from a broad coalition of advocacy groups. the act passed through congress with bipartisan support in 1994, clearing the house by a vote of 235 \u2013 195 and the senate by a vote of 61 \u2013 38, although the following year house republicans attempted to cut the act ' s funding. in the 2000 supreme court case united states v. morrison, a sharply divided court struck down the vawa provision allowing women the right to sue their attackers in federal court. by a 5 \u2013 4 majority, the court overturned the provision as an intrusion on states ' rights. vawa was reauthorized by congress in 2000, and again in december 2005. the act ' s 2012 renewal was opposed by conservative republicans, who objected to extending the act ' s protections to same - sex couples and to provisions allowing battered undocumented individuals to claim, also known as u - visas, temporary visas. in april 2012, the senate voted to reauthorize the violence against women act, and the house subsequently passed its own measure ( omitting provisions of the senate bill that would protect gays, american indians living in reservations, and undocumented individuals who are victims of domestic violence ). reconciliation of the two bills was stymied by procedural measures, leaving the reauthorization in question. the senate ' s 2012 reauthorization of vawa was not brought up for a vote in the house. in february 2013, the senate passed an extension of the violence against women act by a vote of 78 - 22, and the house of representatives passed it by a vote of 286 - 138, with unanimous democratic support and 87 republicans voting in the affirmative. the extension was signed by president barack obama", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4457976265796372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.405025"} {"text": "extension of the violence against women act by a vote of 78 - 22, and the house of representatives passed it by a vote of 286 - 138, with unanimous democratic support and 87 republicans voting in the affirmative. the extension was signed by president barack obama. the world conference on human rights, held in vienna in 1993, and the declaration on the elimination of violence against women in the same year, concluded that civil society and governments have acknowledged that domestic violence is a public health policy and human rights concern. the violence against women act was developed and passed as a result of extensive grassroots efforts in the late 80 ' s and early 1990s, with advocates and professionals from the battered women ' s movement, sexual assault advocates, victim services field, law enforcement agencies, prosecutors ' offices, the courts, and the private bar urging congress to adopt significant legislation to address domestic and sexual violence. since its original passage in 1994, vawa ' s focus has expanded from domestic violence and sexual assault to also include dating violence and stalking. it funds services to protect female adult and teen victims of these crimes, and supports training on these issues, to ensure consistent responses across the country. one of the greatest successes of vawa is its emphasis on a coordinated community response to domestic violence, sex dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking of women ; courts, law enforcement, prosecutors, victim services, and the private bar currently work together in a coordinated effort that had not heretofore existed on the state and local levels. vawa also supports the work of community - based organizations that are engaged in work to end domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking against women, particularly those groups that provide culturally and linguistically specific services. additionally, vawa provides specific support for work with tribes and tribal organizations to end domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking against native american women. many grant programs authorized in vawa have been funded by the u. s. congress. the following grant programs, which are administered primarily through the office on violence against women in the u. s. department of justice have received appropriations from congress : - stop grants ( state formula grants ) - transitional housing grants - grants to encourage arrest and enforce protection orders - court training and improvement grants - research on violence against indian women - national tribal sex offender registry - stalker reduction database - federal victim assistants - sexual assault services program - services for rural victims - civil legal assistance for victims - elder abuse grant program - protections and services for disabled victims - combating abuse in public housing - national resource center on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46722292821878947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.406249"} {"text": "offender registry - stalker reduction database - federal victim assistants - sexual assault services program - services for rural victims - civil legal assistance for victims - elder abuse grant program - protections and services for disabled victims - combating abuse in public housing - national resource center on workplace responses - violence on college campuses grants - safe havens project - engaging men and youth in prevention debate and legal standing the american civil liberties union had originally expressed concerns about the act, saying that the increased penalties were rash, the increased pretrial detention was \" repugnant \" to the us constitution, the mandatory hiv testing of those only charged but not convicted is an infringement of a citizen \u2019 s right to privacy and the edict for automatic payment of full restitution was non - judicious ( see their paper : \" analysis of major civil liberties abuses in the crime bill conference report as passed by the house and the senate \", dated september 29, 1994 ). however, the aclu has supported reauthorization of vawa on the condition that the \" unconstitutional dna provision \" be removed. the aclu, in their july 27, 2005 ' letter to the senate judiciary committee regarding the violence against women act of 2005, s. 1197 ' stated that \" vawa is one of the most effective pieces of legislation enacted to end domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking. it has dramatically improved the law enforcement response to violence against women and has provided critical services necessary to support women in their struggle to overcome abusive situations. \" some activists oppose the bill. a spokeswoman for concerned women for america called the act a \" boondoggle \" which \" creates an ideology that all men are guilty and all women are victims. \" conservative activist phyllis schlafly denounced vawa as a tool to \" fill feminist coffers \" and argued that the act promoted \" divorce, breakup of marriage and hatred of men. \" in 2000 the supreme court of the united states held part of vawa unconstitutional in united states v. morrison on federalism grounds. only the civil rights remedy of vawa was struck down. the provisions providing program funding were unaffected. in 2011 the law expired. in 2012 the law was up for reauthorization in congress. different versions of the legislation have been passed along party lines in the senate and house, with the republican - sponsored house version favoring the reduction of services to undocumented immigrants and lgbt individuals. another area of contention is giving native american tribal authorities jurisdiction over sex crimes involving non - native americans on tribal lands. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4400842096390516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.407432"} {"text": "senate and house, with the republican - sponsored house version favoring the reduction of services to undocumented immigrants and lgbt individuals. another area of contention is giving native american tribal authorities jurisdiction over sex crimes involving non - native americans on tribal lands. this is considered to have constitutional implications as non - tribes people are under the jurisdiction of the united states federal government and granted the protections of the us constitution, protections that tribal courts do not often have. the two bills were pending reconciliation, and a final bill did not reach the president ' s desk before the end of the year, ending the act after 18 years as the 112th congress. in 2013, the question of jurisdiction over offenses in indian country continued to be at issue over the question of whether defendants who are not tribal members would be treated fairly by tribal courts or afforded constitutional guarantees. on february 11, 2013, the senate passed an extension of the violence against women act by a vote of 78 - 22. the measure went to the house of representatives where jurisdiction of tribal courts and inclusion of same - sex couples were expected to be at issue. possible solutions advanced were permitting either removal or appeal to federal courts by non - tribal defendants. the senate had tacked on the trafficking victims protection act which is another bone of contention due to a clause which requires provision of reproductive health services to victims of sex trafficking. on february 28, 2013, in a 286 to 138 vote, the house passed the senate ' s all - inclusive version of the bill. house republicans had previously hoped to pass their own version of the measure \u2014 one that substantially weakened the bill ' s protections for certain categories. the stripped down version, which allowed only limited protection for lgbt and native americans, was rejected 257 to 166. the renewed act expanded federal protections to gays, lesbians and transgender individuals, native americans and immigrants. the us conference of catholic bishops opposed the act because it addressed the categories \" sexual orientation \" and \" gender identity \". programs and services the violence against women laws provide programs and services, including : - federal rape shield law. - community violence prevention programs - protections for victims who are evicted from their homes because of events related to domestic violence or stalking - funding for victim assistance services, like rape crisis centers and hotlines - programs to meet the needs of immigrant women and women of different races or ethnicities - programs and services for victims with disabilities - legal aid for survivors of domestic violence see also - domestic violence - international violence against women act - office on violence against women - violence against women - violence against men - article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4719513528034005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.408618"} {"text": "women of different races or ethnicities - programs and services for victims with disabilities - legal aid for survivors of domestic violence see also - domestic violence - international violence against women act - office on violence against women - violence against women - violence against men - article sec. ( 3 ) ( b ) ( 8 ), violence against women and department of justice reauthorization act of 2005, act no. h. r. 3402 of 2005 ( in english ). retrieved on february 12, 2013. \" nonexclusivity. \u2014 nothing in this title shall be construed to prohibit male victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking from receiving benefits and services under this title. \" - cooper, kenneth ( july 15, 1995 ). \" house gop budget cutters try to limit domestic violence programs \". washington post. retrieved april 19, 2012. - bierbauer, charles ( may 18, 2000 ). \" supreme court strikes down violence against women act \". cnn. retrieved april 19, 2012. - greenhouse, linda ( may 16, 2000 ). \" women lose right to sue attackers in federal court \". new york times. retrieved april 19, 2012. - \" president signs h. r. 3402, the \" violence against women and department of justice reauthorization act of 2005 \" \" ( press release ). george w. bush white house archives. january 5, 2006. - weisman, jonathan ( march 14, 2012 ). \" women figure anew in senate \u2019 s latest battle \". new york times. retrieved april 19, 2012. - steinhauer, jennifer ( july 31, 2012 ). \" the caucus ; g. o. p. push on domestic violence act \". new york times. retrieved october 13, 2012. - \" senate votes to reauthorize violence against women act \". usa today. retrieved 12 february 2013. - \" house reauthorizes violence against women act \". npr. retrieved 28 february 2013. - \" tell congress to support the violence against women act \". american civil liberties union. archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 06. - \" aclu letter to the senate judiciary committee regarding the violence against women act of 2005, s. 1197 \". aclu. july 27, 2005. - united states v. morrison, 529 u. s. 598, 627 ; \" for these reasons, we conclude that congress ' power under \u00a7 5 does not extend to the enactment of \u00a7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44018842344900644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.410715"} {"text": ". aclu. july 27, 2005. - united states v. morrison, 529 u. s. 598, 627 ; \" for these reasons, we conclude that congress ' power under \u00a7 5 does not extend to the enactment of \u00a7 13981.... the judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed. \" ( at end of opinion section iii ) - bolduan, kate ( 16 may 2012 ). \" house passes gop version of violence against women act renewal \". cnn ( washington ). - jonathan weisman ( february 10, 2013 ). \" measure to protect women stuck on tribal land issue \". the new york times. retrieved february 10, 2013. \" if a native american is raped or assaulted by a non - indian, she must plead for justice to already overburdened united states attorneys who are often hundreds of miles away. \" - jonathan weisman ( february 12, 2013 ). \" senate votes overwhelmingly to expand domestic violence act \". the new york times. retrieved february 13, 2013. - editors, the new york times ( february 15, 2013 ). \" renew the violence against women act \" ( editorial ). the new york times. retrieved february 16, 2013. \" what should be an uncontroversial bill has been held up by republicans over the obama administration \u2019 s proper insistence that contractors under the act afford victims access to a full range of reproductive health services. \" - \" vawa victory shows that house gop needs democrats \". the washington post. retrieved 28 february 2013. - \" congress sends violence against women act to obama \". usa today. retrieved 28 february 2013. - letrent, sarah ( march 14, 2013 ). \" violence against women act shines a light on same - sex abuse \". retrieved may 2, 2013. - \" usccb committees express concerns over domestic violence legislation \". united states conference of catholic bishops. march 6, 2013. retrieved may 2, 2013. - factsheet : the violence against women act from the white house. - violence against women act - office on violence against women - privacy provisions of the violence against women act - world health organization multi - country study on women ' s health and domestic violence against women 2005 - vawa 2005 fact sheet - what is the violence against women act, and why is congress playing politics? - violence against women act is on life support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42512240935847756, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.411683"} {"text": "the westerlies, anti - trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude, blowing from the high pressure area in the horse latitudes towards the poles. these prevailing winds blow from the west to the east and steer extratropical cyclones in this general manner. tropical cyclones which cross the subtropical ridge axis into the westerlies recurve due to the increased westerly flow. the winds are predominantly from the southwest in the northern hemisphere and from the northwest in the southern hemisphere. the westerlies are strongest in the winter hemisphere and times when the pressure is lower over the poles, while they are weakest in the summer hemisphere and when pressures are higher over the poles. the westerlies are particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify, or become more north - south oriented, which slows the westerlies down. the strongest westerly winds in the middle latitudes can come in the roaring forties, between 40 and 50 degrees latitude. the westerlies play an important role in carrying the warm, equatorial waters and winds to the western coasts of continents, especially in the southern hemisphere because of its vast oceanic expanse. if the earth were a non - rotating planet, solar heating would cause winds across the mid - latitudes to blow in a poleward direction, away from the subtropical ridge. however, the coriolis effect caused by the rotation of earth causes winds to steer to the right of what would otherwise be expected across the northern hemisphere, and left of what would be expected in the southern hemisphere. this is why winds across the northern hemisphere tend to blow from the southwest, but they tend to be from the northwest in the southern hemisphere. when pressures are lower over the poles, the strength of the westerlies increases, which has the effect of warming the mid - latitudes. this occurs when the arctic oscillation is positive, and during winter low pressure near the poles is stronger than it would be during the summer. when it is negative and pressures are higher over the poles, the flow is more meridional, blowing from the direction of the pole towards the equator, which brings cold air into the mid - latitudes. throughout the year, the westerlies vary in strength with the polar cyclone. as the cyclone reaches its maximum intensity in winter, the westerlies increase in strength. as the cyclone reaches its weakest intensity in summer, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47973658511409645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.419409"} {"text": "- latitudes. throughout the year, the westerlies vary in strength with the polar cyclone. as the cyclone reaches its maximum intensity in winter, the westerlies increase in strength. as the cyclone reaches its weakest intensity in summer, the westerlies weaken. an example of the impact of the westerlies is when dust plumes, originating in the gobi desert combine with pollutants and spread large distances downwind, or eastward, into north america. the westerlies can be particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the progression of west to east winds to slow down. in the southern hemisphere, because of the stormy and cloudy conditions, it is usual to refer to the westerlies as the roaring forties, furious fifties and shrieking sixties according to the varying degrees of latitude. impact on ocean currents due to persistent winds from west to east on the poleward sides of the subtropical ridges located in the atlantic and pacific oceans, ocean currents are driven in a similar manner in both hemispheres. the currents in the northern hemisphere are weaker than those in the southern hemisphere due to the differences in strength between the westerlies of each hemisphere. the process of western intensification causes currents on the western boundary of an ocean basin to be stronger than those on the eastern boundary of an ocean. these western ocean currents transport warm, tropical water polewards toward the polar regions. ships crossing both oceans have taken advantage of the ocean currents for centuries. the antarctic circumpolar current ( acc ), or the west wind drift, is an ocean current that flows from west to east around antarctica. the acc is the dominant circulation feature of the southern ocean and, at approximately 125 sverdrups, the largest ocean current. in the northern hemisphere, the gulf stream, part of the north atlantic subtropical gyre, has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types at the base of the westerlies, both within the atmosphere and within the ocean. the kuroshio ( japanese for \" black tide \" ) is a strong western boundary current in the western north pacific ocean, similar to the gulf stream, which has also contributed to the depth of ocean storms in that region. extratropical cyclones an extratropical cyclone is a synoptic scale low pressure weather system that has neither tropical nor polar characteristics, being connected with fronts and horizontal gradients in temperature and dew point otherwise known as \" baroclinic zones \". the descriptor \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47895089891507914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.420475"} {"text": "extratropical cyclone is a synoptic scale low pressure weather system that has neither tropical nor polar characteristics, being connected with fronts and horizontal gradients in temperature and dew point otherwise known as \" baroclinic zones \". the descriptor \" extratropical \" refers to the fact that this type of cyclone generally occurs outside of the tropics, in the middle latitudes of the planet, where the westerlies steer the system generally from west to east. these systems may also be described as \" mid - latitude cyclones \" due to their area of formation, or \" post - tropical cyclones \" where extratropical transition has occurred, and are often described as \" depressions \" or \" lows \" by weather forecasters and the general public. these are the everyday phenomena which along with anti - cyclones, drive the weather over much of the earth. although extratropical cyclones are almost always classified as baroclinic since they form along zones of temperature and dewpoint gradient, they can sometimes become barotropic late in their life cycle when the temperature distribution around the cyclone becomes fairly uniform along the radius from the center of low pressure. an extratropical cyclone can transform into a subtropical storm, and from there into a tropical cyclone, if it dwells over warm waters and develops central convection, which warms its core and causes temperature and dewpoint gradients near their centers to fade. interaction with tropical cyclones when a tropical cyclone crosses the subtropical ridge axis, normally through a break in the high - pressure area caused by a system traversing the westerlies, its general track around the high - pressure area is deflected significantly by winds moving towards the general low - pressure area to its north. when the cyclone track becomes strongly poleward with an easterly component, the cyclone has begun recurvature, entering the westerlies. a typhoon moving through the pacific ocean towards asia, for example, will recurve offshore of japan to the north, and then to the northeast, if the typhoon encounters southwesterly winds ( blowing northeastward ) around a low - pressure system passing over china or siberia. many tropical cyclones are eventually forced toward the northeast by extratropical cyclones in this manner, which move from west to east to the north of the subtropical ridge. an example of a tropical cyclone in recurvature was typhoon ioke in 2006, which took a similar trajectory. - robert fitzroy ( 1863 ). the weather book : a manual of practical meteorology. longman, green, longman, roberts, & green.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5407023071666182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.421485"} {"text": "cyclone in recurvature was typhoon ioke in 2006, which took a similar trajectory. - robert fitzroy ( 1863 ). the weather book : a manual of practical meteorology. longman, green, longman, roberts, & green. p. 63. - glossary of meteorology ( 2009 ). westerlies. american meteorological society. retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 15. - nathan gasser ( 2000 - 08 - 10 ). solar heating and coriolis forces. university of tennessee at knoxville. retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 31. - ralph stockman tarr and frank morton mcmurry ( 1909 ). advanced geography. w. w. shannon, state printing, pp. 246. retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 15. - national snow and ice data center ( 2009 ). the arctic oscillation. arctic climatology and meteorology. retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 11. - halldor bjornsson ( 2005 ). global circulation. ve\u00f0urstofu islands. retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 15. - james k. b. bishop, russ e. davis, and jeffrey t. sherman ( 2002 ). \" robotic observations of dust storm enhancement of carbon biomass in the north pacific \". science 298. pp. 817 \u2013 821. retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20. - walker, stuart ( 1998 ). the sailor ' s wind. w. w. norton & company. p. 91. isbn 0 - 393 - 04555 - 2, 9780393045550 check - wunsch, carl ( november 8, 2002 ). \" what is the thermohaline circulation? \". science 298 ( 5596 ) : 1179 \u2013 1181. doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1079329. pmid 12424356. ( see also rahmstorf. ) - national environmental satellite, data, and information service ( 2009 ). investigating the gulf stream. north carolina state university. retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 06. - ryan smith, melicie desflots, sean white, arthur j. mariano, edward h. ryan ( 2005 ). the antarctic cp current. the cooperative institute for marine and atmospheric studies. retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 11. - s. businger, t. m. graziano, m. l. kaplan, and r. a. rozumalski ( 2004 ). cold - air cyclogenesis along the gulf - stream front :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49924302730450304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.422342"} {"text": "04 - 11. - s. businger, t. m. graziano, m. l. kaplan, and r. a. rozumalski ( 2004 ). cold - air cyclogenesis along the gulf - stream front : investigation of diabatic impacts on cyclone development, frontal structure, and track. meteorology and atmospheric physics, pp. 65 - 90. retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 21. - david m. roth ( 2000 ). p 1. 43 a fifty year history of subtropical cyclones. american meteorological society. retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 21. - d. k. savidge and j. m. bane ( 1999 ). cyclogenesis in the deep ocean beneath the gulf stream. 1. description. journal of geophysical research, pp. 18111 - 18126. retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 21. - dr. decaria ( 2007 - 05 - 29 ). \" esci 241 \u2013 meteorology ; lesson 16 \u2013 extratropical cyclones \". department of earth sciences, millersville university, millersville, pennsylvania. archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 29. retrieved 2009 - 05 - 31. - robert hart and jenni evans ( 2003 ). \" synoptic composites of the extratropical transition lifecycle of north atlantic tcs as defined within cyclone phase space \" ( pdf ). american meteorological society. retrieved 2006 - 10 - 03. - ryan n. maue ( 2009 ). chapter 3 : cyclone paradigms and extratropical transition conceptualizations. florida state university. retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 15. - atlantic oceanographic and meteorological laboratory, hurricane research division ( 2004 ). \" frequently asked questions : what is an extra - tropical cyclone? \". noaa. retrieved 2006 - 07 - 25. - joint typhoon warning center ( 2009 ). section 2 : tropical cyclone motion terminology. united states navy. retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 10. - powell, jeff, et al. ( may 2007 ). \" hurricane ioke : 20 \u2013 27 august 2006 \". 2006 tropical cyclones central north pacific. central pacific hurricane center. retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5226567825414663, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.423087"} {"text": "catholic encyclopedia ( 1913 ) / friar [ from lat. frater, through o. fr. fredre, frere, m. e. frere ; it. frate ( as prefix fra ) ; sp. fraile ( as prefix fray ) ; port. fret ; unlike the other romance languages french has but the one word frere for friar and brother ]. a friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders. use of the word in the early church it was usual for all christians to address each other as fratres or brothers, all being children of the one heavenly father, through christ. later, with the rise and growth of the monastic orders, the appellation began gradually to have a more restricted meaning ; for obviously the bonds of brotherhood were drawn more closely between those who lived under the rule and guidance of one spiritual father, their abbot. the word occurs at an early date in english literature with the signification of brother, and from the end of the thirteenth century it is in frequent use referring to the members of the mendicant orders, e. g. c. 1297, \" frere prechors \" ( r. glouc. 10105 ) ; c. 1325, \" freres of the carme and of saint austin \" ( pol. songs, 331 ), c. 1400, \" frere meneours \" ( maunder, xxxi, 139 ) ; c. 1400, \" sakked freres \" ( rom. rose ). shakespeare speaks of the \" friars of orders gray \" ( tam. shr., iv, i, 148 ). the word was also loosely applied to members of monastic and military orders, and at times to the convent of a particular order, and hence to the part of a town in which such a convent had been located. the word friar is to be carefully distinguished in its application from the word monk. for the monk retirement and solitude are undisturbed by the public ministry, unless under exceptional circumstances. his vow of poverty binds him strictly as an individual but in no way affects the right of tenure of his order. in the life of the friar, on the contrary, the exercise of the sacred ministry is an essential feature, for which the life of the cloister is considered as but an immediate preparation. his vow of poverty, too, not only binds him as an individual to the exercise of that virtue, but, originally at least, precluded also the right of tenure in common", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4466039167170465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.431029"} {"text": "of the cloister is considered as but an immediate preparation. his vow of poverty, too, not only binds him as an individual to the exercise of that virtue, but, originally at least, precluded also the right of tenure in common with his brethren. thus originally the various orders of friars could possess no fixed revenues and lived upon the voluntary offerings of the faithful. hence their name of mendicants. this second feature, by which the friar ' s life differs so essentially from that of the monk, has become considerably modified since the council of trent. in session xxv, ch. iii, \" de regular. \", all the mendicant orders \u2014 the friars minor and capuchins alone excepted \u2014 were granted the liberty of corporate possession. the discalced carmelites and the jesuits have availed themselves of this privilege with restrictions ( cf. wernz, jus decretal., iii, pt. ii, 262, note ). it may, however, be pertinently remarked here that the jesuits, though mendicants in the strict sense of the word, as is evident from the very explicit declaration of st. pius v ( const. \" cum indefess\u00e6 \", 1571 ), are classed not as mendicants or friars, but as clerics regular, being founded with a view to devoting themselves, even more especially than the friars, to the exercise of the sacred ministry ( vermeersch, de relig., i, xii, n. 8 ). orders of friars the orders of friars are usually divided into two classes : the four great orders mentioned by the second council of lyons ( can. xxiii ) and the lesser orders. the four great orders in their legal precedence are : ( 1 ) the dominicans ( st. pius v, const. \" divina \", 1568 ) ; ( 2 ) the franciscans ; ( 3 ) the carmelites, ( 4 ) the augustinians. - the dominicans, or friars preachers, formerly known as the black friars, from the black cappa or mantle worn over their white habit, were founded by st. dominic in 1215 and solemnly approved by honorius iii, in dec., 1216. they became a mendicant order in 1221. - the franciscans, or friars minor ( grey friars ), were founded by st. francis of assisi, who is rightly regarded as the patriarch of the mendicant orders. his rule", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4505193652747704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.431913"} {"text": "became a mendicant order in 1221. - the franciscans, or friars minor ( grey friars ), were founded by st. francis of assisi, who is rightly regarded as the patriarch of the mendicant orders. his rule was orally approved by innocent iii in 1209 and solemnly confirmed by honorius iii in 1223 ( const. \" solet \" ). it is professed by the friars minor, the conventuals, and the capuchins. - the carmelites, or white friars, from the white cloak which covers their brown habit, were founded as a purely contemplative order, but became mendicants in 1245. they received the approbation of honorius iii ( const. \" ut vivendi \", 30 jan., 1226 ) and later of innocent iv ( const. \" qu\u00e6 honorem \", 1247 ). the order is divided into two sections, the calced and discalced carmelites. - the augustinians, or hermits of st. augustine ( austin friars ), trace their origin to the illustrious bishop of hippo. the various branches which subsequently developed were united and constituted from various bodies of hermits a mendicant order by alexander iv ( const. \" iis, qu\u00e6 \", 31 july, 1255, and const. \" licet \", 4 may, 1256 ). these four orders are called by canonists the quatuor ordines mendicantes de iure communi. the fourth lateran council ( \" de relic. dom. \", iii, tit. xxxvi, c. ix ) had forbidden in 1215 the foundation of any new religious orders. in face of this prohibition a sufficient number of new congregations, especially of mendicants, had sprung up to attract the attention of the second council of lyons. in canon xxiii, the council, while specially exempting the four mendicant orders above mentioned, condemns all other mendicant orders then existing to immediate or to gradual extinction. all orders established since the council of lateran, and not approved by the holy see, were to be dissolved at once. those since established with such approval were forbidden to receive new members. the illustrious order of servite, founded in 1233 and approved by alexander iv in 1256 ( const. \" deo grata \" ), happily survived this condemnation. concerning the four greater orders, the council concludes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3708777970571765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.432744"} {"text": "to receive new members. the illustrious order of servite, founded in 1233 and approved by alexander iv in 1256 ( const. \" deo grata \" ), happily survived this condemnation. concerning the four greater orders, the council concludes : \" be it understood, however, that we do not conceive of the extension of this constitution to the orders of friars preachers and of friars minor, whose evident service to the universal church is sufficient approval. as for the hermits of st. augustine and the order of carmelites, whose foundation preceded the said council ( fourth lateran ), we wish them to remain as solidly established as heretofore \" ( lib. iii, tit. xvii, c. un., in vi ). the importance of the orders thus singled out and exempted was afterwards still further emphasized by the insertion of this canon into the \" corpus juri \" in the \" liber sixtus \" of boniface viii. the so - styled lesser orders, of which the following are today the most flourishing, were founded and approved at various subsequent periods : the minims ( 1474 ), the third order regular of st. francis ( 1521 ) ; the capuchin \u2014 as constituting a different branch of the franciscan order \u2014 ( 1525 ) ; the discalced carmelites \u2014 as constituting a distinct branch of the carmelites \u2014 ( 1568 ) ; the discalced trinitarians ( 1599 ) ; the order of penance, known in italy as the scalzetti ( 1781 ). reifenstuel, schmalzgrueber, and other writers on titles xxxi and xxxvi of bk. iii of the decretals of gregory ix ; ferraris, bibliotheca : relig. regulares ( rome, 1885 - 96 ), i, 24 ; suarez, de virtute et statu religionis ( mainz, 1604 ), pt. ii tract. ix ; barbosa, juri eccl. universi ( lyons, 1699 ), i, c. xli, n. 207 ; vermeersch, de relig. inst. et personis ( 2nd ed. bruges, 1907 ), i, 38 ; wernz, jus decretal. ( rome, 1908 ), iii pt. ii, 262 ; heimbucher, die orden und kongregationen ( 2nd ed., pad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3990369589025458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.433531"} {"text": "despite the development of the formidable t - 34, the idea of a new mass - produced tank emerged inside the soviet military circles. so two soviet factories in leningrad ( kirovsky factory and voroshilovsky factory no. 174 ) were ordered to develop a new 14 - ton tank armed with 45 mm gun and protected by medium armor, similar to t - 34. in 1939, the kirovsky factory was ordered to develop a light cs tank ( close support tank ). in 1940 the first prototype, named \" object 126 \" or t - 126sp, was developed, manufactured and tested. its protection was equal to the t - 34 ' s : its welded hull was assembled from 37 mm homogeneous armor plates ; its roof was composed of 20 mm plates. frontal, upper side and rear armor plates were sloped 40 - 57 degrees. the new tank did have the 45mm tank gun model 1932 / 38 supplied with 150 rounds plus a coaxial 7. 62 mm dt machine - gun. additionally, it was armed with the 7. 62 mm ds bow machine - gun. the tank was powered by a 250 hp v - 4 diesel engine, which provided the 17 - ton vehicle with a maximum speed of 35 km / h. the tank had torsion bar suspension. its chassis consisted of six steel road wheels ( each with internal shock absorber ), idler, rear driver wheel with removable cogged rim, and three support wheels. the transmission consisted of the two - disk main friction clutch, the 4 - speed gearbox, multiple - disk side clutches and side gears. measured by aggregate armament and protection, \" object 126 \" was superior to most of the soviet light and medium tanks of that time. in fact, the german pz - iii played a notable role in development of the \" object 126 \". having many advantages, the soviet tank had some disadvantages as well. first of all, it had limited range and little room for crew. on the second prototype the internal room was increased by removing the ds machine - gun. the second prototype received new lighter road wheels with rubber tires. simultaneously, at lkz factory ( kirovsky factory ) engineer l. s. troyanov developed another variant, named \" object 211 \". both tanks were sent to comparison trials which the first tank ( \" object 126 \" ) won. on february 12, 1941, \" object 126 \" was accepted for servise and named t - 50. t - 50 was intended to be the most mass - produced soviet tank. it was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4454768839559987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.438684"} {"text": "the first tank ( \" object 126 \" ) won. on february 12, 1941, \" object 126 \" was accepted for servise and named t - 50. t - 50 was intended to be the most mass - produced soviet tank. it was the very first soviet tank successfully passed all steps of govermental trials without any fails. in their construction the t - 50 and the \" object 126 \" were quite similar. like its prototype, the t - 50 had well - sloped welded armor. the driver ' s hatch was located in the upper frontal armor plate. bow machine - gun was absent. t - 50 ' s design was hi - tech and weighed only 13. 5 tons, with 37 - mm frontal armor on hull and turret. the three - man conical turret had a commander ' s cupola with six vision slits. the turret was welded, of conic form, with flat rear armor hatch. the t - 50 was still armed with the 45 - mm gun model 1932 / 38 and one coaxial 7. 62 mm dt tmg. the t - 50 had the torsion bar suspension with road wheels with internal shock absorbers. the tank was powered by 300 hp v - 4 diesel engine ( specific power - 21 hp / ton ). average ground pressure - 0. 57 kg / cm2, top speed - 60 km / h. all tanks were equipped with radio. on those times point of view, the t - 50 was intended to be a kind of \" universal \" tank and should replace t - 26 and bt light tanks. here i would like to notice, the t - 50 wasn ' t light tank, also it wasn ' t intended to be light. according to the nomenclature of that time, the t - 50 was rather a support tank for motorised and mechanised troops of the red army. at that time, an artillery testings congucted at nii - 48 research lab. these tests proved the t - 50 couldn ' t be penetrated by the soviet 76 mm gun model 1939 at 400 metres at any angle. moreover, during these tests, the t - 50 wasn ' t penetrated by the ex - german pak 40 antitank gun, while the t - 34 was penetrated three times. in april 1941, the t - 50 was accepted for service. until the beginning of the great patriotic war, factory no. 174 produced not a single t - 50, however. the most serious problem was with v - 4 engine that was in fact very unreliable and expensive. till the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4442908198124364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.439563"} {"text": "50 was accepted for service. until the beginning of the great patriotic war, factory no. 174 produced not a single t - 50, however. the most serious problem was with v - 4 engine that was in fact very unreliable and expensive. till the end of war, soviet industry was unable to build an efficient and reliable v - 4. through extreme efforts soviet industry was able to produce 50 tanks during the second half of 1941. an attempt to set up mass production of t - 50 at factory no. 37 in moscow failed. in august 1941, the factory no. 174 was evacuated : mostly in omsk, but several parts in nizhnij tagil and barnaul. on october 13, 1941, the goko issued an order to build two new factories in barnaul : the first to manufacture t - 50s and the second to manufacture diesel engines for the t - 50. however, in january 1942, the manufacture of the t - 50 and its engines was cancelled and never resumed. factory no. 174 in omsk manufactured 15 t - 50s, but then was switched to building t - 34s. history has left few combat records of this very interesting tank. i know only that t - 50 tanks manufactured in leningrad served in one of the soviet tank brigades on the karelian isthmus. some were captured by finns and used till the end of war ( 1944 ). the t - 50 was adequately protected, its armor protection was almost equal to t - 34. tank was intended to rearm with 57mm zis - 4 tank gun. its speed and maneuverability was much better then t - 34. also, the commander ' s cupola and restricted duties of the tank commander were also important improvement ( comparing to the t - 34 ). the steel intensity of the t - 34 was twice as much then t - 50. so why the production of such advanced tank was ceased? in fact, there were three reasons. at first, the mass production was tried to set up after the beginning of the great patriotic war. at second, from autumn 1941, the red army began to receive british and canadian \" valentine \" tanks, which were quite close to the t - 50 ( with exception to maneuverability ). at third, there were no available factory ready to produce v - 4 engines. that ' s why the fate of the t - 50 was so short. only 69 t - 50 tanks were manufactured ; after that it was finally removed from production. important to mention there were two types of t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39365775249966517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.440490"} {"text": "brussels, 1 december 2010 reach system for safer use of chemicals \u2013 frequently asked questions what is reach? reach, which stands for registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals, is a system for ensuring the safe use of chemicals within the eu. the system was set up by eu legislation which came into force on 1 june 2007, creating a single regulatory system for dealing with new and existing chemical substances. reach seeks to close the knowledge gap that previously existed concerning the risks associated with particular chemicals and to encourage the progressive replacement of dangerous chemicals with safer ones by means of its authorisation system. reach places greater responsibility on industry to manage the risk of chemicals and provide appropriate safety information to professional users and, as far as the most hazardous substances are concerned, also to consumers. what are the main benefits of reach? the main benefit of reach is that the hazards and risks of chemicals are more systematically identified, which allows for appropriate risk management measures by industry or, if necessary, further regulatory action by the public authorities. this will contribute to the prevention of health problems caused by exposure to chemicals, leading to a lower occurrence of diseases and preventable deaths, and, with that, lower costs for the national health systems. the benefits will come gradually as more and more substances are phased into reach. the anticipated overall benefits to the environment and human health are generally expected to be significant although a quantitative assessment is difficult. the commission \u2019 s impact assessment in 2003 developed an illustrative scenario which put the health benefits alone in the order of magnitude of \u20ac50 billion over a 30 year period. the european chemicals industry will benefit from a single eu regulatory system, a decision - making system with clear deadlines, and more consumer confidence in their products. downstream users of chemicals will get relevant information on the safe use of the chemical substances they use in their production process which will help them to ensure better protection of their workers. the chemicals industry ' s products will be safer for consumers and the environment and it will be easier to put corporate social responsibility into practice. what is the purpose of reach registration? the aim of reach registration is to ensure the safe use of chemicals by gathering safety information on the chemical substances available on the eu market in a single and comprehensive database. enterprises that manufacture or import more than one tonne of a chemical substance per year are required to register the chemical in a central database. this will give industry greater knowledge about the chemicals it uses and whether these are hazardous to human health and the environment. this should ultimately lead to better risk assessment and safer use of chemicals throughout", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4807810899830923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.453859"} {"text": "per year are required to register the chemical in a central database. this will give industry greater knowledge about the chemicals it uses and whether these are hazardous to human health and the environment. this should ultimately lead to better risk assessment and safer use of chemicals throughout the eu. it will lead to less chemical pollution, greener choices by consumers and industry, and a cleaner environment. what is the scope of reach? reach covers all chemical substances manufactured in, or imported into the eu in quantities of one tonne or more per year. registration under reach is for substances only. however, the provisions of the regulation apply to the manufacture, placing on the market or use of substances on their own, in preparations or in articles. what are industry ' s obligations under reach? reach requires manufacturers and importers of chemical substances to obtain information on the physical and chemical, health and environmental properties of their substances and use this information to determine how these can be used safely. each manufacturer and importer must submit a registration dossier to the european chemicals agency documenting the data and assessments. all users of dangerous chemicals are obliged to ensure the safe use of those chemicals through risk management measures identified in the registration dossiers and communicated to the users of chemicals through extended safety data sheets. manufacturers and importers are obliged to register substances they produce or import in quantities over 1 tonne per year. the registration requirement applies to substances on their own, in preparations and in articles under special conditions ( intentional release of the substance ). failure to register means that the substance cannot be manufactured, imported or used in the eu. downstream users of chemicals \u2013 those who use a substance in the course of their industrial or professional activities \u2013 must apply the risk management measures for dangerous substances identified by the supplier and communicated via safety data sheets. they have the right to make their use of a substance known to the manufacturer so it can be registered as an identified use and covered in the supplier \u2019 s chemical safety assessment. in this case they have to provide sufficient information to enable the supplier to prepare an exposure scenario for the use. alternatively, for example if they prefer to keep their use confidential for business reasons, they can conduct their own chemical safety assessment and report this use to the chemicals agency. who did the 30 november deadline apply to? the 30 november 2010 deadline applied to eu manufacturers and importers of chemical substances in very large quantities ( above 1000 tonnes per year ) and the most dangerous ones. substances that are carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction ( \" cmr \" ) had to be registered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4711109649488199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.454945"} {"text": "to eu manufacturers and importers of chemical substances in very large quantities ( above 1000 tonnes per year ) and the most dangerous ones. substances that are carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction ( \" cmr \" ) had to be registered if they are manufactured or imported in a volume of above 1 tonne per year. substances that are very toxic for the aquatic environment also had to be registered if they are produced or imported in volumes above 100 tonnes per year. what happens to companies that did not register their substances in time? article 5 of the reach regulation imposes the principle of \" no data no market \". member states are responsible for enforcing this principle, and each member state has its system in place to check that companies subject to the deadline did register. if a company did not register a substance in time and continues to produce it and put it on the market, it is in breach of the law and can expect to be penalised. how long will it be until we know how many and which substances have been registered? the european chemicals agency ( echa ) will be busy processing all the registration dossiers in the coming months and must complete this work by the end of february 2011 according to the reach regulation. so by then we will know the number of registered substances more precisely \u2013 although new substances may still come in and there may also be dossiers that failed the completeness check and which will be registered later. what kind of information will we learn from this first registration? we will learn which chemicals that meet the criteria for the first registration deadline are currently on the market, and in what tonnage range. we will also learn what these chemicals are used for, what risks are associated with them and how these risks are managed so they can they be handled safely. all the safety information contained in the registration dossier has to be passed down the supply chain ( the downstream users ) and the downstream users need to comply with the requirements for safe use within one year after receiving the safety data sheet with the reach registration number. this information will be available in a central database hosted by echa, which is growing as more registrations come in. reach registration will lead to a concentration of knowledge that industry as a whole possessed but was divided between different companies all over europe. now this information has been brought together in the european chemicals agency. this is new and unique in the world. what happens once companies have successfully registered their substances? the agency assigns a registration number after checking that the dossier is complete. this initial check does not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4683200109021467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.456132"} {"text": "information has been brought together in the european chemicals agency. this is new and unique in the world. what happens once companies have successfully registered their substances? the agency assigns a registration number after checking that the dossier is complete. this initial check does not include an examination of the quality or the adequacy of the data submitted. reach stipulates that the quality assessment is carried out independently from the registration process, through a process called evaluation ( the e in reach ). reach specifies three independent evaluation processes to meet three distinct objectives : first, a compliance check is used to check whether the information submitted by registrants is in compliance with the legal requirements. second, all testing proposals are examined to avoid unnecessary animal testing. registrants must seek permission to undertake certain tests by submission of a testing proposal. testing proposals which include animal tests undergo public consultation. third, substance evaluation aims to clarify whether the use of a substance may cause harm to human health or the environment. the substances are selected by the agency in cooperation with member states. substances are evaluated according to priority criteria, considering hazardousness, exposure and volume. how has industry been affected by the registration process? industry has known about registration for many years and large companies started working on their registration dossiers as soon as reach entered into force or even before. smaller companies and those who are not part of the chemical sector but use chemicals in the course of their work probably started work on their dossiers at a later stage. reach has required a lot of work of gathering data. this included setting up or strengthening the use of communication channels between suppliers and customers to find out for example what they are using a certain substance for. but this has also meant exchanging data and testing results in substance information exchange forums ( sief ) whereby all those who had to register the same substance shared data and shared costs. this process led to new insights into uses of substances and their safety. registration is a tremendous amount of work but it leads to better safety and improved communication in the supply chain. what are the next registration deadlines? 31 may 2013 : registration deadline for substances manufactured or imported in quantities of 100 tonnes and more. 31 may 2018 : registration deadline for substances manufactured or imported in quantities of 1 tonne and more. registration prior to the deadline is of course possible. all new substances need to be registered before they are placed on the market. what is the reach authorisation process and how will it work in practice? authorisation means that the substance may no longer be used or placed on the market", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4936044327389869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.457210"} {"text": "of course possible. all new substances need to be registered before they are placed on the market. what is the reach authorisation process and how will it work in practice? authorisation means that the substance may no longer be used or placed on the market unless a company has obtained an authorisation to do so. substances that are subject to authorisation will be listed in reach annex xiv. the authorisation system is intended to ensure that the risks from such substances are properly controlled and that these substances will be progressively replaced by suitable alternative substances or technologies where these are economically and technically viable. in particular, there may be applications where exposure to human beings or the environment is very limited and where risks can be adequately controlled. in other cases, the use of such substances can create substantial socio - economic benefits that outweigh the risks associated with the use ( e. g. ensuring safety of equipment ) and there is no suitable alternative. in these cases, an authorisation will be granted. for certain substances that are carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to the reproductive system ( so - called \" cmr \" substances ), an authorisation will be granted if the applicant can show that risks from the use in question can be adequately controlled. this means that scientists can agree on a \" safe threshold \" below which a substance does not create negative effects to the human body or the environment. for other cmr substances and substances with persistent, bio - accumulative or toxic properties ( pbt, vpvb substances ), where adequate control is not possible, an authorisation will only be granted if no safer alternative exists and if the socio - economic benefits of the use of the substance outweigh the risks. what is the candidate list and how many substances are on it? the candidate list is a step in the reach authorisation process. it is a list of substances of very high concern that have been nominated by the european commission or by the member states and decided upon by echa after public consultation. these substances may be subject to authorisation later. currently there are 38 substances on the list. by the end of 2012, there should be 135. the candidate list can constitute a reference list for consumers and retailers. when asked by a consumer whether a certain product contains a substance listed on the candidate list, the retailer has a legal obligation under reach to reply. what are the most dangerous substances? substances of very high concern are : carcinogens ( category 1a and 1b ) mutagens ( category 1a and 1b ) substances which are toxic to reproduction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49285515779593436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.458379"} {"text": ", the retailer has a legal obligation under reach to reply. what are the most dangerous substances? substances of very high concern are : carcinogens ( category 1a and 1b ) mutagens ( category 1a and 1b ) substances which are toxic to reproduction ( category 1a and 1b ) persistent, bio - accumulative and toxic substances ( pbts ), very persistent and very bio - accumulative substances ( vpvbs ) substances identified from scientific evidence as causing equivalent concern to those mentioned above, for example substances which disturb the hormone system ( endocrine disruptors ). how will reach promote innovation and development of safer substitutes? to enhance industry ' s competitiveness, one of the objectives of reach is to promote research and development and innovation. for example : - uses of substances in product or process - oriented r & d do not need to be registered for up to 5 years, renewable for a further maximum of 5 years in the case of a substance being exclusively used in the development of medicinal products or, under certain conditions, for a further maximum of ten years if the substance is not placed on the market. the reach threshold for registration ( 1 tonne / year ) is much higher than the threshold of 10 kg for new substances under the previous regulatory system. the costs of registering a new substance will be significantly lower than the cost of notification under the previous regulatory system. registration will be quicker than notification, reducing the time to market. the authorisation requirement for substances of very high concern will encourage companies to increase their research into safer substitutes. discrimination between new substances and existing substances will come to an end. how much will reach cost? testing and registration costs for producers and importers of chemicals : the commission \u2019 s impact assessment in 2003 estimated the direct costs of reach to the chemicals industry at a total of some \u20ac2. 3 billion over an 11 year period. costs to downstream users : the costs to downstream users of chemicals were estimated in the commission \u2019 s impact assessment of 2003 at \u20ac0. 5 to 1. 3 billion, under the assumption that 1 to 2 % of the substances would be withdrawn because continued production would no longer be profitable. costs could rise to \u20ac1. 7 \u2013 2. 9 billion when industry would face higher substitution costs in the downstream supply chains. total costs : consequently, the overall costs of the commission \u2019 s proposal of 2003 to the chemicals industry and its downstream users were estimated to be in the range of \u20ac2. 8 - 5. 2 billion. from a macroeconomic perspective, the overall impact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46701121203365736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.459535"} {"text": "first, we should clarify what \" evolution \" means. like so many other words, it has more than one meaning. its strict biological definition is \" a change in allele frequencies over time. \" by that definition, evolution is an indisputable fact. most people seem to associate the word \" evolution \" mainly with common descent, the theory that all life arose from one common ancestor. many people believe that there is enough evidence to call this a fact, too. however, common descent is still not the theory of evolution, but just a fraction of it ( and a part of several quite different theories as well ). the theory of evolution not only says that life evolved, it also includes mechanisms, like mutations, natural selection, and genetic drift, which go a long way towards explaining how life evolved. calling the theory of evolution \" only a theory \" is, strictly speaking, true, but the idea it tries to convey is completely wrong. the argument rests on a confusion between what \" theory \" means in informal usage and in a scientific context. a theory, in the scientific sense, is \" a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena \" random house american college dictionary. the term does not imply tentativeness or lack of certainty. generally speaking, scientific theories differ from scientific laws only in that laws can be expressed more tersely. being a theory implies self - consistency, agreement with observations, and usefulness. ( creationism fails to be a theory mainly because of the last point ; it makes few or no specific claims about what we would expect to find, so it can ' t be used for anything. when it does make falsifiable predictions, they prove to be false. ) lack of proof isn ' t a weakness, either. on the contrary, claiming infallibility for one ' s conclusions is a sign of hubris. nothing in the real world has ever been rigorously proved, or ever will be. proof, in the mathematical sense, is possible only if you have the luxury of defining the universe you ' re operating in. in the real world, we must deal with levels of certainty based on observed evidence. the more and better evidence we have for something, the more certainty we assign to it ; when there is enough evidence, we label the something a fact, even though it still isn ' t 100 % certain. what evolution has is what any good scientific claim has - - evidence, and lots of it. evolution is supported by a wide range of observations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6042194603660607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.463874"} {"text": "converting to binary from normal base ten numbers is a difficult and time consuming process. using our excel based binary converter will save you much time and frustration. get your own binary converter for free here! how a binary converter works to understand how a binary converter works, you must first understand what binary, or base two, is. in our normal base ten accounting each number has a ones place, a tens place a hundreds and so on. in base two there is a twos place, a fours place an eights place, a sixteens place and so on. for an example of a binary convert, lets use the number fifty. the highest base number that would go into fifty is 32 so that place would get a 1. subtract 32 from 50 and there is 18 left. the next highest base two number to try is 16, since that \u2019 s less than 18 that place gets a 1 and there are now 2 left. since 8 and 4 won \u2019 t go into 2 those places get a 0 and the twos place gets a 1. the ones place them gets a 0 since there is nothing left and your result for 50 is 110010. wow that \u2019 s a lot of work for one binary convert! now it \u2019 s becoming clear how time saving our binary converter can be. why a binary converter is useful binary convert processes are used by computer programmers to communicate directly to a computer. most professionals use a binary converter like ours rather than do the work manually. because of the way computer memory works a computer can only understand two states, off and on, represented by 1 and 0. eight of these ones and zeros constitutes one bit of information which can represent one character to a computer. writing the word \u201c hello \u201d then requires 5 bits of information and 5 seep rate binary convert calculations, thus the need for our ultra reliable binary converter. our binary converter is an amazing piece of excel programming allowing the time consuming binary convert process to be completed in seconds. and, converting to binary is not all we offer. the same minds that brought you this also offer many other excel templates for business, home and gaming use. be sure to look at them all!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.523767248462936, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.465982"} {"text": "it depends in what context you mean but basically streaming data is analagous to asynchronous data. take the web as an example. the web ( or http specifically ) is ( basically ) a request - response mechanism in that a client makes a request and receives a response ( typically a web page of some kind ). http doesn ' t natively support the ability for servers to push content to clients. there are a number of ways this can be faked, including : - polling : forcing the client to make repeated requests, typically inconspicuously ( as far as the client is concerned ) ; - long - lived connections : this is where the client makes a normal http request but instead of returning immediately the server hangs on to the request until there ' s something to send back. when the request times out or a response is sent th eclient sends another request. in this way you can fake server push ; - plug - ins : java applets, flash, silverlight and others can be used to achieve this. anything where the server effectively sends data to the client ( rather than the client asking for it ) - - regardless of the mechanism and whether or not the client is polling for that data - - can be characterised as streaming data. with non - http transports ( eg vanilla tcp ) server push is typically easier ( but can still run afoul of firewalls and th elike ). an example of this might be a sharetrading application that receives market information from a provider. that ' s streaming data. how do you detect it? bit of a vague question. i ' m not really sure what you ' re getting at.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5507012800086337, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.467595"} {"text": "alaska court recordsedit this page from familysearch wiki district courts had jurisdiction over all civil and criminal matters in alaska before statehood. federal district judges were appointed as early as 1884. the entire territory had only one district, administered by a judge in sitka, until 1903, when three districts were created with judges at juneau, saint michaels, and eagle city. the fourth district was added in 1909, and the four seats were placed in juneau, nome, valdez ( moved to anchorage in 1943 ), and fairbanks. the areas served by these districts are as follows : - juneau, district 1 : southeastern alexander archipelago and the cities of ketchikan, wrangell, sitka, and juneau. - nome, district 2 : north, including nome and barrow. - anchorage, district 3 : south, including anchorage, kodiak, and the aleutian islands. - fairbanks, district 4 : central, including fairbanks, bethel, and toksook bay. since 1959 district court jurisdiction has been limited to minor civil and criminal matters such as issuing marriage licenses and arrest warrants, hearing misdemeanor cases, and acting as the temporary custodian of the property of deceased persons. a superior court, a supreme court, and magistrate courts have also served alaska since 1959. the family history library does not have copies of any court records from alaska. the alaska state archives has most of the territorial court records ( except probate records ) for the first district and some for the second and fourth districts. the archives has the court journals but not the complete case files for the first district. the case files of the first district, the records of the third district ( 1900 - 59 ), and some miscellaneous records of the other districts are at the national archives \u2014 alaska region. copies of documents not at these two archives can be obtained by writing to the appropriate local clerk ' s office. - this page was last modified on 10 july 2012, at 21 : 35. - this page has been accessed 829 times. new to the research wiki? in the familysearch research wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others. learn more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37153186701234714, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.471046"} {"text": "who owns the land of israeli? by richard kelly hoskins there is much confusion over the ownership of the land of old israel in the near east. god made a covenant with abram ( genesis 15 : 18 - 21 ), to give his seed for the land \u201c from the river in egypt [ nile ] unto the great river, the river euphrates. \u201d the only seed born to abram while he had that name was ishmael ( genesis 16 ). the present descendants of ishmael living in that area base their claim on this promise. abram \u2019 s name was then changed to abraham ( genesis 17 : 5 ) and he fathered isaac, who fathered jacob, whose name was changed to \u201c israel \u201d ( genesis 32 : 28 ). the children of israel were then given canaanland, a small portion of that larger land grant, but only on a conditional promise, i. e. they had to obey god \u2019 s laws, statutes and judgments, or they would lose the land. the promise of the larger area to the ishmaelites was unconditional and so could not be lost. the israelites disobeyed, lost their claim to canaanland, and were driven out, first to [ syria, then ] assyria and then to babylon. although a tiny remnant returned under nehemiah to rebuild jerusalem, they never again occupied all of canaanland. finally, all israelites were driven out of even that small area of palestine by persecution a few years after jesus \u2019 death and resurrection. a thousand years later the united effort of the entire west during the crusades was unable to secure this land for much more than a few generations. the feeble ownership effort by the british between ww i and ww ii [ were ] easily broken. the khazars, who call themselves jews because of their religion, now claim this land from the ishmaelites. this was prophesied in ezekiel 36 : 2 \u201c thus saith the lord god ; because the enemy hath said against you, aha, even the ancient high places are ours in possession. \u201d that \u201c enemy \u201d is given a name in verse 5, \u201c idumea, \u201d meaning edom. edom means \u201c red \u201d, so reds would take possession of \u201c the ancient high places \u201d in the old land of israel while israel would multiply in other lands to fulfill numbers \u201c as the stars of heaven, and as the sand which is upon the sea shore. \u201d ( genesis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39068276127001944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.474335"} {"text": "| see what ' s going on with flipcode! | radiosity in english - the basics by ( 20 may 1999 ) | return to the archives | i ' ve found many people shy away from radiosity simply because of the mystique surrounding it. i \u2019 ll admit that i was a bit intimidated by the topic when i decided to tackle it. but the truth be known, it boils down to some pretty simple techniques, most of which are very common. as a matter of fact, if you \u2019 ve got access to a rendering architecture that supports z - buffering, you \u2019 ve got 90 % of a basic radiosity processor that can produce some excellent results. | i understand that \" aggravated nosebleed \" ( the source of this q & a entry ) has some basic knowledge of radiosity, but i \u2019 d like to take this opportunity to cover the basics from the very beginning. hopefully he / she as well as some other readers will gain enough of a fundamental understanding to help ease the learning curve from some of the more notable references ( which i will list later. ) in the beginning the introduction of radiosity came in 1984 from cornell university in a paper titled \" modelling the interaction of light between diffuse surfaces \" written by goral, torrance & greenberg. the idea was to simulate energy ( light ) transference from diffuse surfaces. diffuse surfaces are surfaces that reflect light equally in all directions - the opposite of a shiny surface. | this result was considered \" view independent. \" this simply meant that the illumination on a surface looked the same no matter what angle you were viewing it from. for the sake of clarity, an example of the opposite ( \" view dependent \" ) would be a reflective surface. reflective surfaces are view dependent because the specular highlights would appear at a different position on the surface based on the angle at which the surface was viewed. this view independence was nice, especially considering the cost ( in processor power & running time ) of radiosity processing. the illumination could be calculated once and the scene could then be rendered very quickly from any angle. this translates directly into many of today \u2019 s modern \" first - person shooter \" games. the first approach consider a simple room with only four walls, a ceiling and a floor. can you see it in your mind \u2019 s eye? you better not be able to ; i haven \u2019 t specified a light source yet. : - ) in radiosity, light sources aren \u2019 t your typical point or spot light sources. in radiosity, light is emitted from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5946156964373469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.492317"} {"text": "mind \u2019 s eye? you better not be able to ; i haven \u2019 t specified a light source yet. : - ) in radiosity, light sources aren \u2019 t your typical point or spot light sources. in radiosity, light is emitted from surfaces. so, rather than adding a surface for a light source, lets just make the entire ceiling an \" area light source. \" in the real world, this would translate to a cubic room where the ceiling was a huge panel of fluorescent lights behind a huge diffuse reflector ( those smoked - glass looking things that spread light out. ) | this example is a simple one since every surface can see every other surface. in other words, there \u2019 s nothing to block the light from reaching any surface ( i. e. no shadows. ) each surface has two values associated with it. an amount of how brightly it is illuminated ( its illumination ) and how much of a surplus of energy it has ( its radiative energy. ) to start with, only the ceiling will have any radiative energy and all other surfaces will have no radiative energy or illumination. what we need to do now is calculate the interaction of energy from every surface to every other surface. this is an n ^ 2 problem since we need to calculate this interaction from each surface to every other surface in the scene. this can be calculated based on their geometrical relationships ( distance between surfaces, relative orientation, relative area, etc. ) the math that calculates this relationship results in a single value. this value is called a \" form factor. \" the attentive readers ( the one \u2019 s that are still awake ) might have already guessed that there are only ( n ^ 2 ) / 2 individual form factors since the relationship between surfaces 5 & 6 is the same as the relationship between 6 & 5. however, this is not true since relative area is taken into consideration. we can calculate all the form factors in a scene and store them in a grid that is n elements wide by n elements tall. this grid is referred to as the \" radiosity matrix \" and it works just like a 2 - dimensional table. each element in this matrix contains a form factor for the interaction from the surface indexed by the column and the surface indexed by the row. remember how i said that there are n ^ 2 interactions and not ( n ^ 2 ) / 2? this is because each form factor is like a diode in that it only handles energy going in one direction : from a \" source surface \" to a \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5773420336790349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.494643"} {"text": "i said that there are n ^ 2 interactions and not ( n ^ 2 ) / 2? this is because each form factor is like a diode in that it only handles energy going in one direction : from a \" source surface \" to a \" destination surface. \" in this case, we \u2019 ll say that the source surfaces are index by columns and destination surfaces are indexed by rows. source surfaces will emit their energy to the destination surfaces. now lets solve the matrix. to do this, we simply visit each column ( source ) in the matrix and emit energy to each row ( destination ) in that column. when we do this, we \u2019 ll be placing some of that radiated energy ( from the source ) in the illumination value for the destination. but these surfaces are reflectors, which means they \u2019 re going to reflect some energy back into the scene. based on the surface \u2019 s reflectivity, we \u2019 ll add a little bit of energy to the destination \u2019 s radiative energy. this radiative energy will eventually make its way back into the scene ( i. e. to the other surfaces ) as we progress through the matrix. if the destination is a perfect reflector ( i. e. it reflects every single bit of energy it receives - a mirror ) then there will be no energy stored in the destination \u2019 s illumination, it would all go to its radiative energy. the inverse is also true : a perfectly black surface might not reflect any energy back into the scene, absorbing it all, so every bit of energy it receives is stored in its illumination value. if you \u2019 re starting to think that we \u2019 re making a black surface white, we \u2019 re not. remember, we \u2019 re dealing with light, so the color of a surface is ultimately multiplied by its illumination. in the case of the perfectly black surface, the surface remains visually black. once we \u2019 ve gone through the matrix once, we do it all over again. this is necessary because we we \u2019 re storing some energy as illumination, and some as radiative energy. now it \u2019 s time to go through the matrix again and start distributing that reflected radiative energy. we \u2019 ll go through this matrix over and over again until the total amount of radiative energy for all surfaces is relatively small. the next step if you made it this far without getting lost, you \u2019 re in the home stretch. there \u2019 s still a lot we haven \u2019 t covered yet, so let \u2019 s move on. i \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6275786481164398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.495920"} {"text": "for all surfaces is relatively small. the next step if you made it this far without getting lost, you \u2019 re in the home stretch. there \u2019 s still a lot we haven \u2019 t covered yet, so let \u2019 s move on. i \u2019 ll start with a few shortcomings of the basic radiosity matrix as i \u2019 ve described it thus far and common solutions to these issues. | our surfaces have only one illumination value for the entire surface, so there is no change in illumination across a single surface. to solve this problem, we can simply subdivide each surface into a series smaller polygons called \" patches. \" if you do this, you simply treat each patch as its own surface as a replacement for the original surface. your matrix will grow to the number of patches in the scene squared. this brings us to our next issue : the matrix can be quite large ( especially if you subdivide into a number of patches ) if the scene is very simple ( say, a meager 1, 000 polygons ) then our illustrious matrix will be pretty big ( 1, 000, 000 elements. ) if you ' ve subdivided each of those surfaces to a meager 8x8 grid of patches per surface, then we ' re talking about 4, 096, 000, 000 total elements in our matrix ( 8 * 8 = 64 patches per surface, 64 * 1000 = 64000 patches per scene, 64000 * 64000 is = 4, 096, 000, 000 total matrix elements. ) this is pretty tough for any computer to swallow. before i discuss the solutions to this ever - increasing matrix, let \u2019 s talk about a related issue : a matrix of this magnitude would take a long time to solve. especially considering the fact that we \u2019 ll have to solve it multiple times. if a mistake was made in the modeled scene, wouldn \u2019 t it be nice to know this sooner rather than later? in 1988, cohen, chen, wallace & greenberg published a paper called \" a progressive refinement approach to fast radiosity image generation. \" this paper described a new way of solving radiosity. it was quite clever in that it reordered the way things were done. | in the matrix method, illumination was gathered by each destination element from its source element. ironically, this is called \" gathering. \" the progressive refinement approach reversed this and defined ( the other incredibly ironic term ) \" shooting. \" the basic idea behind progressive refinement starts by finding the surface with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5386294622886336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.496866"} {"text": "element from its source element. ironically, this is called \" gathering. \" the progressive refinement approach reversed this and defined ( the other incredibly ironic term ) \" shooting. \" the basic idea behind progressive refinement starts by finding the surface with the most energy to contribute to the scene ( i. e. has the highest amount of radiative energy. ) this surface would then iterate through all other surfaces, distributing its energy along the way. after this process was completed, the image was then rendered for the user, and the process began again, finding the surface with the most energy to contribute to the scene. each pass would cause another render of the scene, allowing the user to progressively evaluate the progress. if the progress showed a problem along the way ( an illumination surface was in the wrong place or the wrong color ) they could stop the process and make the needed adjustments. during this process, the user would see a completely dark scene progress to a fully lit scene. to accommodate this sharp contrast in visual difference from beginning to end, the progressive refinement technique added something called the \" ambient term \". before i continue, i want to point something out that is pretty important in radiosity. there is no such thing as ambient light in real life. ambient light is something that was invented to accommodate the need for what appears to be a \" global light \" in real life. but in reality, ambient light doesn \u2019 t exist. rather, light is always being reflected from surface to surface, which is how it finds its way into all the nooks and crannies of real - world detail. before the advent of radiosity, ambient light was the best thing available to the typical rendering architectures. it is safe to think of radiosity is a more accurate solution to ambient ( global ) light. this is why radiosity is considered a technique for \" global illumination. \" the ambient term starts off as a \" differential area sum \" of the radiative energy for the entire scene. what this means is that it \u2019 s a number that represents the average amount of light that each surface will receive throughout the processing of the entire radiosity solution. we can calculate that average without doing all the work simply because it \u2019 s an average amount of energy, not a specific amount of energy for a single surface. as each progressive pass emits the radiative energy for a surface, the ambient term is slowly decreased. as the total radiative energy of the scene approaches zero, so does the ambient term ( though", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6159727478871103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.497817"} {"text": "amount of energy for a single surface. as each progressive pass emits the radiative energy for a surface, the ambient term is slowly decreased. as the total radiative energy of the scene approaches zero, so does the ambient term ( though, at different rates, of course. ) a nice advantage here is that you can use the ambient term to figure out when you \u2019 ve distributed enough energy as to make only a negligible difference. at this point, you can stop processing. so, the progressive approach has solved the massive memory requirements for the radiosity matrix by simply not storing it, and it partially solves the processing time issue by speeding things up, and further improving this by allowing users to preview their works in progress. a note on patches before i continue, i want to cover the topic of patch subdivision just a little. i only touched on it lightly so as not to confuse the reader. it \u2019 s time we dive just a little bit deeper in to these ever useful things. | first, let \u2019 s be perfectly clear on something. if you use subdivision in your radiosity code, then you will not be using \" surfaces \" since the patches are a higher resolution representation of the original surface geometry. it will be the patches that shoot and gather energy amongst themselves, not the surfaces. if you use patch subdivision, you can probably discard your original surfaces since they have been replaced by a higher resolution representation, their patches. patches are how we simulate area light sources. rather than actually treating the surface like an area light source, we simply split it up into lots of smaller light sources across the entire area of the original surface. if the surface is subdivided enough, then the results can be quite pleasing. patch subdivision can be done blindly or intelligently. an example of blind subdivision might be to subdivide every surface into a set of patches that are one square foot each. this can be quite a waste, since we only really need the subdivision in high - contrast areas ( i. e. an area of a surface that has a dramatic change in energy across a relatively small area - like a shadow boundary. ) there is a multitude of intelligent subdivision techniques. one of the most common is to subdivide progressively by adding another step to the process. once a surface has fully emitted its energy, each patch in the existing data - set is visited and a decision is made if two adjoining patches have too much of a difference in their illumination values. if they do, there will be a sharp contrast between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5459191839313311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.498786"} {"text": "once a surface has fully emitted its energy, each patch in the existing data - set is visited and a decision is made if two adjoining patches have too much of a difference in their illumination values. if they do, there will be a sharp contrast between these two patches so you should subdivide each of them. you can pick any threshold you wish to contain your subdivisions to a minimum. you can also set a maximum subdivision level to prevent from subdividing too much. patches, however, are just the first step to subdivision. patches themselves can be subdivided into \" elements \". the usefulness of elemental subdivision is for performance reasons as well as aesthetic reasons. patch subdivision can be pre - set to a specific resolution. in this case, the entire scene is subdivided evenly into patches of a specific size. this sounds like a waste, but let \u2019 s not get hasty. the subdivision resolution can be quite low in this case. as the radiosity solution progresses, the patches are intelligently subdivided into elements based on high contrast areas ( or whatever intelligent subdivision technique you decide to use. ) you can think of elements as a higher resolution representation of their \" parent \" patches. but unlike patch subdivision where the surfaces are discarded and replaced by patches, patch subdivision does not discard the patches. the advantage here, is that the patches are maintained for shooting, while the elements are used for gathering. let \u2019 s look at that a little more closely. a patch is subdivided into a grid of 8x8 elements. during the distribution process, the patch with the highest amount of radiative energy is chosen for energy distribution. energy is distributed from that patch to all of the elements in the scene. the elements retain their illumination value ( for beauty \u2019 s sake ) and the radiative energy that would be reflected from all the elements is then sent up to their parent patch. later, the patch will do the shooting, rather than each individual element. this allows us to have a high resolution of surface geometry with a lower resolution distribution. this can save quite a lot of processing time, especially if the average patch is subdivided into 8x8 elements. for the sake of this example, i \u2019 ll just assume we \u2019 re not at the elemental subdivision stage yet, and work from patches. did somebody say shadows? i didn \u2019 t. not yet, at least. : - ) | to obtain shadows, we need to have some visibility information, so we \u2019 ll know how much of a patch is visible from another patch. one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5176848221206184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.499735"} {"text": "did somebody say shadows? i didn \u2019 t. not yet, at least. : - ) | to obtain shadows, we need to have some visibility information, so we \u2019 ll know how much of a patch is visible from another patch. one of the most common ways of doing this in today \u2019 s world is to use a z - buffer. and radiosity is no different. to do this, however, we \u2019 ll need a way to generate a z - buffer from a patch. this is where the hemicube comes in handy. a hemicube is exactly what it sounds like. it \u2019 s exactly one half of a cube, split orthogonally along one axis. this gives us one whole face, and four half - faces. what \u2019 s it for? try to picture this : place a pin - hole camera at the base of the hemicube ( i. e. the center of the cube prior to cutting it in half ) and point the camera at the center of the top face. now set your camera to a 90 - degree frustum. you can consider the top face of the hemicube now, to be the rendering surface of the camera. this surface has a pixel resolution ( which i \u2019 ll discuss shortly. ) if you render the scene from this perspective, you \u2019 ll \" see \" what the patch \" sees \". remember when i said that we need to take the relative distance and relative orientation of two patches into account to calculate their form factors? well, in this case, we no longer need to do that. the hemicube takes care of that for us. as patches are rendered onto the surface of the hemicube, they \u2019 ll occupy \" hemicube pixels \". the farther away the surface is, the fewer pixels it will occupy. this is also true for patches at greater angles of relative orientation. the greater the angle, the fewer pixels it will occupy. using a z - buffer we can let some patches partially ( or fully ) occlude other patches, causing them to occupy even fewer pixels ( or none at all ) which gives us shadows. for this to work, we need to translate these renders into energy transmission. let \u2019 s talk about that for a bit. a standard z - buffer renderer will render color values to a frame buffer and store depth information into a z - buffer. a hemicube implementation is very similar. it keeps the z - buffer just like normal. but rather than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5494725892820177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.500745"} {"text": "bit. a standard z - buffer renderer will render color values to a frame buffer and store depth information into a z - buffer. a hemicube implementation is very similar. it keeps the z - buffer just like normal. but rather than storing color values into a frame buffer, it stores patch ids into a frame buffer. when the render is complete, you have partial form factor information for how much energy gets transmitted from one patch to another. i say \" partial form factor information \" because we \u2019 re missing one piece. this information is lacking some of the relative angle information between two patches. the relative angles are used to decrease the amount of energy shot from one patch to another. the greater the angle, the less energy is transmitted. our hemicube gives us part of this information by only telling us ( in an indirect way ) how much of an angle the destination patch is relative to us. but we also need to take the shooter \u2019 s relative angle into account as well. it \u2019 s much like lambert shading. as the surface turns away from the light, the surface receives less light. we \u2019 ve got this information ( indirectly ) in the hemicube frame buffer. but our light source is also an area, which means it can turn, too. so we \u2019 ll need to take its angle into consideration before we shoot any energy to anybody. the hemicube has a wonderful mechanism for this. it \u2019 s called the \" delta form factor. \" this is simply a table of values. it is the same resolution as the surface of the hemicube and it contains values that are used to scale the amount of energy that each hemicube pixel can transmit. the values in this table associated with the center pixels of the top face have the highest value, and the values fall off as they get near the edges of the hemicube face. the reason for this is simple. the values associated with the center of the hemicube face have the highest value since anything rendered to this area of the \" screen \" will be directly in front of the hemicube ( i. e. the least incident angle. ) the values in the table associated with the edges of the hemicube face are at a 45 - degree angle, so they are considerably less than those found near the center. there is a very specific calculation for the \" delta form factor \" table which can be found in most radiosity references. to finish up our hemicube explanation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5429012166011377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.501713"} {"text": "45 - degree angle, so they are considerably less than those found near the center. there is a very specific calculation for the \" delta form factor \" table which can be found in most radiosity references. to finish up our hemicube explanation, we need to pull it all together. rather than shooting light from the source patch to the destination patches, we do this through each pixel in the hemicube \u2019 s frame buffer ( remember, we \u2019 ve stored patch ids in there so we can reference them later, and this is later : - ). visiting each hemicube pixel, we simply scale the amount of the shooter \u2019 s total radiative energy by the delta form factor associated with that pixel. this means that each patch will receive a little bit of energy for each pixel it resides in, in the hemicube \u2019 s frame buffer. each of these partial energy transmissions to an individual destination patch will all add up to the proper amount of total transmitted energy, just like magic. how do we know that we \u2019 ve transmitted all the energy from the shooter? well, if you add up all the delta form factors for the hemicube, you \u2019 ll find they add up to 1. 0. this is a good test, by the way, to make sure your hemicube delta form factor table is correct. remember to account for error, so the value might not equal exactly 1. 0, rather something very close. a typical hemicube resolution might be 128x128. however, you may decide to go with a higher resolution. either way, remember this : each pixel in the hemicube \u2019 s delta form factor table contains a very small fractional value. you should consider using doubles to store these values as they can get very small. to save confusion, i purposely neglected to mention a few things. each hemicube has five sides. i only described the process for rendering the top face. the remaining half - faces also require rendering, but the process is identical to that of the top face. don \u2019 t worry, your radiosity references will cover how to calculate the delta form factors for all faces of the hemicube. and don \u2019 t forget that when you run your little test that adds up all the delta form factors to a result of 1. 0, you \u2019 ll need to include all of the delta form factors, not just those for the top face. in closing, i should mention that there are issues with hem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5506965227902536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.502605"} {"text": "test that adds up all the delta form factors to a result of 1. 0, you \u2019 ll need to include all of the delta form factors, not just those for the top face. in closing, i should mention that there are issues with hemicubes ( like aliasing artifacts under certain circumstances. ) there are some solutions to these issues as well as totally different techniques. but hemicubes are a great place to start your radiosity adventures. \" advanced animation & rendering techniques \" by watt & watt | \" computer graphics principles & practice \" by foley, vandam, feiner & hughes \" radiosity : a programmer ' s perspective \" by ashdown \" radiosity and realistic image synthesis \" by cohen & wallace \" radiosity and global illumination \" by sillion & puech personally, i originally learned the concepts & fundamentals of radiosity from \" advanced animation & rendering techniques. \" i learned enough to get my first radiosity processor up and running. since this book has such a wealth of other information, i highly recommend it for first - timers on the subject. from there, you can graduate to any of the other references listed. if you make it to the more advanced stuff, you \u2019 re welcome to visit my site and grab some research papers on the subject. - paul nettle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5007660111752977, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.503113"} {"text": "the building blocks of sandbox and open world games : eve, gta, minecraft, and beyond the term \u201c sandbox \u201d has become a bit of an overused buzzword over the past few years, with many games using it to attract attention. it \u2019 s a difficult concept to define due to its abstraction, so i \u2019 m going to take you on a journey through gaming history to help you understand the evolution of sandbox games, and the advantages and disadvantages they offer to a game designer. minecraft : a good modern example a picture of a castle made by a player, luis prado, in minecraft minecraft is a great example of a popular modern sandbox game. it \u2019 s sold 8 million copies, yet its community is still growing. the game allows you to construct buildings in a randomly generated world made of cubes. you can gather resources, craft, explore and combat strange creatures to survive in the world \u2013 but mostly, you are free to do anything you want. the goals come from your imagination ; there is no ultimate objective. ( at least, none that you must aim for. ) and yet, although it \u2019 s a great example of a sandbox game, minecraft does not offer a perfect definition of the term. i \u2019 m not even sure whether there can be a true definition of \u201c sandbox \u201d because the concept is huge. there are many games in the market that use sandbox mechanisms, and they are quite different from each other. a town in the desert created by a group of players in a multiplayer minecraft server. let \u2019 s start by imagining a real - world sandbox. magically, a child appears inside that sandbox. now he or she is free to do whatever they want \u2013 but there is only sand in the box and without any tools the child will get bored of playing with the sand rather quickly. at this point there is nothing else to do other than to leave and play something else. without proper tools, the sandbox is no fun. imagination is a problem it \u2019 s essential to have the right tools to create a joyful box of sand. the same rule applies to virtual sandbox games as to real sandboxes : if the developer doesn \u2019 t give the right tools to the player, the player will get bored pretty easily. game designers have to think about a way to make people like and spend time playing their games. if you add some tools \u2013 a bucket and a shovel \u2013 to the sandbox and guide the child in his first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5413346246687329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.513078"} {"text": "the player will get bored pretty easily. game designers have to think about a way to make people like and spend time playing their games. if you add some tools \u2013 a bucket and a shovel \u2013 to the sandbox and guide the child in his first steps, he will be able to achieve something magnificent. with the right tools he will build a sculpture of a lion blowing water out of his mouth while wearing a three - point hat. can you imagine it? imagination is the second problem for a game designer. the limits of imagination won \u2019 t allow some players to fully explore the world the game designer created \u2013 but on the other hand, the game designer can \u2019 t allow the player to imagine everything he wants and apply it to the game. this means the designer must create some boundaries and rules. and there will always be rules in any kind of game, even in sandbox games. let \u2019 s put aside the box full of sand for a while. ever played a pen and paper role playing game ( p & p rpg )? you gather a group of friends around a table, and create an adventure for them to live through. one player is the storyteller, and the rest create their own characters that will fit an imaginary world. the difficult part in the process is finding a good group of players. there are many online games that allow people to play together in the comfort of their homes, but no other game is like a tabletop role playing game, because there you are truly free to do anything. tabletop games : the source of it all a character sheet and a set of dice ready to play a role playing game. i \u2019 ve found that the only way to make people try an rpg without any 3d graphics or cut scenes is to sell them on this idea of total freedom. after gathering my p & p rpg group i could start creating stories, but as i told you before, there is always a set of rules. total freedom, yes, but within the game \u2019 s boundaries. i had to read a 300 page book to learn all the rules of a fantasy world i was going to keep alive for some months. for some days we, as a group, created true tales of heroes. stories that were out of this world, stories that we couldn \u2019 t tell in a linear game. we had our little big sandbox where we could try out everything we wanted, and as the storyteller i could change some settings and create a whole new environment to change the dynamic of the game. i won \u2019 t tell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4550042750637629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.514033"} {"text": "a linear game. we had our little big sandbox where we could try out everything we wanted, and as the storyteller i could change some settings and create a whole new environment to change the dynamic of the game. i won \u2019 t tell you the stories or the amount of fun we have playing p & p rpg. if you are a developer that didn \u2019 t try to play such kind of game i encourage you to try it out. you will find a lot of ideas to apply to your own games ; no - one has yet made a game offering the same freedom as our tabletop sessions, but sandbox game designers keep getting closer and closer. from elite to freelancer elite was released in 1983 with its superb wireframe graphics \u2013 very advanced for the time! dungeons & dragons was the first commercial p & p rpg, released as a tabletop game in 1974. the ideas around this theme started to flow and coders were keen to apply them to computer games. in 1983, elite \u2013 an open world space trading video game based on a tabletop rpg called traveller \u2013 was published. it was a huge success due to how the player had the possibility to make decisions making him feel free. the typical labyrinthine maps were nowhere to be seen, and you could fly across systems completing quests. and elite had another peculiarity : as well as the quests, you had a market where you could \u201c buy here, sell there \u201d to make a profit and buy new parts for your spaceship. one year later, the seven cities of gold was released, ushering in a new genre where players could trade, explore, fight and go on adventures under the role of a spanish empire explorer. there were a lot of successors ; games like wing commander and freelancer made their way to the top, but the greatest innovation here was in the creation of multiplayer gaming and the evolution of 2d graphics to 3d graphics. of course, every year it was also possible to save a lot more data on hard drives than before, making the lives of developers a lot easier when creating larger worlds and interactions, which was something they had been trying to do since the beginning. simcity and gta the gta series of games sit at the frontier of the open world and sandbox genres. some years later the city - building games gained popularity. utopia was released in 1982 but the free city building genre only started to get famous when simcity hit the market in 1989. simcity is another perfect example of a sandbox game, and yet it is totally different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48661507895160594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.515114"} {"text": "city - building games gained popularity. utopia was released in 1982 but the free city building genre only started to get famous when simcity hit the market in 1989. simcity is another perfect example of a sandbox game, and yet it is totally different from the games i mentioned above : as mayor, you were given the tools to build a city in the way you want. the year after that, railroad tycoon was released ; like simcity, it gave players objectives to complete within an economic simulation, but this time the player was tasked with running a railroad business rather than a city. railroad tycoon brought something new to the world of gaming : the \u201c sandbox mode \u201d. you were given infinite resources to create anything you \u2019 d like with infinite resources ( but always within the game \u2019 s boundaries, of course ). remember the child i spoke of earlier? imagine that child with a lot of tools, a big imagination, and now infinite resources, building cities, roads, places \u2026 the release of the sims, at the turn of the century, was another milestone in the evolution of sandbox gaming. again, it is quite different from any other game i spoke about, and changed the way we look at the sandbox concept : you built the house ( and the life ) of a single person or family. the grand theft auto series marked another important change. you can call gta an open world sandbox game, but there is a massive difference between the sims and gta \u2013 and yet both fit in the genre, as they allow players to create and interact with the world. be a witch in salem salem is a new sandbox world. it \u2019 s in beta for now. the games industry is always expanding and game developers are trying their best to give players new experiences, grabbing ideas from the past, applying them in the present, to improve the future. that \u2019 s why i want to talk about online sandbox games. with the advent of massively - multiplayer online games, companies like sea tribe explored the sandbox concept, applying it to online gaming. they envisioned giant worlds where each person could have their own place to live, maintaining it through diplomacy ( or fighting ). sea tribe \u2019 s game heaven & hearth is a free to explore world where people play together constructing anywhere they \u2019 d like. it \u2019 s a mutable world that players change every day. a house built by players in xsyon shows what \u2019 s possible to achieve in terms of architecture. sea tribe is working on their new title salem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4749752339146985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.516110"} {"text": "constructing anywhere they \u2019 d like. it \u2019 s a mutable world that players change every day. a house built by players in xsyon shows what \u2019 s possible to achieve in terms of architecture. sea tribe is working on their new title salem. like heaven & hearth, salem is a 3d world in a 17th century setting. you play as a colonist but you can take your ways into witchcraft. salem and its witches \u2026 sea tribe is not the only company preparing to launch a sandbox game to the market. games like the repopulation by above and beyond technologies and xsyon by notorious games explore the same model each one with their different settings and capabilities. these games are based around crafting, as a player needs to craft to be build things. developers had to find a solution to make the game playable and enjoyable. as in any other mmorpg a player needs to level up to gain new skills. in these sandbox games you will earn points when crafting materials \u2013 instead of killing every monster you see to finish a quest \u2013 in order to get new items to build. those items will help you to develop your village, town, or even city. it \u2019 s hard to manage a city on your own ; that \u2019 s why the multiplayer aspect is a very important ( and fun ) part of these games. eve : freedom and fear an artwork artist creating new content for the sandbox world of eve online. another feature is the constant fear of player vs. player battles. this is something you see in eve online, which for my money is the best sandbox game out there at the moment. the mmo games i \u2019 ve pointed out are in alpha and beta versions, but eve has been out and stable for a while now. eve \u2019 s player vs. player combat exists in every corner of space. you won \u2019 t find it only in dog - fighting ; it exists between corporations, in the economy, during transportation \u2026 the creators of eve online tried their best to create a world where you can be anything from a simple miner to a great leader of a gigantic corporation. the whole game is shaped by players \u2019 actions, crafting, and capacity to change the market and control it. that \u2019 s pretty much what i look for in a sandbox game : the capacity to build a place of your own and manipulate everything you can to fit you perfectly. open world vs. sandbox a final note about the concepts of \u201c open world \u201d and \u201c sandbox \u201d games : they are very similar, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4830264732297216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.517129"} {"text": ": the capacity to build a place of your own and manipulate everything you can to fit you perfectly. open world vs. sandbox a final note about the concepts of \u201c open world \u201d and \u201c sandbox \u201d games : they are very similar, and i \u2019 ve used the words almost interchangeably in this article. however, i do think it \u2019 s useful to try to separate them ; here \u2019 s my take on that : while open world games let you visit every single place and explore every little piece of artwork, a sandbox game lets you actually help to build and manage the world around you. many see the gta series or assassin \u2019 s creed games as belonging to the sandbox genre. i can \u2019 t totally disagree with that, but i feel they \u2019 re better described as open world games. you can change and interact with stuff in the world of gta, but you \u2019 re not helping to build it. and that \u2019 s a huge difference from games like salem, the repopulation, minecraft and xsyon. for me, those are the real sandbox games, where you have a set of tools and you can modify the world you live in. but that \u2019 s just part of the evolution i guess. it \u2019 s hard to understand what a true sandbox game is, and what it will be in the future, but it looks like the industry has taken a leap in another direction and that will happen again some day soon. the concept may change, but for now i accept it as it is and i \u2019 m betting it will take a while until someone figures out a way to recreate it. but the past will always be connected to the future, that \u2019 s for sure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.55332221045634, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.517792"} {"text": "news & policies > policies in focus president bush ' s initiative against illegal logging \"... i ' ve also ordered the secretary of state to develop a new initiative to help developing countries stop illegal logging, a practice that destroys biodiversity and releases millions of tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. \" what is illegal logging? illegal logging is generally understood to mean timber that is harvested, transported, processed or sold in contravention of a country ' s laws. illegal logging destroys forest ecosystems, robs national governments and local communities of needed revenues, undercuts prices of legally harvested forest products on the world market, finances regional conflict and acts as a disincentive to sustainable forest management. international trade in illegally harvested timber and timber traded in violation of parties ' obligations under the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) exacerbates the problem. illegal logging is also a primary factor in the escalating african bush meat crisis, opening up vast areas to illicit hunting to feed loggers and for commercial sale in urban centers. underlying causes of illegal logging and related corruption are rooted in a lack of strong institutions based on democratic principles : rule of law, participatory and transparent decision - making, public accountability, clear land tenure and property rights and due process for dispute settlement. the world bank estimates that illegal logging results in annual losses in developing countries of $ 10 - 15 billion worldwide. the united states has been a leader in raising international awareness of the devastating global problem of illegal logging and identifying actions to address it, notably through the g - 8, regional initiatives such as the south asia and africa ministerial conferences on forest law enforcement and governance, and bilateral development assistance activities. developed at the direction of president bush, this initiative builds on those efforts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4815627700686801, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.521028"} {"text": "haiti : the duvaliers and their legacy elizabeth abbot ( new york : mcgraw - hill, 1998 ) eyes of the heart : seeking a path for the poor in the age of globalization jean - bertrand aristide ( common courage press, 2000 ) jean - bertrand aristide ( paris : editions du seuil ) in the parish of the poor : writings from haiti jean - bertrand aristide ( new york : orbis books, 1990 ) bitter sugar : slaves today in the caribbean ( chicago : banner press, 1985 ) sacred arts of haitian vodou donald j. cosentino, ed. ( los angeles : ucla, fowler museum of cultural history, 1995 ) masters of the dew jacques roumain ( portsmouth : nh, heienman, 1944 ) farming of bones edwidge danticat ( new york : soho, 1998 ) under the bone anne - christine d ' adesky ( new york : farrar, straus and giroux, 1994 ) the faces of the gods : vodou and roman catholicism leslie g. desmangles ( 1992 ) haiti in the new world order : the limits of democratic revolution alex dupuy ( westview press, 1997 ) infections and inequalities : the modern plagues paul farmer ( university of california press, 1999 ) the uses of haiti paul farmer ( common courage press, 1994 ) aids and accusations : haiti and the geography of blame paul farmer ( university of california press, 1993 ) caribbean : a literary companion james ferguson ( chicago : passport books, 1997 ) the making of haiti : the saint - domingue revolution from below carolyn e. fick ( knoxville : university of tennessee, 1990 ) dancing spirits : rhythms and rituals of haitian vodun gerdes fleurant ( westport, conn. : greenwood press, 1996 ) the catholic church in haiti : political and social change greene ( east lansing : university of michiganpress, 1993 ) graham greene ( new york : viking press, 1966 ) written in blood : the story of the haitian people 1492 - 1995 robert debs heinl jr., nancy gordon heinl and michael heinl ( university press of america, 1996 ) haitian art : the legend and legacy of the naive tradition l. g. hoffman ( davenport, iowa : beaux arts fund committee, 1985 ) haiti ; dangerous crossroads edited by deidre mcfadyen... [ et al. ]... from the north american congress on latin america ( nacla ) ( boston, ma : south end press, 1995", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43644791786616705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.531094"} {"text": "committee, 1985 ) haiti ; dangerous crossroads edited by deidre mcfadyen... [ et al. ]... from the north american congress on latin america ( nacla ) ( boston, ma : south end press, 1995 ) tell my horse : voodoo and life in haiti and jamaica zora neale hurston ( new york : harper and row, 1938 ) the black jacobins : toussaint l ' ouverture and the san domingo revolution c. l. r. james ( new york : vintage books, 1989 ) urban life in the caribbean : a study of a haitian urban community michael s. laguerre ( cambridge, mass. : schenkman pub. co., 1982 ) peripheral migrants : haitians and dominican republic sugar plantations samuel martinez ( university of tennessee press, 1996 ) crossroads and unholy water marlene phipps ( southern illinois university press, 2000 ) like the dew that water the grass : words from haitian women marie m. b. racine ( washington, dc : epica, 1999 ) the haiti files : decoding the crisis james ridgeway ( washington, d. c. : essential books, 1994 ) the miracle of haitian art selden rodman ( garden city, n. y. : doubleday, 1974 ) where art is joy. haitian art : the first forty years selden rodman ( new york : ruggles delatour, 1998 ) haiti renewed : political and economic prospects edited by robert i. rothberg ( brookings institute, 1997 ) hideous dream ; a soldiers memoir of the us invasion of haiti stan goff ( new york : soft skull press, 2000 ) the immaculate invasion bob schacocis ( viking press, 1999 ) silencing the guns in haiti : the promise of deliberative democracy irwin p. stotsky ( university of chicago press, 1997 ) a taste of salt frances temple ( new york : harpercollins, 1992 ) haiti - state against nation : orgigins and legacy of duvalierism michael - rolph trouillot ( new york : monthly press review, 1990 ) the haiti crisis in international law marc weller and ana maclean ( 1999 ) voodoo and the art of haiti sheldon williams ( london : morland lee ltd., 1969 ) the rainy season, haiti since duvalier amy wilentz ( new york : simon and schuster, 1989 ) fort dimanche, dungeon of death patrick lemoine ( freeport, ny : fordi9, 1997 ) haiti en marche haitian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44296522898850044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.532071"} {"text": "the rainy season, haiti since duvalier amy wilentz ( new york : simon and schuster, 1989 ) fort dimanche, dungeon of death patrick lemoine ( freeport, ny : fordi9, 1997 ) haiti en marche haitian weekly in french and creole. order from 173 nw 94th street, miami fl 33150. ( 305 ) 754 - 0705 ( $ 78 / year ) english every three weeks by the haitian information bureau, c / o lynx air, box 407139, ft. lauderdale, fl 33340. available by mail. regular source of information on haiti ' s democratic and popular movement. published three times per year. subscriptions ( $ 12 ) and directory submissions to peter kinney, 131 n. main street, sharon, ma 02067. ( 617 ) 784 - 8067. haitian weekly in french and creole. order from 1398 flatbush avenue, brooklyn, ny 11210. ( 718 ) 434 - 8000 the haitian times weekly, available through www. haitiantimes. com or via mail at 32 court street, suite 805, brooklyn, ny 11201. ( $ 59 / year ). nacla report on the americas bi - monthly journal. order issues for $ 4. 75 from nacla, 475 riverside drive # 454, new york, ny 10115. ( 212 ) 870 - 3146. haiti : harvest of hope kevin pina ( 1998 ) charles najman ( 2004 ) royal bonbon is the first major film to come out of haiti. director charles najman filled the entire project on haitian soil and used non \u2013 professional locals as actors. the film is a comedy / drama about a villager, chacha who believes he is the reincarnation of king christophe, a former slave who led haiti to independence in 1804. jacques arcelin ( 1983 ) a documentary featuring interviews with peasants, landowners, merchants, and us businessmen. it concentrates on history between the haitian revolution and the duvalier regimes. haiti : coup de haiti : coup de grace rudi stern ( 1995 ) a documentary which follows president jean - bertrand aristide during his first exile and return to haiti. haiti : killing the dream rudi stern, babeth, katherine kean ( 1992 ) a film that looks at the history of haiti until the point of president aristide ' s first exile. this film investigates the role us policies have played in the problems of haiti. krik? krak,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4021415506075149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.533083"} {"text": ", katherine kean ( 1992 ) a film that looks at the history of haiti until the point of president aristide ' s first exile. this film investigates the role us policies have played in the problems of haiti. krik? krak, tales of a nightmare vanyoska gee ( 1992 ) a combination of documentary and fiction illustrating the horror of the tonton macoutes and the duvalier regieme. of men and gods anne lescot and laurence maglorie ( 2002 ) this film explores the relationship between homosexual men and the voodoo religion. looking for life claudette coulanges ( 1999 ) a documentary, which follows the lives of two women surviving in haiti. it raises questions about the influence the importation of north american goods have had on the haitian economy. gillo pontecorvo ( 1968 ) a film starring the late, great marlon brando. this film is about a fictitious island, but closely follows the history of the haitian revolution. johnathan demme ( 2003 ) documentary about the life and assassination of jean dominique, the voice of radio haiti inter. and human rights activist.. haiti solidarity week packet a free, updated packet available by mail and at www. quixote. org / haiti in late january of each year. use it to plan events for your community. requests by mail : haiti reborn / quixote center, p. o. box 5206, hyattsville, md 20782. media skills for haitian activists 1992, a 50 minute video. guide to working with the media by progressive media consultants gwen mckinney and alfredo lopez. $ 17 with training manual included from green valley film and art, 209 college street, burlington, vt 05401. ( 802 ) 658 - 2523. mickey mouse goes to haiti : walt disney and the science of exploitation 18 minute free video. available from the national labor committee, 275 7th avenue, 15th floor, new york, ny 10001. ( 212 ) 242 - 3002. slide show on haiti contains 140 powerful slides chronicling the rise of lavalas, the coup d ' etat, and the plight of refugees at guantanamo. available from the haitian commission, 39 w. 14th street, new york, ny 10011. ( 212 ) 633 - 2889. town meeting on the crisis in haiti september 1993. 90 minute audio tape features former president aristide, ambassador ben dupuy, peasant leader chavnnes jean baptiste, naacp ' s don rojas, dgap economist and activist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40757095732236115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.534047"} {"text": "##9. town meeting on the crisis in haiti september 1993. 90 minute audio tape features former president aristide, ambassador ben dupuy, peasant leader chavnnes jean baptiste, naacp ' s don rojas, dgap economist and activist laurie richardson. order from pacific radio archives, 3729 chahuenga blvd. west, north hollywood, ca 91604. ( 818 ) 506 - 1077. ( $ 16. 50 ) carribean close - up : dominican republic and haiti 28 minute video from the children of the earth series. available from maryknoll world productions, p. o. box 308, maryknoll, ny 10545. ( 800 ) 227 - 8523. haiti ' s piggy bank : the story of the loss and recovery of the haitian creole pig this video teaches many lessons : the self - interest of usaid, the interconnected nature of resources, the trauma caused from harsh policies imposed from above. it also teaches that resistance can bring with it renewal and hope. available from grassroots international, 179 boylston street, 4th floor, boston, ma 02130. ( 615 ) 524 - 1400. www. grassrootsonline. org. feeding dependency, starving democracy : usaid policies in haiti by laurie richardson, a report by grassroots international. available from grassroots international, 179 boylston street, 4th floor, boston, ma 02130. ( 617 ) 524 - 1400. www. grassrootsonline. org. ( $ 10 ) many of the resources contained on this page were obtained from haiti reborn.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43964257312097244, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.534700"} {"text": "methodism in the united states there are in the united states sixteen distinct methodist denominations, all agreeing essentially in doctrine. john wesley had been conducting his united societies for more than twenty years before the movement took root in north america. the first american conference was held in 1773, and consisted of ten preachers, all of whom were born in england or ireland. asbury came to america to remain permanently ; but rankin, unable to identify himself with its people, to take the test oaths required in the revolution, or to sympathize with the colonies, returned to england, as did all the english preachers except as bury. by may 1776 there were 24 preachers and 4, 921 members ; but in the first year of the revolution there was a loss of 7 preachers and nearly i, 000 members. the preachers in the south determined upon administration of the sacraments, and a committee was chosen whose members ordained themselves and others. the northern preachers opposed this step and for several years the connexion was on the verge of disruption. an agreement was finally made to suspend the administration until wesley ' s desires and judgment should be ascertained. he perceived that the society would disintegrate unless effective measures were speedily taken, and early in 1784 he ordained thomas coke ( 1747 - 1814 ), already in orders of the church of england, as superintendent. wesley sent coke to america as his commissioner to establish, for the methodist soci ety, a system of church government, which should include the administration of baptism and of the lord ' s supper. wesley also appointed thomas coke and francis asbury \" to be joint super intendents over our brethren in north america. \" soon after coke and his companions arrived they met asbury and fifteen preachers, and a special conference was called, which opened on the 24th of december, 1784, in the suburbs of baltimore, mary land. this convention organized itself into a methodist episcopal church, in which the liturgy sent by wesley should be read, and the sacraments should be administered and deacons to be ordained by a presbytery using the episcopal form. coke and asbury were unanimously elected superintendents, coke, aided by his clerical companions from england, ordaining asbury as deacon and elder and formally consecrating him a general superintendent. this con vention adopted the first discipline of the methodist episcopal church. it adopted the existing doctrinal standards, consisting chiefly of wesley ' s sermons and his notes on the new testament ; also twenty - five", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3938447844426979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.537687"} {"text": "initial surveys began this week and are focusing on the collection of water samples for edna analysis. electroshocking and netting survey efforts will also be conducted starting next week. the edna surveys will occur in the sandusky river and bay, and the maumee river and bay. samples will be collected in the areas where positive edna samples were collected in 2011 and at additional locations believed to provide suitable bighead and silver carp habitat. mdnr research program manager tammy newcomb said, \" our coordinated sampling efforts with partner agencies are very important in order to revisit areas where positive samples were collected last year, and to expand sampling to areas that may be reproductively favorable for bighead or silver carp. these are the areas where we can be most effective in preventing expansion of these species should they be present. \" mdnr and odnr requested assistance from the usfws to develop and implement this assessment effort. the usfws is contributing significant technical and logistical expertise, as well as personnel, survey equipment and vessels. the us army corps of engineers ( usace ) will analyze the collected edna water samples. access the joint release with additional details and links to information including videos and images ( click here ). [ # glakes ] 32 years of environmental reporting for serious environmental professionals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43175399175498075, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.540331"} {"text": "the rare greenback cutthroat trout, colorado \u2019 s state fish, is even more imperiled than scientists thought, a new study suggests. by analyzing dna sampled from cutthroat trout specimens pickled in ethanol for 150 years, comparing it with the genes of today \u2019 s cutthroat populations, and cross - referencing more than 40, 000 historic stocking records, researchers in colorado and australia have revealed that the fish survives not in five wild populations, but just one. stocking records and the tangled genetic patchwork of trout in the southern rocky mountain region suggest that efforts to replenish populations were far more extensive and began earlier than previously recognized. between 1885 and 1953, state and federal agencies stocked more than 750 million brook trout, rainbow trout and cutthroat trout from hatcheries into streams and lakes in colorado, the researchers found. the study, published on monday in the peer - reviewed journal molecular ecology as a follow - up to a 2007 study led by the same biologist, jessica metcalf, yielded some findings that \u201c may be uncomfortable, \u201d kevin rogers, a researcher for colorado \u2019 s state parks authority, said in a call with reporters. doug krieger, senior aquatic biologist for the same agency, colorado parks and wildlife, predicted that the study would shift the direction of conservation efforts. a shift in the scientific landscape is not an entirely new experience for fish managers working with the cutthroat trout in the region. the 2007 study shook the very foundations of cutthroat trout recovery efforts, showing that managers had accidentally mixed a different subspecies of cutthroat trout, the colorado cutthroat, with the rare greenback, and then stocked these hybrid strains into otherwise pure greenback streams. the latest study, whose co - authors also include the biologist chris kennedy of the fish and wildlife service and scientists with the university of adelaide \u2019 s australian center for ancient dna and the university of colorado, boulder, shows that the last surviving greenback population lies within a four - mile stretch of a small alpine stream known as bear creek. the stream is about five miles southwest of colorado springs, on the eastern slope of pikes peak. located outside the greenback \u2019 s native range, this holdout population is probably descended from fish stocked at the bear creek headwaters in the 1880 \u2019 s by a hotelier seeking to promote a tourist route up pikes peak, the researchers say. to map out the historic distribution and range of a species whose taxonomic record is, to quote the latest study,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4417432130011738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.547281"} {"text": "the bear creek headwaters in the 1880 \u2019 s by a hotelier seeking to promote a tourist route up pikes peak, the researchers say. to map out the historic distribution and range of a species whose taxonomic record is, to quote the latest study, \u201c rife with errors, \u201d dr. metcalf sampled skin, gill, muscle and bone from trout specimens collected in colorado and new mexico from 1857 to 1889, before the state and federal efforts to propagate and stock native trout were ramped up. now housed in museums including the smithsonian museum of natural history and the california academy of sciences, the specimens were preserved in ethanol. \u201c the dna was very degraded, and there wasn \u2019 t very much of it, \u201d dr. metcalf said. \u201c so this took a lot of effort and repeated sequencing for each specimen. \u201d still, ethanol preservation opened a window to the past. \u201c after the 1900 \u2019 s, a lot of things were fixed in formalin, which keeps them looking the way they were when they were collected, \u201d dr. metcalf said. \u201c before that, things were just straight up pickled \u201d in ethanol. \u201d the problem for latter - day genetic sleuths is that formalin actually binds with dna, making the latter impossible to recover. it \u2019 s not always obvious what chemicals were used for a given specimen, but the fact that some fish appeared partially decayed was a good sign these trout were preserved the old - fashioned way ( in ethanol only ), leaving fragments of dna intact. \u201c the dna i get out of 15, 000 - year - old, extremely degraded animals from patagonia is in better shape than these ethanol - preserved fish, \u201d she said. aside from presenting an approach for using pre - 1900 museum specimens to provide a baseline for historic diversity, the study effectively yanks the rug out from under cutthroat trout restoration efforts and raises the stakes in a lawsuit filed last week by the center for biological diversity against federal land managers. the center claims that \u201c rampant motorcycle use \u201d permitted on trails running along and across bear creek is destroying precious habitat. \u201c we \u2019 ve asked the forest service to close that trail to motorcycle use and move it, \u201d the director of the organization \u2019 s endangered species program, noah greenwald, said in an interview. even after the construction of bridges and other projects designed to minimize erosion, mr. greenwald said, heavy trafficking of erosive soil around bear creek causes sediments to fill pools that are vital to cutthroat trout", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41935508975895625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.548304"} {"text": ", said in an interview. even after the construction of bridges and other projects designed to minimize erosion, mr. greenwald said, heavy trafficking of erosive soil around bear creek causes sediments to fill pools that are vital to cutthroat trout survival. \u201c it \u2019 s a really small stream, \u201d he said. \u201c so the pools are super - important during drought, when the stream freezes in the wintertime, and to hide from predators. \u201d the fish and wildlife service does not plan to take immediate action around bear creek in response to the metcalf research, which the agency helped finance as a member of the greenback cutthroat trout recovery team. other funds flowed from the forest service, the bureau of land management, the national park service and trout unlimited. a fish and wildlife service representative told reporters on monday that the greenback \u2019 s status would not be changed from threatened to endangered until a thorough scientific review was carried out and the public had a chance to weigh in. separate research that the agency will use to crosscheck dr. metcalf \u2019 s genetic results is to be completed this fall. historic records indicate that bear creek, like many high - alpine streams made inaccessible by waterfalls and other natural barriers, once had no fish at all. when frontiersmen arrived in the area, they typically would settle near a creek, dr. metcalf said., \u201c the first thing you \u2019 re going to do is stock it, so you have a good food resource right by your house all year round, \u201d she said, the revelation that bear creek is home to the last remaining greenback cutthroats underscores the importance of protecting the population, said mr. greenwald of the center for biological diversity. \u201c if we can \u2019 t protect it, if we don \u2019 t do what \u2019 s necessary to protect it, \u201c we \u2019 re at risk of losing another one of these cutthroat trout subspecies, and that would be a real tragedy, \u201d he said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3795358935940452, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.549191"} {"text": "are we thinking too little, or too much? in the course of making a decision, managers often err in one of two directions \u2014 either overanalyzing a situation or forgoing all the relevant information and simply going with their gut. hbs marketing professor michael i. norton discusses the potential pitfalls of thinking too much or thinking too little. key concepts include : - when deciding among potential products or employees, managers often take too much time considering all the attributes of their choices \u2014 even attributes that have no bearing on the situation at hand. - however, in trying to avoid overthinking a decision for fear of decision paralysis, managers often \" over - correct \" and end up not thinking enough. - we know that sometimes people think too much, and sometimes they think too little. but we still don ' t know the right amount to think. the most captivating item in michael norton ' s office is a star wars the force trainer, a toy that allows would - be jedi warriors to levitate a ping - pong ball within a tube using only the power of focused thinking. norton, a marketing professor at harvard business school, plans to study whether inducing people into believing they can expertly control the ball will affect the way they perceive themselves as business influencers. in fact, norton spends most of his time thinking about thinking. so it ' s somewhat ironic that his latest line of research explores the idea of thinking too much. \" if you ' ve done something the same way for 10 years, it might be time to reconsider. \" \" academics traditionally have taken two different approaches to decision - making, \" says norton, who teaches in the marketing unit. \" one view is that people often make decisions too hastily ; they use shortcuts and heuristics, and therefore they ' re susceptible to biases and mistakes. the implication is that if maybe they thought more, they ' d do better. \" and then there ' s this whole stream of research about ways in which you should think more carefully in more logical ways \u2014 creating decision trees that map out ' if you want to do this, then you should do this and not that, ' making lists of the pros and cons and making a decision based on which list is longer, and so on. \" however, there has been little research that considers the notion that overthinking a decision might actually lead to the wrong outcome. nor have researchers come up with a model that explores how to determine when we ' re overthinking a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5008549194042012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.555402"} {"text": ". \" however, there has been little research that considers the notion that overthinking a decision might actually lead to the wrong outcome. nor have researchers come up with a model that explores how to determine when we ' re overthinking a decision \u2014 even though logic tells us that there certainly is such a thing. \" we all know that when we make lists, we often end up crumpling them and throwing them away because they ' re not really helping us make decisions, \" norton says. \" bill clinton was famous for becoming so involved with the intricacies of each policy that no decisions were made. having a leader who considers every detail sounds great in theory, but it can be suboptimal for moving forward with a decision. there ' s a paralysis that can come with thinking too much. \" norton explores this idea in from thinking too little to thinking too much : a continuum of decision making, an article he co - wrote with duke university ' s dan ariely for wiley interdisciplinary reviews : cognitive science. \" we set out not to tell people whether they ' re thinking the right way, but just to get them thinking, ' i ' m supposed to be making a decision right now \u2014 am i thinking too little about this, or am i thinking too much? ' \" norton says. \" both of those could lead to mistakes. \" \" we set out not to tell people whether they ' re thinking the right way, but just to get them thinking, ' i ' m supposed to be making a decision right now - am i thinking too little about this, or am i thinking too much? ' both of those could lead to mistakes. \" for example, in choosing laptop computers for a sales team, an it executive might get caught up in comparing the graphics capabilities and audio quality of various options, when in fact the only factors of importance to users are the size, weight, and security features. worse yet, even if they narrow down the list of attributes under consideration, executives can still be stymied if they try to consider every single laptop on the market. ( in the article, norton and ariely cite a study by social psychologists sheena iyengar and mark lepper, who showed that grocery store shoppers who were offered free samples of 24 jam flavors were less likely to buy any jam at all than those shoppers who sampled only 6 flavors ; considering too many options made it too hard to choose one. ) the problem is that time - crunched managers often swing too far to the other end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5060659223766343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.556431"} {"text": "flavors were less likely to buy any jam at all than those shoppers who sampled only 6 flavors ; considering too many options made it too hard to choose one. ) the problem is that time - crunched managers often swing too far to the other end of the decision - making thinking spectrum \u2014 that is, they don ' t think at all. \" very often managers find that there ' s not enough time to think through every single scenario or customer segment, which can take months, \" norton says. \" but too often the correction to ' we don ' t have time to do that ' is an over - correction to one hundred percent ' we should go with our gut. ' \" while all good managers should be able to make snap decisions in high - pressure situations, they may miss out on good opportunities \u2014 and fall into ruts \u2014 when they make quick decisions strictly out of habit. too often, \" we always do it that way \" is the main reason for a decision. for instance, a manager might hire or disqualify job candidates based on whether they make good eye contact during an interview, just because past candidates who made good eye contact ended up performing well at the company. \" so they just decide to use that criterion forever because it ' s worked out in the past, \" norton explains. \" but they don ' t think about what if they had hired people who don ' t make eye contact. maybe they would have been better than the people who do. and so that ' s the idea we want people to consider. sometimes when you make habitual decisions, things work out fine. but that doesn ' t mean they ' re the best decisions. and if you ' ve done something the same way for 10 years, it might be time to reconsider \u2014 to think a little more. \" more detrimentally, people may make downright bad decisions based on force of habit. in the article, norton and ariely describe a study in which several participants watched a movie while eating popcorn. some received fresh popcorn, while others were given week - old, stale popcorn. the researchers found that those participants who always ate popcorn at the movies were just as likely to gobble down the stale popcorn as they were the fresh popcorn, strictly out of habit. lately, norton has been studying the brain chemistry of decision makers, using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ) in order to determine the neural signatures of decisions based on habits and those based on thoughtful analysis. he gives the example of choosing a favorite hangout because of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5120692502142006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.557502"} {"text": "by steven reinberg monday, april 4 ( healthday news ) - - human papillomavirus ( hpv ), a common sexually transmitted virus that accounts for most cases of cervical cancer, may also play a role in lung cancer, researchers report. in other smaller studies, hpv has been found in lung cancer patients. but what role the virus plays, if any, in the development of the disease is not known, the scientists from the international agency for research on cancer ( iarc ) said. \" these preliminary results warrant further investigations into the role of hpv in lung cancer, \" said lead researcher devasena anantharaman, a postdoctoral fellow in genetic epidemiology group, which is part of iarc. \" however, determining the physical presence of the virus in these lung tumors along with other established markers of hpv - related cancer are necessary to establish a causal relationship, \" anantharaman said. the findings were to be presented monday at the annual meeting of the american association for cancer research, held in orlando, fla. for the study, anantharaman ' s team looked for types of hpv among 1, 633 lung cancer patients and 2, 729 people without the lung disease. the researchers found that people without lung cancer had fewer types of hpv than lung cancer patients did. among lung cancer patients, the chances of having eight types of serious hpv were significantly increased, the researchers added. the strongest risk factor for lung cancer is smoking, however, this did not account for increased hpv infection, the study authors noted. the link between hpv and lung cancer remained for current and former smokers, as well as nonsmokers. the results were the same for men and women, anantharaman said. high - risk hpv types, including hpv16 and hpv18, account for some 70 percent of cervical cancers. low - risk types, such as hpv6 and hpv11, cause conditions such as genital warts, and have also been seen in respiratory papillomatosis, which is a benign lung condition, anantharaman said. there is a vaccine to prevent hpv, but whether the same vaccine would have any effect on lung cancer is not clear, anantharaman said. \" this study aims to report observed associations. whether these indicate a causal relationship remains to be established, \" he said. \" i understand the interest in relation to hpv vaccination. however, any interpretation in that light", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4539763240853431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.563083"} {"text": "score an a + with your child \u2019 s asthma action plan when the school bell rings with the start of school, you \u2019 ll want the peace of mind that comes from knowing that your child \u2019 s asthma is well - managed. the best way to prepare the school staff to meet your child \u2019 s needs is to develop an asthma action plan. what \u2019 s an action plan? this plan describes how to manage your child \u2019 s asthma. it gives the school staff clear information \u2014 in writing \u2014 about what your child \u2019 s triggers and symptoms are, what medications he or she uses, how to make sure your child exercises safely, how to handle a flare - up, and when to call the health care provider. you \u2019 ll need to work with your child \u2019 s provider to complete the plan. an asthma action plan generally covers these topics : medications. this refers to the medication your child uses daily to manage asthma, including the dosage and time of day, and the quick - relief medication to use when your child experiences changes in peak flow or has asthma symptoms. asthma symptoms and triggers. those things that make your child \u2019 s asthma worse, such as pollen, chalk dust, smoke, mold, pet dander, cleaning products, exercise and certain foods, and symptoms of an asthma flare - up. you should list what steps to take when symptoms appear. exercise and recess. the medication and dose your child needs to take before recess, or exercise and activities your child needs to avoid, or special precautions to take, such as wearing a scarf or ski mask on cold days, or not exercising outdoors when pollen counts are high. problems and emergencies. the name and phone number of your child \u2019 s health care provider. you should include emergency phone numbers and when to call the provider or emergency medical services. putting it all together it \u2019 s a good idea to meet with the school nurse, teachers, and coaches early in the school year. your child can be there, too. review the plan and discuss any school policies that affect your child \u2019 s asthma management. for instance, some schools allow kids to keep their quick - relief medicine with them in their bag or locker, but other schools keep medications in the school nurse \u2019 s office. some schools allow children to self - administer an inhaler, but if your child doesn \u2019 t like to use an inhaler in front of the other kids, ask if he or she can be allowed to go to the restroom for privacy. you \u2019 ll also want to know if the school nurse has a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40920580409625934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.567662"} {"text": "but if your child doesn \u2019 t like to use an inhaler in front of the other kids, ask if he or she can be allowed to go to the restroom for privacy. you \u2019 ll also want to know if the school nurse has a peak - flow meter and nebulizer available. if pet dander is a trigger for your child \u2019 s asthma, find out if animals, such as gerbils or hamsters, are kept in the classroom. don ' t forget to discuss how medication will be handled during school field trips. if the school doesn \u2019 t have a full - time nurse, you \u2019 ll want to provide the teacher with information on how to use an inhaler with a spacer, as well as how to use a peak - flow meter and what the zones mean. for example, many asthma action plans use the traffic light system. in this system, green means safe and corresponds to a peak - flow reading of 80 to 100 percent of your child \u2019 s best reading. yellow means caution and indicates readings of 50 to 80 percent of his or her best reading. red is 50 percent or less of your child \u2019 s best reading. measurements in this zone mean he or she needs immediate medical help. as the school year goes on, check in with the staff to review your child \u2019 s needs and discuss any concerns. the school nurse or your child \u2019 s health care provider may have forms you can use for your child \u2019 s action plan, or you can find one that can be personalized on the american lung association ' s website at http : / / www. lung. org / lung - disease / asthma / taking - control - of - asthma / asthmaactionplan - jul2008 - high - res. pdf. with a good plan in place, both you and your child will be breathing easier.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47541368738910805, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.568518"} {"text": "from holocron - star wars combine | average height | | 1. 7 meters | | skin color | | gold to yellow - brown with dark stripes | | distinctions | | lion - like aliens | | average lifespan | | up to 79 standard years old | | known members | | list of known cathar | biology and appearance the cathar are a race of feline - like, biped humanoids from cathar, a planet of savannas and rough uplands. the cathar have fur - covered bodies with thick manes. they have prominent, retractable claws that can deliver powerful killing attacks on foes and prey. their bodies also possess rapid healing abilities. on average, cathar are 1. 5 to 1. 9 meters tall. these traits make them the perfect hand - to - hand specialists. society and culture they are known for their loyalty, passion, and temper. quick and powerful, they are considered great warriors and dedicated, efficient predators. their females are prized as slaves, whereas the males are generally considered too uncontrollable for slavery. on their homeworld, cathar live in cities built into giant trees, and are organized into clans governed by \" elders. \" stories of their great heroes are often carved into the trunks of these tree - homes for following generations to see. the cathar mate for life, to the extent that when one mate dies, the survivor never has a relationship with another. cathar clan society includes great pageants and celebrations, especially for their heroes. their religion includes a ritual known as the \" blood hunt, \" in which cathar warriors individually engage in combat against entire nests of kiltik in order to gain honor and purge themselves of inner darkness. the native language of the cathar is catharese, which includes the emphasis of some spoken words with a growl. the planet of cathar was devastated by the mandalorians during the battle of cathar, leading to the enslavement and near - extinction of the cathar species. over 90 percent of the species were killed by the mandalorians in the battle. the few survivors were forced to flee offworld to survive. after the end of the mandalorian wars cathar began to resettle their world and by the time of the galactic civil war, it had fully recovered from the damage the mandalorians had done. force - sensitive cathar often became jedi, even though the jedi way tended to be in opposition to their natural tendencies. references : - http : / / star", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43836892647445413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.571073"} {"text": "the kindergarten have been planning to offer a preventive program on sexual assault for young children, but they were still deliberating about this. after what happened, they are now ready to start, but how? by looking for the best program available. i got hold of one program that they call, ' ich bin doch kein heini!? ' ( ' i am nevertheless not heini!? ' ). the puppet, heini, would be the main ' speaker ' of the program. the children would show \" heini \" behaviors that would hopefully expose their self - assurance and self - confident. they would learn basic skills that build self - worth, self - confidence and good judgment. the moderators of the program would then integrate police know - hows with competent, social educational skills. the children would be shown how to react opposite strangers, in different situations in which they would be alone ; meaning, no presence of their parents. but a part of the program would also involve the parents. because the program ' s concept is to provide the resources for reinforcing the skills the children would need in preventing such things to happen. the key to the success of the program is to encourage the change of behavior and to encourage the children to follow the rules. that would mean more awareness on the part of the parents, of course. the program is also based on the ' feelings yes, feelings no ' from canada. it reinforces the children ' s understanding of yes and no feelings, provides them with a simple, non - threatening definition of sexual assault, and introduces them to skills that will aid them in assessing situations involving strangers. it also hopes to give children the skills necessary to protect themselves from sexual assault - - from strangers, from family members, from other trusted persons. the program would focus on behavior or reactions when the children faces a stranger ' s on the door, in a car or in the playground. thus, it would be easier for the kids to react right when faced with these everyday situations. role playing would be done during the 45 minute program. this sounds just right. the thing is, the program states that they recommend that only kids from 6 years old up should join the program as the younger ones would not be able to appreciate and understand the danger in those situations. which made me think, are our younger kids really so open to these bad elements in the community? therefore, as parents, it is really our responsibility to protect our kids ; that is until they reach the age of 6 in which they could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49679398749341325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.573956"} {"text": "teachers love to assign book reports. did you ever wonder why? sure, you could think of it as a cruel attempt to force you to read. but it might be a little more than that! your teacher ' s goal is to broaden your understanding of the world and society. that is what good books do! what is included in a book report? book report content will vary according to grade level. middle grade - level book reports will provide the basic details about a book, a summary of the plot, and some comments regarding the student ' s opinions and impressions. as students mature and advance, the book reports should include a little more. as students enter high school and higher grades, they will start to explain and explore the messages that are contained in books - - messages about life and its important experiences. students will begin to share their own opinions about these messages ( themes ) contained in books. your book report introduction the introduction segment of your book report provides an opportunity to make a good first impression! you should try to write a strong introductory sentence that grabs your reader ' s attention. somewhere in your first paragraph, you should also state the book ' s title ( italicized ), the topic, and the author ' s name. high school - level papers should include publication information as well as brief statements about the book ' s angle, the genre, the theme, and a hint about the writer ' s feelings in the introduction. first paragraph example : middle school level : the red badge of courage, by stephen crane, is a book about a young man growing up during the civil war. henry fleming is the main character of the book. as henry watches and experiences the tragic events of the war, he grows up and changes his attitudes about life. first paragraph example : high school level : can you identify one experience that changed your entire view of the world around you? henry fleming, the main character in the red badge of courage, begins his life - changing adventure as a naive young man, eager to experience the glory of war. he soon faces the truth about life, war, and his own self - identity on the battlefield, however. the red badge of courage, by stephen crane, is a coming of age novel, published by d. appleton and company in 1895, about thirty years after the civil war ended. in this book, the author reveals the ugliness of war, and examines its relationship to the pain of growing up. before you get started on the body of the report, take a few minutes to jot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4444509047031475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.579163"} {"text": "years after the civil war ended. in this book, the author reveals the ugliness of war, and examines its relationship to the pain of growing up. before you get started on the body of the report, take a few minutes to jot down some helpful information by considering the following points. - did you enjoy the book? - was it well written? - what was the genre? - ( fiction ) which characters play important roles that relate to the overall theme? - did you notice reoccurring symbols? - is this book a part of a series? - ( nonfiction ) can you identify the writer ' s thesis? - what is the writing style? - did you notice a tone? - was there an obvious slant or bias? conclusionas you lead to your final paragraph, consider some additional impressions and opinions : - was the ending satisfactory ( for fiction )? - was the thesis supported by strong evidence ( for non - ficton )? - what interesting or notable facts do you know about the author? - would you recommend this book? conclude your report with a paragraph or two that covers these additional points. some teachers prefer that you re - state the name and author of the book in the concluding paragraph. as always, consult your specific assignment guide.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5053643101235721, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.579736"} {"text": "if you ' re overweight, your primary care physician will help assess the role your weight plays in your knee pain and recommend a plan of treatment accordingly. most likely, a plan for weight loss will be part of your treatment. many knee problems can be avoided by maintaining a healthy weight. carrying extra weight is directly related to knee pain. a 2008 review article in the journal obesity found that obesity ( defined as having a body mass index of 30 or above ) leads to pain, limits activity, and increases the risk of needing a total knee replacement. in 2003, obesity research published a study of 5, 700 americans over age 60. it showed that the more obese a person was, the more likely he or she was to experience knee pain. about 56 % of severely obese people had significant knee pain, compared with 15 % of people who were not overweight. such findings are not surprising when you consider that with each step on level ground, you put one to one - and - a - half times your body weight on each knee. so a 200 - pound person can put 300 pounds of pressure on each knee with each step. the burden is even higher when you go up and down stairs ( two or three times as much weight ) or squat ( four or five times ). so if you ' re 50 pounds overweight, the simple act of going downstairs and squatting to move clothes from the washer to the dryer puts hundreds of extra pounds of force on your knees. related video : osteoarthritis of the knee see how osteoarthritis develops when cartilage in the knee tears or erodes and the bones begin to rub together.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42786921269223543, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.582839"} {"text": "the library of congress manuscript division, library of congress prints and photographs division, library of congress search by keyword | browse by the online presentation of the wilbur and orville wright papers at the library of congress, comprising about 10, 121 library items or approximately 49, 084 digital images, documents the lives of wilbur and orville wright and highlights their pioneering work which led to the world ' s first powered, controlled and sustained flight. included in the collection are correspondence, diaries and notebooks, scrapbooks, drawings, printed matter, and other documents, as well as the wrights ' collection of glass - plate photographic negatives. the wright brothers ' letters to aviation pioneer and mentor octave chanute, from the octave chanute papers, were also selected for this online collection. the wright papers span the years 1881 to 1952 but largely cover 1900 to 1940. this online presentation includes the famous glass - plate negative of the \" first flight \" at kitty hawk on december 17, 1903, as well as diaries and letters in which wilbur and orville wright recount their work that led to the mission of the library of congress is to make its resources available and useful to congress and the american people and to sustain and preserve a universal collection of knowledge and creativity for future generations. the goal of the library ' s national digital library program to offer broad public access to a wide range of historical and cultural documents as a contribution to education and lifelong learning. the library of congress presents these documents as part of the record of the past. these primary historical documents reflect the attitudes, perspectives, and beliefs of different times. the library of congress does not endorse the views expressed in these collections, which may contain materials offensive to some readers. american memory | search all collections | collection finder | teachers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4408031858049133, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.584712"} {"text": "lice are tiny insects that do not need wings. they are brownish coloring and they ' re very small when they are born. that \u2019 s exactly why it is really not easy to see them. full grown head lice are usually about the size of a little sesame seed. head lice can not fly or swim and they only by individual touching another person. how do the lice reproduce it begins with a female louse laying eggs near the hair roots to keep the eggs comfortable and warm. the eggs hatch about a week later and baby lice are born. the nits or the vacant eggshells remain glued on the hair. when your hair grow out the eggshells end up being detectable and you may notice that there is something white - colored stuck to your head. then you ' ll definitely know that you almost certainly have lice. it takes them about seven to 10 days for being fully grown. if they are grown they start to move from 1 head to some other, usually searching for a brand new home. lady lice may lay eggs already after the 6th day after she came into this world. so to get rid of lice you have to act immediately and get rid of all the lice before the sixth day. if you don \u2019 t then the cycle starts all over again given that sole head lice could lay up to 10 eggs each day. to discover these tiny pests you need to search really carefully. you must search your entire head by a single small area of hair at a time. you will need to do this in a very good light or you will miss out on them. the eggs are extremely small however you can easily spot them because they ' re very white - colored. you can only see the eggs very close to the scalp. the eggs are glued on your hair with a highly effective material. who should you treat only people who have head lice should be technically treated, however it is a good idea to look at your whole family for lice. especially when a kid is carrying lice, since you are in close contact with the kid. the best method is to wet the hair and use a thin hair comb to go through the hair very carefully. when your child has lice then it ' sbest if you inform all other parents of youngsters that your kid is in contact with and also the school. without treating everyone the kid might be in touch with the head lice are going to be back again. tips on how to avoid lice from coming back again? the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44704639099234006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.589376"} {"text": "october 20 2008 position paper no. 611 : peeking behind the blue ribbon download the complete report below. the no child left behind act of 2002 ( nclb ) was enacted to shine more light on student performance previously hidden by school - wide, aggregate achievement results. nclb makes important progress toward that goal by requiring states to report the performance of various student sub - groups, including minority children, students with disabilities, and non - native english speakers. one of the country ' s most prestigious distinctions is to be named a u. s. department of education no child left behind ( nclb ) blue ribbon school. in 2007, only 133 public schools nationwide were honored as blue ribbon schools for scoring in the top 10 percent on state assessments. \" these schools are proving that when we raise the bar our children will rise to the challenge, \" according to secretary of education margaret spellings. [ i ] these schools also did not enroll many from disadvantaged backgrounds, and a closer look at these award - winning schools reveals that many of them do not live up to that touted \" blue - ribbon \" label. on average, just 11 percent of students at those 2007 blue - ribbon schools came from impoverished backgrounds, three percent of students were classified with limited english proficiency ( lep ), and only eight percent of students had disabilities. [ ii ] the median home value in the schools ' neighborhoods exceeded $ 300, 000 on average, and the median family income approached $ 100, 000. yet at one in three of those blue - ribbon schools, at least 25 percent of students in at least one grade were not proficient in at least one core subject tested. on average, more than a quarter of students in two grades scored below proficiency in two subjects at those underperforming 2007 blue - ribbon schools. specifically, at underperforming award schools, the percentage of students in at least one grade who did not score proficient ranged from 26 to 62 percent in reading, and from 26 to 56 percent in math. many blue - ribbon schools that underperformed in those core subjects also had similarly poor performance in at least one grade in science. this analysis finds many states are engaging in nclb accountability - avoidance, unwittingly aided by the blue - ribbon award designation. such avoidance is likely to increase as the 2013 - 2014 school year deadline for 100 percent student proficiency approaches, making a u. s. department of education blue ribbon an increasingly unreliable indicator of academic quality in the coming years, absent necessary reforms. instead of piling on additional, expensive federal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4943380303637863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.594080"} {"text": "thu september 20, 2012 why pictures can sway your moral judgment originally published on thu september 20, 2012 8 : 41 am when we think about morality, many of us think about religion or what our parents taught us when we were young. those influences are powerful, but many scientists now think of the brain as a more basic source for our moral instincts. the tools scientists use to study how the brain makes moral decisions are often stories, said joshua greene, a harvard psychologist, citing one well - known example : \" a trolley is headed toward five people, and the only way you can save them is to hit a switch that will turn the trolley away from the five and onto a side track, but if you turn it onto the side track, it will run over one person. \" it ' s a moral dilemma. greene and other researchers have presented this dilemma to research volunteers. most people say they would flip the switch and divert the trolley. they say they don ' t want to kill someone, but one innocent person dead is better than five innocent people dead. what this shows is that people resolve the moral dilemma by doing a cost - benefit analysis. greene says they look at the consequences of each choice, and pick the choice that does the least harm. in other words, people are what philosophers would call utilitarians. except, greene tells me, sometimes they aren ' t. he asked me to visualize another well - known dilemma : \" this time, you ' re on a footbridge, in between the oncoming trolley and the five people. and next to you is a big person wearing a big backpack. and the only way you can save those five people is to push this big guy off of the footbridge so that he lands on the tracks. and he ' ll get squashed by the train ; you sort of use him as a trolley stopper. but you can save the five people. \" would you push the big guy to his death? more important, do you feel this moral dilemma is identical to the earlier one? \" in a certain sense, they ' re identical, \" greene said. \" trade one life to save five. but psychologically, they ' re very different. \" pushing someone to their death feels very different from pushing a switch. when greene gives people this dilemma, most people don ' t choose to push the big guy to his death. in other words, people use utilitarian, cost - benefit calculations \u2014 sometimes. but other times, they make an emotional decision. \" there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5368269580498212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.601821"} {"text": "greene gives people this dilemma, most people don ' t choose to push the big guy to his death. in other words, people use utilitarian, cost - benefit calculations \u2014 sometimes. but other times, they make an emotional decision. \" there are certain lines that are drawn in the moral sand, \" green said. \" some things are inherently wrong, or some things inherently must be done. \" there ' s another dimension here that ' s interesting : if you watched yourself during the first dilemma, you may have noticed you had to think about whether you ' d push that switch. in the footbridge dilemma, you probably didn ' t have to think \u2014 you just knew that pushing someone to his death is wrong. greene says we really have two completely different moral circuits in our brain. when you listen to a dilemma, the two circuits literally have a fight inside your brain. part of your brain says, slow down, think rationally \u2014 make a cost - benefit analysis. another says, no, don ' t think about it. this is just wrong! \" these responses compete in a part of the brain called the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which is a kind of place where different types of values can be weighed against each other to produce an all - things - considered decision, \" greene said. so what makes the ventromedial prefrontal cortex go with the rational mode sometimes, and the emotional mode other times? greene and a colleague, elinor amit, thought closely about what was happening to people as they tipped from rational mode to an emotional mode. in new research they ' ve just published in the journal psychological science, these psychologists say they have the answer. \" emotional responses don ' t just pop out of nowhere, \" greene said. \" they have to be triggered by something. and one possibility is that you hear the words describing some event, you picture that event in your mind, and then you respond emotionally to that picture. \" that ' s the key : some dilemmas produce vivid images in our heads. and we ' re wired to respond emotionally to pictures. take away the pictures \u2014 the brain goes into rational, calculation mode. here ' s how they found that out : greene and amit set up an experiment. they presented people with moral dilemmas that evoked strong visual images. as expected, the volunteers made emotional moral judgments. then the psychologists made it difficult for volunteers to visualize the dilemma. they distracted them by making them visualize something else instead. when that happened,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4969086784666736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.603040"} {"text": "moral dilemmas that evoked strong visual images. as expected, the volunteers made emotional moral judgments. then the psychologists made it difficult for volunteers to visualize the dilemma. they distracted them by making them visualize something else instead. when that happened, the volunteers stopped making emotional decisions. not having pictures of the moral dilemma in their head prompted them into rational, cost - benefit mode. in another experiment, greene and amit also found that people who think visually make more emotional moral judgments. verbal people make more rational calculations. amit says people don ' t realize how images tip the brain one way or another. and that can create biases we aren ' t even aware of. she laid out a scenario to think about : \" imagine a horrible scenario in which a terrorist takes an ax and starts slaughtering people in a bus, \" she said. \" i ' m coming from israel, so these are the examples that i have in my mind. \" the story produces a movie in our heads. we can see blood everywhere. we can hear people screaming. we don ' t have to think at all. it feels terribly wrong. then amit presented another kind of news event : a drone strike that sends a missile hurtling toward a target. at the center of the cross - hairs, an explosion. there ' s dust billowing everywhere. \" so if you learn about these events from television or from pictures in a newspaper, which one [ would you ] judge as more horrible? \" amit asked. \" the person with the ax that killed maybe two people but the scene looks horrible and extremely violent, or the picture of the drone that killed 100 people but looks relatively clean and nice? \" to be sure, the events amit describes are completely different. one ' s a terrorist attack, the other is a military action. but it ' s true the ax murderer instantly sends the brain into emotional mode. the drone strike has less vivid imagery. you can ' t see, up close, what the missile does. so most people go into utilitarian mode \u2014 they start to think about the costs and benefits. amit ' s point is not that one mode is better than the other. it ' s something much more disturbing. as you listen to the news everyday, hidden circuits in your brain are literally changing the ground rules by which you judge events. you think you ' re making consistent moral choices when, really, the movies playing in your head might be making your choices for you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5100307667262671, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.604126"} {"text": "offering hope with the power of the sun haiti is the poorest country in the western hemisphere and its population is the third hungriest in the world. the 8. 9 million residents lack adequate food and shelter. children regularly die from easily preventable and treatable diseases. it is hard to believe such desperation exists just 600 miles south of the united states. fond des blancs, is a rural area of haiti and is home to 250, 000 people. since there is no public access to electricity, the hospital and a few others make use of gasoline or diesel \u2013 powered generators for their primary source of electricity. the increase in fuel prices and lack of fuel availability is limiting. the use of generators in homes is out of the question so they live without electricity. when the sun sets, some use kerosene lamps and candles as their main source of light. the foundation seeks to improve rural isolated communities by bringing solar power to enhance these desperate areas. fond des blancs, haiti \u2026 a rural area with little electricity but rich in sunshine. a team of specialists have identified a total of $ 685, 000 of solar installations in fond des blancs that will bring electricity to their hospital, clinics, schools, and community gathering areas. the goal is simple : to improve lives by utilizing the free, consistent power found in the sun. all installations will be overseen by the foundation in partnership with the st. boniface haiti foundation who will train local residents to support the solar energy systems after installation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4550408650875891, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.605837"} {"text": "click on the names to hear how they are pronounced ad 581, yang jian replaced north zhou from the two jin, southern and northern dynasties and established a new era. he named this new dynasty sui. he was the emperor - - sui wendi. he was a good emperor who made the lives of civilians much better than before. he made many reforms that helped to increase national power. the unifying of china once again was also accredited to him and his general ( also son ) yang guang. because of political needs, sui started constructing many structures starting at the beginning of the dynasty. wendi ' s son, sui yangdi, scaled up the construction. the projects were 1 ) building the two capital cities - - the city of da xing and city of luo yang ; 2 ) filling up the storehouse ; 3 ) opening up a canal, 4 ) constructing roads. during yangdi ' s rein, a canal connecting the north and south was constructed, and a road connecting luo yang, through the mountain of tai hang, and bing zhou was constructed. right - - > a sui woman rider statue ( graphic courtesy of china - window. com ) after the death of sui wendi, his son yang guang inherited the throne. yang guang was later known as the famous tyrant sui yangdi. this title came from 1 ) his lavish of civilian ' s labour, 2 ) frequent invasion to gaoli, 3 ) extravagance, 4 ) cruel punishments. during yangdi ' s rein, there was conscription every year. if there were not enough men, he drafted women to do work for him. if anyone dared to say anything against him, he used cruel punishments on him. he didn ' t care who died or who lived. because of yangdi ' s tyranny and natural hazards, neither people nor animals had means to live. having no choice, the people revolted. ad 611, wang bo started a rebel army on the moutain of chang bai and called upon everybody in the country to follow him. under these revolts, sui was on the verge of destruction. ad 618, sui yangdi was killed by one of his officers. sui was finished. although sui was short - lived, its importance in chinese history cannot be overlooked. because sui was so short - lived, many of its cultural and scientific developments are grouped with tang.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43218719842420916, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.608524"} {"text": "our baby parrots all of our baby parrots are left with their mother for the first three weeks of their lives. doing this ensures a strong immune and gut flora system develops. at three weeks of age, the babies are taken from the nest, are handfed and the socialization period begins. at around eight weeks old, the babies have a complete examination by a licensed avian veterinarian to make sure they are healthy and doing fine. at the same time as the checkup we have them dna - sexed. as the babies start the weaning process, we introduce them to a great variety of pellets, fruits, rice, pasta, eggs, vegetables and even some chicken. this usually begins at approximately five to six weeks of age, but they are also still being handfed. we gradually start to cut back on the handfeeding as the babies grow and mature. we let the babies let us know when that time arrives. when they are not hungry, they will spit the formula back out or they just won \u2019 t open their beaks. it is very common for a baby parrot to lose some of their body weight at this point. all our babies are raised in our home, in a family environment. our house is a very busy place, with lots of ongoing activity. we are foster parents, so we have children of all ages playing with, cuddling and just talking to the baby parrots. running around the house also are two tiny yorkshire terriers and a toy maltese. needless to say, our babies are exposed to many different faces and voices. the babies get to run around our kitchen for large periods of time throughout the day \u2013 this is their time to play together and get acquainted with their siblings and friends.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3766585167081482, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.612214"} {"text": "shortly after the deepwater horizon disaster, mysterious honeycomb material was found floating in the gulf of mexico and along coastal beaches. using state - of - the - art chemical forensics and a bit of old - fashioned detective work, a research team led by scientists at woods hole oceanographic institution ( whoi ) confirmed that the flotsam were pieces of material used to maintain buoyancy of the pipe bringing up oil from the seafloor. the researchers also affirmed that tracking debris from damaged offshore oil rigs could help forecast coastal pollution impacts in future oil spills and guide emergency response efforts \u2014 much the way the coast guard has studied the speed and direction of various floating debris to guide search and rescue missions. the findings were published jan. 19 in environmental research letters. on may 5, 2010, 15 days after the deepwater horizon explosion, oceanographer william graham and marine technicians from the dauphin island sea lab were working from a boat about 32 miles south of dauphin island, ala., when they saw a 6 - mile - long, east - west line containing more than 50 pieces of white material interspersed with sargassum weed. the porous material was uniformly embedded with black spheres about a centimeter in diameter. no oil slick was in sight, but there was a halo of oil sheen around the honeycomb clumps. two days later, the researchers also collected similar samples about 25 miles south of dauphin island. nobody knew what the material was, with some hypothesizing at first that it could be coral or other substance made by marine plants or animals. graham sent samples to whoi chemist chris reddy, whose lab confirmed that the material was not biological. but the material \u2019 s source remained unconfirmed. in january 2011, reddy and whoi researcher catherine carmichael, lead author of the new study, collected a piece of the same unknown material of elmer \u2019 s beach, grand isle, la. in april, 2011, they found several large pieces, ranging from 3 to 10 feet, of the honeycomb debris on the chandeleur islands off louisiana. oil on all these samples was analyzed at whoi using comprehensive two - dimensional gas chromatography. the technique identifies the thousands of individual chemical compounds that comprise different oils from different reservoirs. the chemistry of the oil on the debris matched that of oil sampled directly from the broken pipe from the macondo well above the deepwater horizon rig. in addition, one piece of debris from the chandeleur islands retained a weathered red sticker that read \u201c cuming \u201d with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5177027913245978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.616482"} {"text": "the debris matched that of oil sampled directly from the broken pipe from the macondo well above the deepwater horizon rig. in addition, one piece of debris from the chandeleur islands retained a weathered red sticker that read \u201c cuming \u201d with the numbers 75 - 1059 below it. reddy found a company called cuming corporation in avon, mass., which manufactures syntactic foam flotation equipment for the oil and gas industry. he e - mailed photos of the specimen to the company, and within hours, a cuming engineer confirmed from the serial number that the foam came from a buoyancy module from deepwater horizon. \u201c we realized that the foam and the oil were released into the environment at the same time, \u201d reddy said. \u201c so we had a unique tracer that was independent of the oil itself to chronicle how oil and debris drifted out from the spill site. \u201d the scientists overlaid the locations where they found honeycomb debris on may 5 and 7 with daily forecasts produced by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) of the trajectory of the spreading oil slick. noaa used a model that incorporated currents and wind speeds, along with data from planes and satellites. on both days, the debris was about 6. 2 miles ahead of the spreading slick. the explanation, the scientists said, is the principle of leeway, a measure of how fast wind or waves push materials. the leeway for fresh oil is 3 to 3. 3 percent, but the scientists suspected that \u201c the protruding profile of the buoyant material \u201d acted acting like a sail, allowing wind to drive it faster than and ahead of the floating oil. in this case, the flotsam served as a harbinger for the oncoming slick, but because different materials can have different leeways, oil spill models may not accurately forecast where oiled debris will head. \u201c even a small deviation in leeway can, over time, results in significant differences in surface tracks because of typical wind fields, \u201d the scientists wrote. the coast guard has a long history of calculating the leeway of various materials, from life jackets to bodies of various sizes and weights, to improve forecasts of where the materials would drift if a ship sank or a plane crashed into the sea. but calculating leeways has not been standard practice in oil spills. \u201c we never had solid data to make the case until this study, \u201d said merv fingas, who tracked oil spills for more than 38 years for environment canada, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4790107747521809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.617483"} {"text": "the waste prevention and management regulation, 2012, which came into effect on 18 april 2012 in bhutan is a comprehensive regulation for the waste minimization and management. it establishes various agencies and monitoring authorities for the effective implementation of this regulation, and is applied to all point sources and / or point of origin of different types of waste and their management. national environment commission ( nec ) is the apex monitoring body under this regulation which shall coordinate and monitor the overall performance of implementing agencies designated to efficiently implement the provisions of this regulation. and, the royal bhutan police shall assist the implementing agencies in achieving full compliance. this regulation is a strong measure to deal with the existing bad scenario of waste disposal and management in bhutan. chapter 2 of the waste prevention and management regulation, 2012 states the general provisions and provides summary to the whole purpose of this regulation. some of the salient features of the general provisions are : providing safe and healthy environment to the community at all times prohibition from disposing waste by every person or an organization in any manner unless required by this regulation inherent duties on each person regarding - safe storage and disposal of waste - handle waste without endangering the person or the environment - complying and cooperating with the initiatives of waste management required under this regulation - cooperation to implementing agencies and authorized service provider for the proper implementation of this regulation a person on having knowledge of any person disposing waste of any nature into the environment shall report to the nearest local authority or the royal bhutan police restriction of sanitary landfill or open dump site in certain locations such as within a distance in or around human settlements, near water catchment areas, rivers, wetlands or ground water sources, landslide prone areas, notified area of endangered wildlife habitation and near monuments. identification of an area as an open dump site for a specific duration by nec which can close or upgrade these sites depending upon their impact on health and environment removal of non - functional vehicles or machineries stranded in one public place. formulation of appropriate mechanisms to prevent and control the waste and nuisance caused by stray domestic animals this regulation has laid down many provisions for handling and management of hazardous or infectious waste which are to be followed by implementing agency such as to have in place a system for safe storage, handling and disposal of hazardous wastes, providing personal protective equipments, labeling of containers having hazardous contents and maintaining detail records regarding incidents of injuries, accidents and non - compliance to the regulation. for waste management services, the implementing agency in consultation with the sanitary committee may formulate collection mechanisms and propose chargeable fee amount that may vary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4803539341380537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.629733"} {"text": "containers having hazardous contents and maintaining detail records regarding incidents of injuries, accidents and non - compliance to the regulation. for waste management services, the implementing agency in consultation with the sanitary committee may formulate collection mechanisms and propose chargeable fee amount that may vary for residential, commercial institutions and corporations. the fees, charges and fines collected are used for purposes such as outsourcing of waste collection services ; public education and awareness programs ; fund research, technical capacity development programs ; cleaning campaigns, maintenance of existing waste management infrastructures ; and incentives & awards for exemplary waste management initiatives. the implementation agencies or responsible authorities for the above mentioned provisions are : the national environment commission the royal bhutan police dzongdag monitoring authority within dzongkhag jurisdiction dungpa, gup, mangmi, divisional forest officer, park managers and institutional heads shall be the implementing agencies within respective territorial jurisdictions department of roads in collaboration with the road safety and transport authority waste management categories this regulation classifies wastes into four categories for the purpose of clearly demarcating the roles of implementing agencies under respective waste categories for the effective waste management. the provisions under these four waste management categories are as follows : a. medical wastes management under this section, the ministry of health and the ministry of agriculture and forests shall monitor the implementing agencies which include health clinics, hospitals, bhus, department of livestock, bhutan narcotic control agency and drug regulatory authority. medical wastes under this regulation are classified into the categories of general waste, pathological waste, infectious waste, sharps, pharmaceutical waste, chemical waste, radioactive waste and pressurized containers. and, this regulation has laid out comprehensive provisions for the prevention and management of each category of medical waste mentioned above. b. municipal waste management under this section, the ministry of works and human settlement shall be responsible for monitoring the implementation within the jurisdiction of thromde with the help of municipal offices of the thromde and dzongkhag as implementing agencies. some of the responsibilities to be undertaken by thromde for managing municipal waste are : - proper waste management including segregation, collection, processing, transport and disposal to designated sites - provide separate containers for biodegradable and non - biodegradable wastes at every point source for the waste segregation - collect waste management service fees and other charges - safe handling, storage and disposal of hazardous or infectious waste - collection and treatment of leachate from a sanitary landfill before its release into the environment - conduction of advocacy programs and awareness programs. the implementing agencies shall designate thromde", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4711166111677191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.631067"} {"text": "and other charges - safe handling, storage and disposal of hazardous or infectious waste - collection and treatment of leachate from a sanitary landfill before its release into the environment - conduction of advocacy programs and awareness programs. the implementing agencies shall designate thromde inspectors for the effective implementation of the municipal waste management provisions under this regulation. responsibilities are entrusted to waste traders and scrap dealers to ensure cleanliness while dealing with municipal wastes, provide protective equipment to their workers and ensure suspicious recyclable wastes are not purchased. c. industrial waste management under this section, the ministry of economic affairs in cooperation with other related agencies shall monitor the implementing agencies. the salient provisions of the regulation under this section are : - trading of waste or waste products by an individual or firm without the permit from competent authority is prohibited. - waste or waste products trading requires license issued by ministry of economic affairs - to get environment clearance is mandatory for a business person engaged in the waste and waste products trading. - without the prior consent of the importing country, export of hazardous industrial waste, by - products and raw materials of industrial processes by an individual or firm shall not be allowed. - the industrial waste generators have to undertake the responsibilities of segregation ( into biodegradable, recyclable and non - recyclable ), treatment, proper collection, transport and disposal of hazardous and non - hazardous waste. - the industrial waste generators have to ensure that the effluent discharge and gaseous emissions should be within prescribed national standards and a detail documentation is maintained of hazardous and non - hazardous waste from generation to disposal in terms of quantity, characteristics and components. incentives like exemption from bhutan sales tax, income tax and custom duties for 20 years, exemption from license fee etc. may be provided to any licensed person engaged in the activities of waste collection, recycling, reuse or value addition to the waste. under this section a waste management fund is established which deposits any revenue generated from the implementation of this regulation and is used for many activities related to waste analysis, minimization and management initiatives. d. e - waste management the provisions under this section will be implemented by the e - waste management entity and the thromdes, dzongkhags, gewog and chiwog with overall directives and guidelines from the department of information technology and telecom shall monitor the implementation by the e - waste management entity. this section have laid down detailed provisions for every producer, importer, exporter, transporter, consumer or bulk consumer for the management and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47514678395574156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.632298"} {"text": "and guidelines from the department of information technology and telecom shall monitor the implementation by the e - waste management entity. this section have laid down detailed provisions for every producer, importer, exporter, transporter, consumer or bulk consumer for the management and handling of e - waste. an e - waste fund is created under this section by the department of information technology and telecom in consultation with the nec to finance the implementation of e - waste management system and carry out related tasks. there is an entire chapter under the waste prevention and management regulation, 2012 dealing with waste management in government reserved forest including protected areas and dzongkhag communities. the implementing agency for this purpose is the divisional forestry officer or park manager and the monitoring authority is the ministry for agriculture and forests. the guidelines for solid waste collection and transportation within communities are also mentioned under this section. a regional waste collection centre may be coordinated by different dzongkhags to promote economic viability of inorganic solid waste for the reuse or recycling purposes by interested agencies. fine and administrative action this regulation imposes fines and administrative actions on individuals or organizations for various offences. table 1 : offence and fine schedule offence ( acts of noncompliance ) fine amount ( nu. per instance ) littering at any public places dumping of wastes in places other than approved sites operating business establishments without providing waste bins for customer usage any nature of waste being found within a boundary of a household or business unit urinating or defecating in a public place sale of goods or services on the streets and pedestrian walkways without approval dumping wastes into the streams, rivers, drainage systems or other water bodies dumping of industrial waste in areas other than designated location or facility collection of waste without permit from the relevant authority dumping of construction waste including excavated materials and structural demolition waste in places other than designated sites 9000 per truck load upon completion of a construction work, failure to clean up the remnants of the construction materials in and around a construction area, streets, roads or pedestrian pathways placing or storing of goods, including commercial and construction materials, on the streets, roads, and pedestrian pathways without permission of the relevant authority failure to provide common waste bins by house owners failure to segregate solid waste when segregation facilities are available or provided with failure to record detail information on accident, noncompliance or other detail in particular to medical, industrial or any hazardous waste as required to be included in a report dumping or releasing of waste into the prohibited areas by dumping or releasing of industrial, medical or other hazardous wastes including spillage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46771737579179706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.633399"} {"text": "noncompliance or other detail in particular to medical, industrial or any hazardous waste as required to be included in a report dumping or releasing of waste into the prohibited areas by dumping or releasing of industrial, medical or other hazardous wastes including spillage during transportation in any places other than designated or approved facility giving false or distorted information or report an implementing agency failing to : provide or cause to be provided with safety gears for the personnel handling hazardous or infectious wastes and ensure their strict usage admin action bcsr develop and issue technical guidelines for the handling of hazardous, infectious or dangerous waste and ensure strict compliance therewith send annual report, with quality content, within stipulated time as required by this regulation enforce or achieve compliance requirements under this regulation ; or secure or cause to be secured the waste collection or dump site facility from endangering human and animals due to its failure to fence or cover such areas as told by mr. tenzin lhundup, an official from nec, \u201c awareness and proper training is yet not implemented in bhutan and for proper waste management, awareness raising is a pre - requisite. \u2019 \u2019 he also told cse that bhumtang municipal corporation has started recently with awareness programmes regarding the new regulation. the waste prevention and management regulation, 2012 in bhutan seems to be a well laid legislation covering all aspects related to waste management issues of the country but hope its implementation is as good as its theoretical contents. we are delighted to inform you that the training and capacity building programmes for state pollution control boards ( spcbs ) and pollution control committees ( pccs ) done by centre for science and environment ( cse ) in collaboration with ministry of environment and forests ( moef ) and central pollution control board ( cpcb ) have successfully completed two years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47914064393621536, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.634248"} {"text": "november 17, 2012 old school \u2013 how i made presentations back in 1993 as i approach a quarter century of teaching, i \u2019 m making yet another shift in how i present videos in class, and that led me to ponder the ways classroom technology has changed since i began teaching physics at bartlesville high school in 1989. back then the only videos were on vhs tape and shown on a television wheeled into the room on a cart, and if i wanted to display a pre - made visual, i used an overhead projector like the monster shown at right ( the projector, not me! ). the only computer in the high school science department was an apple iic, reserved for the science building rep. some students had scientific calculators, but texas instruments had not yet produced a graphing calculator. my students had to graph their data by hand with hand - drawn best fit lines, all record - keeping was on paper, and attendance was on paper slips clipped to the door each period. as for lab equipment, the school had just bought a few air tracks, but not enough to outfit six or seven lab groups. so we were still using springs on metersticks to pull old wooden dynamics carts across the floor for several of our labs. i \u2019 ve been known as the computer whiz at work for decades, but i \u2019 m actually rather conservative in my use of technology. i still keep a paper gradebook, since it never goes offline and is easier than the computer for tracking accumulated tardies and absences, although of course i transfer the grades into the online system. i prefer a dumb whiteboard to an electronic one and rarely use powerpoint, i \u2019 d rather have students make hand gestures for feedback than use remote \u2018 clickers \u2019, and so forth. but my classroom technology has certainly evolved since my early cro magnon days. science teachers and the donated computers and printers back in 1995 i \u2019 ve had graphing calculators for years, but have never used their graphing functions outside of training classes since i found them too cramped and limited. instead, as the years went by i worked to build up a collection of used computers for student lab groups to use with vernier \u2019 s graphical analysis software. by 1995 i was trying to interest other science teachers in this approach, with me arranging for phillips petroleum to donate a bunch of old ibm at machines and dot matrix printers for the science rooms in grades 6 - 12. eventually each station in my lab had an old ibm ps / 2 model 25", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47549472733833387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.641012"} {"text": "science teachers in this approach, with me arranging for phillips petroleum to donate a bunch of old ibm at machines and dot matrix printers for the science rooms in grades 6 - 12. eventually each station in my lab had an old ibm ps / 2 model 25 floppy - disk - based computer for graphing, with a primitive print - only network of telephone cables linking them to a few slow and noisy old dot matrix printers with fanfold paper. my classroom evolved to having old hard - drive computers at the stations, linked in a daisy chain 10base2 network of thin coax cable which i wired up from one station to the next, all linked to a single laser printer. what a breakthrough that was, since i could finally transfer files and everyone could print to a single fast printer with high - quality output. a few years later i led netday at our school, with volunteers helping me install the first ethernet wiring and wall ports in the science labs. by then the use of classroom computers was not all that different from what we do today \u2013 we \u2019 re still using a version of graphical analysis after all these years \u2013 although fat crt monitors have been replaced with flat lcd panels and the desktop machines are smaller and more capable with each generation. we also now have enough laptop computers that i can provide each student, not merely each group, with a computer if needed for in - class data collection and lab report creation via wireless networking, but it is still such a big hassle to get enough computers wired up and running properly that i only do it once per year to give them the experience. i presume eventually we \u2019 ll have convenient tablet computers for this sort of thing, but we \u2019 re a long ways from getting there with our pitiful state funding for public schools. well, i still have an overhead projector and i actually use it in class, although only for a few demonstrations, such as fleming \u2019 s law and electromagnetic induction, where an apparatus on the overhead can project a huge visual. until we built the science wing in 2003, i either used a large crt monitor to show visuals or a portable lcd projector on a cart. here \u2019 s what my classroom technology looked like in 2001, minus the portable lcd projector and a smart board i never used much : my classroom technology in 2001 thankfully the lab stations in the new wing are much larger you can see why we needed the new wing, with its large student lab stations with built - in network ports, ceiling - mounted lcd projector, etc. with the permanent lcd projector", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5228922201749708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.642001"} {"text": "2001 thankfully the lab stations in the new wing are much larger you can see why we needed the new wing, with its large student lab stations with built - in network ports, ceiling - mounted lcd projector, etc. with the permanent lcd projector at my disposal, i shifted even more to computer presentations for visuals and now have an elmo document camera for some demos and papers. but i use powerpoint sparingly, relying much more on the chalkboard ( now a whiteboard ) since it gives me plenty of space to write and leave things visible for the slower students. writing everything out each period also helps me pace myself more to the speed students need and encourages me to be succinct. i use powerpoint only when there are many visuals and / or video clips to integrate into the lesson, not for regular note - taking. 1991 vs. 2012 : whiteboards instead of chalkboards, but not much difference promethean board ( no, that \u2019 s not me ; i don \u2019 t like them ) i wrote grants for a smart board over a decade ago and later a promethean board, but neither electronic white board worked for me since the long solutions to some examples took up more than one screen and i wanted the earlier work to remain visible, something i can readily do with my multiple traditional white boards. so i gave both electronic boards away for others to use. i \u2019 m sure there are clever interactive things i could have students do on a promethean board, but it just doesn \u2019 t suit my style of instruction. similarly, although some teachers make effective use of them, i don \u2019 t want a \u201c clicker system \u201d of student remotes for feedback, instead relying on observation, questioning, and simple student hand signals. but if we ever equip every student with a tablet computer, that might prompt me to change. video clips \u2013 vhs to dvd to the computer and after all that discursion, we get to what prompted me to think back on classroom technology : classroom video clips. in the old days i had to pop in a vhs tape to show a clip and then painfully rewind it. later i could burn clips onto a dvd for use in class with the ceiling lcd projector and that also allowed me to extend the life of good clips beyond their pitiful vhs origins. i have been fighting the dvd player again this year, waiting for it to boot up and wrestling with it to show a clip i \u2019 ve burned off, or show a bit from a larger video. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46441729864472514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.643928"} {"text": "good clips beyond their pitiful vhs origins. i have been fighting the dvd player again this year, waiting for it to boot up and wrestling with it to show a clip i \u2019 ve burned off, or show a bit from a larger video. but showing a clip from the computer is far more efficient than wrestling with the stupid dvd player. what held me back until this year was that the old laptop computer on my teacher desk simply didn \u2019 t have enough storage space for all of my video clips and i \u2019 ve learned not to rely on the school \u2019 s network for instructional components \u2013 i can \u2019 t stand for the internet or the network to go down and leave me high and dry. but this year i planted a new desktop computer under the desk, angled a not - too - large lcd monitor on it, and thus gained plenty of disk space and processing power to switch to only using computer - based video clips. i \u2019 ll keep the dvd player handy for full - length videos when i miss school, since most substitute teachers can \u2019 t handle lab work and simply copying physics notes isn \u2019 t very helpful. if i can let students work on an existing assignment i always do that, but sometimes a video related to the objectives is the best substitute. the problem is that the dozens of short clips i \u2019 ve collected were mostly burned to dvds ( with backup discs at home ) and not retained on a hard drive. so i \u2019 ve been slowly ripping them back off my own dvds, editing them if needed, and throwing them into my dropbox directory. that way they sync up to the cloud as well as onto any computer i designate, giving me several backups and making it easy to get them onto the computer at school. i \u2019 ve been using handbrake to rip the video clips off my dvds on my desktop windows 7 machine. the default windows media player i use at school won \u2019 t reliably play the ripped clips, so if i want to play them with the divx player, i have handbrake rip them in mkv format. but if i want to edit them, i can \u2019 t use the free microsoft movie maker to edit the clips handbrake produces. instead, i rip them off in mp4 format, copy that over to my macbook air and convert the file into a form imovie can edit with mpeg streamclip, edit the file in imovie, and then export it back out. frankly, it has been tedious, but now that the job is done i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4611318615420108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.645034"} {"text": "testiscles should lower from the abdomen into the scrotum before birth. some boys are born with one or both testicles still inside the abdomen or groin. this is called undescended testicles. orchiopexy is a surgery to lower the testicle ( s ) into the scrotum. reasons for procedure orchiopexy is done to treat undescended testicles. the surgery may improve fertility. undescended testicles also have a higher risk of developing cancer later in life. having the testicle in the scrotum makes it easier to check for early signs of cancer. complications are rare, but no procedure is completely free of risk. your doctor will review a list of possible complications, which may include : - testicle move back up into groin after surgery - damage to the testicle - reaction to anesthesia - injury to surrounding structures what to expect prior to procedure your child \u2019 s doctor will do the following before the surgery : - physical exam - imaging, blood, and urine tests - discuss the anesthesia being used and the risks of surgery talk to the doctor about your child \u2019 s medicines or any recent illnesses. you may be asked to have your child stop or start certain medicines before surgery. other things to keep in mind before the procedure include : - bring special toys, books, and comfortable clothing for your child. - your child will need to avoid eating for a period of time before surgery. - for children younger than one year, it is often recommended that they do not eat after midnight the night before the surgery. - clear liquids ( eg, breast milk, water, clear juices ) may be allowed up to two hours before the procedure. general anesthesia will be used. it will keep your child asleep during the surgery and block pain. description of the procedure small keyhole incisions will be made in one or both sides of the groin and in the abdomen. long, thin tools will be passed through the incisions. they will allow the doctor to view and operate inside the body. first, the testicle will be examined. next, a pouch will be created in the scrotum. the testicle will be pulled down into the newly created pouch. stitches will hold the testicle in place. the stitches will dissolve on their own. all other incisions will also be closed with stitches. in some cases, a small button will be placed on the outside of the scrotum. the button will hold the testicle down until healing occurs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46872117817066855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.648812"} {"text": "stitches will dissolve on their own. all other incisions will also be closed with stitches. in some cases, a small button will be placed on the outside of the scrotum. the button will hold the testicle down until healing occurs. the doctor removes the button by cutting the stitches a few weeks after the procedure. a medication may be given during the surgery to help manage discomfort after the procedure. in most cases, your child can go home from the hospital on the same day as the surgery. how long will it take? 1 hour per testicle how much will it hurt? anesthesia prevents pain during the procedure. medication will be given after the surgery to manage pain. - your child will be monitored while he recovers from the anesthesia. - the nurse will give pain medicine as needed. when your child returns home, do the following to help ensure a smooth recovery : - give medicines to treat pain and prevent infection as directed. - minor bleeding is normal. care for the incisions as directed by the doctor. - if you child wears a diaper, change it often. leave it off for short periods to reduce any irritation to the area. - follow your doctor ' s direction for incision care. you may be asked to put an ointment or cream on the incisions. - ask your doctor about when it is safe to bathe your child. - engage in gentle play. avoid tiring activities for a few weeks. your child should avoid sitting on or riding a bicycle for about a week after the surgery. - monitor your child for signs of pain. these may include fussiness, trouble moving, sweating, or pale skin. be sure to follow the doctor \u2019 s instructions. call your child \u2019 s doctor after you leave the hospital, contact the doctor if any of the following occurs : - increasing pressure or pain - redness, drainage, puffiness, or soreness around the incision site ( s ) - changes in frequency, odor, appearance, or volume of urine - difficulty urinating - signs of infection, including fever or chills - abdominal pain - lack of energy - loss of appetite in case of an emergency, call for medical help right away. - reviewer : mike woods, md - review date : 12 / 2012 - - update date : 12 / 28 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.38667513657970387, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.649769"} {"text": "the active galactic nucleus ( agn ) of seyfert galaxy m77 ( ngc 1068 ), about 60 million light years from earth, in the x - ray light, as photographed by chandra x - ray observatory. a composite chandra x - ray ( blue / green ) and hubble optical ( red ) image of m77 ( ngc 1068 ) shows hot gas blowing away from a central supermassive object at speeds averaging about 1 million miles per hour. the elongated shape of the gas cloud is thought to be due to the funneling effect of a torus, or doughnut - shaped cloud, of cool gas and dust that surrounds the central object, which many astronomers think is a black hole. the x - rays are scattered and reflected x - rays that are probably coming from a hidden disk of hot gas formed as matter swirls very near the black hole. regions of intense star formation in the inner spiral arms of the galaxy are highlighted by the optical emission. this image extends over a field 36 arcsec on a side. this three - color high energy x - ray image ( red = 1. 3 - 3 kev, green = 3 - 6 kev, blue = 6 - 8 kev ) of ngc 1068 shows gas rushing away from the nucleus. the brightest point - like source may be the inner wall of the torus that is reflecting x - rays from the hidden nucleus. scale : image is 30 arcsec per side. this three - color low energy x - ray image of m77 ( ngc 1068 ) ( red = 0. 4 - 0. 6 kev, green = 0. 6 - 0. 8 kev, blue = 0. 8 - 1. 3 kev ) shows gas rushing away from the the nucleus ( bright white spot ). the range of colors from blue to red corresponds to a high through low ionization of the atoms in the wind. scale : image is 30 arcsec per side. this optical image of the active galaxy ngc 1068, taken by hubble ' s wfpc2, gives a detailed view of the spiral arms in the inner parts of the galaxy. scale : image is 30 arcsec per side. credit : x - ray : nasa / cxc / mit / p. ogle et. al. ; optical : nasa / stsci / a. capetti et. al. last modification : july 12, 2003", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5233715587104278, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.653259"} {"text": "the surname spink in my family tree is from my paternal line. at the moment i have 27 people with this surname. the earliest person is my 4x great grandfather william spink who was born about 1764, probably in the linton area of the yorkshire dales. according to surnamedb the name spink is of anglo - saxon origin. it is said to derive from a nickname given in the first instance to someone thought to resemble a finch in some way. possibly with reference to its brightly coloured plumage or sweet singing voice. a large number of early medieval surnames were gradually created from the habitual use of nicknames, given with reference to a variety of characteristics, such as - a person \u2019 s physical attributes or peculiarities - mental or moral qualities - a fancied resemblance to an animal \u2019 s or bird \u2019 s appearance or disposition - habits of dress, or the first recorded spelling of the family name is believed to be that of roger spinc dated 1133 in the \u201c chartulary of ramsey monastery \u201d, bedforshire. other early recordings are : - thomas spink listed in the assize rolls of northumberland in 1256 ; the marriage of edmonde spincke and alice madison in stepney, london on 5th september 1604 ; and the marriage of stephen spink and ann ring on 29th october 1696.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42941245343911755, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.654656"} {"text": "information and public awareness programme the objective of \u201c information & public awareness programme \u201d is to disseminate information on new and renewable sources of energy ( nrse ) systems / devices through variety of media like electronic, print & exhibition as well as outdoor media, thereby popularizing and creating awareness about such systems and devices. it also brings to the fore benefits, technological developments and promotional activities taking place in the renewable energy arena from time to time. the role of information and public awareness programme for inculcating the importance of renewable energy amongst masses has been assuming increasing significance in recent times. the programme is implemented mainly through state nodal agencies, directorate of advertising & visual publicity ( davp ), doordarshan, all india radio ( air ), and department of posts, etc. special area demonstration project programme the special area demonstration project scheme of the ministry has been introduced with the objective of demonstrating application of various renewable energy systems in a project mode at places of national and international importance including world heritage sites, heritage monuments, religious locations and places of public interest to create greater awareness of renewable and to supplement the energy requirement at such locations human resources development programme ministry has been implementing a comprehensive human resource development programme with the objective of institutionalizing the renewable energy education and training in the country with the following overall goals : - to update the professionals working in the field of renewable energy on technological, economical and social issues and management of the science and technology and public administration through infusion of scientific temper and accountability ; - to infuse commitment towards building of partnership and participatory decision - making ; - ito be responsive to the challenge of changing framework needs in policy, institutional, legal, trade, ipr, knowledge management, organizational and technological development ; - to strive for improving performance and efficiency of renewable energy systems and devices to make them cost competitive ; - to provide adequate knowledge of the technical issues that are essential to help executives in government, banking and financial sector with non - technical background about renewable energy ; - to bring about attitudinal changes among the renewable energy professionals and those working in the mainstream power sector to enhance the use of renewable energy for energy security of the country ; and - to act as a facilitator for improving the skill sets of professionals and executives in the renewable energy industry and also in research and development institutions. planning & coordination the planning and co - ordination division is responsible for overall planning and budgeting plans schemes / programmes of the ministry and matters related to reforms, policy measures, fiscal concessions, etc. its work involves maintaining", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5229438825338595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.663127"} {"text": "also in research and development institutions. planning & coordination the planning and co - ordination division is responsible for overall planning and budgeting plans schemes / programmes of the ministry and matters related to reforms, policy measures, fiscal concessions, etc. its work involves maintaining a close liaison with different programme divisions of the ministry and with other concerned ministries / departments / states, state nodal agencies, etc. on a regular basis. seminar & symposia the ministry provides support to universities, academic institutions / colleges, non - governmental organizations, government departments, etc. for organizing workshops, seminars, conferences to provide a forum for professionals, students, policy - makers, managers, economists, industry representatives, etc., to interact and share their views on identified thrust areas related to renewable or any other emerging area impinging on technology, innovation in regard to renewables. technology information forecasting, assessment & databank ( tifad ) technology information forecasting, assessment and data bank ( tifad ) have got a vast potential in terms of establishment of a dynamic mechanism for creation of databank on information for state - of - the - art technology through technology forecasting and assessment. this can be achieved by way of creation of facilities for utilization of information technology tools at the mnre headquarters, state nodal agencies, technology institutions, manufacturers, ngos and other organizations in the country and utilization of internet to access global database in the area of renewable energy. - creation of computerization and information technology ( it ) facilities for the ministry headquarters, its regional offices and the solar energy centre. - creation of facilities for internet / intranet access and establishing linkages with the technology institutions / technology providers in the area of renewable energy nationally and globally through vsat systems, modems and other it tools. - creation and updation of databases / databanks and establishment of the technology information system in the area of renewable energy in the country. - involving as well as providing guidelines and financial support to nodal agencies, industries, technology institutions, consultants and non - governmental organisations, involved in the area of renewable energy in the country, for creation of it facilities, databanks and maintaining minimum standards. - creation of facilities and development of software for establishment of management information system ( mis ) and computerised on - line electronic monitoring of projects and programmes in the area of renewable energy in the country. - taking up activities on patents and technology information, forecasting and assessment in the area of renewable energy. 100 % computerization has been achieved. 250 nos. of computer based workstation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4976699133723144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.664265"} {"text": "projects and programmes in the area of renewable energy in the country. - taking up activities on patents and technology information, forecasting and assessment in the area of renewable energy. 100 % computerization has been achieved. 250 nos. of computer based workstations have been created for providing computerization facility at the ministry \u2019 s headquarters, its 9 regional offices and solar energy centre. local area network ( lan ) has been established in the two building of the ministry \u2019 s headquarters for providing connectivity to various computers installed in the ministry. in order to provide connectivity between the computers installed in the two buildings and fast data communication, lans set up in these buildings of the ministry have been integrated through laying of fiber optics cable. e - mail and internet facility have been extended to all the officers at the ministry \u2019 s headquarters. e - mail facility has also been provided to the 9 regional offices and the solar energy centre. all the officers and officials of the ministry \u2019 s headquarters, its regional offices and the solar energy centre have been provided training in the use of computers through nic and other professional organizations. specialized training programmes on basic concepts of data management and networking services & applications is being organized at nic for all the officers of mnre, its regional offices and solar energy centre. the mnre has already prepared its web - site in english as well as in hindi through its in - house efforts. the mnre web - site gives a comprehensive picture of the development and utilization of renewable energy sources in india. the ministry has started information and facilitation centre with computer facility at its headquarters for an easy access to various types of information by the visitors coming to this ministry.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5115491956943775, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.664966"} {"text": "the godavari river is a major waterway in india, next to the ganges and indus rivers. it rises at trimbakeshwar, near nasik and mumbai ( formerly bombay ) in maharashtra around 380 km distant from the arabian sea, but flows southeast across south - central india into andhra pradesh, and empties into the bay of bengal the river godavari starts at the western ghats and flows towards the eastern ghats. it flows in the southern india and is considered to be one of the seven sacred rivers. this river originates from the hills situated at the back of the village tryanibak, located at nasik district in maharashtra. a large reservoir is situated at the hill from which the river originates. at ' daulekharam ' it merges into the \" bay of bengal \", making a delta. according to the hindu religion the river godavari is considered to be one of the very sacred rivers. the people believe that taking a holy dip in the river relieves them from all the sins. the godavari is the largest river system in peninsular india. arising in the western ghats near nasik it passes through maharashtra, madhya pradesh, orissa and andhra pradesh before debouching into the bay of bengal near kakinada. on the andhra coast. there are ten major distributaries flowing through well established drainage networks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43048896408031323, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.666344"} {"text": "the little bigfoot phenomenon we \u2019 ve all heard about the antics of bigfoot, but what about littlefoot? certainly, it \u2019 s an undeniable fact that many reports emanating from britain tell of encounters with not just large and lumbering, hairy entities, but with distinctly smaller critters, too. centuries - old welsh folklore, for example, tells of the bwbach, an approximately three foot tall, hair - covered humanoid perceived by the folk of that era as a brownie or nymph. supposedly, like so many of similar ilk, they would undertake chores and little jobs around the homes of humans, providing they were the recipients of two things : respect and nourishment, the latter usually in the form of oats, milk and cream. and they had a deep hatred of those who avoided alcohol and who led teetotal lives! feature image via \u201c letters from the big man \u201d \u2013 a narrative film project in los angeles, ca by christopher munch wirt sikes was u. s. consul to wales, a noted expert on welsh folklore, and the author of an acclaimed 1880 book, british goblins. in its pages, sikes wrote of the hairy little bwbach that it : \u201c \u2026 is the good - natured goblin which does good turns for the tidy welsh maid who wins its favour by a certain course of behaviour recommended by long tradition. the maid having swept the kitchen, makes a good fire the last thing at night, and having put the churn, filled with cream, on the whitened hearth, with a basin of fresh cream for the bwbach on the hob, goes to bed to await the event. \u201d sikes continued : \u201d in the morning she finds ( if she is in luck ) that the bwbach has emptied the basin of cream, and plied the churn - dasher so well that the maid has but to give a thump or two to bring the butter in a great lump. like the ellyll which it so much resembles, the bwbach does not approve of dissenters and their ways, and especially strong is its aversion to total abstainers. \u201d the bwbach is largely forgotten today, but encounters with small, hairy, man - like figures in britain are certainly not. jon downes \u2013 director of the center for fortean zoology \u2013 says of such matters : \u201c i have many similar reports of such creatures being seen in devonshire woodland. and the following one is a real", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42817733725342355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.670998"} {"text": "- like figures in britain are certainly not. jon downes \u2013 director of the center for fortean zoology \u2013 says of such matters : \u201c i have many similar reports of such creatures being seen in devonshire woodland. and the following one is a real cracker because it has so much separate and credible corroboration to it \u2026 \u201d the location, jon reveals, was churston woods, which is situated close to the english holiday resort of torbay : \u201c over a six week period, in the summer of 1996, fifteen separate witnesses reported seeing what they could only describe as a green faced monkey, running through the woods. granted, some of the descriptions were quite vague, but most of the witnesses told of seeing a tailless animal, around four to five feet tall, with a flat, olive - green face that would run through the woods and occasionally would be seen swinging through the trees. \u201d jon concludes : \u201c now, to me at least, this sounds like some form of primitive human, but, of course, such things simply cannot exist in this country \u2013 and yet they seem to. and this area \u2013 devon, somerset and cornwall \u2013 is rich with such tales. \u201d matters don \u2019 t end there, however. in november 2008, an extremely strange story surfaced from wanstead \u2013 a suburban area of the borough of london. according to witness testimony, a small bigfoot - type creature was supposedly seen wandering in epping forest, a 2, 476 hectare area of forestland which, by name at least, was first referenced in the 17th century, but that has existed since neolithic times and which, in the 12th century, was designated as a royal forest by king henry iii. british cryptozoologist and author neil arnold describes how the distinctly odd story began : \u201c the animal was first sighted during early november by eighteen - year - old angler michael kent who was fishing with his brother and father in the hollow ponds area of epping forest, on the border of wanstead and leytonstone. the teenager claimed that whilst walking towards his brothers, he heard a rustling in the bushes and saw the back of a dark, hairy animal around four feet in height, that scampered off into the woods. \u201d another of those that caught sight of the diminutive beast was irene dainty, who claimed a face to face encounter with the thing on love lane, woodford bridge. she told the press : \u201c i had just come out of my flat and just as i had turned the corner i saw this hairy thing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4461686741398777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.671970"} {"text": "was irene dainty, who claimed a face to face encounter with the thing on love lane, woodford bridge. she told the press : \u201c i had just come out of my flat and just as i had turned the corner i saw this hairy thing come out of nowhere. i really don \u2019 t want to see it again. it was about four feet tall and with really big feet and looked straight at me with animal eyes. then it leaped straight over the wall with no trouble at all and went off into the garden of the three jolly wheelers pub. i was so terrified that i went to my neighbour \u2019 s house and told her what had happened. she couldn \u2019 t believe it and asked me if i had been drinking, but i said of course i hadn \u2019 t \u2013 it was only about 3. 00 p. m. \u201d further reports subsequently surfaced, some of which were far more of a four - legged variety, maybe even bear - like, rather than actually being suggestive of bigfoot. but, it was this issue of the \u201c really big feet \u201d that kept the media - driven controversy focused on matters of a mini sasquatch - type nature. ultimately, just like so many similar such affairs, sightings of the beast came to an abrupt end and the matter of the epping forest monster was never satisfactorily resolved. juvenile bigfoot entities? escaped monkeys? unclassified animals? the cases are many, but in terms of definitive answers we have \u2013 forgive the pun! \u2013 very \u201c little \u201d to go on!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4376036088244443, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.672604"} {"text": "student athletes everywhere can chalk up another point in the win column as the u. s. department of education \u2019 s office for civil rights has successfully issued a guidance measure that addresses the rights of children with disabilities to participate in school athletics and other extracurricular activities. in an addendum to section 504 of the rehabilitation act, the proposed guidance adds clarity to the responsibilities of federally - funded schools for the provision of opportunities in physical activities and sports participation for students with disabilities. the united states government accountability office ( gao ) also aided in the initiative by providing a report stressing the important health and social benefits of access to and participation in school sports for all students, especially those with disabilities. the measure calls for schools to accommodate students with disabilities who choose to join traditional sports teams by making \u201c reasonable modifications. \u201d the national center for health, physical activity, and disability has information and examples of sports adaptation on their website. in cases that an adjustment causes a disruption to the essence of the sport, then the order calls for the school to create a parallel athletic program that would have equal or at least comparable standing to the traditional platform. the measure piggybacks on the successes of title ix and augments the 1972 legislation ( which focused on the inclusion of women in education programs and activities ) to include those with disabilities. this opens the door for massive inclusion of students living with disabilities to be able to participate in sports and extracurricular activities at all levels, much like title ix did for girls \u2019 athletics. this initiative will do much to improve the opportunities for athletes of all diversities in sport and give those athletes the muscle to erase the stigma that not fitting a prototype doesn \u2019 t mean one cannot be an athlete.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4661075941322038, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.674445"} {"text": "consuming sports and energy drinks is comparable to \u2018 bathing your teeth with acid \u2019 according to scientists who have unleashed their findings on how these beverages may be destroying the health of your teeth. in their research, the study team members revealed that serious damage occurs to tooth enamel when exposed to sports and energy drinks, which is especially concerning when examining the high rate of consumption across the country \u2014 particularly in teenagers. published in the may / june edition of the journal general dentistry, researchers observed the acidity levels present in 13 sports drinks and 9 energy drinks. looking to examine how the sugar - laden beverages would affect tooth enamel, scientists placed samples of tooth enamel into each drink brand for a total of 15 minutes. in order to note the differences, they also placed tooth enamel samples in artificial saliva for 2 hours for 4 times per day over a period of 5 days. what they found was that not only did many brands and flavors vary in acid levels, but as little as 5 days after limited exposure to both sports and energy drinks, the team reported enamel damage. what \u2019 s more, energy drinks actually lead to twice as much damage as sports drinks. about 30 to 50 percent of teenagers have stated that they consume energy drinks, and a shocking 62 % of teens say that they consume at least one sports drink per day. this means that these damaging liquids are being chugged down on a daily basis, and in many cases it is a matter of how many \u2014 not if at all. thankfully, there are natural alternatives that actually improve your health. coconut water is one of the most popular and beneficial options, as one 2007 study found sodium - enriched coconut water to be as effective as commercial sports drinks in overall hydration with far less stomach pains. and of course it does not contain high levels of acid and sugar, but instead can help to naturally lower your blood pressure. google plus profile anthony is the editor of naturalsociety, producer, consultant, and seeker of truth. anthony ' s work has been read by millions worldwide and is routinely featured on major alternative and mainstream news website alike, like the powerful drudge report, naturalnews, infowars, and many others. anthony has appeared, oftentimes routinely, on programs like russia today ( rt ), the alex jones show, coast to coast am, and others. anthony is also a founding member of natural attitude and the creator of the independent political website storyleak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4562407168580948, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.677195"} {"text": "honoring and respecting the lives and accomplishments of our founding fathers once again we have just completed our twelfth tour of important american history sites on the east coast. our group was made up of 31 high school juniors and seniors and ten adults. the week - long tour included monticello, williamsburg, mount vernon, washington dc, gettysburg, hershey, valley forge, and philadelphia. i am convinced that the detailed and intense study of the founders ' lives is one of the best ways to help our young people think correctly about so many things in today ' s world. if we can make true history come alive for them and help them to see that those who lived 200 years ago were real people with real challenges, it seems to help them want to be more achieving in their lives. our last evening on the tour is always reserved for a time of reflection and expression of what impressed them the most during the week. without fail, the young people comment on how the founders have come alive for them. they express the thought that if those people, living 200 years ago in conditions quite primitive compared to our conditions today, can accomplish so much, then surely we can rise to a much higher level of accomplishment in our own lives. when this is felt and expressed, the goal of an american history tour director has been reached. the richness of the spirit of thomas jefferson our visits to monticello and to the jefferson memorial are always highlights of the trip. we make sure the students take time to read the inscriptions on the memorial in washington, d. c., which reflect the heart of the life and mission of thomas jefferson. said he : \" i have sworn upon the altar of god eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man. \" \" we hold these truths to be self - evident that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, that to secure these rights governments are instituted among men. we... solemnly publish and declare, that these colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states... and for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine providence, we mutually pledge our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. \" \" almighty god hath created the mind free. all attempts to influence it by temporal punishments or burdens. are a departure from the plan of the holy author of our religion. no man shall be compelled to frequent or support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4294370641871177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.685788"} {"text": "our sacred honor. \" \" almighty god hath created the mind free. all attempts to influence it by temporal punishments or burdens. are a departure from the plan of the holy author of our religion. no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship or ministry or shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief, but all men shall be free to profess and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion. i know but one code of morality for men whether acting singly or collectively. \" \" god who gave us life gave us liberty. can the liberties of a nation be secure when we have removed a conviction that these liberties are the gift of god? indeed i tremble for my country when i reflect that god is just, that his justice cannot sleep forever. commerce between master and slave is despotism. nothing is more certainly written in the book of fate than these people are to be free. establish the law for educating the common people. this it is the business of the state to effect and on a general plan. \" notice these four inscriptions speak of jefferson ' s conviction that the plan of the almighty in the lives of his children on this earth includes the necessity of them being free in every way to choose for themselves. monticello reflects jefferson ' s love of learning and his love for nature and agriculture. a serious student could spend hours at monticello on any one of the following subjects that was developed by jefferson on his mountaintop plantation : agriculture, american indians, ancient greece and rome, archaeology, architecture, art, astronomy, bibliophile, botany, cuisine, economics, education, engineering, geography, languages, law, medicine, music, natural history, paleontology, religion, riding, surveying, weather, weights and measures. at williamsburg, we make sure our students tour the house of burgesses or the old capitol building of virginia. in the main room where the delegates met, one can envision patrick henry giving his famous \" caesar - brutus \" speech against the stamp act on may 29, 1765. it happened that day that a young lawyer named thomas jefferson listened to this impassioned plea and later claimed that this was \" the day that changed my life. \" additional delegates who served as representatives in this virginia assembly included george washington, george mason, george wythe, and richard henry lee. it was also in this room that james madison, after the revolutionary war, tried to convince the delegates to agree to a stronger union than then existed under the articles of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4958850548908472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.686804"} {"text": "assembly included george washington, george mason, george wythe, and richard henry lee. it was also in this room that james madison, after the revolutionary war, tried to convince the delegates to agree to a stronger union than then existed under the articles of confederation. he was met with stiff opposition from those who insisted they were virginians first, then americans. this episode is portrayed in the nccs film, a more perfect union. the saintly example of george washington who can compare with the magnificence of george washington? students are exposed to him on four occasions on our tour : mount vernon, the washington monument, the capitol rotunda, and valley forge. our first exposure to him was at mount vernon. there in the magnificent dining room, especially built to entertain guests from near and far, is where washington finally agreed to serve as our first president. we make sure the students understand that this was done the way the founders wanted it to be done - no campaigning, no political parties, no speeches containing promises to be fulfilled. in fact, several unsuccessful attempts were made to convince washington to serve until finally he was visited by the secretary of congress in this very room and told that he had been selected, unanimously, to serve as president. he, of course, reluctantly agreed. in spending a few hours at mount vernon, it is not difficult to see why washington did not want to leave again. to sit on his back porch and overlook the potomac river is stunning. it was here that he had many conversations with domestic and foreign dignitaries and convinced them that his ideas were worth pursuing. to view his plantation layout, his agricultural insights and innovations, and even his self - selected tomb site, leaves one with a feeling he is walking on sacred ground. as most americans look at the washington monument, few realize that the crowning capstone of the monument is a single piece of aluminum weighing 100 ounces. it has four triangular sides which meet at the top point. no one sees it from the ground, or even from the lookout near the top of the monument. it is the highest point of all of washington d. c. rising 555 feet from the ground. on the west face of the capstone is inscribed : \" corner stone laid on bed of foundation, july 4, 1848. first stone at height of 152 feet laid august 7, 1880. capstone set december 6, 1884 \" ; and the east face ( which faces towards the capitol ) reads \" laus deo \" which is translated, \" praise be to god. \" of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46784633718233354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.687824"} {"text": "at height of 152 feet laid august 7, 1880. capstone set december 6, 1884 \" ; and the east face ( which faces towards the capitol ) reads \" laus deo \" which is translated, \" praise be to god. \" of course the most central painting in the capitol rotunda is the apotheosis of george washington - apotheosis meaning the raising of a mortal to the rank of a god ; or the glorification of a person as an ideal. we have included a discussion of this in previous letters. independence hall - a place of reverence how fitting it is to end our week - long tour of american history at this special site in philadelphia. of course it was built as the pennsylvania state house, but has become known for two events in american history which have better defined america ' s destiny than perhaps any other site on the east coast. it always has a sacred significance to me. i have been to a limited number of places where i believe communication from the heavens were manifestly given and described. this is one of those places. dr. skousen wrote also of those feelings : some of the founders sensed the presence of heavenly inspiration at the constitutional convention a great many of the founders confessed their dependence on god for the success of the constitutional convention. this was especially true of franklin, washington and madison. we have ample evidence that during his long life, benjamin franklin had come to depend upon this outside intelligence in a time of crisis. we have reason to believe this was precisely why franklin wanted the convention to have regular prayers. they needed help from a higher source. he saw them wrestling with problems so complex that solutions were completely beyond the experience and intellectual capacity of the delegates. franklin ' s plea for prayer at the convention notice that he gives this as his main reason for the suggestion that they start having regular prayers at the convention. here are franklin ' s words : \" the small progress we have made, after four or five weeks ' close attendance and continual reasonings with each other... is, methinks, a melancholy proof of the imperfection of the human understanding. \" this tells us two things about franklin. first of all, he recognized the human limitations of every person at the convention, including himself. secondly, he quite obviously knew from experience where to go to ask for a gentle sprinkling of inspiration. therefore, he said : \" in this situation of this assembly, groping, as it were, in the dark to find political truth, and scarce able to distinguish it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49782044697893146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.688846"} {"text": "from experience where to go to ask for a gentle sprinkling of inspiration. therefore, he said : \" in this situation of this assembly, groping, as it were, in the dark to find political truth, and scarce able to distinguish it when presented to us, how has it happened, sir, that we have not hitherto once thought of humbly applying to the father of lights to illuminate our understanding? \" franklin then pointed a finger of shame at the members of this convention by reminding them that in their great struggle with great britain during the revolutionary war the meetings of the continental congress were always opened with prayer. then why haven ' t prayers been held now? just to refresh their memories he said : \" our prayers, sir, were heard - - and they were graciously answered. all of us who were engaged in the struggle must have observed frequent instances of superintending providence in our favor. \" franklin concluded his plea - - which is one of the most eloquent speeches of the entire convention - - with a proposal. he said : \" i therefore beg leave to move, that henceforth prayers, imploring the assistance of heaven and its blessing on our deliberations, be held in this assembly every morning before we proceed to business ; and that one or more of the clergy of this city be requested to officiate in that service. \" ( the majesty of god ' s law, pp. 444 - 7 ) even though the convention eventually did not adopt franklin ' s motion for public prayer, it seemed to have enough effect on the private lives of the delegates that caused washington to later reflect : \" it appears to me, then, little short of a miracle, that the delegates from so many different states ( which states you know are also different from each other, in their manners, circumstances, and prejudices ) should unite in forming a system of national government. \" james madison also wrote, saying it was \" impossible to consider the degree of concord which ultimately prevailed as less than a miracle. \" i personally consider independence hall as one of those places where the inspiration of heaven was made manifest to man and i try to communicate this to our tour participants. our visit there is short, but usually makes a lasting impression. it represents the culmination of our tour of meaningful places where the great and wise of america once trod. earl taylor, jr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47836331332673415, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.689826"} {"text": "a hernia occurs when a section of intestine protrudes through a weakness in the abdominal wall. a soft bulge is seen underneath the skin where the hernia has occurred. an inguinal hernia occurs in the groin area, when a section of intestine pushes through a weak spot in the inguinal canal - - a triangle - shaped opening between layers of abdominal muscle near the groin. as a male fetus grows and matures during pregnancy, the testicles develop in the abdomen and then move down into the scrotum through the area called the inguinal canal. shortly after the male is born, the inguinal canal closes, preventing the testicles from moving back into the abdomen. if this area does not close off completely, a loop of intestine can move into the inguinal canal through the weakened area of the lower abdominal wall, causing a hernia. although females do not have testicles, they do have an inguinal canal and can develop hernias in this area, as well. obesity, pregnancy, heavy lifting, and straining to pass stool can all be causes of inguinal hernias. the following are the most common symptoms of an inguinal hernia. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : - lump in the groin near the thigh - pressure or pain in the groin - partial or complete blockage of the intestine ( in more severe cases ) that may lead to nausea, vomiting, and poor appetite the symptoms of an inguinal hernia may resemble other medical conditions or problems. always consult your doctor for a diagnosis. in addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for an inguinal hernia may include the following : - blood tests - x - rays and / or ct scan - - diagnostic tests which use invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film ; to check for blockage of the intestine. specific treatment for an inguinal hernia will be determined by your doctor based on : - your age, overall health, and medical history - extent of the condition - your tolerance of specific medicines, procedures, or therapies - expectations for the course of the condition - your opinion or preference the main treatment for an inguinal hernia is a surgical procedure known as herniorrhaphy. in this procedure, the opening in the muscle wall is repaired. sometimes, in a procedure known as hernioplasty,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46591978949342283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.692579"} {"text": "on 1 may, 2003, voters will go to the polls to elect the members who will form the second scottish parliament session of the modern era. pressure to cut the number of msps ( members of the scottish parliament ) in line with a scheduled reduction in those sent to westminster has been resisted. there will be 129 msps who will sit for a fixed four - year period. the members will be elected in two ways. - 73 members will represent individual constituencies and will be elected under the traditional first - past - the - post system. these are the same as the 72 scottish constituencies at westminster with the exception that orkney and shetland is divided into two, each electing its own msp. - in addition, 56 members selected from \" party lists \" in the country ' s eight electoral regions. these regions each will elect seven msps through the additional member system, a form of proportional representation. electors will therefore have two votes on separate ballot papers. one is for a candidate in their constituency and the second is for a party list in their region. parties will be keen to dispel the common confusion over the two separate votes. some people mistakenly believe that they must vote for the constituency candidate belonging to the same party they supported at regional level. members of the scottish parliament there will 129 msps elected from constituencies 73 elected from regions 56 others wrongly think the opposite, that the regional vote is a \" second choice \" and that they must therefore vote for a different party to the one they voted for in their constituency. both these views are wrong. it is up to individual voters to decide whether or not they \" split \" their votes. they can vote for the candidate at constituency level who represents the same party or a different party to the one they voted for at regional level. the additional member system the constituency msps are chosen according to the traditional system used in westminster elections. a candidate needs simply to poll more votes than any other single rival to be elected. the system for electing the additional members is more complex. electors will cast their second vote for a \" party list \". this is a list submitted by registered parties with their candidates in order of preference. if the party succeeds in winning one of these \" top - up \" seats, the person named as first on its list will be elected. if it wins two top - up seats, then the first two will be elected, and so on. some think that their two votes must be for same party others think their two votes must be for different parties in fact, voters can cast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4683188168245147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.696359"} {"text": "elected. if it wins two top - up seats, then the first two will be elected, and so on. some think that their two votes must be for same party others think their two votes must be for different parties in fact, voters can cast their two votes however they wish it is important, therefore, for candidates to be near the top of their party ' s list for them to stand a realistic chance of being elected. there are two complications to the lists. first, a \" party list \" can be an individual person who is standing at the regional level rather than in a constituency. secondly, a candidate can stand both in a constituency and on a regional top - up list. if they succeed in a constituency this takes priority and their name will be removed from the regional list so they cannot be elected twice. the all - important divisor the formula for deciding which parties win regional top - up seats is known as the d ' hondt system and is used widely across europe. first, party list votes are totalled from each of the constituencies making up the region. these totals are then divided by the number of seats each party has won - plus one. the party with the highest resulting total elects one additional member. the regions for additional member seats highlands and islands mid - scotland and fife north east scotland south of scotland west of scotland that party ' s divisor is then increased by one ( because of its victory ) and new figures calculated. again, the party with the highest total wins a seat. the process is then repeated until all seven additional members are elected. the aim of the system is to compensate parties which pile up votes in constituencies but fail to win many msps. under the d ' hondt system, they are much more likely to gain additional members. conversely, parties which do well in constituency elections will do less well in the top - up seats.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5182948954678737, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.697105"} {"text": "much as a hybrid bicycle is a cross between two bikes - - a road bike frame with mountain bike handlebars, for instance - - this hybrid compound is a cross between two molecules. one is a traditional anticancer drug, a small molecule that targets cancer tumors. the other is a type of antibody, which is a protein produced in great abundance by the bodys immune system and found naturally in the bloodstream. the hybrid of the two, described in an upcoming issue of the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences, was found to have a profound effect on the size of tumors in mouse models - - shrinking tumors of both kaposi ' s sarcoma and colon cancers in these preclinical studies. moreover, this approach is general enough that it could be used to design hybrids against any number of cancers. \" a single antibody can become a whole multiplicity of therapeutics simply by mixing it with the desired small molecule, \" says tsri professor carlos f. barbas iii, ph. d., who is janet and w. keith kellogg ii chair in molecular biology. barbas conducted the research with tsri president richard a. lerner, m. d., and several colleagues at tsri ' s skaggs institute for chemical biology. steering and support, joined at the hip the tsri team built the hybrid molecule with a \" catalytic \" antibody, a small drug molecule, and a linker molecule that joins the two. the hybrid thus formed borrows the wheels and the frame of the antibody for supports and the handlebars of the small drug molecule for steering ability. also called immunoglobulins, antibodies are proteins produced by immune cells that are designed to recognize a wide range of foreign pathogens. after a bacterium, virus, or other pathogen enters the bloodstream, contact : jason bardi scripps research institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5527828903507296, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.698812"} {"text": "true, it cuts down on your gas bill and reduces your carbon footprint, but the most obvious reason for leaving your car in the garage tomorrow for bike to work day is right under your nose \u2014 or at least several inches below your nose : your heart. aerobic exercise strengthens the heart muscle at the same time that it helps keep weight, cholesterol, and blood pressure at healthy levels. it may also reduce arterial inflammation, which increases heart - attack risk, and slow the progression of heart disease. need another reason to bike? it can stave off arthritis. a recent study suggests that women with stronger quadriceps ( the muscle at the front of the thigh ) are less likely to get painful knee arthritis. thirty minutes of moderate - intensity exercise most days of the week can start with a brisk walk or a jog \u2014 but if walking bores you and running is hard on your knees, biking might be just the thing that helps you start or re - start a healthy habit. a word on safety : helmets are one of the most effective ways to avoid injury while bike riding, yet many americans go without one, according to a consumer reports national research center survey. eighty - two percent said they felt it was \" very \" or \" extremely \" important to wear a helmet while cycling, but only 44 percent said they would actually wear one. put safety first. before you hit the road or bike path, strap on your helmet. it should sit flat across your head, with the front edge about an inch above the eyebrows. a properly adjusted helmet should stay in place when pushed upward from the front. if you \u2019 d rather keep your workout indoors, there \u2019 s a bike for you, too. see our report and ratings ( subscribers only ) on stationary exercise bikes. and for 60 benefits of biking, visit the international bike fund website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4327924412252168, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.700870"} {"text": "\" basically what has happened by introducing the toads is it has created really strong evolutionary pressure both on the toads themselves and on animals that interact on the toads, \" shine said. for example, shine and his colleague benjamin phillips previously showed that two native australian snake species have evolved smaller heads and are no longer able to eat the toads, which carry a lethal toxin. other studies have shown that some would - be toad predators have altered their diets to exclude toads, while others have evolved resistance to the cane toad toxin, shine said. \" these studies tell us a lot about the evolutionary process, \" said jonathan losos, an evolutionary biologist at washington university in st. louis, missouri. \" invading species are a huge problem, and cane toads are a classic example of that, \" he added. \" but they also represent an inadvertent evolutionary experiment, the sort of experiment you couldn ' t [ normally ] conduct. \" rules and regulations prohibit scientists from purposely confronting native species in the wild with a non - native competitor or predator to see how natural selection works, he explained. the evolutionary processes spawned by the cane toad invasion have occurred in a span of just 70 years. this adds to evidence from the past two decades that populations can adapt quickly when selection pressure is strong. \" we ' re taught evolution occurs over these very, very long time frames. but in systems like these, it ' s incredibly fast, \" shine, the study co - author, said. according to losos, the unusual aspect of the toad leg length adaptation is the mechanism that drives it. in most instances rapid evolution occurs when an organism enters a new environment and some variation that was previously irrelevant becomes favored. that variation is repeatedly selected until it becomes more common, he explained. in the case of the cane toads, longer legs make the toads faster, and the fastest toads are always at the invasion front. the lead toads mate, passing their long legs to their offspring. as long as there is no disadvantage to being the first into a new territory, this process should allow the toads to \" evolve faster and faster rates of movement, \" shine said. cane toad management according to shine, as scientists learn more about cane toad biology, they can devise strategies for eradicating local populations, such as changing the character of a breeding pond or staking out toad migration routes. but the toads are likely to be permanent fixtures in australia and will continue their spread, he said. while shine is optimistic that ecosystems will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.420411875197135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.705023"} {"text": "dr. harry demos and dr. del schutte, both associate professor of orthopedics at musc, and specialists in joint reconstruction recently joined dr. marcy bolster to record a podcast to address concerns regarding metal - on - metal joint replacement devices. below, please read a summary of their thoughts on device implants and you can listen to their podcast as well. total hip arthroplasty is one of the most commonly performed and effective surgical procedures currently in use. nearly 200, 000 hip replacements are performed annually in the united states. recent data reveals hip replacement to be one of the most cost - effective of all surgical procedures in terms of quality of life per health care dollar spent. unfortunately, newer technology has not always led to an improvement in patient outcomes. a recent hip replacement design has been associated with an unacceptably high early failure rate. by now almost everyone with a newspaper or television set has seen the advertisements by attorneys soliciting patients with \u201c metal on metal \u201d hip replacements. while the majority of metal on metal hip replacements may function well for many years, two specific designs have shown significant failures as soon as the first few years. the eventual outcome of other designs remains concerning, recently prompting the fda to mandate postmarket surveillance to 21 metal on metal hip replacements manufacturers. unfortunately these failures if not caught early enough, are associated with significant destruction of the muscles and bone in and around the hip joint. increased concentrations of metal ions in the blood as well as in the surrounding soft tissues can be readily identified in most of these patients. some patients, however, have normal metal ion levels and still have problems, while others may have high levels with well - functioning hips. the cause and effect relationship of metal ions and failure remains to be determined, but it is clear at this point that certain designs of metal on metal hip replacements are having a higher than expected rate of failure. one of the most widely used metal on metal implants that has recently been recalled is the depuy asr hip replacement. approximately 37, 000 of these implants have been inserted in patients in the us and 93, 000 world - wide. to date, revision rates are around 10 %. the revisions associated with failure of the asr implant can be much more difficult than others and should be performed by surgeons and joint replacement centers who routinely perform revisions. the loss of bone and soft tissues around the hip joint can make reconstruction much more difficult. the implant manufacturer has an aggressive patient care program in place to facilitate and fund revision of any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.501966700450974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.708611"} {"text": "should be performed by surgeons and joint replacement centers who routinely perform revisions. the loss of bone and soft tissues around the hip joint can make reconstruction much more difficult. the implant manufacturer has an aggressive patient care program in place to facilitate and fund revision of any failures of these implants. as with any device failure, this has not happened in the majority of patients with this implant and patients with this implant may have aches and pains which do not in any way portend failure of the implant but are a normal part of life, even with a hip replacement. we have not recommended the use of metal on metal hip replacement at the musc joint replacement center. in the past decade of performing thousands of hip replacement procedures, only two were metal on metal hips ; both for very specific indications, both of which are currently doing well. our lack of embracing this technology is based on our experience with and concern over metal ions \u2014 years before these implants were available in the u. s. while marketing of this technology and patient demand have been high, we have continued to use metal or ceramic on crosslinked polyethylene as our implant bearing surface of choice. this bearing combination, along with stem and cup designs with a proven track record of 96 - 99 %, has led to a very low revision rate for our patients. as a tertiary referral center, we frequently perform revision hip replacements. while we are pleased to provide this service to patients who are having problems, we are especially pleased to know that we have not yet performed a single revision hip replacement for a bearing - related issue in a patient who has a metal or ceramic on crosslinked polyethylene hip replacement that was originally performed at musc. if you are suffering from hip or other joint pain, please make an appointment today to see one of our orthopaedic specialists.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4569419208327953, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.709862"} {"text": "field and modelling studies to assess the risk to uk groundwater from earth - based stores for livestock manure gooddy, d. c. ; hughes, a. g. ; williams, a. t. ; armstrong, a. c. ; nicholson, r. j. ; williams, j. r.. 2001 field and modelling studies to assess the risk to uk groundwater from earth - based stores for livestock manure. soil use and managment, 17 ( 2 ). 128 - 137. 10. 1111 / j. 1475 - 2743. 2001. tb00018. xbefore downloading, please read nora policies. boreholes have been constructed at eight sites on the permo - triassic sandstone and chalk aquifers to assess the extent of chemical and microbiological contamination emanating from unlined farm manure stores. slurry along fracture faces in the chalk was found on cores taken from beneath two stores. porewaters from the chalk sites and one of the sandstone sites were discoloured and showed high concentrations of nitrate, ammonium and organic carbon to depths in excess of 10 m. although cryptosporidia and escherichia coli o157 were found in many of the cattle slurry lagoons, neither were found in the aquifer material beneath. the self - sealing of unlined slurry stores is seen as a crucial step in minimizing leakage. a simple mass balance shows farm boreholes near to contaminant sources are at greater risk than public supply wells. contaminant modelling shows discontinuing use of an unlined farm manure store will lend to little difference in solute concentrations over the short to medium term. groundwater is most at risk where the water table is shallow since direct hydraulic connection between the lagoon base and the water table considerably increases the rate of vertical migration. this is of greatest significance for pathogens that are thought to be relatively short lived in the subsurface. under the majority of situations minimal threat is posed to potable groundwater drinking supplies. | programmes : | | bgs programmes > groundwater management | | additional keywords : | | groundwaterbgs, groundwater, point source pollution, groundwater modelling | | nora subject terms : | | agriculture and soil science | date made live : | | 24 jul 2009 10 : 15 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5005444763863848, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.713964"} {"text": "a comparison of gray ' s reef and savannah scarp september 10, 2001 reed bohne, manager gray ' s reef national marine sanctuary dr. jack mcgovern associate marine scientist south carolina department of natural resources view a video of one of the sea ' s most fascinating creatures, the octopus. ( 5. 6 mb, quicktime required ). for those of us from the gray ' s reef national marine sanctuary, the exploration of the savannah scarp is a trip to a realm closely related to, but significantly different from, the familiar waters of the sanctuary. at the surface, the endless expanse of water with sargassum weed drifting by is familiar, but at this depth and proximity to the gulf stream, the water is a deep cobalt blue. at gray ' s reef, 40 mi shoreward, the water over the reef 60 ft below is often a jade green, rich in nutrients and influenced substantially by sediments washing off the coastal plain in georgia and out the rivers and estuaries along the shore. at the scarp we are riding the edge of the gulf stream, with its clear, tropical water, which is less rich in nutrients, but carries the tropical species that spin out in eddies and populate gray ' s reef with its more hardy and temperature - tolerant individuals. a look at the bottom of savannah scarp descending 200 ft to the sea floor, the ambient light levels remain strong. visibility is about 30 ft, but we notice that we can see features in the distance best if we leave the sub lights off. the scarp presents a very different vista from the one at the sanctuary. at gray ' s reef, extensive sand flats are interrupted by large, rocky ledges and diffuse patches of live bottom habitat. our view at the scarp reveals broad boulevards of broken, rocky rubble, sloping gradually, from 190 to 225 ft, into open sandscapes. of course, we have but a snapshot of this environment, which may not be fully representative of the diversity of habitat here, but is clearly different from the topography at gray ' s reef. at the scarp, we know the rock formations are considerably older than those closer to shore. as the continental shelf gradually slopes downward offshore, the rocks that emerge represent earlier geologic eras. while we must await the detailed geologic analysis of the rock samples to characterize them properly, these rocks appear darker and more porous than formations at gray ' s reef. the analysis will also reveal whether these rocks were part of an ancient shoreline. the physical environment governs which species", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48259132147449085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.725149"} {"text": "geologic analysis of the rock samples to characterize them properly, these rocks appear darker and more porous than formations at gray ' s reef. the analysis will also reveal whether these rocks were part of an ancient shoreline. the physical environment governs which species will be successful in colonizing the hard substrate of the scarp and gray ' s reef. the rock environment of the scarp, unlike gray ' s reef, is sparsely populated with sponges, tunicates, mossy bryozoans, and cnidarians. the rock at the scarp appears to be considerably more barren. not surprisingly, the scarp holds more tropical invertebrate species than we find at gray ' s reef. greg mcfall, the sanctuary research coordinator, recovered species of tube and finger sponges that are familiar in florida but rare in the near - shore waters of georgia. the scarp is well - known as a haven for snappers, groupers, and porgies of commercial and recreational importance. during our dive, we encountered many groupers, such as gag and scamp. large numbers of red snapper, vermilion snapper, some red porgy, and knobbed porgy occurred during transects across the bottom. greater amberjack followed the submersible and seemed to swarm around it whenever it stopped. we also saw many small, colorful species, such as tattler, blue angelfish, several species of butterflyfish, cardinalfish, wrasses, and damselfish. many of these species, as adults, are found less frequently at gray ' s reef, but reside at the sanctuary during larval or juvenile stages of their life histories. our most obvious reef fish at the sanctuary, the black sea bass, is absent at the scarp. dr. george sedberry, chief scientist on this cruise, reports that long - term trapping data indicate that black sea bass are rarely found in waters deeper than 150 ft. harvey walsh, of noaa ' s beaufort lab, is using a small beam trawl to capture early life stages of fishes at the scarp, and he will compare his finds with what he has discovered at the sanctuary. through his work for the sanctuary, we will have a good characterization of the early life histories of these fish species across the continental shelf off georgia. furthermore, video footage obtained during submersible dives at the scarp will be compared to video obtained at gray ' s reef to describe differences and similarities in the composition and abundance of invertebrate and ve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45211181380965004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.726148"} {"text": "across the continental shelf off georgia. furthermore, video footage obtained during submersible dives at the scarp will be compared to video obtained at gray ' s reef to describe differences and similarities in the composition and abundance of invertebrate and vertebrate species. university of charleston, cchebr / nccos / nos graduate student, submersible observer this was one of the most spectacular expeditions in which a young scientist could participate. the geology and ecology of the area are so interesting, and one learns so much more by experiencing it firsthand. i also learned a great deal from the day - to - day interactions with the media by observing how science and the media can work together toward the same educational goals. on our way out to the savannah scarp ( ~ 70 mi offshore ), we saw a waterspout far off in the distance, which was a spectacular sight. we then came upon a large pod of pilot whales that rode along the bow of our ship for quite a while. they appeared to be as interested in us as we were in them. at certain times, you could even hear them making noises with one another on the surface. we also saw a pod of spotted dolphin on the second day. once we reached our destination, we began to prepare for the first submersible launching. it was an amazing sight to see the clelia lifted above the stern of the ship, and dangle in the air before being launched into the water. once the clelia was at the bottom, the sub pilot was able to communicate with the surface, where the crew navigates the sub in the direction of the target areas. i participated in a dive on saturday to an area known as \" the sampler, \" where we descended to a maximum depth of 250 ft. the experience was amazing, especially when we first plunged into the water. it was similar to scuba diving, but without having to worry about buoyancy control or breathing through a regulator. once we reached the bottom and allowed the sediment to settle, the visibility outside of our observation window was about 30 ft. the sediment was fine, but too compact to allow us to take a sediment core sample. chris koenig and sandra brooke, scientist observers in the clelia, reported that the habitat looked reasonably good in this location with no signs of bottom - trawling activities. they reported seeing \" tons \" of amberjack. while some ocean scientists may argue that manned submersibles will one day be replaced by rovs or even by autonomously operated vehicles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4713758866891412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.728598"} {"text": "this location with no signs of bottom - trawling activities. they reported seeing \" tons \" of amberjack. while some ocean scientists may argue that manned submersibles will one day be replaced by rovs or even by autonomously operated vehicles ( vehicles without tethers ) that can be programmed to navigate by an on - board computer, many others would argue that there is a role for the human observer and that manned submersibles are here to stay. judging from the interest of the scientists aboard this expedition, everyone wants to get beneath the surface to have a look for themselves, whether exploring through a video screen linked to an rov or peering through the porthole of a submarine. compared to the other dives on this leg of the expedition, we saw relatively little relief, and no schools of large pelagic fish, such as greater amberjack. when we came upon some relief, however, it was only a few inches high and was surrounded by life. each rock we encountered seemed to be occupied by either a juvenile snowy grouper or short bigeye, and oftentimes one of each. we also saw many tattler, yellowtail reeffish, butterflyfish, scamp, gag, and a large red snapper. we saw many vermilion snapper schooling just outside of our lights. at one point, we turned off all of the external lights, and used sonar to locate areas of reef. unfortunately, we were unsuccessful. just prior to our ascent, we came upon a rocky area surrounded by shell hatch and inhabited by two octopii ( see photo in log, above ). it was interesting to observe them as they interacted with the suction tube that the submersible pilot positioned nearby. during the nights, i helped with the deployment of beam trawls and the sorting of catches. this was an interesting supplement to the information we were obtaining from the videos taken during the submersible dives. the goal of this part of the study was to observe the diversity and abundance of organisms, primarily fish and shrimp, that used areas outside of grays reef, just inshore of the shelf - edge ( ~ 120 ft ), as a nursery ground. we collected many interesting specimens, including rock shrimp, a seahorse, many octopii, juvenile moray eels, juvenile filefish, juvenile puffers, and various species of grouper and sea bass. the trawls were conducted on the bottom and brought with them many pen shells, oculina fragments, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4797472388750383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.729610"} {"text": "octopii, juvenile moray eels, juvenile filefish, juvenile puffers, and various species of grouper and sea bass. the trawls were conducted on the bottom and brought with them many pen shells, oculina fragments, and shell hatch. the knowledge i gained on this research cruise has been extremely valuable in bringing a greater field component into my master ' s thesis work. i analyzed approximately 30 yrs of fisheries - independent data from a database, called marmap, in the continental shelf and upper slope of the southeastern atlantic coast for trends in abundance, biomass, and diversity. one of my primary observations from this expedition is that it brought some more evidence to the result i found, from the historical trawl data, of the highest fish diversity occurring in depths from 40 - 80 m ( 120 - 240 ft ). the high diversity and the presence of many tropical fish fauna in this area of the shelf edge are a result of the proximity to the warm, stable waters of the gulf stream. september 10, 2001 chief scientist, r / v palmetto south carolina department of natural resources during this savannah scarp leg of the islands in the stream - south atlantic bight mission, the r / v palmetto was also on station. the palmetto conducts annual fishery surveys of reef fishes from north carolina to florida. savannah scarp is not one of its frequent sampling locations, so this project provided an opportunity to learn more about this important fishery habitat. the collected data will be incorporated into a long - term regional database compiled by the south carolina department of natural resources on reef fish distribution and relative abundance throughout the region. aboard the palmetto, we made observations of fishes and fish habitats using an rov ( remotely operated vehicle ). six deployments were made with the rov in two areas of the savannah scarp : sow pen reef and sandwich reef. all six deployments observed hard, rocky bottom. the bottom was predominantly flat hard bottom except for scattered rocky outcrops that were still low compared to the rocky outcrops normally associated with the southeastern shelf - edge reef. most of the usual reef fishes associated with the southeastern coast were abundant here. among these are several species of groupers : gag, scamp, speckled hind, and juvenile snowy grouper. red snapper, vermilion snapper, gray triggerfish, soapfish, porcupinefish, tattler, queen and blue angelfish, cubbyu, and black sea bass were all observed with the rov. black sea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4465455633632673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.730672"} {"text": "red snapper, vermilion snapper, gray triggerfish, soapfish, porcupinefish, tattler, queen and blue angelfish, cubbyu, and black sea bass were all observed with the rov. black sea bass and vermilion snapper were two economcially valuable species that were not observed from the submersible dives conducted on these sites during the same time period. perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this area were the holes or small burrows scattered throughout the area that were heavily guarded by bigeyes ( glasseye snappers ). these looked similar to deep potholes in pavement, and were a haven for eels and cardinal fish in addition to the bigeyes. plenty of the smaller, colorful reef fishes also make this hard, sparse, and not - so - tropical reef their home. among these are the butterflyfishes ( bank, spotfin, and reef ), damsels, wrasses, beaugregories, yellowtail reeffish, and two - spot cardinal fishes. the r / v palmetto also deployed chevron fish traps to compare the catches with that observed with the rov. we intended to tag these fishes, release them, and then observe them with the rov and submersible clelia. the depth ( 200 - 230 ft ), however, was simply too great to expect much survival of the tagged fish. we also wanted to observe the fish traps at work, but conditions at sea made it impossible to anchor close enough to the trap to be able to observe with the rov. the catches in the traps were similar to those we observed with the rov. scamp, juvenile snowy grouper, porgies, and black sea bass were all part of the catch, with vermilion snappers being predominant. the abundance of vermilion snapper was particularly interesting, as they were not observed by the submersible clelia, which conducted dives in the same area. clearly, a variety of methods are needed to assess reef fish populations on deep reefs such as the savannah scarp. sign up for the ocean explorer e - mail update list.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41294971252541407, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.731423"} {"text": "a kontakion ( also kondakion, kondak, and kontak ; plural kontakia, kondakia ) is a type of thematic hymn in the orthodox church and other eastern christian churches. originally, the kontakion was an extended homily in verse consisting of one or two proemia ( preliminary stanzas ) followed by several strophes, usually between 18 and 24. the kontakia were so long that the text was rolled up on a pole for use in the services - - the genesis of the name kontakion, which means \" from the pole \" in greek. it is typical of the form that each of the proemia and strophes end with the same refrain. acrostics are also a hallmark of this hymnographic form. in current practice, the kontakion has been greatly abbreviated. only the ( first ) proemium and first strophe are sung or read after the sixth ode of the canon at orthros. the proemium alone is sung at the divine liturgy, following the troparia, and most other services of the daily cycle. the kontakion is not sung at vespers. according to tradition, saint roman the melodist wrote the first kontakion, the kontakion for the birth of our lord, by divine inspiration. legend aside, roman established the kontakion in the form it retained for centuries, and he is the most famous composer of kontakia. - today the virgin gives birth to the transcendent one, - and the earth offers a cave to the unapproachable one! - angels with shepherds glorify him! - the wise men journey with a star! - since for our sake the eternal god was born as a little child! - \u2014 kontakion for christmas, roman the melodist - find kontakion on orthodoxwiki - see the pages on saints or feast days for other kontakion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4462717136523301, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.735121"} {"text": "alfred tennyson ( 1809 - 1892 ) was born in somersby, lincolnshire, the third surviving son of a rector whose violent alcoholism blighted the family home. tennyson went to cambridge where he met arthur henry hallam whose early death was to prompt tennyson to write his great elegy of mourning, in memoriam. tennyson had begun writing as a child and published some of his best - known poems, including ' mariana ', when he was only twenty. however, success was slow to come and the years between hallam ' s death and 1843 when tennyson began to receive an annual government grant were difficult, financially and emotionally. his situation changed with the publication of in memoriam which brought him lasting fame and success and for the next forty years he was the dominant figure in english poetry, being made poet laureate in 1850 following the death of wordsworth. later work such as the idylls of the king were held in high esteem and sold well. by this time he was married to emily sellwood after a prolonged ten - year engagement due to financial difficulties and his fears over his mental state, the ' black blood ' of the tennysons. this darkness informs much of his poetry which tends to focus on loss and mortality : t. s. eliot called him \" the great master... of melancholia \". he was made a peer in 1884 and died in 1892. since his death his critical reputation has had its ups and downs : w. h. auden described his genius as essentially lyrical and the general consensus has been that the longer narrative poems he spent so much time on are less successful, though this view has begun to be challenged. however, he remains the defining english poet of the victorian era, nowhere more so than in his famous archive - featured poem ' the charge of the light brigade ' ( 1854 ) which commemorates an infamous incident from the crimean war. in the course of this action, undertaken in error due to misinterpreted orders, the light brigade ( that is cavalry bearing only light arms ) attempted to capture the russian gun redoubts at balaclava with disastrous results. of the six hundred and seventy three men who charged down \" the valley of death \" only a hundred and ninety five survived unwounded. news of the charge and its bloody consequences reached london three weeks later and there was an immediate public outcry. the news affected tennyson who wrote his poem in commemoration of their courage only a few minutes after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4043905778741114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.738325"} {"text": "five survived unwounded. news of the charge and its bloody consequences reached london three weeks later and there was an immediate public outcry. the news affected tennyson who wrote his poem in commemoration of their courage only a few minutes after reading an account in the times. it was immediately popular, even reaching the troops back in the crimea where it was distributed in pamphlet form. less well - known is tennyson ' s celebration of a more successful action during the same battle, ' the charge of the heavy brigade '. this was written much later in 1882 at the prompting of a friend which is perhaps why it fails to capture the white - hot creative burst of the first poem. the \" three hundred \" mentioned are the men of the heavy brigade and their commander, sir james yorke scarlett, but the poem never caught the public ' s imagination. nevertheless, it is of historical interest to hear the two poems side by side which we ' re able to do thanks to a remarkable recording made in 1890. these poems and eight others were recorded on a set of twenty three soft wax cylinders. although their age and the primitive technology sometimes renders a word inaudible, tennyson ' s voice comes through clearly, intoning the pounding dactylic rhythms of the verse which gives it a breathless momentum.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4227761030388144, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.738929"} {"text": "a new york times story on iceland provides a good opportunity to discuss the asymmetry in reporting on government budget deficits and national current account deficits. while news of the budget deficit routinely appears prominently on the front pages ( in addition to occupying considerable space on editorial and op - ed pages ) discussion of the current account deficit is generally relegated to the inner pages of the business section. since the long - term impact of the two on the economy is comparable, there is little justification for the difference in treatment. this is another econ 101 story. a budget deficit is supposed to be bad because it pulls money away from other more productive purposes. specifically it is supposed to raise interest rates and thereby crowd out private investment. ( the deficit hawks have a hard time telling this story at present, with real interest rates in the u. s. at near post - war lows. ) the result is slower growth and a poorer country in the long - term. there is also a secondary concern, that when the annual deficit and / or debt grow sufficiently large relative to gdp, lenders could begin to question the government ' s creditworthiness and then demand very high interest rates. this would have serious consequences for investment and growth. a current account deficit means that the united states is selling off assets ( e. g. stocks, bonds, real estate ) to foreigners. as a result, in the future, income from these assets will go to foreigners rather than people in the united states. in other words, the united states will be poorer, just like with a budget deficit. there is also a secondary concern, that when the annual current account deficit and / or foreign debt grow sufficiently large relative to gdp, lenders could begin to question the country ' s creditworthiness and then demand very high interest rates. this would have serious consequences for investment and growth. okay, i shouldn ' t have used the exact same words to describe the nature of budget crises and current account crises. the latter will typically take the form of a plunging currency, leading to higher inflation ( import prices rise when the currency falls, leading to higher prices generally ) and higher nominal interest rates. the result is likely to be a recession, with several years of stagnation and high unemployment ( e. g. the east asian financial crisis in the 90s ). a budget crisis is likely to be resolved with sharp cuts in spending and / or large tax increases, also likely to lead to a period of stagnation and high unemployment. ( the discussion of both deficits must be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4631195813011417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.745841"} {"text": "crisis in the 90s ). a budget crisis is likely to be resolved with sharp cuts in spending and / or large tax increases, also likely to lead to a period of stagnation and high unemployment. ( the discussion of both deficits must be filled with numerous caveats, which i am leaving out for brevity. ) while there are good grounds for concerns about the u. s. budget deficit, the current account deficit is considerably larger and is growing rapidly. the unified budget deficit for 2006 is projected at 2. 6 percent of gdp ( 4. 0 percent of gdp, including the money borrowed from social security ). by comparison, the current account deficit is 6. 2 percent of gdp. the iceland story is an occasion to mention the current account deficit because iceland presents the most extreme case of a rich country with a large current account deficit. its deficit was almost 15 percent of gdp last year. new zealand comes in second at 9. 0 percent, followed by the united states and spain, both at just over 6. 0 percent. iceland appears to finally be hitting the wall, its currency fell by 15 percent in the last year according to the article. this is pushing inflation up, with interest rates rising as well. the same factors that are causing problems for iceland, most importantly diminished capital outflows from japan and possibly china, are likely to also cause problems for the other big deficit countries in the not distant future. when this happens, the media will have to explain why it devoted so little attention to the growing current account deficit and the crisis that would almost certainly be implied by its reversal. you need to be logged in to comment. ( if there ' s one thing we know about comment trolls, it ' s that they ' re lazy )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43696304639723604, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.746539"} {"text": "robert fisk : the forgotten holocaust the killing of 1. 5 million armenians by the ottoman turks during the first world war remains one of the bloodiest and most contentious episodes of the 20th century. robert fisk visits yerevan, and unearths hitherto unpublished images of the first modern genocide the photographs, never before published, capture the horrors of the first holocaust of the 20th century. they show a frightened people on the move \u2013 men, women and children, some with animals, others on foot, walking over open ground outside the city of erzerum in 1915, at the beginning of their death march. we know that none of the armenians sent from erzerum \u2013 in what is today north - eastern turkey \u2013 survived. most of the men were shot, the children \u2013 including, no doubt, the young boy or girl with a headscarf in the close - up photograph \u2013 died of starvation or disease. the young women were almost all raped, the older women beaten to death, the sick and babies left by the road to die. the unique photographs are a stunning witness to one of the most terrible events of our times. their poor quality \u2013 the failure of the camera to cope with the swirl and movement of the armenian deportees in the close - up picture, the fingerprint on the top of the second \u2013 lend them an undeniable authenticity. they come from the archives of the german deutsche bank, which was in 1915 providing finance for the maintenance and extension of the turkish railway system. one incredible photograph \u2013 so far published in only two specialist magazines, in germany and in modern - day armenia \u2013 actually shows dozens of doomed armenians, including children, crammed into cattle trucks for their deportation. the turks stuffed 90 armenians into each of these wagons \u2013 the same average the nazis achieved in their transports to the death camps of eastern europe during the jewish holocaust. hayk demoyan, director of the grey - stone museum of the armenian genocide in the foothills just outside yerevan, the capital of present - day armenia, stares at the photographs on his computer screen in bleak silence. a university lecturer in modern turkish history, he is one of the most dynamic armenian genocide researchers inside the remains of armenia, which is all that was left after the turkish slaughter ; it suffered a further 70 years of terror as part of the soviet union. \u201c yes, you can have these pictures, he says. \u201c we are still discovering more. the germans took photographs and these pictures even survived the second world war. today, we want our museum to be a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38339560208874957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.768564"} {"text": "terror as part of the soviet union. \u201c yes, you can have these pictures, he says. \u201c we are still discovering more. the germans took photographs and these pictures even survived the second world war. today, we want our museum to be a place of collective memory, a memorisation of trauma. our museum is for turks as well as armenians. this is also [ the turks ' ] history. \u201d the story of the last century \u2019 s first holocaust \u2013 winston churchill used this very word about the armenian genocide years before the nazi murder of six million jews \u2013 is well known, despite the refusal of modern - day turkey to acknowledge the facts. nor are the parallels with nazi germany \u2019 s persecution of the jews idle ones. turkey \u2019 s reign of terror against the armenian people was an attempt to destroy the armenian race. while the turks spoke publicly of the need to \u201c resettle \u201d their armenian population \u2013 as the germans were to speak later of the jews of europe \u2013 the true intentions of enver pasha \u2019 s committee of union and progress in constantinople were quite clear. on 15 september 1915, for example ( and a carbon of this document exists ) talaat pasha, the turkish interior minister, cabled an instruction to his prefect in aleppo about what he should do with the tens of thousands of armenians in his city. \u201c you have already been informed that the government \u2026 has decided to destroy completely all the indicated persons living in turkey \u2026 their existence must be terminated, however tragic the measures taken may be, and no regard must be paid to either age or sex, or to any scruples of conscience. \u201d these words are almost identical to those used by himmler to his ss killers in 1941. taner akcam, a prominent \u2013 and extremely brave \u2013 turkish scholar who has visited the yerevan museum, has used original ottoman turkish documents to authenticate the act of genocide. now under fierce attack for doing so from his own government, he discovered in turkish archives that individual turkish officers often wrote \u201c doubles \u201d of their mass death - sentence orders, telegrams sent at precisely the same time that asked their subordinates to ensure there was sufficient protection and food for the armenians during their \u201c resettlement \u201d. this weirdly parallels the bureaucracy of nazi germany, where officials were dispatching hundreds of thousands of jews to the gas chambers while assuring international red cross officials in geneva that they were being well cared for and well fed. ottoman turkey \u2019 s attempt to exterminate an entire christian race in the middle east \u2013 the armenians, descended from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4493908544924001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.769665"} {"text": "of jews to the gas chambers while assuring international red cross officials in geneva that they were being well cared for and well fed. ottoman turkey \u2019 s attempt to exterminate an entire christian race in the middle east \u2013 the armenians, descended from the residents of ancient urartu, became the first christian nation when their king drtad converted from paganism in ad301 \u2013 is a history of almost unrelieved horror at the hands of turkish policemen and soldiers, and kurdish tribesmen. in 1915, turkey claimed that its armenian population was supporting turkey \u2019 s christian enemies in britain, france and russia. several historians \u2013 including churchill, who was responsible for the doomed venture at gallipoli \u2013 have asked whether the turkish victory there did not give them the excuse to turn against the christian armenians of asia minor, a people of mixed persian, roman and byzantine blood, with what churchill called \u201c merciless fury \u201d. armenian scholars have compiled a map of their people \u2019 s persecution and deportation, a document that is as detailed as the maps of europe that show the railway lines to auschwitz and treblinka ; the armenians of erzerum, for example, were sent on their death march to terjan and then to erzinjan and on to sivas province. the men would be executed by firing squad or hacked to death with axes outside villages, the women and children then driven on into the desert to die of thirst or disease or exhaustion or gang - rape. in one mass grave i myself discovered on a hillside at hurgada in present - day syria, there were thousands of skeletons, mostly of young people \u2013 their teeth were perfect. i even found a 100 - year - old armenian woman who had escaped the slaughter there and identified the hillside for me. hayk demoyan sits in his air - conditioned museum office, his computer purring softly on the desk, and talks of the need to memorialise this huge suffering. \u201c you can see it in the writing of each survivor, \u201d he says. \u201c when visitors come here from the diaspora \u2013 from america and europe, lebanon and syria, people whose parents or grandparents died in our genocide \u2013 our staff feel with these people. they see these people become very upset, there are tears and some get a bit crazy after seeing the exhibition. this can be very difficult for us, psychologically. the stance of the current turkish government [ in denying the genocide ] is proving they are proud of what their ancestors did. they are saying they are pleased with what the ottomans did. yet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4170418887567098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.770683"} {"text": "exhibition. this can be very difficult for us, psychologically. the stance of the current turkish government [ in denying the genocide ] is proving they are proud of what their ancestors did. they are saying they are pleased with what the ottomans did. yet today, we are hearing that a lot of places in the world are like goldmines of archive materials to continue our work \u2013 even here in yerevan. every day, we are coming across new photographs or documents. \u201d the pictures demoyan gives to the independent were taken by employees of deutsche bank in 1915 to send to their head office in berlin as proof of their claims that the turks were massacring their armenian population. they can be found in the deutsche bank historical institute \u2013 oriental section ( the photograph of the armenian deportees across the desert published in the independent today, for example, is registered photo number 1704 and the 1915 caption reads : \u201c deportation camp near erzerum. \u201d ) a german engineer in kharput sent back a now - famous photogaph of armenian men being led to their execution by armed turkish police officers. the banking officials were appalled that the ottoman turks were using \u2013 in effect \u2013 german money to send armenians to their death by rail. the new transportation system was supposed to be used for military purposes, not for genocide. german soldiers sent to turkey to reorganise the ottoman army also witnessed these atrocities. armin wegner, an especially courageous german second lieutenant in the retinue of field marshal von der goltz, took a series of photographs of dead and dying armenian women and children. other german officers regarded the genocide with more sinister interest. some of these men, as armenian scholar vahakn dadrian discovered, turn up 26 years later as more senior officers conducting the mass killing of jews in german - occupied russia. computers have transformed the research of institutions like the yerevan museum. poorly funded scholarship has been replaced by a treasure - house of information that demoyan is going to publish in scholarly magazines. \u201c we have information that some germans who were in armenia in 1915 started selling genocide pictures for personal collections when they returned home \u2026 in russia, a man from st petersburg also informed us that he had seen handwritten memoirs from 1940 in which the writer spoke of russian photographs of armenian bodies in van and marash in 1915 and 1916. \u201d russian tsarist troops marched into the eastern turkish city of van and briefly liberated its doomed armenian inhabitants. then the russians retreated after apparently taking these pictures of dead armenians in outlying villages. stalin also did his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46680009460343436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.771733"} {"text": "van and marash in 1915 and 1916. \u201d russian tsarist troops marched into the eastern turkish city of van and briefly liberated its doomed armenian inhabitants. then the russians retreated after apparently taking these pictures of dead armenians in outlying villages. stalin also did his bit to erase the memory of the massacres. the armenian tashnag party, so prominent in armenian politics in the ottoman empire, was banned by the soviets. \u201c in the 1930s, \u201d demoyan says, \u201c everyone destroyed handwritten memoirs of the genocide, photographs, land deeds \u2013 otherwise they could have been associated by the soviet secret police with tashnag material. \u201d he shakes his head at this immeasurable loss. \u201c but now we are finding new material in france and new pictures taken by humanitarian workers of the time. we know there were two or three documentary films from 1915, one shot approvingly by a kurdish leader to show how the turks \u201c dealt \u201d with armenians. there is huge new material in norway of the deportations in mush from a norwegian missionary who was there in 1915. \u201d there is, too, a need to archive memoirs and books that were published in the aftermath of the genocide but discarded or forgotten in the decades that followed. in 1929, for example, a small - circulation book was published in boston entitled from dardanelles to palestine by captain sarkis torossian. the author was a highly decorated officer in the turkish army who fought with distinction and was wounded at gallipoli. he went on to fight the allies in palestine but was appalled to find thousands of dying armenian refugees in the deserts of northern syria. in passages of great pain, he discovers his sister living in rags and tells how his fiancee jemileh died in his arms. \u201c i raised jemileh in my arms, the pain and terror in her eyes melted until they were bright as stars again, stars in an oriental night \u2026 and so she died, as a dream passing. \u201d torossian changed sides, fought with the arabs, and even briefly met lawrence of arabia \u2013 who did not impress him. \u201c the day following my entry into damascus, the remainder of the arab army entered along with their loads and behind them on a camel came one they called \u2026 the paymaster. this camel rider i learned was captain lawrence \u2026 captain lawrence to my knowledge did nothing to foment the arab revolution, nor did he play any part in the arab military tactics. when first i heard of him he was a paymaster, nothing more. and so he was to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3895065785934415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.772702"} {"text": "captain lawrence \u2026 captain lawrence to my knowledge did nothing to foment the arab revolution, nor did he play any part in the arab military tactics. when first i heard of him he was a paymaster, nothing more. and so he was to prince emir abdulah ( sic ), brother of king feisal, whom i knew. i do not write in disparagement. i write as a fighting man. some must fight and others pay. \u201d bitterness, it seems, runs deep. torossian eventually re - entered ottoman turkey as an armenian officer with the french army of occupation in the cilicia region. but kemalist guerrillas attacked the french, who then, torossian suspects, gave weapons and ammunition to the turks to allow the french army safe passage out of cilicia. betrayed, torossian fled to relatives in america. there is debate in yerevan today as to why the diaspora armenians appea r to care more about the genocide than the citizens of modern - day armenia. indeed, the foreign minister of armenia, vardan oskanian, actually told me that \u201c days, weeks, even months go by \u201d when he does not think of the genocide. one powerful argument put to me by an armenian friend is that 70 years of stalinism and official soviet silence on the genocide deleted the historical memory in eastern armenia \u2013 the present - day state of armenia. another argument suggests that the survivors of western armenia \u2013 in what is now turkey \u2013 lost their families and lands and still seek acknowledgement and maybe even restitution, while eastern armenians did not lose their lands. demoyan disputes all this. \u201c the fundamental problem, i think, is that in the diaspora many don \u2019 t want to recognise our statehood, \u201d he says. \u201c we are surrounded by two countries \u2013 turkey and azerbaijan \u2013 and we have to take our security into account ; but not to the extent of damaging memory. here we must be accurate. i have changed things in this museum. there were inappropriate things, comments about \u2018 hot - bloodied \u2019 people, all the old cliches about turks \u2013 they have now gone. the diaspora want to be the holders of our memories \u2013 but 60 per cent of the citizens of the armenian state are \u201c repatriates \u201d \u2013 armenians originally from the diaspora, people whose grandparents originally came from western armenia. and remember that turkish forces swept though part of armenia after the 1915 genocide \u2013 right through yerevan on their way to baku. according to soviet documentation in 1920, 200, 000 armenians died", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39875122396609475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.773804"} {"text": "originally from the diaspora, people whose grandparents originally came from western armenia. and remember that turkish forces swept though part of armenia after the 1915 genocide \u2013 right through yerevan on their way to baku. according to soviet documentation in 1920, 200, 000 armenians died in this part of armenia, 180, 000 of them between 1918 and 1920. \u201d indeed, there were further mass executions by the turks in what is now the armenian state. at ghumri \u2013 near the centre of the devastating earthquake that preceded final liberation from the soviet union \u2013 there is a place known as the \u201c gorge of slaughter \u201d, where in 1918 a whole village was massacred. but i sensed some political problems up at the yerevan museum \u2013 international as well as internal. while many armenians acknowledge that their countrymen did commit individual revenge atrocities \u2013 around van, for example \u2013 at the time of the genocide, a heavy burden of more modern responsibility lies with those who fought for armenia against the azeris in nagorno - karabakh in the early 1990s. this mountainous region east of the armenian state saw fierce and sometimes cruel fighting in which armenians massacred turkish azeri villagers. the independent was one of the newspapers that exposed this. yet when i arrive at the massive genocide memorial next to the museum, i find the graves of five \u201c heroes \u201d of the karabakh war. here lies, for instance, musher \u201c vosht \u201d mikhoyan, who was killed in 1991, and the remains of samuel \u201c samo \u201d kevorkian, who died in action in 1992. however upright these warriors may have been, should those involved in the ghastly war in kharabakh be associated with the integrity and truth of 1915? do they not demean the history of armenia \u2019 s greatest suffering? or were they \u2013 as i suspect \u2013 intended to suggest that the karabakh war, which armenia won, was revenge for the 1915 genocide? it \u2019 s as if the israelis placed the graves of the 1948 irgun fighters \u2013 responsible for the massacres of palestinians at deir yassin and other arab villages \u2013 outside the jewish holocaust memorial at yad vashem near jerusalem. officials later explain to me that these kharabakh grave - sites were established at a moment of great emotion after the war and that today \u2013 while they might be inappropriate \u2013 it is difficult to ask the families of \u201c vosht \u201d and \u201c samo \u201d and the others to remove them to a more suitable location. once buried, it is difficult to dig", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43745371056402604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.774813"} {"text": "the war and that today \u2013 while they might be inappropriate \u2013 it is difficult to ask the families of \u201c vosht \u201d and \u201c samo \u201d and the others to remove them to a more suitable location. once buried, it is difficult to dig up the dead. similarly, among the memorials left in a small park by visiting statesmen and politicians, there is a distinct difference in tone. arab leaders have placed plaques in memory of the \u201c genocide \u201d. less courageous american congressman \u2013 who do not want to offend their turkish allies \u2013 have placed plaques stating merely that they \u201c planted this tree \u201d. the pro - american lebanese prime minister rafiq hariri left his own memorial less than a year before he was assassinated in 2005. \u201c tree of peace, \u201d it says. which rather misses the point. and yet it is the work of archivists that will continue to establish the truth. in yerevan you can now buy excellent witness testimonies of the genocide by westerners who were present during the armenian holocaust. one of them is by tacy atkinson, an american missionary who witnessed the deportation of her armenian friends from the town of kharput. on 16 july 1915, she recorded in her secret diary how \u201c a boy has arrived in mezreh in a bad state nervously. as i understand it he was with a crowd of women and children from some village \u2026 who joined our prisoners who went out june 23 \u2026 the boy says that in the gorge this side of bakir maden the men and women were all shot and the leading men had their heads cut off afterwards \u2026 he escaped \u2026 and came here. his own mother was stripped and robbed and then shot \u2026 he says the valley smells so awful that one can hardly pass by now. \u201d for fear the turkish authorities might discover her diaries, atkinson sometimes omitted events. in 1924 \u2013 when her diary, enclosed in a sealed trunk, at last returned to the united states, she wrote about a trip made to kharput by her fellow missionaries. \u201c the story of this trip i did not dare write, \u201d she scribbled in the margin. \u201c they saw about 10, 000 bodies. \u201d anatomy of a massacre : how the genocide unfolded by simon usborne an estimated 1. 5 million armenians died between 1915 and 1917, either at the hands of turkish forces or of starvation. exact figures are unknown, but each larger blob \u2013 at the site of a concentration camp or massacre \u2013 potentially represents the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people. the trail of extermina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3786238665037863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.775775"} {"text": "either at the hands of turkish forces or of starvation. exact figures are unknown, but each larger blob \u2013 at the site of a concentration camp or massacre \u2013 potentially represents the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people. the trail of extermination, and dispute about exactly what happened, stretches back more than 90 years to the opening months of the first world war, when some of the armenian minority in the east of the beleaguered ottoman empire enraged the ruling young turks coalition by siding with russia. on 24 april 1915, turkish troops rounded up and killed hundreds of armenian intellectuals. weeks later, three million armenians were marched from their homes \u2013 the majority towards syria and modern - day iraq \u2013 via an estimated 25 concentration camps. in 1915, the new york times reported that \u201c the roads and the euphrates are strewn with corpses of exiles \u2026 it is a plan to exterminate the whole armenian people. \u201d winston churchill would later call the forced exodus an \u201c administrative holocaust \u201d. yet turkey, while acknowledging that many armenians died, disputes the 1. 5 million toll and insists that the acts of 1915 - 17 did not constitute what is now termed genocide \u2013 defined by the un as a state - sponsored attempt to \u201c destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group \u201d. instead, ankara claims the deaths were part of the wider war, and that massacres were committed by both sides. several countries have formally recognised genocide against the armenians ( and, in the case of france, outlawed its denial ), but it remains illegal in turkey to call for recognition. as recently as last year, the turkish foreign ministry dismissed genocide allegations as \u201c unfounded \u201d. one authority on extermination who did recognise the armenian genocide was adolf hitler. in a 1939 speech, in which he ordered the killing, \u201c mercilessly and without compassion \u201d, of polish men, women and children, he concluded : \u201c who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the armenians? \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4357757400592077, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.776976"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | see also : conjoint analysis ( in marketing ) why conjoint in heathcare market research? edit pharmaceutical manufacturers need deeper and deeper market information they can rely on to make the right decisions and to identify the most promising market opportunities. they can obtain great benefits from understanding physicians \u2019 prescription preferences and opinions, as these are the key people in prescribing medical treatments. consequently, conjoint analysis research projects might represent a remarkable help for pharmaceutical companies during the development of new drugs, and if properly conducted they might even allow the estimation of product sale and market share. conjoint analysis is a multivariate statistical technique based on the study of the joint effects on consumers of the elements that compose a product or service ; it allows eliciting the relative importance of such elements. therefore, by an additive model, it allows the estimation of the total utility of different profiles or combinations of attributes, and consequently, it allows the identification of the optimal configuration for a new or existing product or service. this technique was first developed in the early 1970s by green and rao. since then, it has received increasing academic and private sector attention. traditional conjoint modelsedit one of the most important statistical problems concerning conjoint studies lies in the design. the choice of the design depends strongly on the characteristics of the study, such as the number of variables involved, the potential presence of interaction effects among the variables, the ability and the motivation of the target respondents to the conjoint survey, the statistical ability of the researcher, and last, but no least, the availability of software. for the time being, healthcare researchers have been used most of the widespread conjoint collection models ( i. e., full profile, partial / incomplete profile ), designs ( i. e., full factorial designs, fractional factorial designs, resolution iii designs, etc ), and evaluations approaches ( i. e., ranking, rating, choice from a set, paired comparison ) available in the statistical literature. software available for traditional conjoint analysis : - spss conjoint add - on module ( http : / / www. spss. com / conjoint / ) - sawtooth software ( http : / / www. sawtoothsoftware. com ) - r ( programming language ) ( http : / / www. r - project. org ) prescription - based conjoint modeledit these models are adequate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48679226002051756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.783228"} {"text": "- sawtooth software ( http : / / www. sawtoothsoftware. com ) - r ( programming language ) ( http : / / www. r - project. org ) prescription - based conjoint modeledit these models are adequate when respondents \u2019 evaluations apply to products or services to be used by themselves ( fmcg, durable goods, financial products, etc ). however, for some projects, respondents have to provide evaluations for products or services to be used by a group of people, that is the case of physicians with respect to their patients, when they are asked to assess the preference for a new or existing drug or medical treatment. the healthcare researcher wants to assess what physicians will do for a number of patients. more precisely, he / she intends to elicit the preference for a new treatment and to estimate in the most precise way the related preference share that eventually will lead to the estimation of the market share for such a treatment. consequently, a prescription - based model seems to be an appropriate tool for this research situation. basically, it consists in exposing physicians to several treatments profiles at - a - time, where all current treatments appear next to the new treatment ( conjoint task ). physicians are then asked to assign some points to each treatment in the task. more precisely, in this exercise they are asked to think of the next 100 patients with the disease of concern and to record the number of prescriptions that they would prescribe for each of the treatments outlined in the task presented. consequently, all treatment assignments in the task add up to 100 points or more. more than 100 points are allowed for projects involving treatments that could be co - prescribed. this framework is especially appropriate for a deep understanding of the relationships between the current medical treatments for a particular disease and different definitions for the product to be launched. software available for allocation - based conjoint analysis : - demia r - sw conjoint : an ms excel add - on interface ( http : / / www. demia. it ) - conjoint analysis ( in marketing ) - new product development - marketing research - quantitative marketing research - chakraborty, g., r., ettenson, & g., gaeth. 1994. how consumers choose health insurance. \u201c journal of health care marketing \u201d, 14, 21 \u2013 23. - furlan r., corradetti r. ( 2006 ), \u201c aspects of experimental design in the allocation - based conjoint analysis model \u201d, proceedings of enbis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5222012718572691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.784349"} {"text": "journal of health care marketing \u201d, 14, 21 \u2013 23. - furlan r., corradetti r. ( 2006 ), \u201c aspects of experimental design in the allocation - based conjoint analysis model \u201d, proceedings of enbis 6, 2006, wroclaw, poland - green p. e., rao v. r. ( 1971 ) conjoint measurement for quantifying judgemental data, \u201c journal of marketing research \u201d, 8, 355 - 63. - green p. e., srinivasan v. ( 1978 ) conjoint analysis in consumer research : issue and outlook, \u201c journal of consumer research \u201d, 5, 103 - 123. - gustaffson a., herrmann a., and huber f. ( 2001 ) conjoint analysis as an instrument of market research practice, in : \u201c conjoint measurement : methods and applications \u201d, gustaffson a., herrmann a., & huber f. ( eds. ), berlin : springer, 5 - 46. - scottish office department of health. 1992. \u201c the patient \u2019 s charter : what users think \u201d. tech. rept. hmso, edinburgh. - sculpher, m., bryan, s., fry, p., dewinter, p., payne, h., & emberton, m. 2004. patients \u2019 preferences for the management of non - metastatic prostate cancer : discrete choice experiment. \u201c british medical journal \u201d, 328, 382 \u2013 385. | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4897471383055487, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.784898"} {"text": "the year of the rabbit today marks the first day of the chinese new year. it is the year of the golden rabbit, and the celebration lasts for 15 days. the chinese new year starts with the new moon on the first day of the new year and ends on the full moon 15 days later. the entire chinese calendar is based around solar and lunar movements. the chinese zodiac consists of 12 animal signs, and the rabbit is the forth sign. the rabbit has some of the following characteristics : - the rabbit is very lucky - individuals whose sign is the rabbit are private and introverted, and will avoid confrontation at all costs, but are also very friendly and enjoy good company - rabbits are good teachers, communicators and counselors, but tend to need their own space - rabbits are wise, keen, fragile, serene, considerate, fashionable and kind - being intelligent and quick, like a rabbit, they can often talk themselves out of any situation - despite disliking hostility of any kind, rabbits happen to be very strong - willed and strong - minded - they do things slowly and in a precise manner due to their characteristic of being cautious in all situations according to chinese tradition, the rabbit brings a year in which you can catch your breath and calm your nerves. it is a time for negotiation. don \u2019 t try to force issues, because if you do you will ultimately fail. to gain the greatest benefits from this time, focus on home, family, security, diplomacy, and your relationships with women and children. make it a goal to create a safe, peaceful lifestyle, so you will be able to calmly deal with any problem that may arise. the year of the rabbit ends on january 22, 2012, in which the dragon will then take over that following february. to read more about chinese zodiac, go here. to view a video of the new year celebrations, go here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4424704381075133, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.786981"} {"text": "submitted by mrs. alexander ' s class to keep droppings from piling up on the ground we thought of a little vacuum that sucks the droppings into a net. once each day when the astronauts check on the cage they will empty out the net and throw it into the garbage. it will only take a minute or two to do this simple job. to keep the smell from going around the cage we came up with a clever idea. we would use an unscented spray which is talked about in our smell paragraph. for the smell problem we thought that you could send an unscented deodorizer down. when the substance goes down to the stench it will absorb it. you could attach a container to the top to hold it. then you could put a switch on the container. this switch would allow it so that a ray of deodorizer hits the stench. then there would be no stench problems. the astronauts could push the switch during their ten - minute period oftime with the animal. this would allow the deodorizer to take effect whenever you want. the water problem was hard but we have thought of a way to recycle and the rat has enough to drink! you take the leftover water from the cabin during your 10 minutes and add it to the water tank below the cage like on the picture. the water tank will pump the water it has to the 3 water bottles around the cage. when the rat drinks and it drips it will go through the screen on the bottom of the cage to the water tank centered below it. then the water tank will pump that water back through the pipe leading into the water bottle and you have a cycle also you are recycling the water because rats will eat or drink anything. our thought on how to handle the food is to have a bowl with flaps the rat can lift up. this bowl will be basically a regular bowl. the only thing different about this bowl is it will have a lid with flaps all over the place, with a little bit of them sticking out so the rat can lift them up and get food. this way the rat ' s head will be in the hole grabbing food so the food will not float out. this is a good way to feed the rat because it is easy for the rat to get food and it won ' t let the food float around and disturb the astronauts. the bowl will be velcroed down to the cage so that the rat can get to it easily and won ' t have to float around until it bumps into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5029500795618483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.790431"} {"text": "food and it won ' t let the food float around and disturb the astronauts. the bowl will be velcroed down to the cage so that the rat can get to it easily and won ' t have to float around until it bumps into the bowl. one more thing, the astronauts will have to fill the bowl up if it gets low during their ten - minute period. this is a very convenient way to feed the rat without a lot of hassle. our habitat has a little dimming light bulb on the ceiling. it ' s on a timer set for every 12 hours so it dims in like a sunrise and dims backout like a sunset. this way the rat gets the full 12 hours of sunlight on earth and the normal amount of nighttime so it ' s sleeping habits aren ' t disturbed. for the window problem of the 90 - minute intervals outside we have thought of a way to keep that from happening. what you do is make the cage out of tinted windows like in the laboratories where they test things. when you look in the rat doesn ' t get scared because he can ' t see out but you can see in! that way you can study the rat and he won ' t get scared. gravity - to keep the rat from floating around his cage we have decided on using the botex system which will simulate earth gravity. for exercise we thought you could have an exercise ball. see picture below. the ball would have a hole in it. there it will have a strip. he could crawl in either side. see picture below. then you could have a stand. you could have a little metal piece attached to the ball. then you could have a wire. the wire will be set next to the ball. the wire on the other side would be attached to a generator. when the wire hits the metal piece it will create energy for a light and a fan. click on picture to see more detail", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4791521157308083, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.791152"} {"text": "agricultural co - operation has long been recognised as an important institution in the development of western australia \u2019 s agricultural sector. charles harper ( 1842 \u2013 1912 ) has long been considered the founding father of agricultural co - operation in western australia. harper was instrumental in founding the western australian co - operative producers \u2019 union in 1902 which, among other things, eventually became wesfarmers ltd. harper was also a long standing member of parliament, a newspaperman, an explorer, a founder of schools, a philanthropist, and an agricultural experimentalist. he was also able to pass his legacy on to his son walter who led the co - operative movement after harper senior \u2019 s death in 1912 and saw to its integration into the mainstream of western australian political and economic systems. in considering harper \u2019 s contribution to the economic and social development of western australia, it is difficult to determine the extent to which his economic thinking in relation to co - operation or other economic questions conformed to such socialistic ideas represented by owenite co - operation or colonial socialism. harper was neither a protectionist nor a free trader. indeed, in this paper, i will discuss harper \u2019 s position in relation to a number of economic questions \u2013 tariffs, dumping, fair trade, land alienation - with a view to showing that harper was a pragmatist focused on economic development and determined to place all resources and apply all leavers, regardless of source and political niceties, toward that end. gilchrist, d. ( 2010 ). antipodean owenite or colonial socialist : charles harper \u2019 s economic thought. paper presented at the history of economic thought society of australia conference. university of sydney, nsw, 7 - 9 july.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5148549290511748, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.793062"} {"text": "\" if this business was easy, it would be a sin. \" - hayao miyazaki, animerica magazine. 1993 animation is the youngest medium of art that mankind has created. spanning barely over one hundred years, its history is as rich and dramatic as any other. starting as the simple idea of an illusion of moving art by a couple clever innovators at edison ' s film company in the early 1900 ' s, it soon boomed into a mega - corporate commercial venture that employed thousands and captivated millions only decades later. it spread outside of america and took many different forms in many different countries and cultures. today, the face of animation is very different than it ever was. computers, corporate chokeholds and the death of the innovators of animation has left a doubtful future for the preservation of animation ' s defining age. the 1910 ' s saw the rise of animation as a serious medium and the first studios began to appear in the united states. winsor mccay, a masterful draftsman and artist, had created two cartoons with ink on rice paper - \" little nemo \" in 1911 and \" gertie the dinosaur \" in 1916, which contained over 10, 000 individual drawings. unlike the largely experimental and detached experiments in animation before them, mccay ' s cartoon creations had a sense of weight and character to them, and they captivated audiences wherever he showed them. knowing it was unrealistic for one person to create these on their own time repeatedly, studios began to make their way into the limelight. fleischer brothers, terrytoons, warner brothers, mgm, disney, and leon schlesinger to name a few. for 50 years animation flourished as an art form. it was unhinged and wild, allowing its creators to put to work anything their imaginations were willing. the artists ran the show - it wasn ' t about the money, it was about the story. the spectrum of animation being produced ranged from the wildly bizarre, akin to bob clampett ' s \" porky in wackyland \" ( 1938 ), where the audience takes witness to porky pig ' s oncoming insanity - to silent and stirring social commentaries like \" black & white \" ( 1933 ), a short music - driven cartoon by ivan ivanov - vano dealing with racism. their styles differed from the simple, yet smart designs of from pat sullivan ' s 1920 ' s studio with characters like felix the cat, to the painstakingly detailed epic worlds of walt disney ' s money -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47474614777823954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.807816"} {"text": "ivanov - vano dealing with racism. their styles differed from the simple, yet smart designs of from pat sullivan ' s 1920 ' s studio with characters like felix the cat, to the painstakingly detailed epic worlds of walt disney ' s money - eating venture in films like \" fantasia \". the mid - 20th century saw the peak of animation - often referred to as the \" golden age \". warner bros. animation studio led the way with timeless classics of quality not often found in your average saturday morning programming. \" [ it was the ] golden age for [ warner bros. director ] chuck jones : a time for fully realized characters in ideally told tales so brief and ingenious in their structure it could take the breath away, and yet so disarmingly simple that even adults could understand them. \" ( beck, 124 ). their success was attributed to their teamwork - a group of artists working together under one roof. \" his team had worked so long and well together that they could very nearly finish each other ' s sentences. \" ( beck ). many cartoons created during this era are heralded as the best of all time, 1957 ' s chuck jones ' short \" what ' s opera, doc? \" being chosen # 1 in animation historian jerry beck ' s book \" the 50 greatest cartoons : as selected by 1, 000 animation professionals \" in 1994. to their creators, the drawings in their cartoons were actors, not symbols ( barrier, 539. ) they all believed that what they were doing had a purpose void of material gain or profit. walt disney, founder of the walt disney company and director of many of the earlier films in their canon said, \" i have had a stubborn, blind confidence in the cartoon medium, a determination to show the skeptics that the animated cartoon was deserving of a better place, that it was more than mere ' filler ' on the program, more than a novelty, that it could be one of the greatest mediums of fantasy and entertainment. \" ( solomon ). to this affect, cartoons and animation had successfully saturated themselves in the imaginations of millions of americans. characters like mickey mouse, felix the cat and bugs bunny became instantaneous household names in an era when mass communication was a luxury. to this end, animation naturally began to spread beyond the borders of the united states. as early as the 1930 ' s, russia, germany and france were creating animations. by the 1960 ' s, animation was flourishing worldwide as well. in march 1956, japan ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4463305556209831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.808884"} {"text": "naturally began to spread beyond the borders of the united states. as early as the 1930 ' s, russia, germany and france were creating animations. by the 1960 ' s, animation was flourishing worldwide as well. in march 1956, japan ' s first major animation studio toei is founded on the principal of being the \" disney of the east \" ( beck, 181 ). it still exists today. even further east, china ' s shanghai film studio created many award - winning animated classics that were culturally relevant and captured their society ' s imagination. many other nations housed successful studios as well, including but not limited to poland, bulgaria, czechoslovakia, estonia and the united kingdom. all these studios took their cues from american models and adapted them over time to fit their styles, cultures and methods of storytelling. however - as with all new media - as animation began to penetrate society and bring about a new way of delivering a message to people, some people felt threatened and intimidated by this sudden wave of information in a format unfamiliar to them. some also felt threatened by the people responsible for the content. while the 50 ' s and 60 ' s were the golden age for animators, it was also the beginning of a dark age. post - wwii america brought about the cold war and the fear of communism. in the 1950 ' s, the communist party of america had reached its peak of 50, 000 members. propaganda and fears of the \" nuclear winter \" prompted a federal breach in american political freedom as the united states government created the house representative ' s committee on un - american activities. tasked in finding high - profile communist party members, the \" hollywood blacklist \" was created in order to weed them out and ruin their careers. often with little or no evidence, entertainment employees would often disappear from payrolls without notice ( barrier, 539 ). one studio that suffered from this was united productions of america. major upa writers phil eastman, bill scott and john hubley were accused of being community party supporters and subsequently blacklisted. hubley was the only one with legitimate party ties. either way, the actions of the investigation severely damaged the work ethic and spirit of the studio, and upa stopped producing cartoons in 1959. another blow to the animation industry were lobbyist groups to censor and regulate the diverse animation industry. while many cartoons were for children and adults alike, rising animators like ralph bakshi were \" reminding audiences that cartoons are not just for children \", creating the first x - rated animated feature films. by the 1970 '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48801145131018997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.810027"} {"text": "regulate the diverse animation industry. while many cartoons were for children and adults alike, rising animators like ralph bakshi were \" reminding audiences that cartoons are not just for children \", creating the first x - rated animated feature films. by the 1970 ' s, \" [ the ] triumph of various parent groups in their efforts to strip all of the fun from cartoons [ had succeeded ], essentially removing all slapstick action comic violence, injecting educational and pro - social messages into the narratives. \" ( beck, 246. ) cartoons had been reduced to a \" saturday morning ghetto \" ( beck ) with shallow, childish stories. the drop in production quality was not singularly tied to censorship. the businessman duo gone animation studio hannah barbera had begun to mass produce cartoons in a factory - line type process known today as limited animation, a practice in what animator anne joliffe described fondly as akin to \" bottling pickles \". reused backgrounds, walk cycles and animated sequences saved the studios a lot of money. these major cost - cutting practices were appealing to the ever - growing broadcasting networks that distributed animated material. studios like warner brothers became less enchanted with the higher budgets they used to give their teams, and as the 3d - glasses craze swept film, wb animation quickly flickered and died. on top of the domestic money saving techniques, outsourcing most of the work overseas to japanese and australian studios kept an even tighter budget at the expense of animation jobs. because of these circumstances, the 1970 ' s had a sharp contrast to the cartoons of the previous decade. characterized by cheap production values, stiff animation and weak writing at the expense of not offending any audience, most cartoons of this era had little staying power and are long forgotten. as the mid - 1990 ' s approached, only dreamworks and disney remained from the wake of the oppression of animation, as richard william ' s 29 - years - in - the - making masterpiece thief and the cobbler was seized by warner studios and sent off to korea for a swift video release. while american animation suffered at the expense of corporate interests, foreign animation continued to thrive - especially japanese animation. the fundamental difference between american and japanese studios were the people in charge. while nbc, abc and the major broadcasting networks left artists at the mercy of corporate changes, japanese studios kept the artists in charge of the business. over time, certain directors made their way from television to theatrical releases. one of them was hayao miyazaki, arguably japan ' s most prominent director in their history. japan '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4586709538594319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.811235"} {"text": "changes, japanese studios kept the artists in charge of the business. over time, certain directors made their way from television to theatrical releases. one of them was hayao miyazaki, arguably japan ' s most prominent director in their history. japan ' s film industry is dominated by anime, and it shows in box office numbers. japan did suffer from the same stereotypes of animation for a time, but miyazaki ' s films bridged the gap between general audiences of adults and children. with miyazaki on the front, anime from comic books to animation exploded in japan as the most popular medium for storytelling - and something was available for every age group. rumiko takahashi, creator of some of japan ' s top selling manga such as ranma \u00bd and uresei yatsura, is the prime market for young girls. yoshiyoki tomino, creator of the gundam series which sparked a mecha / space opera craze, grabbed a large audience of adult males. these are only a few examples of the explosion of modern animation and art culture in japan, which has only grown in the last 40 years - similar to the growth of american animation at its birth. unafraid to express his creativity and not bound by any restrictions, miyazaki thrived in japan as chuck jones did during the golden age of warner brothers. \" how can we make films which will gain the acceptance of those people who ' ve never seen animation before? we need to get near to that universal appeal of animation when making a movie, or all our efforts will have been for nothing. \" ( fuiji, 27 ). part of his and other ' s success was also the lack of creativity in the live action film industry. \" i never trust the response of industry people. they ' re too conservative. they ' ve always been behind the times. if industry people knew what they were talking about, the movie business wouldn ' t be on the decline like it is. \" ( fuiji ). but as time went on and the american animation industry continued to falter, as did japans. animators had fought several battles in the states to get their jobs back, turning a once stable job into a rollercoaster of stunted projects and short contracts from corporations interested in creating a product, not a film. this turned american animators from a few teams of people who worked together into a travelling band of starved talent fighting for quick fixes and a short term creative injection. like a sick patient dependent on manufactured pharmaceuticals to sustain itself,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4327789945574355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.812339"} {"text": ", not a film. this turned american animators from a few teams of people who worked together into a travelling band of starved talent fighting for quick fixes and a short term creative injection. like a sick patient dependent on manufactured pharmaceuticals to sustain itself, major american broadcasting networks have made animation teams wholly dependent on their brief inoculations of cartoon projects, stifling the creative process and everything that made the studios of the golden age successful ( and profitable. ) how this affected japanese animation is simple - its existence is dependent on its predecessors. yoshiyoki tomino of gundam was inspired by american sci - fi. rumiko takahashi of ranma\u00bd, spiderman. yukito kishiro of battle angel alita, frank miller ' s batman. like toei animation ' s goal to be the \" disney of the east \", japanese pioneers of anime were first inspired by american counterparts. since then, they have taken on their own look, and on the flip side american cartoons began to take on their looks as anime crept its way on the airwaves. recently, japan ' s own golden age is beginning to show signs of trouble in a different fashion. while america feels creatively bankrupt, animators in japan have felt that they are beginning to run out of ideas. mamoru oshii, an animation director, said that \" animation studios are surviving, animators are getting better paid, but the quality of new works is not improving. on the surface, it ' s thriving, but in reality, there ' s very little new happening. \" ( saito ). this issue is perhaps related to the aging group of japan ' s flagship of anime pioneers - similar to the plight of american animation pioneers unwillingly succumbing to mega corporations and the conveyor - belt cartoons of the 70 ' s. hayao miyazaki is now nearing 70 years old. oshii states in the same interview ; \" from a directors ' viewpoint, we cannot expect anything new from miyazaki. he is like a very old man, almost retired now. \" even miyazaki has expressed his doubt in the generation that precedes him - and not just in japan. \" i don ' t know how much the people in hollywood actually believed in [ loving film ]. personally, they were probably more concerned with getting a home in beverly hills. but at one time, that illusion held sway throughout the world. it ' s become too difficult to even pretend you believe in that anymore. the goal now is to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4954961887624325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.813447"} {"text": "]. personally, they were probably more concerned with getting a home in beverly hills. but at one time, that illusion held sway throughout the world. it ' s become too difficult to even pretend you believe in that anymore. the goal now is to throw a huge amount of money at a project, do a huge promotion, and mobilize a huge number of viewers. \" while japan ' s market suffered from more of the same, american studios follow the model miyazaki explained. a good example was disney under the reigns of eisner in from the mid - 1990 ' s to the early 2000 ' s. as eisner saw disney ' s toy and product profits soar, films were chosen for production based on their value to toy manufacturers such as hasbro, instead of their appeal to audiences. as the animation became more about selling a product, disney began to struggle to captivate its audiences. roy disney, upon retiring in 2003, described eisner ' s disney as \" soul - less. \" after the production of \" brother bear \", eisner closed disney ' s 2d florida studio and fired nearly every 2d production animator and artist, proudly boasting that \" 2d is dead. \" not soon after, eisner was pressured to step down as ceo, and did so. however he left in his wake the near destruction of walt disney, a company founded on the principle that animation should be treated as a gift, in the name of greed and maximizing profits. to stay afloat, disney would eventually purchase pixar studios, whose business model headed by john lasseter would save the wavering animation giant for the time being. although it is not a question of whether if cartoons will survive but how, it ' s important to see how the industry has come to this point. there are two parts to the cycle of animation - the boom of creativity when artists are free to be artists, and the busts, when money takes the reins and the artists - and their creations - suffer. and while cartoons may seem different from border to border, at their core they are the same stories, the same visions and the same artists, simply wishing to create their visions through the illusion of life through art. when one part of the body is sick and isn ' t treated, it slowly creeps its way throughout. american animation being treated as a gimmicky sideshow for advertising and web - based series reminiscent of the \" bottled pickles \" of the 70 ' s is slowly beginning to cripple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4365610652763686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.814327"} {"text": "t treated, it slowly creeps its way throughout. american animation being treated as a gimmicky sideshow for advertising and web - based series reminiscent of the \" bottled pickles \" of the 70 ' s is slowly beginning to cripple cartoons big and small. those who have innovated before us are starting to see it. and while times have changed, the one thing animators today have to learn from those before them is that the animation business is not easy. if animation is as powerful as its creators believed it were, it can triumph over greed, fear and soulless mass production like it has before. in animation ' s young history, there has never been a more urgent time than now for the next generation of animation pioneers to follow in the fearless footsteps of its creators. while some are aware of this urgency, most never consider the dedication of animators and the imaginative worlds they have given to mankind. their work will never fade, but time marches on, and as they pass on they leave a void. the digital age has made it easy to take for granted the work of animation past, and those times will likely never be re - lived. but if we listen to their words and take their spirit to heart, animation will thrive and live again in a new era. - 1. fuiji, narita, ledoux, davis et al. anime interviews : the first five years of animerica. cadence books, 1997. - 2. barrier, j. michael. hollywood cartoons : american in its golden age. oxford university press, 1999. - 3. beck, jerry. animation art. harper collins, 2004. - 4. charles, solomon. enchanted drawings : the history of animation. knopf, 1989. - 5. lotman, jeff. animation art : the early years, 1911 - 1953. schiffer, 1995. - 6. kelts, ronald. japanamerica : how japanese pop culture has invaded the u. s. palgrave macmillan, 2007. - 7. \" anime ' s future world : japanese filmmakers give the genre a hard look \" los angeles times. 28 mar. 2005. c7 - 8. sprang, k. \" history of walt disney ' s mickey mouse. \" pagewise. < http : / / www. essortment. com / all / mickeymousewal _ rnnh. htm > - 9. macdonald, christopher. \" silly otaku, cartoons are for kids. \" anime news network. 30 oct. 2001. <", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4599071912272146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.815199"} {"text": "windows nt is a series of microsoft ' s windows operating systems written in the c and c + + programming languages. they were the first to use their new ' nt ' ( new technology ) core. that meant it had a brand new core to do more things than the ms - dos - based one that they used in older versions of windows. also, it was more secure and crashed less. microsoft decided to create a portable operating system, compatible with os / 2 and posix and supporting multiprocessing, in october 1988. when development started in november 1989, windows nt was to be known as os / 2 3. 0, the third version of the operating system developed jointly by microsoft and ibm. to ensure portability, initial development was targeted at the intel i860xr risc processor, switching to the mips r3000 in late 1989, and then the intel i386 in 1990. it is well believed that dave cutler intended the initialism ' wnt ' as a pun on vms, incrementing each letter by one. however, the project was named nt os / 2 before receiving the windows brand. one of the original os / 2 3. 0 creators, mark lucovsky, claims that the name was taken from the original target processor \u2014 the intel i860, code - named n10 ( ' n - ten ' ). various microsoft publications, including a 1998 question - and - answer session with bill gates, reveal that the letters were expanded to ' new technology ' for marketing purposes but no longer carry any specific meaning. the letters were dropped from the name of windows 2000, though microsoft described the product as ' built on nt technology. ' versions of windows nt are windows nt 3. 1, nt 3. 51, nt 4, windows 2000, windows xp, windows vista and windows 7. windows nt 3. 1 was the first release of the windows nt line. the version number 3. 1 was from the fact that it looked very much like windows 3. 1. it was released in 1993. next was windows nt 3. 5 and then 3. 51. 3. 5 was released in 1994 and 3. 51 just a few months before windows 95. the version after that was nt 4. 0, released in 1996. it was advertised as ' power of windows nt and look of windows 95 ' and included internet explorer version 2. it ' s final releases are currently windows 2000 ( nt 5. 0 ), windows xp ( nt 5. 1 ), vista ( nt 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48501404925247793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.820637"} {"text": "was advertised as ' power of windows nt and look of windows 95 ' and included internet explorer version 2. it ' s final releases are currently windows 2000 ( nt 5. 0 ), windows xp ( nt 5. 1 ), vista ( nt 6. 0 ), and the newest version, windows 7 ( nt 6. 1 ). the nt version number is not now generally used for marketing purposes, but is still used internally, and said to reflect the degree of changes to the core of the operating system. - \" windows nt system overview \". microsoft. com. http : / / www. microsoft. com / technet / archive / winntas / training / ntarchitectoview / ntarc _ 2. mspx. retrieved 2010 - 11 - 24. - lextrait, vincent ( january 2010 ). \" the programming languages beacon, v10. 0 \". http : / / www. lextrait. com / vincent / implementations. html. retrieved 4 january 2010. - dave cutler ' s preface to mark russinovich, david a. solomon. microsoft windows internals, ( fourth edition ), microsoft press. isbn 0 - 7356 - 1917 - 4 - andrew pollack ( 1991 - 07 - 27 ). \" microsoft widens its split with i. b. m. over software \". new york times. http : / / query. nytimes. com / gst / fullpage. html? res = 9d0ce0d81339f934a15754c0a967958260. retrieved 2008 - 09 - 02. - paul thurrott ( 2003 - 01 - 24 ). \" windows server 2003 : the road to gold \". http : / / www. winsupersite. com / reviews / winserver2k3 _ gold1. asp. retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05. - zachary, g. pascal ( 1994 ). show stopper! : the breakneck race to create windows nt and the next generation at microsoft. free press. isbn 978 - 0029356715. - \" microsoft windows nt os / 2 design workbook \". http : / / americanhistory. si. edu / collections / object. cfm? key = 35 & objkey = 124. retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15. - \" paul thurrott ' s history of windows server 2003 : the road to gold \". http : / /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43879513931089453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.821452"} {"text": "what \u2019 s abnormal in this image? here \u2019 s a hint. here is an example of normal. when evaluating for possible elevation in intracranial pressure, it has been shown that optic nerve sheath diameter ( onsd ) measurements correlate with elevated intracranial pressures. ( 1, 2 ) the optic nerve attaches to the globe posteriorly and is wrapped in a sheath that contains cerebral spinal fluid. the optic nerve sheath is contiguous with the dura mater and has a trabeculated arachnoid space through which cerebrospinal fluid slowly percolates. onsd normal ranges | normal adults | | < 5 mm | | children > 1 yr | | < 4. 5 mm | | infants < 1 yr | | < 4 mm | the onsd is measured 3 mm posterior to the globe for both eyes. a position of 3 mm behind the globe is recommended because the ultrasound contrast is greatest. it is best to average two measurements of each eye. an average onsd greater than 5 mm is considered abnormal and elevated intracranial pressure should be suspected. in severe cases of elevated icp, one can see an echolucent circle within the optic nerve sheath separating the sheath from the nerve due to increased subarachnoid fluid surrounding the optic nerve. ophthalmologists refer to this as the crescent sign. 40 yo female patient presents with several months of frontal headache associated with photophobia and blurry vision. symptoms have gotten much worse over the last few days and she has had difficulty reading and watching tv because of her visual symptoms. she denies fevers, chills, nausea, vomiting, or focal weakness. pt is hypertensive 170 / 100. her vital signs are otherwise normal. - visual acuity - 20 / 30 od, 20 / 70 os - ct head is normal - bedside point of care ultrasound this patient had enlarged onsd ( measurements were 6 mm bilaterally ) as well as papilledema ( arrow ). lumbar puncture was performed. opening pressure was 44. 30 cc \u2019 s of csf was drained and the closing pressure was 11. the patient \u2019 s headache and visual symptoms improved. she was started on acetazolamide and admitted to the neurology service. mri brain prior to lumbar puncture showed posterior scleral flattening bilaterally with protrusion of the optic nerve in the the globes bilaterally consistent with increased icp. this patient \u2019 s papilledema and increased on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5322904037277774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.829129"} {"text": "brain prior to lumbar puncture showed posterior scleral flattening bilaterally with protrusion of the optic nerve in the the globes bilaterally consistent with increased icp. this patient \u2019 s papilledema and increased onsd correlated with a markedly increased opening pressure during lumbar puncture and suggests that ocular ultrasound may play a role in the ed management of patients with suspected pseudotumor cerebri. elevated intracranial pressure in the abscence of intracranial mass lesion. most common in young, over weight women. if the diagnosis is missed, persistently elevated intracranial pressure can lead to optic atrophy and blindness. - lumbar puncture to drain csf to a normal opening pressure. - medical : diomox ( acetazolamide ), high dose steroids - surgical : optic nerve sheath fenestration, vp shunt the ability to diagnose papilledema using bedside sonography is useful to emergency physicians, as many non - ophthalmologist clinicians do not feel confident in their ability to perform an accurate nondilated fundoscopic examination. ( 3 ) ultrasound provides a useful alternative means of determining the presence or absence of papilledema in a patient in whom fundoscopy cannot be adequately performed. geeraerts t, launey y, martin l, et al. ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath may be useful for detecting raised intracranial pressure after severe brain injury. intensive care med 2007 ; 33 ( 10 ) : 1704 - 11 [ electronic publication 2007 aug 1 ]. pmid : 17668184 kimberly hh, shah s, marill k, noble v. correlation of optic nerve sheath diameter with direct measurement of intracranial pressure. acad emerg med 2008 ; 15 ( 2 ) : 201 - 4. pmid : 18275454 wu eh, fagan mj, reinert se, diaz ja. self - confidence in and perceived utility of the physical examination : a comparison of medical students, residents, and faculty internists. j gen intern med 2007 ; 22 ( 12 ) : 1725 - 30 [ electronic publication 2007 oct 6 ]. pmid : 17922165", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5108810464631379, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.830133"} {"text": "to be clear, dandruff, true dandruff, is not a disease, nor is it a symptom of disease. it is part of the natural human condition to shed the outermost layer of skin. dandruff is an indication that new skin is rising from underneath. that old skin has to go somewhere, of course, which generally happens when we sleep, are in the shower and go about our daily lives. ( in case you didn \u2019 t know this, most household dust indirectly originates from human skin. dust is the dead carcasses and feces of tiny house - dust mites - - dermatophagoides farinae and related species - - which eat our skin before they depart this life and land on our coffee tables and computer screens. ) but it \u2019 s true that some people get more dandruff than others. and depending on the nature and relative cleanliness of the hair in your scalp, the natural sloughing off of dead scalp skin might accumulate in your hair. in the majority of cases, the fix is to shampoo more often, perhaps with a pyrithione zinc - based shampoo, the active ingredient in most over - the - counter dandruff shampoos. there are also other causes of itchy, flakey skin on the scalp. some are downright frightening, and in advanced cases the irritation can lead to spot hair loss, aka alopecia areata. the following conditions may lead to an itchy flaking on the scalp : generally considered a sensitivity to hair care products, this skin inflammation, which resembles a burn, is a reaction to an irritant or allergen. other symptoms include itching, tenderness, swelling and skin lesions ( rash, vesicles and bullae / blisters ). itchy skin that can occur anywhere on the body, including the scalp, eczema produces skin that becomes scaly, dry and thickened from scratching. ultimately, the skin oozes fluid and crusts over. it tends to run in families, coincides often with allergies and asthma and is believed to be an over - response of the immune system to soaps and detergents, heat or cold and contact with pet dander. it is not contagious. inflamed follicles ( folliculitis ) the follicles, the source of each strand of hair, can become inflamed from infection by a fungus or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47437731933518507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.833482"} {"text": "pet dander. it is not contagious. inflamed follicles ( folliculitis ) the follicles, the source of each strand of hair, can become inflamed from infection by a fungus or staphylococcus bacteria. this infection is often a secondary effect of eczema or dermatitis. other causes of folliculitis might include diabetes, tight clothing ( including hats and ball caps ), poor hygiene in combination with heat and humidity, and use of hot tubs. more commonly found elsewhere on the body ( elbows and knees ), psoriasis can be found on the scalp and is often mistaken for seborrheic dermatitis. it is seen as thick, silvery scales. characterized by flakey white or yellow scales originating on red, greasy skin on the scalp, it is largely found on the scalp. seborrheic dermatitis also appears on the body where oil glands are plentiful ( eyebrows, sides of the nose, the groin area and armpits ). it may be a result of irritation from malassezia, a yeast, and can be stimulated by stress, oily skin, fatigue, extreme weather, poor hygiene and use of personal care products containing alcohol. obesity also can be a risk factor, as can hiv infection. it more often is seen in men than women. chronic itching and scratching can lead to temporary, spot hair loss and secondary fungal infections. from a preventive standpoint, three things seem consistent across all conditions : pay attention to the symptoms, particularly if other members of your family have similar symptoms and diagnosed conditions. maintain proper hygiene by shampooing frequently. and if symptoms persist over several weeks after trying mild, over - the - counter remedies, go see your doctor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4515176264866768, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.834129"} {"text": "mission type : flyby launch vehicle : titan iiie - centaur ( tc - 7 / titan no. 23e - 7 / centaur d - 1t ) launch site : cape canaveral, usa, launch complex 41 nasa center : jet propulsion laboratory spacecraft mass : 2, 080 kg ( 822 kg mission module ) spacecraft instruments : 1 ) imaging system ; 2 ) ultraviolet spectrometer ; 3 ) infrared spectrometer ; 4 ) planetary radio astronomy experiment ; 5 ) photopolarimeter ; 6 ) magnetometers ; 7 ) plasma particles experiment ; 8 ) low - energy charged - particles experiment ; 9 ) plasma waves experiment and 10 ) cosmic - ray telescope spacecraft dimensions : decahedral bus, 47 cm in height and 1. 78 m across from flat to flat spacecraft power : 3 plutonium oxide radioisotope thermoelectric generators ( rtgs ) maximum power : 470 w of 30 - volt dc power at launch, dropping to about 287 w at the beginning of 2008, and continuing to decrease antenna diameter : 3. 66 m x - band data rate : 115. 2 kbits / sec at jupiter, less at more distant locations ( first spacecraft to use x - band as the primary telemetry link frequency ) total cost : through the end of the neptune phase of the voyager project, a total of $ 875 million had been expended for the construction, launch, and operations of both voyager spacecraft. an additional $ 30 million was allocated for the first two years of vim. deep space chronicle : a chronology of deep space and planetary probes 1958 - 2000, monographs in aerospace history no. 24, by asif a. siddiqi national space science data center, http : / / nssdc. gsfc. nasa. gov / solar system log by andrew wilson, published 1987 by jane ' s publishing co. ltd. voyager project homepage, http : / / voyager. jpl. nasa. gov an alignment of the outer planets that occurs only once in 176 years prompted nasa to plan a grand tour of the outer planets, consisting of dual launches to jupiter, saturn, and pluto in 1976 - 77 and dual launches to jupiter, uranus, and neptune in 1979. the original scheme was canceled for budgetary reasons, but was replaced by voyager 1 and 2, which accomplished similar goals at significantly lower cost. the two voyager spacecraft were designed to explore jupiter and saturn in greater detail than the two pioneers ( pioneers 10 and 11 ) that preceded them had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4577886542410582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.841103"} {"text": "budgetary reasons, but was replaced by voyager 1 and 2, which accomplished similar goals at significantly lower cost. the two voyager spacecraft were designed to explore jupiter and saturn in greater detail than the two pioneers ( pioneers 10 and 11 ) that preceded them had been able to do. each voyager was equipped with slow - scan color tv to take live television images from the planets, and each carried an extensive suite of instruments to record magnetic, atmospheric, lunar, and other data about the planets. the original design of the spacecraft was based on that of the older mariners. power was provided by three plutonium oxide radioisotope thermoelectric generators ( rtgs ) mounted at the end of a boom. although launched about two weeks before voyager 1, voyager 2 exited the asteroid belt after its twin and followed it to jupiter and saturn. the primary radio receiver failed on 5 april 1978, placing the mission ' s fate on the backup unit, which has been used ever since. a fault in this backup receiver severely limits its bandwidth, but the mission has been a major success despite this obstacle. all of the experiments on voyager 2 have produced useful data. voyager 2 began transmitting images of jupiter on 24 april 1979 for time - lapse movies of atmospheric circulation. they showed that the planet ' s appearance had changed in the four months since voyager 1 ' s visit. the great red spot had become more uniform, for example. the spacecraft relayed spectacular photos of the entire jovian system, including its moons amalthea, io, callisto, ganymede, and europa, all of which had also been imaged by voyager 1, making comparisons possible. voyager 2 ' s closest encounter with jupiter was at 22 : 29 ut on 9 july 1979 at a range of 645, 000 km. voyager 1 ' s discovery of active volcanoes on io prompted a 10 - hour volcano watch for voyager 2. though the second spacecraft approached no closer than a million kilometers to io, it was clear that the moon ' s surface had changed and that six of the volcanic plumes observed earlier were still active. voyager 2 imaged europa at a distance of 206, 000 km, resolving the streaks seen by voyager 1 into a collection of cracks in a thick covering of ice. no variety in elevation was observed, prompting one scientist to say that europa was \" as smooth as a billiard ball. \" an image of callisto, studied in detail months later, revealed a 14th satellite, now called adrastea. it is only 30 to 40 km in diameter and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48631066537298434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.842078"} {"text": "one scientist to say that europa was \" as smooth as a billiard ball. \" an image of callisto, studied in detail months later, revealed a 14th satellite, now called adrastea. it is only 30 to 40 km in diameter and orbits close to jupiter ' s rings. as voyager 2 left jupiter, it took an image that revealed a faint third component to the planet ' s rings. it is thought that the moons amalthea and thebe may contribute some of the material that constitutes the ring. following a midcourse correction two hours after its closest approach to jupiter, voyager 2 sped to saturn. its encounter with the sixth planet began on 22 august 1981, two years after leaving the jovian system, with imaging of the moon iapetus. once again, voyager 2 repeated the photographic mission of its predecessor, although it flew 23, 000 km closer to saturn. the closest encounter was at 01 : 21 ut on 26 august 1981 at a range of 101, 000 km. the spacecraft provided more detailed images of the ring spokes and kinks, as well as the f - ring and its shepherding moons. voyager 2 ' s data suggested that saturn ' s a - ring was perhaps only 300 m thick. it also photographed the moons hyperion, enceladus, tethys, and phoebe. using the spacecraft ' s photopolarimeter ( the instrument that had failed on voyager 1 ), scientists observed a star called delta scorpii through saturn ' s rings and measured the flickering level of light over the course of 2 hours, 20 minutes. this provided 100 - m resolution, which was 10 times better than was possible with the cameras, and many more ringlets were discovered. after voyager 2 fulfilled its primary mission goals with its flybys of jupiter and saturn, mission planners set the spacecraft on a 4. 5 - year journey to uranus, during which it covered 33 au ( about 5 billion km ). the geometry of the uranus encounter was designed to enable the spacecraft to use a gravity assist to help it reach neptune. voyager 2 had only 5. 5 hours of close study during its flyby, the first ( and so far, only ) human - made spacecraft to visit the planet uranus. long - range observations of uranus began on 4 november 1985. at that distance, the spacecraft ' s radio signals took approximately 2. 5 hours to reach earth. light conditions were 400 times less than terrestrial conditions. the closest approach took place at 17 : 59 ut on 24 january", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48939656703059564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.843813"} {"text": "to be more active than previously believed, with winds of 1100 km per hour. hydrogen was found to be the most common atmospheric element, although the abundant methane gives the planet its blue appearance. voyager data on triton, neptune ' s largest moon, revealed the coldest known planetary body in the solar system and a nitrogen ice volcano on its surface. the spacecraft ' s flyby of neptune set it on a course below the ecliptic plane that will ultimately take it out of the solar system. after neptune, nasa formally renamed the entire project ( including both voyager spacecraft ) the voyager interstellar mission ( vim ). approximately 56 million km past the neptune encounter, voyager 2 ' s instruments were put into low - power mode to conserve energy. in november 1998, twenty - one years after launch, nonessential instruments were permanently turned off. six instruments are still operating. data from at least some of the instruments should be received until at least 2025. sometime after that date, power levels onboard the spacecraft will be too low to operate even one of its instruments. as of march 2010, voyager 2 was about 92 au ( 13. 7 billion km ) from the sun, increasing its distance at a speed of about 3. 3 au ( about 494 million km ) per year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5337992923342902, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.846930"} {"text": "who says young people don \u2019 t care about online privacy? photo by opensourceway 6. 2. 10 | a recent survey by the pew internet & american life project finds older generations could learn a few tips about online privacy from young people. when compared with older users, the report found, young adults are more likely to restrict what they share online and whom they share it with. for example, 71 percent of young adults age 18 to 29 who use social networking sites have changed their privacy settings vs. 55 percent of those age 50 to 64. the report also found that young adults say they are more likely to delete unwanted comments and to remove their name from photos that were tagged to identify them. in one example, marlene mcmanus, a 21 - year - old recent college grad who is now job searching, told the associated press she is very selective about what she shares on social networking sites. mcmanus has removed embarrassing college photos from her facebook page and has stopped using twitter. \u201c i have to present a public face that doesn \u2019 t have the potential to hurt my image, \u201d she said. in a post on her blog, researcher danah boyd says the pew study is important because it counters a lot of the myths adults have about young adults \u2019 online behavior : in today \u2019 s discussions about privacy, \u201c youth don \u2019 t care about privacy \u201d is an irritating but popular myth. embedded in this rhetoric is the belief that youth are reckless risk - takers who don \u2019 t care about the consequences of their actions. this couldn \u2019 t be further from the truth. interestingly, young adults are less trusting than older users of sites like facebook that host their content ; some are even hesitant to use their real names. but many young people have learned lessons about privacy the hard way. as boyd points out, many have made mistakes and watched their friends make mistakes they regret. youth are not always successful at negotiating through the confusing and ever - changing tools and privacy controls on social networking sites. it \u2019 s ironic, notes boyd, that it took facebook \u2019 s foibles to draw the public \u2019 s full attention to these important privacy issues. younger users are obviously paying attention. you can read the full pew report online here. plus : for more on facebook and privacy, see boyd \u2019 s earlier posts : \u201c facebook and \u2018 radical transparency \u2019 ( a rant ) \u201d and \u201c quitting facebook is pointless ; challenging them to do better is not. \u201d leave a comment comments are moderated to ensure topic relevance and generally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3862762972331627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.849510"} {"text": "\" he was of an active, restless, indefatigable genius even almost to the last, and always slept little to his death, seldom going to sleep till two three, or four a clock in the morning, and seldomer to bed, often continuing his studies all night, and taking a nap in the day. his temper was melancholy.... \" these words were intended to describe robert hooke, but have been said to equally describe isaac newton. both men played vital roles in the development of science in the seventeenth century, though at first glance newton appears to outshine and outclass robert hooke. when hooke is mentioned to this day, we usually speak of newton as well, but not the other way around. they influenced one another far more than either would ever admit and, though each deserves his own separate identity, hooke has rarely been granted his. this is largely because, though newton and hooke had much in common, they were bitter enemies, and newton was able to exert far more influence over the royal society and, thereby, over the entire scientific community of his day. robert hooke ' s genius is hidden in shadows created partly by hooke himself, but largely by isaac newton, a man who could not speak without contempt for hooke, even long after hooke ' s death, and who may well have taken steps to obliterate much of hooke ' s contributions to science. hooke ' s reputation is riddled by exaggerated accusations and misconceptions. robert hooke was a significant influence in the advancement of science as well as newton. an established physicist and astronomer, hooke was with the royal society from its inception, and served it tirelessly and loyally for over forty years ; it was he who had worded the society ' s credo \" to improve the knowledge of natural things, and all useful arts, manufactures, mechanic practices, engines and inventions by experiments ( not meddling with divinity, metaphysics, morals, politics, grammar, rhetoric or logic ). \" but the rancor between newton and hooke did much to tarnish hooke ' s reputation. hooke was born on the isle of wight, july 18, 1635. as a child he survived smallpox, but was scarred physically and emotionally for life. when hooke was thirteen years old, his father, john hooke, a clergyman hanged himself. young robert had much emotional pain in his youth. receiving a 100 pound inheritance from his father, robert hooke became an orphan of sorts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5091441564543693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.869698"} {"text": "for life. when hooke was thirteen years old, his father, john hooke, a clergyman hanged himself. young robert had much emotional pain in his youth. receiving a 100 pound inheritance from his father, robert hooke became an orphan of sorts, being sent off to london. in london was the painter sir peter lely, and there, hooke was to develop his artistic skills. as a boy, robert hooke had shown considerable interest and skill in mechanical things, and this, along with hooke ' s intelligence, did not escape the notice of richard busby, the most feared man of westminster school. busby had a reputation for \" flogging sense into them, \" but there was no threat here for robert hooke. busby saw great genius in hooke, and got involved to the extent of taking the boy into his own home. hooke moved through westminster, to oxford university, working his way through as a servant as had newton in cambridge. at oxford, hooke met physicist robert boyle, becoming his paid assistant. during his time with boyle, their greatest accomplish - ment was the construction of the air pump. hooke stayed with boyle until 1662 when boyle helped hooke secure the job as curator of experiments for the royal society. no job could have suited robert hooke more, and most other scientists less, than the job of curator of experiments. his task, three to four major experiments each week to be reported on and / or demonstrated to the royal society. the experiments varied in topic greatly, some of chemical nature, some of astronomy, some of biology, all were considered natural philosophy. all had to be understood. it was not a menial task, but hooke performed it excellently for forty one years until his death. testimony to hooke ' s stamina, and ability to handle a tremendous workload lay in the endeavors of the next few years of his life after being appointed curator. in 1663, hooke was elected a fellow of the society. in 1665, he was appointed professor of geometry at gresham college. the same year he published his micrographia, a book with elaborate drawings of various things under the microscope. and while it is flamsteed, cassinni and halley who usually get the credit for getting newton involved with comets, a great deal of interest was sparked in newton by a book entitled \" cometa, \" published around 1666, the author, robert hooke. newton had made mention of the book in his notes, and later", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4846222177931184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.870673"} {"text": "credit for getting newton involved with comets, a great deal of interest was sparked in newton by a book entitled \" cometa, \" published around 1666, the author, robert hooke. newton had made mention of the book in his notes, and later mentioned it in his correspondences. hooke had taken close observations of the comets of 1664 and 1665, as well as collecting data from other astronomers. the only thing hooke could not decide on was what type of motion the comet would take, straight line, circular orbit, or ellipse. by 1666, hooke had put it aside for the time, apparently because of the necessity of pursuing other matters. in 1666, after the great fire of london, hooke was appointed surveyor of london, designing many buildings including montague house, the royal college of physicians, bedlam and bethlehem hospital. hooke was indeed a very busy man. in 1677, after henry oldenburg ' s death, hooke succeeded him to the post of secretary of the royal society while still maintaining his responsibilities as curator. hooke continued in this capacity until 1683 when the post of secretary was filled by richard waller who would eventually write hooke ' s biography. hooke continued as curator and with his interest in architecture, an interest he shared with christopher wren, though wren practiced it far more diligently as an occupation. the two conversed often about the subject of architecture. while wren was constructing st. paul ' s cathedral, his greatest work, hooke assisted in modifying the great arches of the structure. and when the royal observatory was under construction, references appear about hooke ' s connection with that, though precisely to what degree is not known. while hooke never married, there was only one instance where he seemed to be in love, that was with his niece, jane hooke, who took over the duties of housekeeper at gresham. but though he became obsessed with her, she would not be faithful to him. hooke was ever a lonely person. though hooke outwardly may have seemed arrogant and self assured, underlying this seemed to be a great deal of insecurity. perhaps his physical condition had much to do with it. while physical deformities and scars were far more common in those days, hooke seems to have been an extreme case. descriptions of him such as \" scarred to the point of ugliness \" and his condition of \" twistedness, which grew worse with age \" and references to a great deal of pain, seem to imply a tortured", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4746321031893279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.871645"} {"text": "to have been an extreme case. descriptions of him such as \" scarred to the point of ugliness \" and his condition of \" twistedness, which grew worse with age \" and references to a great deal of pain, seem to imply a tortured person. certainly there were those who avoided him because of his condition, some even mocked him, newton once made a reference to a \" dwarf \" that was most certainly a barb directed at hooke. hooke devoted a great deal of time to the universe and its mysteries. the search for parallax was on in the seventeenth century, and hooke made an attempt to find it using a zenith telescope. the idea of using zenith telescopes was based on atmospheric distortion being at a minimum directly overhead, and therefore making for the most accurate measurements. hooke used the star gamma draconis, but the telescope was too crude to reach any definite conclusions. hooke anticipated some of the most important discoveries and inventions of his time. among hooke ' s contributions are the correct formulation of the theory of elasticity, the kinetic hypothesis of gases and the nature of combustion. he was the first to use the balance spring for the regulation of watches and devised improvements in pendulum clocks and invented a machine for cutting the teeth of watch wheels. an expert micro - scopist, his microstudies of the composition of cork led him to suggest the use of the word cell ( meaning a tiny bare room, like a monk ' s cell ), and the word survived as the name for living cells. the publication of his micrographia in 1665, published in english, with its engraved magnifications of minute bodies, was a major milestone of english science. hooke was the first to report the great red spot of jupiter and the first to establish the rotation of the giant planet. he formulated the theory of planetary motion as a problem in mechanics, and pioneered the scientific trail that led newton to his goal in the formulation of the law of gravitation. as a scientist, hooke made useful contributions to the wave theory of light. his interests ranged from these matters to pre - daltonian atomic studies, astronomy, earthquakes and the physics of spring mechanisms. he set the thermo - metrical zero at the freezing point of water and studied the relationship of barometrical readings to changes in the weather ; he invented a land carriage, a diving bell, a method of telegraphy and he and ascertained the number of vibrations corresponding to musical notes. the first confrontation between hooke and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5591488242089445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.872782"} {"text": "the relationship of barometrical readings to changes in the weather ; he invented a land carriage, a diving bell, a method of telegraphy and he and ascertained the number of vibrations corresponding to musical notes. the first confrontation between hooke and newton came in 1672. newton had written a paper on his demonstration of white light being a composite of other colours. it was presented to the royal society just prior to newton ' s reception as a fellow of the society. newton thought a great deal of his demonstration, referring to it as \" the oddest if not the most considerable detection wch hath hitherto beene made in the operations of nature. \" 1 but newton was met with a strong rebuff by hooke. hooke had his own wave theory of light, he had gone into some detail about it in the micrographia, and he still believed in it strongly. he claimed newton had not proven his idea clearly, and needed more detail. newton had the equivalent of a temper tantrum. the situation was made worse for newton because hooke was not the only one attacking newton ' s theory, he had been joined by christian huygens, ignace pardies and the jesuits of liege. newton had since childhood, reacted strongly to criticism. he constantly challenged authority, and to rebuff him, was to become an enemy. newton demonstrated this over and over during his lifetime ; his response was often either complete withdrawal, or open battle. on this occasion, newton chose withdrawal ( though usually for newton withdrawal was some form of manipulation in battle plans. ) in march 1673, newton wrote to henry oldenburg, the current secretary of the royal society. newton requested to withdraw from the society. it took much gushing of admiration, respect, etc. on oldenburg ' s part, as well as an offer to wave dues to the society to get newton to change his mind. oldenburg also offered an apology for the behavior of an \" unnamed member. \" the stage was set. newton had successfully established his place in the society, and had scored a victory, of sorts, over hooke. in many ways, the problems between hooke and newton could be attributed to the traits they had in common, rather than to their differences of opinion on scientific matters. both were short tempered. both were quick to make someone an enemy. newton once threw a colleague out of his office and refused to speak with him for years because the man had made a joke about a nun. and newton refused to speak with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5903309978119282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.873770"} {"text": "matters. both were short tempered. both were quick to make someone an enemy. newton once threw a colleague out of his office and refused to speak with him for years because the man had made a joke about a nun. and newton refused to speak with flamsteed for years because flamsteed refused to surrender raw data on comet observations. ( actually it made both newton and halley mad, they needed the data for their studies and did not want to wait for \" finished data, \" but while newton ranted and raved, halley took matters into his own hands, literally ; he stole the data! ) hooke became enemies of henry oldenburg, secretary of the royal society, in 1658 because oldenburg had taken christian huygens side of an argument over a claim to the invention of spring balanced watches. both newton and hooke were suspicious of other people ' s motives, ( especially each other ' s ), to the point of paranoia. newton seems to have always been that way. but hooke seems have developed this trait later in life. richard waller, who knew hooke quite well, and was with him until his death wrote this of hooke : \" he was in the beginning of his being made known to the learned, very communicative of his philosophical discoveries and inventions, till some accidents made him to a crime close and reserv ' d. he laid the cause upon some persons, challenging his discoveries for their own, taking occasion from his hints to perfect what he had not ; which made him say he would suggest nothing until he had time to perfect it himself, which has been the reason that many things are lost, which he affirm ' d he knew. \" 2 in other ways hooke and newton were opposite, almost as if they had all the wrong things in common. while newton was a recluse, seldom dining out, hooke was gregarious and loved nothing better than the coffee house. he often dined there and stayed until one or two in the morning, drinking some, and smoking and talking to friends. when it came to experiments and work, they were opposite also. newton would work on one project relentlessly until he had defeated it. hooke, and it must be said this attribute would be required of him if he was to do a proper job as curator of experiments, flitted from one topic to another. he was, similar to halley, curious to a fault about everything. it was quite probably the demands of his job as curator of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4966388385325657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.874757"} {"text": "him if he was to do a proper job as curator of experiments, flitted from one topic to another. he was, similar to halley, curious to a fault about everything. it was quite probably the demands of his job as curator of experiments that kept hooke from concentrating adequate time on any one subject. the very job at which he had worked so diligently and so faithfully would be the cause of later accusations of hooke ' s work being \" broken \" and \" disjointed. \" the next major confrontation between hooke and newton surfaced openly in 1684. it concerned newton ' s principia, and the involvement hooke had in it. newton claimed hooke had none, and quite a few historians have agreed ; but a closer look at the events prior to the principia ' s publication, leave little doubt that hooke was indeed involved. the idea of gravity and its force of attraction was a common topic of interest in those days. newton, halley, wren and hooke all played with the concept. in 1679, there were several letters exchanged between hooke and newton. both had made a slight attempt to work out their differences. hooke had suggested it was other people ( namely oldenburg ) who had made problems, and they should correspond with each other in order to avoid misunder - standings. newton seemed agreeable. the topic of the first letters between them was the old trajectory problem. what path would an object follow falling to the earth. newton had suggested an experiment to prove it. but newton made a mistake, suggesting that the trajectory would be a spiral. hooke grabbed this and ran with it. he announced to the society that newton was wrong. newton was incensed, he felt hooke had no right to take their correspondence to the society, and that the major issue was one of a conduct problem on the part of hooke. hooke had no right to announce newton wrong to the society. it is entirely possible that hooke was making the most of it, but one can hardly blame him when one considers the godlike esteem in which many people held newton. newton may have been the \" giver of laws \" but he often upstaged the others of his time, and was not inclined to give credit to anyone else. newton refused to correspond with hooke any further, hooke had written a third letter to newton, that newton refused to answer. and it is this third letter that is of particular interest. this letter was written january", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5546847118498623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.875726"} {"text": "to give credit to anyone else. newton refused to correspond with hooke any further, hooke had written a third letter to newton, that newton refused to answer. and it is this third letter that is of particular interest. this letter was written january 6, 1680, and in it, hooke spoke of his theory of gravity. hooke wrote ; \" but my supposition is that the attraction always is in a duplicate proportion to the distance from the center reciprocal, and consequently that the velocity will be in a subduplicate proportion to the attraction and consequently as kepler supposes reciprocal to the distance. \" this was the main letter hooke used as evidence when he claimed newton had robbed him of his theory, but hooke had no answer from newton acknowledging hooke ' s theory. hooke first appealed to halley saying that newton had taken all credit for the theory of gravity, when in fact, he, hooke, had given the idea to newton. this put halley in a difficult situation. halley was himself paying for the principia to be published, and the last thing he needed was for newton to get temperamental. however, halley had to know first hand, because of previous communication with hooke, that hooke was not unreasonable in his claims. halley and hooke had long before discussed the idea that the force of gravitation must diminish by the square of the distance across which it is propagated and agreed that the inverse square law could explain kepler ' s discovery that the planets move in elliptical orbits, each sweeping out an equal area within its orbit in equal time. halley wrote newton and told him, \" he sais you had the notion from him, though he owns the demonstration of the curves generated thereby to be wholly your own : how much of this is so you know best, as likewise what you have to do in this matter, only mr. hooke seems to expect you should make some mention of him in the preface, which, it is possible, you may see reason to prefix. \" 3 newton vehemently denied any such accusation to halley. a second letter to newton from halley pointed out that hooke had not made a formal complaint of the matter, and that he felt that others had made hooke ' s conduct seem worse than it was. halley further pointed out again that hooke was not trying to lay claim to the entire theory. it must have been a terribly uncomfortable situation for the easy going halley. newton had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5432683535978009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.877809"} {"text": "had made hooke ' s conduct seem worse than it was. halley further pointed out again that hooke was not trying to lay claim to the entire theory. it must have been a terribly uncomfortable situation for the easy going halley. newton had another temper tantrum and told halley he would not write the third book of the principia. halley thought this an incredible loss to mankind, and he had already invested much of his own resources in the publication of the first two books ; he stopped at nothing to appease newton. this incident only served to further harm hooke ' s reputation. newton still maintained hooke was wrong ; newton would share his credit with no one, most certainly not with hooke, and refused to do anything for him. the principia was formally presented to the royal society in 1687 with no mention of hooke in the preface ; clearly, newton had scored another victory over hooke. the year 1687 was indeed a dark year for robert hooke. the principia was published, without recognition to hooke. as if that was not enough, hooke ' s niece also died that year. she was the niece who had captured the heart of the aging scientist. after the principia publication and the death of hooke ' s niece, his health declined at a greater rate. it is possible, judging by some descriptions, that hooke was inflicted with scoliosis, a crippling degenerative disease that causes an unnatural curvature of the spine and would account for his \" incurvature \" and stooping posture. but he stayed active until the last year of his life when he possibly had a stroke and was confined to bed. but waller reported that his mind stayed clear until his death, though he became increasingly melancholy and disagreeable. hooke died on march 3, 1703, having been blind and bedridden the last year of his life. there had been little justice for hooke during his life, and there would be little to follow after his death. his grave location is not even known. moreover, richard waller published some of hooke ' s works in 1705, dedicated to none other than isaac newton. this posthumous insult did little for hooke and it is quite doubtful newton appreciated it anyway. what remained of hooke ' s works then passed to the reverend william derham, who was an old friend of newton ' s and took until 1725 to publish any more of hooke ' s works. what part newton played in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5030029344868288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.879096"} {"text": "it anyway. what remained of hooke ' s works then passed to the reverend william derham, who was an old friend of newton ' s and took until 1725 to publish any more of hooke ' s works. what part newton played in the events that took place in the moving of the royal society from gresham is unknown for sure. however it was during the move, that hooke ' s portrait, the only one known, disappeared, as did most of hooke ' s instruments, papers and scientific contrivances which hooke had fashioned with his own hands. derham commented that even twenty years after hooke ' s death, newton could still not speak of him and remain calm. there may be no evidence to prove newton was responsible, but the motive is damning. it was also probably due to newton ' s spite that one of hooke ' s gifts to the society fell through. hooke had spent little of his money, keeping it locked away in an iron chest. when he was a dying man he told waller he wanted to give his money after his death, to the society, so that new quarters, meeting rooms, laboratories, and a library might be constructed. but hooke had unfortunately not made a will, or at least one was never found. it seems logical that, had newton wanted to assert the society ' s right to the money, based on waller ' s testimony, he undoubtedly would have gotten it. newton, who after becoming president of the royal society in 1703 had severed all ties that bound the society to hooke, wanted nothing of him. those who charge robert hooke with, habitually and without justification, accusing others of stealing his work need only consider that wren ' s name had been attached to the architecture of the royal college of physicians, willen church in buckingham - shire. perhaps the only justice hooke ever received, albeit posthumously, is that robert hooke was eventually recognized as the true architect. newton once wrote halley and referring to his ( newton ' s ) works, said they were a garden, and that hooke had pilfered from it. sometimes we need to take a look at the facts rather than to judge someone by a reputation his enemies helped create in order to grasp the true picture. robert hooke may have had his faults, and he may have been too quick to make assertions, but he most certainly does not deserve his fate or lack of recognition. newton ' s actions in severing all ties between hooke and the society did nothing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4848395676984883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.880040"} {"text": "12. the attack by fire rather more than half the chapter ( ss. 1 - 13 ) is devoted to the subject of fire, after which the author branches off into other topics. sun tzu said : there are five ways of attacking with fire. the first is to burn soldiers in their camp ; # so tu mu. li ch ` uan says : \" set fire to the camp, and kill the soldiers \" ( when they try to escape from the flames ). pan ch ` ao, sent on a diplomatic mission to the king of shan - shan [ see xi. ss. 51, note ], found himself placed in extreme peril by the unexpected arrival of an envoy from the hsiung - nu [ the mortal enemies of the chinese ]. in consultation with his officers, he exclaimed : \" never venture, never win! [ 1 = \" unless you enter the tiger ' s lair, you cannot get hold of the tiger ' s cubs. \" ] the only course open to us now is to make an assault by fire on the barbarians under cover of night, when they will not be able to discern our numbers. profiting by their panic, we shall exterminate them completely ; this will cool the king ' s courage and cover us with glory, besides ensuring the success of our mission. ' the officers all replied that it would be necessary to discuss the matter first with the intendant. pan ch ` ao then fell into a passion : ' it is today, ' he cried, ' that our fortunes must be decided! the intendant is only a humdrum civilian, who on hearing of our project will certainly be afraid, and everything will be brought to light. an inglorious death is no worthy fate for valiant warriors. ' all then agreed to do as he wished. accordingly, as soon as night came on, he and his little band quickly made their way to the barbarian camp. a strong gale was blowing at the time. pan ch ` ao ordered ten of the party to take drums and hide behind the enemy ' s barracks, it being arranged that when they saw flames shoot up, they should begin drumming and yelling with all their might. the rest of his men, armed with bows and crossbows, he posted in ambuscade at the gate of the camp. he then set fire to the place from the windward side, whereupon a deafening noise of drums and shouting arose on the front and rear of the hsiung - nu, who rushed out pell - mell in frantic disorder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4363634072758417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.893483"} {"text": "of the camp. he then set fire to the place from the windward side, whereupon a deafening noise of drums and shouting arose on the front and rear of the hsiung - nu, who rushed out pell - mell in frantic disorder. pan ch ` ao slew three of them with his own hand, while his companions cut off the heads of the envoy and thirty of his suite. the remainder, more than a hundred in all, perished in the flames. on the following day, pan ch ` ao, divining his thoughts, said with uplifted hand : ' although you did not go with us last night, i should not think, sir, of taking sole credit for our exploit. ' this satisfied kuo hsun, and pan ch ` ao, having sent for kuang, king of shan - shan, showed him the head of the barbarian envoy. the whole kingdom was seized with fear and trembling, which pan ch ` ao took steps to allay by issuing a public proclamation. then, taking the king ' s sons as hostage, he returned to make his report to tou ku. \" hou han shu, ch. 47, ff. 1, 2. ] the second is to burn stores ; # tu mu says : \" provisions, fuel and fodder. \" in order to subdue the rebellious population of kiangnan, kao keng recommended wen ti of the sui dynasty to make periodical raids and burn their stores of grain, a policy which in the long run proved entirely successful. the third is to burn baggage trains ; # an example given is the destruction of yuan shao ` s wagons and impedimenta by ts ` ao ts ` ao in 200 a. d. the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines ; # tu mu says that the things contained in \" arsenals \" and \" magazines \" are the same. he specifies weapons and other implements, bullion and clothing. cf. vii. ss. 11. the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy. # tu yu says in the t ` ung tien : \" to drop fire into the enemy ' s camp. the method by which this may be done is to set the tips of arrows alight by dipping them into a brazier, and then shoot them from powerful crossbows into the enemy ' s lines. \" in order to carry out an attack, we must have means available. # t ` sao kung thinks that \" traitors in the enemy ' s camp \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.436427673355162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.896265"} {"text": "brazier, and then shoot them from powerful crossbows into the enemy ' s lines. \" in order to carry out an attack, we must have means available. # t ` sao kung thinks that \" traitors in the enemy ' s camp \" are referred to. but ch ` en hao is more likely to be right in saying : \" we must have favorable circumstances in general, not merely traitors to help us. \" chia lin says : \" we must avail ourselves of wind and dry weather. \" the material for raising fire should always be kept in readiness. # tu mu suggests as material for making fire : \" dry vegetable matter, reeds, brushwood, straw, grease, oil, etc. \" here we have the material cause. chang yu says : \" vessels for hoarding fire, stuff for lighting fires. \" there is a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special days for starting a conflagration. # the proper season is when the weather is very dry ; the special days are those when the moon is in the constellations of the sieve, the wall, the wing or the cross - bar ; # these are, respectively, the 7th, 14th, 27th, and 28th of the twenty - eight stellar mansions, corresponding roughly to sagittarius, pegasus, crater and corvus. for these four are all days of rising wind. # in attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible developments : # ( 1 ) when fire breaks out inside to enemy ' s camp, respond at once with an attack from without. # ( 2 ) if there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy ' s soldiers remain quiet, bide your time and do not attack. # the prime object of attacking with fire is to throw the enemy into confusion. if this effect is not produced, it means that the enemy is ready to receive us. hence the necessity for caution. ( 3 ) when the force of the flames has reached its height, follow it up with an attack, if that is practicable ; if not, stay where you are. # ts ` ao kung says : \" if you see a possible way, advance ; but if you find the difficulties too great, retire. \" ( 4 ) if it is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not wait for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favorable moment. # tu mu says that the previous paragraphs had reference to the fire breaking out ( either accidentally,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49702515075953285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.897480"} {"text": "is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not wait for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favorable moment. # tu mu says that the previous paragraphs had reference to the fire breaking out ( either accidentally, we may suppose, or by the agency of incendiaries ) inside the enemy ' s camp. \" but, \" he continues, \" if the enemy is settled in a waste place littered with quantities of grass, or if he has pitched his camp in a position which can be burnt out, we must carry our fire against him at any seasonable opportunity, and not await on in hopes of an outbreak occurring within, for fear our opponents should themselves burn up the surrounding vegetation, and thus render our own attempts fruitless. \" the famous li ling once baffled the leader of the hsiung - nu in this way. the latter, taking advantage of a favorable wind, tried to set fire to the chinese general ' s camp, but found that every scrap of combustible vegetation in the neighborhood had already been burnt down. on the other hand, po - ts ` ai, a general of the yellow turban rebels, was badly defeated in 184 a. d. through his neglect of this simple precaution. \" at the head of a large army he was besieging ch ` ang - she, which was held by huang - fu sung. the garrison was very small, and a general feeling of nervousness pervaded the ranks ; so huang - fu sung called his officers together and said : \" in war, there are various indirect methods of attack, and numbers do not count for everything. [ the commentator here quotes sun tzu, v. ss. 5, 6 and 10. ] now the rebels have pitched their camp in the midst of thick grass which will easily burn when the wind blows. if we set fire to it at night, they will be thrown into a panic, and we can make a sortie and attack them on all sides at once, thus emulating the achievement of t ` ien tan. ' [ see p. 90. ] that same evening, a strong breeze sprang up ; so huang - fu sung instructed his soldiers to bind reeds together into torches and mount guard on the city walls, after which he sent out a band of daring men, who stealthily made their way through the lines and started the fire with loud shouts and yells. simultaneously, a glare of light shot up from the city walls, and huang - fu sung", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44645465301545206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.898453"} {"text": "walls, after which he sent out a band of daring men, who stealthily made their way through the lines and started the fire with loud shouts and yells. simultaneously, a glare of light shot up from the city walls, and huang - fu sung, sounding his drums, led a rapid charge, which threw the rebels into confusion and put them to headlong flight. \" [ hou han shu, ch. 71. ] ( 5 ) when you start a fire, be to windward of it. do not attack from the leeward. # chang yu, following tu yu, says : \" when you make a fire, the enemy will retreat away from it ; if you oppose his retreat and attack him then, he will fight desperately, which will not conduce to your success. \" a rather more obvious explanation is given by tu mu : \" if the wind is in the east, begin burning to the east of the enemy, and follow up the attack yourself from that side. if you start the fire on the east side, and then attack from the west, you will suffer in the same way as your enemy. \" a wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze soon falls. # cf. lao tzu ' s saying : \" a violent wind does not last the space of a morning. \" ( tao te ching, chap. 23. ) mei yao - ch ` en and wang hsi say : \" a day breeze dies down at nightfall, and a night breeze at daybreak. this is what happens as a general rule. \" the phenomenon observed may be correct enough, but how this sense is to be obtained is not apparent. in every army, the five developments connected with fire must be known, the movements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days. # tu mu says : \" we must make calculations as to the paths of the stars, and watch for the days on which wind will rise, before making our attack with fire. \" chang yu seems to interpret the text differently : \" we must not only know how to assail our opponents with fire, but also be on our guard against similar attacks from them. \" hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence ; those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength. # by means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all his belongings. # ts ` ao kung ' s note is : \" we can merely obstruct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5199847871502328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.899445"} {"text": "as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength. # by means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all his belongings. # ts ` ao kung ' s note is : \" we can merely obstruct the enemy ' s road or divide his army, but not sweep away all his accumulated stores. \" water can do useful service, but it lacks the terrible destructive power of fire. this is the reason, chang yu concludes, why the former is dismissed in a couple of sentences, whereas the attack by fire is discussed in detail. wu tzu ( ch. 4 ) speaks thus of the two elements : \" if an army is encamped on low - lying marshy ground, from which the water cannot run off, and where the rainfall is heavy, it may be submerged by a flood. if an army is encamped in wild marsh lands thickly overgrown with weeds and brambles, and visited by frequent gales, it may be exterminated by fire. \" unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed in his attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise ; for the result is waste of time and general stagnation. # this is one of the most perplexing passages in sun tzu. ts ` ao kung says : \" rewards for good service should not be deferred a single day. \" and tu mu : \" if you do not take opportunity to advance and reward the deserving, your subordinates will not carry out your commands, and disaster will ensue. \" for several reasons, however, and in spite of the formidable array of scholars on the other side, i prefer the interpretation suggested by mei yao - ch ` en alone, whose words i will quote : \" those who want to make sure of succeeding in their battles and assaults must seize the favorable moments when they come and not shrink on occasion from heroic measures : that is to say, they must resort to such means of attack of fire, water and the like. what they must not do, and what will prove fatal, is to sit still and simply hold to the advantages they have got. \" hence the saying : the enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead ; the good general cultivates his resources. # tu mu quotes the following from the san lueh, ch. 2 : \" the warlike prince controls his soldiers by his authority, kits them together by good faith, and by rewards makes them serviceable. if faith decays, there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4804875278431508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.900396"} {"text": ". # tu mu quotes the following from the san lueh, ch. 2 : \" the warlike prince controls his soldiers by his authority, kits them together by good faith, and by rewards makes them serviceable. if faith decays, there will be disruption ; if rewards are deficient, commands will not be respected. \" move not unless you see an advantage ; use not your troops unless there is something to be gained ; fight not unless the position is critical. # sun tzu may at times appear to be over - cautious, but he never goes so far in that direction as the remarkable passage in the tao te ching, ch. 69. \" i dare not take the initiative, but prefer to act on the defensive ; i dare not advance an inch, but prefer to retreat a foot. \" no ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen ; no general should fight a battle simply out of pique. # if it is to your advantage, make a forward move ; if not, stay where you are. # this is repeated from xi. ss. 17. here i feel convinced that it is an interpolation, for it is evident that ss. 20 ought to follow immediately on ss. 18. anger may in time change to gladness ; vexation may be succeeded by content. # but a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being ; # the wu state was destined to be a melancholy example of this saying. nor can the dead ever be brought back to life. # hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of caution. this is the way to keep a country at peace and an army intact. # blog comments powered by disqus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4759579346221229, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.901121"} {"text": "when you sit down at your computer and do a google search, you ' re almost instantly presented with a list of results from all over the web. how does google find web pages matching your query, and determine the order of search results? in the simplest terms, you could think of searching the web as looking in a very large book with an impressive index telling you exactly where everything is located. when you perform a google search, our programs check our index to determine the most relevant search results to be returned ( \" served \" ) to you. the three key processes in delivering search results to you are : - crawling : does google know about your site? can we find it? - indexing : can google index your site? - serving : does the site have good and useful content that is relevant to the user ' s search? crawling is the process by which googlebot discovers new and updated pages to be added to the google index. we use a huge set of computers to fetch ( or \" crawl \" ) billions of pages on the web. the program that does the fetching is called googlebot ( also known as a robot, bot, or spider ). googlebot uses an algorithmic process : computer programs determine which sites to crawl, how often, and how many pages to fetch from each site. google ' s crawl process begins with a list of web page urls, generated from previous crawl processes, and augmented with sitemap data provided by webmasters. as googlebot visits each of these websites it detects links on each page and adds them to its list of pages to crawl. new sites, changes to existing sites, and dead links are noted and used to update the google index. google doesn ' t accept payment to crawl a site more frequently, and we keep the search side of our business separate from our revenue - generating adwords service. googlebot processes each of the pages it crawls in order to compile a massive index of all the words it sees and their location on each page. in addition, we process information included in key content tags and attributes, such as title tags and alt attributes. googlebot can process many, but not all, content types. for example, we cannot process the content of some rich media files or dynamic pages. when a user enters a query, our machines search the index for matching pages and return the results we believe are the most relevant to the user. relevancy is determined by over 200 factors, one of which is the pagerank for a given page. pagerank is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49266009194819793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.904720"} {"text": "a query, our machines search the index for matching pages and return the results we believe are the most relevant to the user. relevancy is determined by over 200 factors, one of which is the pagerank for a given page. pagerank is the measure of the importance of a page based on the incoming links from other pages. in simple terms, each link to a page on your site from another site adds to your site ' s pagerank. not all links are equal : google works hard to improve the user experience by identifying spam links and other practices that negatively impact search results. the best types of links are those that are given based on the quality of your content. in order for your site to rank well in search results pages, it ' s important to make sure that google can crawl and index your site correctly. our webmaster guidelines outline some best practices that can help you avoid common pitfalls and improve your site ' s ranking. google ' s did you mean and google autocomplete features are designed to help users save time by displaying related terms, common misspellings, and popular queries. like our google. com search results, the keywords used by these features are automatically generated by our web crawlers and search algorithms. we display these predictions only when we think they might save the user time. if a site ranks well for a keyword, it ' s because we ' ve algorithmically determined that its content is more relevant to the user ' s query.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5304967488734995, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.905319"} {"text": "time to save the western arctic reserve of alaska posted september 27, 2012 in saving wildlife and wild places last month, secretary of the interior ken salazar announced the bureau of land management \u2019 s preferred alternative, the \u201c b - 2 \u201d alternative, for the first area - wide integrated activity plan developed for western arctic reserve, formally known as the national petroleum reserve - alaska. the reserve is the nation \u2019 s largest tract of public land \u2014 the size of indiana \u2014 covering nearly 23 million acres of america \u2019 s most wild and remote region. the b - 2 alternative is a major step toward achieving long - sought, responsible management of the reserve and is consistent with the federal land management mandate for the reserve provided by the naval petroleum reserves production act ( nprpa ) of 1976. in nprpa, congress explicitly recognized that the reserve contains subsistence, recreational, fish, wildlife, historical, and scenic values that should be protected and directed the secretary of the interior to establish \u201c conditions, restrictions, and prohibitions \u201d to protect significant surface resources of the reserve ( 42 usc \u00a7 6506a ). nprpa expressly cites the teshekpuk lake and utukok river as examples of areas warranting \u201c maximum protection \u201d under the law ( 42 usc \u00a7 6504 ). these provisions of nprpa were included partly due to the work i did as a lobbyist. the b - 2 alternative would protect approximately 11 million acres of the highest - value habitats found in america \u2019 s arctic by recognizing these habitats as \u2018 special areas \u2019. the nprpa also closed the entire western arctic reserve to hard rock mining claims, land selections by the state of alaska and native corporations and oil and gas leasing \u2014 although it did allow oil and gas exploration. only through a sneaky amendment to the interior appropriations bill in 1980 by senator ted stevens ( r - ak ) was the area opened to oil and gas leasing. the teshekpuk lake special area is vital habitat for countless shorebirds, waterfowl, and seabirds, including the rare yellow - billed loon and the threatened spectacled eider. the lake is the centerpiece of the world ' s largest arctic wetland and the heart of an international migration of waterfowl, important to subsistence users, birdwatchers, and waterfowl hunters alike. many of these species migrate to places across the nation from coast to coast, and some travel much farther, to central or south america, asia, africa, or even antarctica. the b - 2 alternative would also protect the utukok river uplands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42642018358059286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.910561"} {"text": "many of these species migrate to places across the nation from coast to coast, and some travel much farther, to central or south america, asia, africa, or even antarctica. the b - 2 alternative would also protect the utukok river uplands special area, core caribou calving, insect - relief, and migration areas of the state \u2019 s largest caribou herd \u2013 the western arctic caribou herd, which provides a vital subsistence resource for more than 40 communities in northern and western alaska. this area also provides vital habitat for various predators including grizzly bear, wolves and wolverine. the uplands serve as a wildlife highway \u2013 connecting interior alaska to the arctic coastal plain. going back to the late 1960 \u2019 s and early 1970 \u2019 s the u. s fish and wildlife service recommended that both the greater teshekpuk lake and utukok areas be protected as national wildlife refuges. rep. dingell ( d - mi ) sponsored bills to so protect them. when the alaska national interest lands conservation act of 1980 ( anilca ) passed the house of representatives, it provided for the entirety of the western area reserve to be a national wildlife refuge. coastal area protections, kasegaluk lagoon and peard bay special areas, would benefit polar bears, walrus, beluga whales, and other marine mammals. incorporating these protections for wildlife habitat into the reserve \u2019 s preferred alternative has generated broad public support. at least 27 resolutions representing 90 villages have been adopted in the region, calling for protection of critical areas, wildlife, and the subsistence way of life in the reserve. approximately 400, 000 public comments were submitted supporting strong conservation protections from several sportsmen and conservation organizations. despite the outpouring of public support for these conservation efforts, this plan does not include all the conservation lands it should. unfortunately, concessions were made to oil and gas interests. portions of the proposed utukok river uplands special area and teshekpuk lake special area were not included with full protection. major portions of the ikpikpuk river and lower utukok rivers were not included in the special areas. although the significant parts of kasegaluk lagoon, peard bay, and the majority of the teshekpuk lake special areas are unavailable to leasing, some of these areas are not unavailable to new non - subsistence infrastructure \u2014 this leaves the door open these areas to be carved up with roads and pipelines. roads between individual oil fields should be absolutely prohibited. in the last year the usgs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46386210441227416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.911742"} {"text": "o. henry in 1909. he may even be drunk here. new york city has a fine, macabre tradition of harboring famous artists, writers, musicians and actors on the cusp of an alcohol or drug - fueled demise. the city naturally attracts the creative, oddballs and innovators looking for like minds amid the flourishing artistic communities of the city. many of these also tragically detoured into the city ' s equally impressive collection of taverns, saloons, opium dens, speakeasies, nightclubs, coke dens and crackhouses. countless have drank and drugged themselves to ruin in the city ' s 400 - year history, either unintentionally or with suicidal design. if you ' re looking to pinpoint the first major instance of this trend among the major icons of american history, look back in new york city history exactly one hundred years ago to the death of one of this country ' s most iconic writers, o. henry. henry ( real name william sydney porter ) is not the first american writer to die of the effects of alcoholism. probably the most infamous was one - time new yorker edgar allen poe, who died in a baltimore gutter in 1849. i ' m not even going to claim that o. henry was even the first notable alcoholic death in new york city. for instance, jewish poet naphtali herz imber collapsed and died in the lower east side from an alcohol binge in 1909. but o. henry was an undisputed american star at the time of his death, one of the country ' s most famous writers and the pioneer of the short story. artists at the height of their success in 1910 do not die of alcohol abuse, at least officially. in fact, his death by cirrhosis on june 5, 1910, is heavily glossed over in contemporary sources. porter first became o. henry in 1899, in an article for mcclure ' s magazine. it should be noted he wrote that particular story while in an ohio prison, serving a five year stint for embezzlement. he moved to new york city in 1902 where he flourished, writing hundreds of stories and becoming america ' s most prolific and most popular writers. many of his stories are set in new york, although his popular ' the ransom of red chief ' ( one of favorite stories as a kid ) is a kidnapping yarn that takes place in alabama. probably his most famous tale, the 1906 ' gift of the magi ', was written, according to legend, at pete", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40446007702271985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.915051"} {"text": "the ransom of red chief ' ( one of favorite stories as a kid ) is a kidnapping yarn that takes place in alabama. probably his most famous tale, the 1906 ' gift of the magi ', was written, according to legend, at pete ' s tavern near gramercy park. so yes, like many writers, porter wrote and drank, both prolifically and magnificently. in fact, he kept drinking even though his body began deteriorating from the effects of cirrhosis and diabetes. on june 3, 1910, porter collapsed after writing a letter and was taken to the new york polyclinic hospital at 218 east 34th street ( today near the entrance of the queens midtown tunnel ), checking in under a false name to throw off the newspaper reporters. he died two days later, his last words reportedly, \" turn up the lights. i don ' t want to go home in the dark. \" biographies of the day barely mentioned porter ' s drinking problem and the cirrhosis which killed him. the writer was buried in asheville, nc, the hometown of his wife sara. for the next hundred years, troubled celebrities would follow his morbid example - - from dylan thomas to billie holiday, heath ledger, gg allin, lorenz hart, sid vicious, jean - michel basquiat, montgomery clift, julia bruns, and many more. \" it couldn ' t have happened anywhere but in little old new york. \" - - o. henry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4104747502238303, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.915622"} {"text": "consider : in 1985, according to a boston redevelopment authority ( bra ) study, blacks made up 25 percent of boston ' s total population \u2013 76 percent of whom were concentrated in the adjoining, and predominantly black, neighborhoods of roxbury, mattapan, and south dorchester. and while another 17 percent of the city ' s blacks lived, according to the bra study, in the mostly white neighborhoods of hyde park, north dorchester, and the more evenly integrated jamaica plain, that can be attributed less to integration than to an expansion of boston ' s growing minority population into areas that border the city ' s established black core. meanwhile, six of boston ' s 16 neighborhoods were found to be more than 90 percent white. four of them \u2013 south boston, charlestown, east boston, and downtown \u2013 had zero percent blacks living in them ; allston - brighton, roslindale, and west roxbury all had black populations of two percent or less. and according to 1980 census data of 22 cities and towns surrounding boston, 19 had black populations of less than 3 percent. and in 13 of those communities, blacks actually made up less than one percent of the population. part of that disparity, some sources say, is a result more of economics than of outright housing discrimination. \" i think the whole affordable - housing issue overshadows discrimination, \" says wilson henderson, director of the massachusetts housing finance agency ' s ( mhfa ) equal - opportunity division. a full third of black families live in poverty, according to henderson, who argues that persons with low incomes tend to be less mobile than their wealthy counterparts, and therefore prefer to live closer to a familiar social structure. and the perception that housing costs in communities of color are so much cheaper may also convince many minorities that moving into white neighborhoods is economically impossible. ( according to a 1981 neighborhood - by - neighborhood survey of rents conducted by the massachusetts tenants organization, however, that perception is highly overstated. the then - median $ 383 monthly rent in roxbury, mission hill, and mattapan was only four percent lower than the city - wide average of $ 402. and it was more expensive than prices in white neighborhoods such as roslindale and east boston, and at least a dozen largely white suburbs. ) others argue that many people of color have no desire to leave their communities. many who could afford to live elsewhere are perfectly content to stay, say these observers, and resent the implication that moving into white areas should be some sort of innate desire. others", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47491819191024576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.918523"} {"text": "the current state of arctic sea ice ( see graph below ) sends a chill down my spine. so what it says is that the ice is melting furiously, and looks like it \u2019 s not yet slowing down even though the days have started to draw in. however, any scientist will tell you that no single data point can be used as evidence of global warming, there are simply too many fluctuations for anything to be concluded over anything but the longest timescales. we cannot simply look at the mean temperature for a hot year and say, there you go, global warming! now, the issue is, there are well - known cycles over pretty much all timescales \u2013 this pretty much undermines all serious attempts at prediction. so, what to do? well all is not lost ; there are still some clever little leading indicators we can look at to give us that sobering wake up call. firstly, we know co2 concentration is up, no doubt or argument, this can be seen in the famous hawaii data above, complete with the seasonal \u2018 breathing \u2019 by global plant - life. the argument is about whether the greenhouse models that say this will result in warming will turn out right. i honestly don \u2019 t know, but i wouldn \u2019 t even have to wonder if the co2 levels weren \u2019 t going up, would i? # 2 : a record breaking rate of record breaking secondly, rather looking at averages or \u2018 new records \u2019, we can look at the frequency of records. so rather than saying, \u201c we just had the hottest summer ever in some parts of the us, there \u2019 s the proof \u201d we can look at how often records are set all over the world \u2013 hottest, coldest, wettest, dryest and so on. this approach creates a filter ; if it shows there are more records being broken on the hot side than the cold side, could this be an indicator? i hope not, because there are. again, it could be part of a long - term cycle that could bottom out any time now. but on the other hand, if it was going the other way, i wouldn \u2019 t have to hope, would i? # 3 : sea ice now the sea ice. the sea ice is another proxy for temperature. the reason it \u2019 s interesting to climatologists is because it is a natural way to \u2018 sum - up \u2019 the total warmth for the year and longer ; if ice is reducing over several years, it means that there has been a net surplus of warmth. today we are seeing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5075463776215863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.923767"} {"text": "climatologists is because it is a natural way to \u2018 sum - up \u2019 the total warmth for the year and longer ; if ice is reducing over several years, it means that there has been a net surplus of warmth. today we are seeing a new record set for minimal northern sea ice. and not only is there less area of ice, but it is thinner than previously realized and some models now suggest we could be ice - free in late summer in my lifetime. now if that does not strike you cold, then i didn \u2019 t make myself clear. this is not some political posturing, not some \u2018 big - business \u2019 spin, nor greeny fear mongering. it \u2019 s a cold clean fact you can interpret for yourself, and it could not be clearer. so is it time to panic? well it can still be argued the melting is part of a cycle, it could of course reverse and hey, no biggy. after all, what does it matter how much ice there is? well, yet again, i hate to rely on the \u2018 hope \u2019 that it \u2019 s a cycle. because if it continues, the next effect will be felt much closer to home \u2026 sea level is the ultimate proxy for warming. indeed, sea level change can be so serious, maybe it is the problem rather than the symptom. if the ice on greenland and antarctica melt, the rise in sea level would displace hundreds of millions of people and change the landscape so dramatically it \u2019 s a fair bet wars and famine will follow. now that is serious. so have we seen sea level rise? well, yes. here \u2019 s the plot : now, it looks pretty conclusive but hold the boat. some say \u2019 s it \u2019 s proof of warming but not everyone agrees. it \u2019 s true it could again be a cycle. also, the sea level rise is fairly gradual ; what people are really arguing about is whether we should expect it to speed up. if temperature goes up a few degrees it could go up 5 or 10 times faster. the speed is the issue. humanity can cope if the level goes up slowly enough, sure, countries like tuvalu will be in big trouble either way, but countries like bangladesh and cities like new york and london will only be in real trouble if the rate increases. canaries taken into mines in order to detect poisonous gases ; the idea being they would suffer the gas faster than the people and if the canary dropped, it was time to vacate. do we have systems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4677373695180641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.924748"} {"text": "be in real trouble if the rate increases. canaries taken into mines in order to detect poisonous gases ; the idea being they would suffer the gas faster than the people and if the canary dropped, it was time to vacate. do we have systems that are hypersensitive to climate change? yes! there are many delicately balanced ecosystems that can can pushed over a tipping point with the lightest of touch. is there an increase in the rate of species loss, or an increase in desertification? yes! we can also look at how far north certain plants can survive, how high up mountains trees can live or how early the first buds of spring arrive. again, these indicators fail to give solace. everywhere we look we see changes, bleached coral, absent butterflies, retreating glaciers. the conservative approach is to ascribe these changes to the usual cut and thrust of life on earth ; some take solace from the fact that humankind has survived because we are the supreme adapters and that the loss of species is exactly how the stronger ones are selected. yes, we are great at adapting, however, to kill any complacency that may create, consider the following : for humans just \u2018 surviving \u2019 is not the goal, that \u2019 s easy, we also need to minimize suffering and death, a much tougher aim. we \u2019 ve also just recently reduced our adaptability significantly by creating \u2018 countries \u2019. countries may seem innocuous, but they come with borders \u2013 and mean we can no longer migrate with the climate. trade across border also needs to be of roughly the same value in both directions. while some countries will actually see productivity benefits from global warming, most will not, and without the freedom to move, famine will result. trade imbalances mean inequality will become extreme. the poorest will suffer the most. so for now changes are happening, and advances in agricultural technology are easily coping ; however, because ecosystems are often a fine balance between strong opposing forces, changes may be fast should one of the ropes snap. looking at the long history of the earth we have seen much hotter and much colder scenes. we have seen much higher and much lower sea levels. we are being wishful to assume we will stay as we have for the last 10, 000 years. it may last, or it may change. natural cycles could ruin us. and mankind is probably fraying the ropes by messing with co2 levels. can we predict if we are about to fall off of our stable plateau? no,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46873756036827996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.925753"} {"text": "leila keene and pat kirke 3 august 1943 - subject : tolkien discusses runes, the common speech, and the adoption by the dwarves of erebor of the language of the men of dale. - publication : the letter was first reproduced in sotheby ' s illustrated books, children ' s books, ephemera, performing arts & related drawings 4 may 1995. christopher tolkien included a description and excerpts from the letter in the peoples of middle - earth. \"... it was a sort of lingua - franca, made up of all sorts of languages, but the elvish language ( of the north west ) for the most part. it was called the western language or common speech ; and in bilbo ' s time had already passed eastward over the misty mountains and reached lake town, and beorn, and even smaug ( dragons were ready linguists in all ages ).... \" - \u2191 wayne g. hammond and christina scull ( 2006 ), the j. r. r. tolkien companion and guide : i. chronology, p. 261 - \u2191 2. 0 2. 1 2. 2 j. r. r. tolkien, christopher tolkien ( ed. ), the peoples of middle - earth, \" the appendix on languages \", pp. 72 - 73 - \u2191 \" sotheby ' s 1995 catalogue? \", tolkien collector ' s guide ( accessed 08 july 2012 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4378225575765866, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.927177"} {"text": "across legal and economic disciplines, there have been many arguments regarding the benefits of free trade on developing countries. at the heart of such discussion is the controversial result of the washington consensus \u201c describe [ ed ] a set of ten specific economic policy prescriptions that \u2026 constitute a \" standard \" reform package promoted for crisis - wracked developing countries by washington d. c based institutions such as the international monetary fund ( imf ), world bank and the u. s. treasury department. \u201d ( wikipedia ). according to dani rodrik ( 2006 ) the ten commandments of washington consensus were : 1. fiscal discipline 2. reorientation of public expenditures 3. tax reform 4. financial liberalization 5. unified and competitive exchange rates 6. trade liberalization 7. openness to fdi 10. secure property rights in an assessment of the literature on the theory and empirical research relating to the benefits of trade liberalization, deraniyagala and fine ( 2001 ) found that much of the works were flawed, and concluded that the extent to which free trade benefits economic development is unknown. as the result, the past three decades since 1980s found many political economists arguing for a better approach toward trade liberalization in order to minimize its negative impacts of economic backwardness as in the case of latin american or income distribution and regional polarization as the case of china. mexico is an example of a failed economy that followed the conventional wisdom of trade liberalization rigidly. here, we find that more than one lesson could be learned. the country started its economic reform in 1985. under tremendous pressure from the u. s. and the imf, mexico radically opened up its economy to the world market without sufficient institutional reform to accommodate the economic adjustment. \u201c import penetration increase from an average of 11. 3 percent in 1080 - 85 to 14. 5 in 1986 - 90. by 1990, import penetration had already reached 17 percent. \u201d ( dornbusch, 1992 ). the sharp rise in imports, which was not accompanied by immediate gain in exports and foreign direct investments damaged mexico \u2019 s domestic market and defy many infant industries. ( dornbusch, 1992 ). it is argued that mexico, as well as latin america as a whole, did worse than its pre - 1980s period, when import substitution, protectionism and macroeconomics populism were enforced. ( rodrik 2007 ). as rodrik asserts : \u201c that the region did better with these discredited policies than it has been under open - market policies is a fact that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4459725820341123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.933249"} {"text": "substitution, protectionism and macroeconomics populism were enforced. ( rodrik 2007 ). as rodrik asserts : \u201c that the region did better with these discredited policies than it has been under open - market policies is a fact that is quite hard to digest within the conventional paradigm. \u201d such paradox reinforces the importance of a new approach to trade liberalization where country \u2019 s institutional and historical background are all too significant to be ignored and total trade liberalization alone may not generate the growth that its creator promised. here, the role of the government and some forms of targeted protectionism at the beginning of the reform may be useful. south korea and china offered excellent case studies for its usage of the new trade theory to their economic benefits. korea did not play by the orthodox wisdom ( nor it has ever accepted the washington consensus to be therapeutic during the asian crisis ) when it started to integrate into the world economy. in contrast, the country successful economic reform involves two major key strategies - market orientation coupled with central planning in developing and protecting infant industries while strategically opened up other industries to the world market. during the reform, korean government, indeed, acted as an entrepreneur to induce desirable private investments toward targeted industries. korean trade liberalization, therefore, was a selective process instead of being driven solely by global marketization. many major sectors were deliberately protected and excluded from trade. by using selective export strategy and heavy government intervention, korea was able to develop many highly competitive manufacturing industries such as automobile, electrical appliances and shipping which respectively hold their own names in the world market. china started its reform by first rejecting the conventional wisdom of global liberalization and calling its reform \u201c socialism with chinese characteristic. \u201d unlike latin america, chinese government moved cautiously from central planning to gradual adoption of institutional and mechanism of market economy. rodrik ( 2004 ) argues that china reformed its incentives in a \u201c two - track manner \u201d by grafting a market system on top of a central - planned system, rather than abandoning the latter altogether. the country also underplayed private property rights and relied instead on township - and - village enterprises owned by local governments as well as opened up to the world partially by establishing special economic zones. ( rodrik, 2004 ). without following the washington consensus blindly, the result of chinese economic progress has been impressive. china \u2019 s gdp performance has been consistently stayed at 8 - 10 % growth rate in the past 20 years. here, china \u2019 s success challenged the conventional wisdom total trade liberalization and market orientation. despite how countries have been benefit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4957535348357127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.934272"} {"text": "has been impressive. china \u2019 s gdp performance has been consistently stayed at 8 - 10 % growth rate in the past 20 years. here, china \u2019 s success challenged the conventional wisdom total trade liberalization and market orientation. despite how countries have been benefiting from trade, there exist multiple issues created by export growth strategy itself such as income inequality and regional polarization. according to ocampo and taylor ( 1998 ), globalization has intensified the income gap and income distribution especially in countries with comparative advantage in skill - intensive products. the authors offer examples of african economies whose comparative advantage in peasant production has worsened income distribution. similarly, despite china \u2019 s conservative approach toward trade liberalization in accordance with government intervention, the country has been facing serious issues regarding income inequality and regional polarization. prior to the eruption of the global financial crisis, labor migration had moved rapidly to export processing zone set up mostly along the west coast region of the countries. as the result, wage labor and prosperity appeared to increase drastically faster than the interior regions in which agriculture remained to be the dominant means of production and income creation. here trade liberalization on its own cannot effectively solve social problems created by export - oriented strategy. don \u2019 t get me wrong. i am not against free trade or market liberalization. i am wholeheartedly against the imf \u2019 s \u201c one size fit all \u201d formula and see the importance of a thorough understanding of country \u2019 s historical and political background before any economic policy is prescribed. market failures are deeply embedded in economic system, which can \u2019 t plainly and ignorantly be corrected by washington \u2019 s 10 commandments. one may then ask : \u201c so, what is the imf doing these days given our ongoing financial crisis? has there been a \u201c new \u201d washington consensus? \u201d my next entry on this topic will follow. * bibliography with attached pdf files on hyperlinks deraniyagala, sonali, and fine, ben, \u201c new trade theory versus old trade policy : a continuing enigma, \u201d cambridge journal of economics, vol. 25, pp. 809 - 825, november 2001. dornbusch, rudiger, \u201c the case for trade liberalization in developing countries, \u201d journal of economic perspectives, vol. 6, issue 1, pp. 69 - 85, 1992. ocampo, jose and taylor, lance, \u201c trade liberalization in developing economies : modest benefits but problems with productivity growth, macro prices, and income distribution, \u201d economic journal, vol. 108, pp. 1523 - 46", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48932636805210555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.935232"} {"text": "output expanded robustly after 1933. between 1933 and 1937, the us economy grew by 8 % a year. between 1938 and 1941, growth averaged more than 10 %. rapid output growth without equally rapid capital - stock or employment growth must have reflected rapid productivity growth. this is the paradox of the 1930 \u2019 s. despite being a period of chronic high unemployment, corporate bankruptcies, and continuing financial difficulties, the 1930 \u2019 s recorded the fastest productivity growth of any decade in us history. how could this be? as the economic historian alexander field has shown, many firms took the \u201c down time \u201d created by weak demand for their products to reorganize their operations. factories that had previously used a single centralized power source installed more flexible small electric motors on the shop floor. railways reorganized their operations to make more efficient use of both rolling stock and workers. more firms established modern personnel - management departments and in - house research labs. there are hints of firms responding similarly now. general motors, faced with an existential crisis, has sought to transform its business model. us airlines have used the lull in demand for their services to reorganize both their equipment and personnel, much like the railways in the 1930 \u2019 s. firms in both manufacturing and services are adopting new information technologies \u2013 today \u2019 s analog to small electric motors \u2013 to optimize supply chains and quality - management systems. a similar argument has been made that extensive business restructuring around the time of the 2001 recession contributed to productivity growth in the following years. ( business sector output per hour - bureau of labor statistics ) eichengreen goes on to argue that policy support is necessary : but this positive productivity response is not guaranteed. policymakers must encourage it. small, innovative firms need enhanced access to credit. firms need stronger tax incentives for r & d. productivity growth can be boosted by public investment in infrastructure, as illustrated by the 1930 \u2019 s examples of the hoover dam and the tennessee valley authority. which sounds alot like the obama administration ' s recent initiatives to increase small - business credit, build more infrastructure and make the r & d tax deduction permanent. while a case can be made for the first two as short - run stimulus, the benefits of the research and development tax credit are almost entirely of the long run variety. in the long run, higher productivity is good news : it means more output per worker and, therefore, higher average wages. however, it also means less employment is needed for any given level of output, which means the increase in unemployment during the recession", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46004297580606845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.938130"} {"text": "you are here : geodatabases and arcsde an overview of the geodatabase the geodatabase is a \" container \" used to hold a collection of datasets. there are three types : - file geodatabases \u2014 stored as folders in a file system. each dataset is held as a file that can scale up to 1 tb in size. this option is recommended over personal geodatabases. - personal geodatabases \u2014 all datasets are stored within a microsoft access data file, which is limited in size to 2 gb. - arcsde geodatabases \u2014 stored in a relational database using oracle, microsoft sql server, ibm db2, or ibm informix. these multiuser geodatabases require the use of arcsde and can be unlimited in size and numbers of users. comparing the three types of geodatabases learn about creating geodatabases file geodatabases and personal geodatabases | | a collection of various types of gis datasets held as tables in a relational database this is the recommended native data format for arcgis stored and managed in a relational database. | a collection of various types of gis datasets held in a file system folder this is the recommended native data format for arcgis stored and managed in a file system folder. | original data format for arcgis geodatabases stored and managed in microsoft access data files this is limited in size and tied to the windows operating system. | number of users many readers and many writers arcsde can be licensed for use at three levels : - personal arcsde - workgroup arcsde - enterprise arcsde | single user and small workgroups some readers and one writer per feature dataset, standalone feature class or table. concurrent use of any specific file eventually degrades for large numbers of readers. | single user and small workgroups with smaller datasets some readers and one writer. concurrent use eventually degrades for large numbers of readers. - microsoft sql server - ibm db2 - ibm informix | each dataset is a separate file on disk a file geodatabase is a file folder that holds its dataset files. | all the contents in each personal geodatabase are held in a single microsoft access file (. mdb ). | up to dbms limits | | one tb for each dataset. each file geodatabase can hold many datasets each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47718190143986283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.950275"} {"text": "contents in each personal geodatabase are held in a single microsoft access file (. mdb ). | up to dbms limits | | one tb for each dataset. each file geodatabase can hold many datasets each feature class can scale up to hundreds of millions of vector features per dataset. | two gb per access database effective limit before performance degrades is typically between 250 and 500 mb per access database file. | | fully supported across all dbmss ; includes cross - database replication and updates | | windows, unix, linux, and direct connections to dbmss that can potentially run on any platform on the user ' s local network | security and permissions | | provided by dbms | operating file system security | windows file system security | database administration tools | | full dbms functions for backup, recovery, replication, sql support, security, and so on | file system management | | windows file system management | requires the use of arcsde | allows you to optionally store data in a read - only compressed format to reduce storage requirements | often used as an attribute table manager ( via microsoft access ). users like the string handling for text attributes. file and personal geodatabases, which are freely available to all arcgis users ( i. e., users of arcview, arceditor, and arcinfo ), are designed to support the full information model of the geodatabase. this includes topologies, raster catalogs, network datasets, terrain datasets, address locators, and so on. file and personal geodatabases are designed to be edited by a single user and do not support geodatabase versioning. with a file geodatabase, it is possible to have more than one editor at the same time providing they are editing in different feature datasets, standalone feature classes or tables. the file geodatabase is a new geodatabase type released in version 9. 2. its goals are to - provide a widely available, simple, and scalable geodatabase solution for all users. - provide a portable geodatabase that works across operating systems. - scale up to handle very large datasets. - provide excellent performance and scalability, for example, to support individual datasets containing well over 300 million features and datasets that can scale beyond 500 gb per file with very fast performance. - use an efficient data structure that is optimized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4822611991316063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.951195"} {"text": "provide excellent performance and scalability, for example, to support individual datasets containing well over 300 million features and datasets that can scale beyond 500 gb per file with very fast performance. - use an efficient data structure that is optimized for performance and storage. file geodatabases use about one third of the feature geometry storage required by shapefiles and personal geodatabases. file geodatabases also allow users to compress vector data to a read - only format to reduce storage requirements even further. - out perform shapefiles for operations involving attributes and scale the data size limits way beyond shapefile limits. personal geodatabases have been used in arcgis since their initial release in version 8. 0 and have used the microsoft access data file structure ( the. mdb file ). they support geodatabases that are limited in size to 2 gb or less. however, the effective database size is smaller, somewhere between 250 and 500 mb before the database performance starts to slow down. personal geodatabases are also only supported on the microsoft windows operating system. users like the table operations they can perform using microsoft access on personal geodatabases. many users really like the text handling capabilities in microsoft access for working with attribute values. arcgis will continue to support personal geodatabases for numerous purposes. however, it is also highly recommended to use the file geodatabase. it is ideal for working with file - based datasets for gis projects, for personal use, and for use in small workgroups. it has strong performance and scales well to hold extremely large data volumes without requiring the use of a dbms. plus, it is portable across operating systems. typically, users will employ multiple file or personal geodatabases for their data collections and access these simultaneously for their gis work. when you need a large multiuser geodatabase that can be edited and used simultaneously by many users, the arcsde geodatabase provides a good solution. it adds the ability to manage a shared, multiuser geodatabase as well as a number of critical version - based gis workflows. the ability to leverage your organization ' s enterprise relational databases is a key advantage of the arcsde geodatabase. arcsde geodatabases work with a variety of dbms storage models ( ibm db2, informix, oracle, and sql server ). arcsde geodata", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4214834330454063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.952173"} {"text": "databases is a key advantage of the arcsde geodatabase. arcsde geodatabases work with a variety of dbms storage models ( ibm db2, informix, oracle, and sql server ). arcsde geodatabases are primarily used in a wide range of workgroups, departments, and enterprise settings. they take full advantage of their underlying dbms architectures to support - extremely large, continuous gis databases - many simultaneous users - long transactions and versioned workflows - relational database support for gis data management ( providing the benefits of a relational database for scalability, reliability, security, backup, integrity, etc. ) - sql types for spatial when the dbms supports this capability ( i. e., oracle, informix, and db2 ). through many large geodatabase implementations, it has been found that dbmss are efficient at moving in and out of tables the type of large binary objects required for gis data. in addition, gis database sizes and the number of supported users can be much larger than with gis file bases. for information about the arcsde geodatabase architecture and how arcsde geodatabases leverage relational database technology, see architecture of the geodatabase there are three levels for accessing and using arcsde in arcgis arcsde geodatabases readily scale from personal, single - user geodatabases through workgroup geodatabases, and on up to extremely large enterprise geodatabases. arcsde geodatabase capabilities are available in the following esri software products : personal arcsde included with arceditor and arcinfo : beginning at version 9. 2, arceditor and arcinfo include the microsoft sql server express database free of charge. these desktops also include arcsde capabilities to support \" personal arcsde \" geodatabases for three simultaneous users \u2014 one of whom can edit data. sql server express is limited to run on one cpu ( or core within a socket ) and utilize 1 gb ram. the maximum database size for sql server express is limited to 4 gb. personal arcsde provides the ability to fully administer and manage arcsde geodatabases using sql server express within arceditor and arcinfo. this provides full arcsde geodatabase capabilities for a few users and one editor at a time. you set up and manage these arcsde geodatabases within arccatalog. no extra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41910381146193865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.953120"} {"text": "arceditor and arcinfo. this provides full arcsde geodatabase capabilities for a few users and one editor at a time. you set up and manage these arcsde geodatabases within arccatalog. no extra software or database administration expertise is required. workgroup arcsde included with arcgis server for workgroups : arcgis server for workgroups includes arcsde support for sql server express. with this level of arcsde, you can use sql server express for up to 10 simultaneous windows desktop users and editors ( for example, users of arcview, arceditor, arcinfo, a custom arcgis engine application, autocad, microstation, and so on ) plus any number of additional server connections from web applications. ( consult your license agreement for specific information on the number of connections for your implementation. ) sql server express is limited to running on one cpu or core with a maximum of 1 gb ram. database sizes are limited to a maximum of 4 gb. as with personal arcsde, you use arceditor or arcinfo to create, administer, and manage workgroup arcsde geodatabases. you set up and manage these workgroup arcsde geodatabases using sql server express within arccatalog. no extra database administration expertise is required. in this context, you can think of arcgis server for workgroups as being an extension for arceditor or arcinfo to help you manage and serve workgroup arcsde geodatabases. of course, arcgis server can perform many more functions and tasks. see an overview of gis services enterprise arcsde included with arcgis server for enterprises : this is the traditional arcsde technology that runs on oracle, sql server, ibm db2, and ibm informix and can scale to databases of any size and number of users, running on computers of any size and configuration. users provide their own dbms license for this level of arcsde use. the dbms is typically administered and managed by a database administrator ( dba ). to learn more about arcgis server, see an overview of gis services | you do not need to monitor and manage the use of your memory and cpu ' s for sql server express. the sql server express software will automatically limit computer use to 1 gb ram on a single cpu and to a database size of 4gb. | personal arcsde is included free as a part of arceditor and arcinfo. if you choose to install", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3968401415171971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.954052"} {"text": "sql server express software will automatically limit computer use to 1 gb ram on a single cpu and to a database size of 4gb. | personal arcsde is included free as a part of arceditor and arcinfo. if you choose to install sql server express, you can administer sql server express databases using arccatalog. | when you install the arcgis server for workgroups, you can install and use sql server express and arcsde. after installing sql server express, you can use arccatalog to administer sql server express databases on your computer. | these various levels enable users to take full advantage of arcsde geodatabases for any number of users, large or small. it allows organizations to have one scalable data architecture that works across their single user systems up into their large enterprise systems. arcsde provides long and short transaction management on the dbms transaction framework the arcsde geodatabase includes advanced support for managing edits and updates to a multiuser geodatabase. as gis increasingly adds users and the requirement to manage data from an array of sensor networks, the need for transaction management becomes more critical. in gis, long transactions are needed along with the more common, short database transactions that are orchestrated on the dbms ' s short transaction framework. often, gis users have specialized transactional requirements, one of which is the need for some transactions to span long periods of time ( sometimes hours, even days and months, not just seconds or minutes ). additionally, a single editing session in a gis can involve changes to multiple rows in multiple tables. users need to be able to undo and redo changes. users want to treat each edit session as a single transaction when they commit their changes. furthermore, the edits must often be performed in a system that is disconnected from the central, shared database. during these specialized gis data flow processes, the gis database must remain continuously available for daily operations, where each user might have a personal view or state of the shared gis database. in a multiuser database, the gis transactions must be orchestrated on the dbms ' s short transaction framework. arcsde plays a key role during these operations by managing the high - level, complex gis transactions on the simple dbms transaction framework. arcsde does this by storing change information as delta records in the database ; isolating multiple edit sessions using versions ; and supporting complex transactions, automatic archive, and historical queries. see an overview of editing and maintaining data for more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4282765551254771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.955140"} {"text": "difference between revisions of \" rocky mountain national park \" revision as of 04 : 07, 5 august 2010 rocky mountain national park is a united states national park that is located in the front range region of the state of colorado. the park ' s borders lie within three counties, larimer, boulder, and grand and it is surrounded by roosevelt, arapaho, and routt national forests. the continental divide cuts almost directly through the center of the park, creating two areas with very different landscapes - a drier and heavily glaciated eastern side, and a wetter, more forested western side. both areas offer excellent spots for high altitude alpine hiking, backpacking and rock climbing as well as ample opportunity for spotting wildlife. the park is dominated by longs peak one of colorado ' s 54 \" fourteeners \" at 14, 259 feet, and dubbed the \" monarch of the front range. \" evidence of native american peoples visiting the park date back almost 10, 000 years, mainly from the ute and arapaho communities. several expeditions visited the area in the early to mid 19th century, including one by joel estes in 1859 after which he and his family established a homestead that would soon become estes park, the resort town that currently sits on the east side of the park. after a small mining rush on the western side of the park in the early 1880s, a 14 year old boy by the name of enos mills moved to the area and began to extensively document the region ' s geography and ecology through essays and books. he began to lobby congress to establish a national park in the area surrounding longs peak, a mountain he had climbed over 40 times by himself. on january 26, 1915, president woodrow wilson signed a bill that established the creation of rocky mountain national park. the 1930s brought a building boom to the park during the great depression, during which time the trail ridge road was constructed through the park, which remains today the highest continuous stretch of highway in the united states. rocky mountain national park sits on the continental divide, separating the park into two distinct regions. the eastern and more developed side of the park is dominated by striking valleys and cirques that were formed through heavy glaciation and is a good starting point for first - time visitors. the western side of the park is wetter, is heavily forested and is less developed, but still contains excellent trekking and backcountry opportunities. most areas of the park sit well above 9, 000 feet with mountains along the continental divide topping off at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41653907794538325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.967037"} {"text": "side of the park is wetter, is heavily forested and is less developed, but still contains excellent trekking and backcountry opportunities. most areas of the park sit well above 9, 000 feet with mountains along the continental divide topping off at above 12, 000 feet. the 13, 000 foot mummy range rests on the northern side of rocky mountain national park with two roads skirting long it ' s southern edges ; a one - way, dirt road that winds up the fall river called the old fall river road ; and a section of highway 34 famously known as the trail ridge road. the never summer mountains sit on the western side of the park and consist of 10 distinct peaks, all rising well over 12, 000 feet, and contain the headwaters for the colorado river. one of the most dominating features in the southeast area of the park is longs peak at 14, 259 feet, which is surrounded on all sides by several peaks well about 13, 000 feet, including mt. meeker, mount lady washington, and storm peak. flora and fauna for wildlife seekers, rocky mountain national park offers some fantastic opportunities to view the variety of animals that live inside its borders. elk, deer, chipmunks, ground squirrels, beavers, porcupines, foxes, and coyotes are all commonly seen in meadows and in and around lakes and streams. marmots seem to be ubiquitous above the tree line, especially on well - hiked trails around longs peak. hawks and eagles are often seen soaring above the glacier gorges in search of critters that hide among the rocks and colorful tree birds such as blue jays and cardinals fly in the lower altitudes. hummingbirds have a tendency to close to where people - and their food - are sitting. less common animal sightings include black bears and the rare mountain lions, although the former will manage to hang out if human food is accessible. moose mainly stay on the western side of the park and bighorn sheep - a rare but exciting find - stay above the tree line and can sometimes be seen off the trail ridge road. wildflowers seem to be everywhere throughout the park, including the popular indian paintbrush and columbine, colorado ' s state flower. one of the most spectacular sights in the mid to late fall is to walk through a grove of aspen trees as their leaves change from green to gold. ponderosa and lodgepole pines are the dominate conifer trees in the area, although they have been recently dying in large numbers due to an outbreak of pine beetle infestation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40666781576212646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.968060"} {"text": "a grove of aspen trees as their leaves change from green to gold. ponderosa and lodgepole pines are the dominate conifer trees in the area, although they have been recently dying in large numbers due to an outbreak of pine beetle infestation. considering the park ' s high altitude, the weather trends closer toward moderate four - season climate than edging on the extremes. winters bring heavy snowfall, and although there is rarely a deep - freeze the park gets significantly less visitors. summer are the high season with warm temperatures ranging in from mid 70s - 80\u00b0f during the day, but dropping into the low 40s\u00b0f to near freezing. thunderstorms are constantly looming in the early to mid afternoon during the summer, but clear off quickly by evening, bringing crisp and cool weather. highway 34 connects grand lake and estes park across the continental divide, giving you awesome views of the western and eastern sides of the park. a great stopping point along the road is the alpine visitor center at the fall river pass, which sits at almost 11, 800 feet. colorado route 7 runs from estes park to the south, passing by several trailheads, including those for lily mountain, the twin sisters, the longs peak ranger station and the wild basin. many visitors use bear lake or glacier gorge as their starting point into the park, both of which can be accessed via the bear lake road. the beaver meadows and moraine park visitor centers are popular destinations for getting oriented with the park ' s layout, the former having been designed by students of american architect frank lloyd wright. from the east : the beaver meadows visitor center is three miles from downtown estes park near the terminus of us - 36 and can be reached via several roads. sr - 7 runs from boulder via lyons and allenspark along the east side of the park, passing the longs peak ranger station and intersects us - 36 in estes park. sr - 66 / us - 36 run from denver through longmont up the big thompson river canyon. us - 34 also intersects us - 36 in estes park via loveland and continues on into the park toward the fall river visitor center. rental cars are available at the denver international airport. if you aren ' t driving, the estes park shuttle offers reasonable one - way and round - trip rates from den to downtown estes park. note : while the park is open year - round, the trail ridge road closes in the winter and may not open until the late spring or early summer, depending on the snowpack. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3917858632574779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.969158"} {"text": "round - trip rates from den to downtown estes park. note : while the park is open year - round, the trail ridge road closes in the winter and may not open until the late spring or early summer, depending on the snowpack. the nearest major airport is denver international airport ( iata : den ) located about 1 hour and 45 minutes away from the park, with connecting service to most major us cities. a smaller option is eagle county regional airport ( iata : ege ) located near the skiing resorts of vail and beaver creek ; however, service to this airport is usually seasonal and confined to the winter months. entrance fees are $ 20 per private vehicle or $ 10 for individuals on foot or on bicycle, valid for seven days. holders of the national park pass ( $ 80, allows entry to all national park areas for one year ) do not need to pay an entrance fee. in addition, there is a $ 40 pass available that allows entry into rocky mountain national park for one year. if you drive in early in the morning or late at night the fee booth will probably be unmanned. it is rumored that local larimer county and grand county residents can pass through the park without paying a fee if they mention that intention to the entrance guards. most of the major trailheads in the park are accessible by car and have parking lots depending on the popularity of the route. while parking is relatively ample in the early mornings, many lots are full by mid - morning during the peak summer months. the trail ridge road and old fall river roads are closed during the winter and usually don ' t reopen till late spring at the earliest. access to moraine park and bear lake via the bear lake road are open year - round and plowed. there are several entrances to the park which do not have fees on the east side of the park : starting around memorial day weekend and going through the end of september, rocky mountain national park operates a free shuttle bus service which enables you to access many destination and loop hikes along bear lake road, including sprague lake and glacier gorge to cut down on traffic congestion and limited parking. shuttle buses run between many trailheads, moraine park visitor center, and moraine park and glacier basin campgrounds. there are two routes : the bear lake route and the moraine park route. both routes are based at the park & ride shuttle bus parking area across from the glacier basin campground. the first bus departs from park & ride at 7pm. and the last bus leaves at 7pm. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38029682723151437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.970186"} {"text": "and the moraine park route. both routes are based at the park & ride shuttle bus parking area across from the glacier basin campground. the first bus departs from park & ride at 7pm. and the last bus leaves at 7pm. the last bus of the day leaves bear lake and fern lake trailheads at 7 : 30pm. the bear lake route shuttle makes the round trip between the park & ride and bear lake. these buses run every 10 to 15 minutes. the moraine park route shuttle makes the round trip between the park & ride and the fern lake trailhead bus stop. these buses run every 30 minutes. to experience the true beauty of rocky mountain national park means getting out onto some of the 355 miles of trail that wind in, around and over the continental divide, wild basin, mummy range, and more. cycling through the park offers riders a chance to take in some of the scenery and striking vistas at a casual pace ; however, some may be daunted by the high altitudes and steep climbs on the main roads. elevations range from 8, 000 feet to 12, 183 feet ( 2, 400 to 3, 700 m ). there are 60 miles ( 97 km ) of hard - surfaced road with a five to seven percent grade. most of the roads in the park have little to no shoulder, with the added challenge of dealing with heavy summer traffic. early mornings or late evening rides may minimize conflict with other vehicles. be vigilant for thunderstorms in the early to late afternoons, where lightning can create a serious hazard. winter cyclists will have access to upper beaver meadows road, moraine park campground, endovalley road, aspenglen campground and high drive. for a unique cycling experience, check with the park information office for specifics on the old fall river road ( gravel surface ) and trail ridge road ( paved ), which are open to bicycles early in the summer season, before they open to vehicles. off - road mountain biking is prohibited inside the park. the park offers 359 miles of trail to hikers, backpackers and horseback riders. difficulty levels range from the half mile wheelchair accessable jaunt around bear lake to the backbreaking ' mummy kill ', recommended only for those with years of mountaineering experience or a death wish. a few of the most memorable hikes are listed below. many of the trails in the eastern part of the park can be reached via shuttle buses. note that snow conditions should be considered before hiking as higher elevations will be snow - covered later", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4445596692983045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.971269"} {"text": "wish. a few of the most memorable hikes are listed below. many of the trails in the eastern part of the park can be reached via shuttle buses. note that snow conditions should be considered before hiking as higher elevations will be snow - covered later into the year. most of the visitor centers offer books and other items for purchase, and there is a gift shop located next door to the fall river visitor center. snacks are available for purchase at the alpine visitor center, and there is a snack shop located next door to the fall river visitor center. there are no sit - down restaurants inside of the park, but the neighboring towns of estes park and grand lake have numerous options. there is no wine or alcohol for sale anywhere in the park. beverages may be purchased at the snack bar next to the fall river visitor center or at the alpine visitor center. water is available at the entrance station and visitor centers, and during summer months at the campgrounds. there are five drive - in campgrounds and two group camping areas in the park ( one group campground is winter only, one is summer only ). three campgrounds, moraine park, glacier basin, and aspenglen, take reservations, as does the group - camping area at glacier basin. other park campgrounds are first - come, first - served, and fill on most summer days. there are no electric, water or sewer hookups at any campsites. the water is turned off in the winter at all year - round campgrounds but drinking water is available at entrance stations and open visitor centers. you must have a backcountry / wilderness permit to camp overnight in the park ' s backcountry / wilderness. you can pick one up at the headquarters backcountry office or at the kawuneeche visitor center. to minimize impacts on the park ' s resources, the number of permits issued is limited. you may obtain day - of - trip permits in person year round. you may make reservations by mail or in person anytime after march 1 for a permit for that calendar year. you may make reservations by phone from march 1 to may 15 and anytime after october 1 for a permit for that calendar year. backcountry / wilderness permits rocky mountain national park estes park, co 80517 you can also call the backcountry office at ( 970 ) 586 - 1242 to reserve a permit. for all reservations : during the busy summer months, if you have a permit reservation, you must pick up the permit by 10 am", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.37939746386593076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.972247"} {"text": "can also call the backcountry office at ( 970 ) 586 - 1242 to reserve a permit. for all reservations : during the busy summer months, if you have a permit reservation, you must pick up the permit by 10 am on the first day of your planned backcountry / wilderness stay, otherwise, the permit will be cancelled in its entirety, and given to other backpackers. if you know you will not be using your permit, please cancel your reservation as soon as possible. the greatest danger to most park visitors is due to altitude. the entire park is above 7, 500 feet and ranges as high as 14, 259 feet, so it is important to take time to acclimate before undertaking strenuous activities. even driving at high elevation can affect sensitive individuals. altitude sickness symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, rapid heartbeat and insomnia. also note that high elevation increases the chance of dehydration, severe sunburn, and the aggravation of pre - existing medical conditions. drink several quarts of water per day to ward off dehydration. wear and reapply sunscreen often. if you begin to feel sick or experience any physical problems descend to lower elevations. in addition, be aware of the weather. a bright, sunny day can turn windy and wet within a matter of minutes with high winds and driving rain or snow. be prepared for changing conditions by dressing in layers and always carrying gear appropriate for both cold, wet weather and bright, sunny conditions. if caught in a lightning storm above treeline get away from summits and isolated trees and rocks and find shelter ( but avoid small cave entrances and overhangs ) and crouch down on your heels. other park dangers include wildlife - never feed wild animals, and always give them their space. animals are unpredictable, particularly if they feel threatened, and even a deer is capable of killing a human. to protect against larger predators like bears and mountain lions make noise while hiking to avoid startling an animal, and use bear - proof containers to store anything with a scent ; this includes food, toothpaste, deodorant, empty food wrappers, or anything else that might attract a bear ' s interest. park streams may contains giardia and other water borne diseases, so always purify water before drinking. be careful on snowfields, particularly on steep slopes where avalanche dangers may be high.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3908923750974503, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.973213"} {"text": "it ' s a pilot program that transports the past to the present at wyuka cemetery in lincoln. \" the possibilities are endless, \" said bill lopez who teaches a masters level education course at the university of nebraska lincoln. \" there are more than 55 thousand souls buried here in wyuka and every one has a story to tell, \" said lopez. his students are not placing flowers at grave sites, they are placing qr ( quick response ) codes. \" why not have q - r codes where people can take their own tour of the cemetery just by scanning their smart phones to the q - r codes, \" said lopez. the technology sounds complicated, but the process is easy, scan a smartphone to the qr code and read the information. \" the students have been uploading all of the information and so a visitor scans it and it takes them to the student ' s websites with all the information on the person or the family, \" said lopez. \" and we found our information using ancestry. com and by also using the nebraska archives. so it was pretty interesting, \" said katie mohr who is a student of the course. students will use the technology in future classrooms. \" we are using a lot of i - pads and other technology and this is another great way to incorporate technology and history for the students, \" said teresa ulrich, who is a student of the course. \" we are learning ways to apply it in the classroom for when we become teachers which is really exciting, \" said carly weber who is a student of the course. \" i envision students all over the country adopting cemeteries like we adopt highways. each student tries to find out more about the history of the people in there, \" said lopez. so present day technology, makes it possible for the future to reveal the past more accessibly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4835642909073725, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.975795"} {"text": "a lucid account of the suffolk bank system which operated in massachusetts between 1825 and 1858. dr trivioli shows that during this period a free enterprise central bank and clearing system operated with great success, bringing stability to a stuation where competing banks issued their own notes. synopsis : in tracing the history of the leading ideas of the social market economy in germany to their various intellectual roots, konrad zweig offers some pertinent insights into the fundamentals of german economic thinking and policies, little known in the english \u2013 speaking world. in his foreword to this work, professor christian watrin of the university of cologne comments : \" i see great merit in dr. konrad zweig ' s essay in clarifying and describing the leading ideas of the german position to an english \u2013 speaking public. his paper shows a profound knowledge of the historical roots, but at the same time, his aim is to show the compatibility of a competitive market and social protection. a report looking at the transport problems in the uk, and at one potential solution to it. michael forsyth provides the solutions for the abject failure of public services in the late 1970s and early 1980s : \" local authorities seeking to make cuts in expenditure and increase benefits to ratepayers must now undertake extensive privatization of their services. the best method is just to do it, to put out services for private contract. the arguments of theory against the success of such action melt away in the practical results gained wherever it is done. the british people have come to expect that public services will become lower in quality and ' more expensive to provide. this need not be so. privatization has its part to play, therefore, not only in re \u2013 servicing britain, but in helping to restore the country ' s faith in itself. \" a critical analysis of britain ' s planning system. not much has changed positively in the years since 1982 making this report still relevant today. it also outlines solutions that would free up the planning system.... to the economic and political thought of our time. this book, written by dr eamonn butler, gives an introduction to the great austrian economist and political philosopher friedrich a. hayek. the book covers the themes of hayek ' s work, which consists more than 25 books and numerous articles. the topics include hayek ' s understanding of the market process ; his critique of socialism and the meaningless term of social justice, and hayek ' s suggestions for the constitution of the liberal state. an indepth look at the options available for the process of privatizing britain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.546825549091713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.981221"} {"text": "akamba people alongside other central bantu speaking people are believed to have originated in the current democratic republic of congo and migrated to east africa across tanzania border. they settled around mount kilimanjaro before migrating further to the settle in the plains of nithi at a place called kiima kya kyeu ( mountain of white ). due to frequent conflicts in the 16th century with the neighboring maasai people, the akamba further migrated to chyulu hills a place they purported to be safe. due to persistent drought, they further moved to kibwezi plains. the akamba live in the semi - arid eastern province of kenya stretching east from nairobi to tsavo and north up to embu. this land is called ukambani. the oldest form of kamba artistic expression have been engraving and painting of calabashes or gouards. this art, mainly done by women, served both to embellish and imbue the vessels with the mystic or spiritual meaning. the kamba are nowadays most known for african black wood carvings, although this is a very recent art form. they were introduced to wood sculpturing by mutisya munge who had served in the colonial carrier corps in tanzania during world war i. there, he came into contact with zaramo carvers, who had themselves been influenced by the makonde carvers. munge collected zaramo models, and on returning to kenya, took up carving as a full time occupation. following munge \u2019 s efforts, a booming trade in carving developed at a small town of wamunyu along the machakos - kitui highway. it is estimated that about three thousand people many of them of youthful age, eke out their living from wood carving. many more carvers are located throughout ukambani, and at the coast where they sell to tourists. akamba are the most highly organized and productive art movement in kenya and east africa region. they produce an enormous line of hand made artifacts. at the carving centre, labour is divided between wood merchants, carvers and finishers. wood is usually purchased ready cut into logs of 4 to 15 inches or more. carving is executed with tools local tools from scrap metals and timber. some artists work on order but many simply mass - produce carvings and stock them hoping to sell eventually. workers who work in assembly lines of productions often receive set wages for producing a number of carvings per day. the first step on production line is to select a chunk of wood considering the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4253067487716379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.988233"} {"text": "many simply mass - produce carvings and stock them hoping to sell eventually. workers who work in assembly lines of productions often receive set wages for producing a number of carvings per day. the first step on production line is to select a chunk of wood considering the approximate size and shape of the figure to be created. the shape of the wood may also influence the choice of the figure to be designed. hard wood are more difficult to shape but have better luster and longevity whereas soft wood are easier to curve but less resistant to damage. detailed figures require hard wood with fine grain such as african black wood. once the wood has been selected, a sculptor begins with general shaping process using hand made gouges of various sizes. for harder wood, a sculptor use saws, chisels and mallets, while on smaller ones, knives of different sizes are used. sculptors always carve across or with the grain of the wood as a basic principal. once the general shape has been achieved the sculptor uses a variety of tools for creating details. a veiner or fluter may be used to make deep gouges in the surface. a v - tool is used for making fine lines or decorative cuts. the method used on finishes depends on the required quality of surface required. the texture may be left by shallow gouges to give life to the sculpture surface. many carvers, buyers and collectors prefer this tooled finish. if completely smoothened surface is priority, it is done using tools such as rasp, a flat blade with a surface of pointed teeth. rifflers are similar to rasps but smaller, double ended and of various shapes for working in folds or crevasse. the finer polishing is attained using filing and abrasive paper which comes in various sizes of grain. a finished sculpture is then sealed and coloured with a variety of natural oils such as walnut or linseed oil. these protect wood from moisture and dirt. it also imparts a sheen to the wood, which by reflecting light, helps the observer appreciate the form. glossy varnishes are rarely used. objects made out of wood are frequently finished with a layer of wax which protects the wood and gives it a softer sheen. a wax finish is comparatively fragile though and is only suitable for indoor carvings. the most common materials used in akamba carvings are locally available woods from trees such as african black wood ( delbergia melanoxylon ), african ebony, rose wood, mahogany, teak and jacaranda ( jacaranda mimosifolia ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4442020664121163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.989244"} {"text": "materials used in akamba carvings are locally available woods from trees such as african black wood ( delbergia melanoxylon ), african ebony, rose wood, mahogany, teak and jacaranda ( jacaranda mimosifolia ). finishes are always coated with wax, oil colour and varnishes. other sculptors may require adornment with beads, leather metallic decorative pins, metallic clips, fibers and ivory. akamba carvings range from figures of various sizes and shapes. the figures are carved keenly detailing basic curves but maintaining accurate shapes and proportions. very accurate lines and textures are shown giving the figures life. natural colours of materials are maintained when a thin layer of wax and oil is applied giving the product a natural aesthetic value. the carvings maintain laws of art and design. most akamba carvings are in proper shapes and proportions that are enhanced by harmonious movement and rhythm created by lines, shapes and decorations. a scene of a predator killing a prey can be depicted with very accurate movement and energy involved. such scenes at times are left on unrefined wooden ground and backdrop but concentrate emphasis and finishes on the subject, which brings unity that controls the perception of the sculpture. akamba wood carvings have very strong denotative messages. a mask for example carries a clear spiritual message just like a stool may portray elderly values from the way it is decorated. connotative values are scanty in most of the akamba carvings because of the direct imitation from nature and the environment. most of the reproduced forms do not communicate much about the period in which the carvings are created. they are not influenced by cultural trends, in either music, culture or even dance. they do not respond to any social or political change. mass production destroys individual styles and gives rise to unscrupulous business. middle business dealers claim ownership and even claim to employ akamba artists who produce the work. since akamba carvers are inspired by the arid semi arid region in which they live, most of their subjects are prominent animals such lions, elephants, giraffes and other cultures exposed to them like the maasai people. they are further inspired by the market demands of such kind of carvings since most of the buyers are people visiting kenya. repetitive production of carvings lowers their values and quality. buyers, collectors and general audience need a variety of subjects, styles and messages and meanings. every carving should tell its own story. replication of these carvings is good for mass demand but dilutes the very intricate value of akamba art for prosperity. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4369252591324322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.990346"} {"text": ", collectors and general audience need a variety of subjects, styles and messages and meanings. every carving should tell its own story. replication of these carvings is good for mass demand but dilutes the very intricate value of akamba art for prosperity. the kamba sculptors have formed cooperative societies for purposes of proper management and improved product. the management sources for raw materials, markets and supports artists with loans for personal development. some societies have over 350 members all working in the same shade. ten percent of the proceeds from individual work once sold is retained by the society management for administrative purposes and also part of it retained by the society account to be issued out to members in form of soft loans. some societies get some grants from the government to enhance operations and products. small scale kamba sculptors who run small cottage workshops in towns and cities often use mobile communication technologies to transact business. it is now common for artists to receive orders, make purchases and receive payments through mobile phone money transfer services available locally. akamba sculptors have evolved into huge companies that manufacturer and export fine wood carvings, animal sculptures, decorative accessories, and fancy customized goods mainly to foreign markets. this is in the effort to diversify into other areas of craft to be able to remain in business. the companies have developed websites where they market and sell their carvings online. amongst the most popular products are the \" big five \" ( lion, elephant, buffalo, rhino, and leopard ) ; a variety of human sculptures ; realistic and abstract african art, masks, stools, and decorated african wooden utensils ( bowls, spoons, stools, walking sticks ) that are fancied by both local and foreign markets. akamba handicraft cooperative society ltd has 3000 members and 2000 sub - contracted sculptors in their in - house workshop and showroom located on airport road, mombasa. it exports 30 % of their products to europe, japan, north america, and south africa and sells 30 % in their mombasa showroom. the remaining 40 % is sold to other curio vendors in kenya. shipment is done using currier companies and payments received through telegraphic money transfers keeping abreast with competitors in the global market through information communication technologies available. by adams namayi wamukhuma, comment on this article!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46755979769167094, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.991318"} {"text": "pediatric regime of chemotherapy proves more effective for young adults monday, june 18, 2012 leukemia patients 16 to 39 have higher long - term survival rates, finds tau researcher acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( all ), usually found in pediatric patients, is far more rare and deadly in adolescent and adult patients. according to the national marrow donor program, child all patients have a higher than 80 percent remission rate, while the recovery rate for adults stands at only 40 percent. in current practice, pediatric and young adult all patients undergo different treatment regimes. children aged 0 - 15 years are typically given more aggressive chemotherapy, while young adults, defined as people between 16 and 39 years of age, are treated with a round of chemotherapy followed by a bone marrow transplant. but a new study has revealed that it may be time to rethink this strategy, says dr. ron ram of tel aviv university ' s sackler faculty of medicine and the davidoff cancer center at the rabin medical center. dr. ram and his fellow researchers have determined that a pediatric treatment regime for young adult patients with all improves their chance of long - term survival, and decreases the mortality rate itself by 40 % \u2014 all without the additional complications of a bone marrow transplant. their findings have been published in the american journal of hematology. avoiding the transplant list there are a number of reasons for the differing treatment regimes, including physical stress, psychological preparedness, and prevalence of the disease. pediatric oncologists, who see dozens of cases of all a month, treat their patients with aggressive chemotherapy because there is a consensus that young children can better cope with the treatment \u2014 their heart, liver, and lungs are better able to repair themselves after exposure to the toxic cancer - fighting drugs, and they have better psychological support systems to deal with their situation. adult oncologists, on the other hand, proceed with more caution, believing that the older body has less ability to heal itself and that adults are not as psychologically well - adapted for the hardships of intensive chemotherapy. in addition, the smaller number of young and mature adult all patients means that fewer studies and clinical trials have been done on adolescents and adults with the disease, so less information is available. for their study, dr. ram and his fellow researchers conducted a systematic review of 11 comparative studies comparing the outcomes of 2, 489 individuals aged 16 - 39. they completed an analysis to determine how the young adult regime compared to the pediatric treatment for this age group. they discovered that at three years, mortality was significantly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.43011011788396547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.996124"} {"text": "review of 11 comparative studies comparing the outcomes of 2, 489 individuals aged 16 - 39. they completed an analysis to determine how the young adult regime compared to the pediatric treatment for this age group. they discovered that at three years, mortality was significantly lower when the patient was treated with the pediatric regime than with the adult chemotherapy / transplant combination, with a remission rate closer to that in children. relapse rates were also significantly lower. \" the long - term survival of these young adults increased significantly when following the pediatric treatment, \" concludes dr. ram. the results disproved the assumption that with the more aggressive chemotherapy, young adult patients would have higher toxicity rates. \" there was a worry that the patients might suffer or even die from the toxicity of the treatment, but toxicity rates remained the same. with the pediatric treatment, patients were more frequently in remission and had prolonged survival without bone marrow transplantation \u2014 which itself is hard on the body. \" more trials needed though the comparative studies have pointed researchers in the right direction, dr. ram says that this study is limited by a lack of randomized controlled trials, which could give more insight into whether the pediatric regime should be adopted as standard for young adult patients. still, the results are persuasive, leading to the conclusion that patients in this age group can be treated as pediatric patients in terms of the level of chemotherapy they can handle. \" for a 16 - 20 year old, i would push them towards a pediatric regime, \" dr. ram says. this study was conducted in collaboration with profs. ofer shpilberg and pia raanani and drs. ofir wolach, liat vidal and anat gafter - gvili. for more cancer research news from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4232719542573448, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.996921"} {"text": "moving people toward compassionate living your letters and calls do help! | originally posted : 23 may 2011 | help save hammerhead and oceanic whitetip sharks tell national oceanic and atmospheric administration fisheries service ( nmfs ) it ' s time to stop catching hammerhead and oceanic whitetip sharks in u. s. waters! prohibiting the retention of these species in all highly migratory species ( hms ) fisheries will allow for straightforward enforcement and implementation of the proposed ban and help to safeguard these species in u. s. waters. please add the oceanic whitetip and scalloped, great and smooth hammerhead sharks to the prohibited species list under hms management in the atlantic. sign an online petition and / or make direct contact : noaa fisheries service information / talking points oceanic whitetip and hammerhead sharks are some of the most amazing creatures in the world ' s oceans, but they are disappearing at an alarming rate. these top predators play a critical role in maintaining the balance of life in the sea, and their loss could cause irreversible damage to the oceans. up to 73 million sharks are killed every year for their fins, valued for the asian delicacy shark fin soup. sharks grow slowly, mature late and produce few offspring over long life spans, making them particularly vulnerable to overexploitation and slow to recover from overfishing. this is particularly true for oceanic whitetip and hammerhead sharks, which have an even lower ability to recover from decline compared to most shark species. the iucn red list of threatened species classifies oceanic whitetips as critically endangered and hammerhead sharks as endangered. caught primarily for their fins for exports and generally not used for their meat, these lions and tigers of the ocean need special protection now. the united states has an opportunity to demonstrate global leadership for sharks by permanently protecting these threatened species in our waters. the national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) governs the management of sharks in u. s. ocean territory, and has supported proposals for global trade restrictions to ensure the future of these sharks. while the world deliberates, the u. s. should act now to permanently protect these species in our waters. thank you for everything you do for animals!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40932102342628884, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:38.999088"} {"text": "jewish vegetarian - vegan articles god - bible - intent - love - compassion - faith - peace - people - animals - animal rights - diet - nutrition - health - non - violence - ecology - environment - sacrifices | home page | rosh hashanah and by richard h. schwartz rosh hashanah is the time when we take stock of our lives and consider new beginnings. perhaps the most significant and meaningful change that jews should consider this year is a shift away from diets that have been having devastating effects on human health and the health of our increasingly imperiled planet. while many jews seem to feel that the holiday ' s celebration can be enhanced by the consumption of chopped liver, gefilte fish, chicken soup, and roast chicken, there are many inconsistencies between the values of rosh hashanah and the realities of animal - centered diets. consider these points : 1. while jews ask god on rosh hashanah for a healthy year, non - vegetarian diets have been linked to heart disease, strokes, several forms of cancer, and other illnesses. while we implore \" our father, our king \" on rosh hashanah to \" keep the plague from thy people \", high fat, meat - based diets are causing a plague of degenerative diseases that have resulted in total u. s. medical costs soaring from $ 80 billion in 1970 to an estimated $ 1, 106 billion in 1994. 2. while jews pray on the jewish new year that god \" remove pestilence, sword, and famine \", over 70 % of the grain grown in the united states is fed to animals destined for slaughter, as 20 million people die annually because of hunger and its effects. flesh - centered diets, by wasting valuable resources, help to perpetuate the widespread hunger and poverty that often lead to instability and war. 3. while jews commemorate the creation of the world on rosh hashanah, livestock agriculture is a major contributor to many global threats, such as soil erosion and depletion, air and water pollution related to the production and use of pesticides and chemical fertilizer, and the destruction of tropical rain forests and other habitats. 4. while jews pray on rosh hashanah for god ' s compassion during the coming year, many jews, as well as most other people, partake in a diet that involves animals being raised for food under cruel conditions, in crowded, confined cells, where they are denied fresh air, exercise, and any emotional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42809918956836757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.003340"} {"text": "compassion during the coming year, many jews, as well as most other people, partake in a diet that involves animals being raised for food under cruel conditions, in crowded, confined cells, where they are denied fresh air, exercise, and any emotional stimulation. 5. while judaism teaches that people ' s fate for the new year is written on rosh hashanah and sealed on yom kippur and that repentance, prayer, and charity can cancel a stern decree, the fate of farm animals is determined before they are born and there is no way they can change it. while the torah and prophetic readings on rosh hashanah describe the great joy of both sarah and hannah after they were blessed with sons after it seemed that both were destined to be barren, meat - based diets require the taking of animal babies from their mothers after only one day of nursing, to spend the rest of their lives in small pens where they are fattened up for slaughter. 6. while rosh hashanah is a time when we are to \" awake from our slumber \" and mend our ways, the consumption of meat on rosh hashanah means that we are continuing the habits that are so detrimental to our health, to animals, to hungry people, and to ecosystems. while we symbolically cast away our sins at tashlich during rosh hashanah, the eating of meat means a continuation of the \" sins \" associated with our diets, with regard to treatment of animals, protecting our health, polluting the environment, and wasting food and other resources. while rosh hashanah is meant to be a time of deep contemplation when we carefully examine our deeds, most meat eaters ignore the many moral issues related to their diets. 7. while we speak of god \" s \" delighting in life \" on rosh hashanah, the standard american diet annually involves the brutal treatment and deaths of billions of animals, as well as many human deaths, due to insufficient food in poor countries and too much rich food in the wealthy countries. 8. while rosh hashanah has a universal message and involves the prayer that \" all the world ' s people shall come to serve ( god ) \", many of the world ' s people suffer from chronic hunger which denies them the necessary strength and will for devotion, while meat and fish from the choicest land and most bountiful waters of their countries is exported to meet dietary demands in the united states and other developed countries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45050790207293356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.004228"} {"text": "' s people suffer from chronic hunger which denies them the necessary strength and will for devotion, while meat and fish from the choicest land and most bountiful waters of their countries is exported to meet dietary demands in the united states and other developed countries. 9. while rosh hashanah is a time of joy ( along with sincere meditation ), animals on factory farms never have a pleasant day, and millions of people throughout the world are too involved in worrying about their next meal to be able to experience many joyous moments. in view of these and other apparent contradictions, i hope that jews will enhance their celebrations of the beautiful and spiritually meaningful holiday of rosh hashanah by making it a time to begin striving even harder to live up to judaism ' s highest moral values and teachings by moving toward a vegetarian diet. richard h. schwartz, email address : schwartz @ postbox. csi. cuny. edu. author of judaism and vegetarianism, judaism and global survival, and mathematics and global survival. patron of the international jewish vegetarian society. my articles on judaism and vegetarianism are on the internet at http : / / schwartz. enviroweb. org / | home page | jewish articles : table of contents | thank you for visiting all - creatures. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4872236635457578, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.004767"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia southern american english southern american english is a dialect of the english language spoken throughout the southern region of the united states, from central kentucky and northern virginia to the gulf coast and from the atlantic coast to eastern texas. southern american english can be divided into different sub - dialects ( see american english ), with speech differing between, say, the appalachian region and the coastal area around charleston, south carolina. the south midlands dialect was influenced by the migration of southern dialect speakers into the american west. the traditional dialect of african americans, popularly called \" ebonics \", shares many similarities with southern dialect, unsurprising given that group ' s strong historical ties to the region. speakers of southern american english have been stereotyped as uneducated or stupid commonly due the slower rate of speech and intertextualization of cultural factors of the region. since the use of the dialect is stigmatized, educated speakers often attempt to eliminate many of its more distinctive features from their personal idiolect, settling for a more \" neutral - sounding \" english, though more often this involves changes more in phonetics than vocabulary. well - known speakers of southern dialect include united states presidents jimmy carter and bill clinton along with playwright tennessee williams and singer elvis presley. few generalizations can be made about southern pronunciation as a whole, as there is great variation between regions. one phenomenon that is probably found throughout the region is the merger of and [ \u026a ] before nasal consonants, so that \" pen \" and \" pin \" are pronounced the same. this sound change has spread beyond the south in recent decades and is now quite widespread in the midwest and west as well. other typical ( sometimes stereotypical ) aspects of the southern accent : - [ z ] becomes [ d ] before [ n ], e. g. [ w\u028cdnt ] wasn ' t, [ b\u026adn\u026as ] business - the diphthong / a\u026a / becomes monophthongized to [ a\u02d0 ]. some speakers have this feature before voiced consonants but canadian - style raising before voiceless consonants, so that ride is [ ra\u02d0d ] and wide is [ wa\u02d0d ], but right is [ r\u0259\u026at ] and white is [ hw\u0259\u026at ] ; others monophthongize / a\u026a / in all contexts. - the diphthongization or triphthongization of the traditional short front vowels as in the words pat, pet, and pit : these develop a glide up from their original starting position to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4485224699130489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.010510"} {"text": "fell, and fool / full homophones. - the distinction between w and wh, as in wine and whine is preserved for some speakers. - the distinction between / \u00e6r /, / \u025br /, and / er / in marry, merry, and mary is preserved. - yod - dropping is not found among many speakers, thus / dj /, / nj /, / tj /, in due, new, tune is preserved. - the distinction between / 3 ` r / and / vr / in furry and hurry is preserved. - in some regions of the south, there is a merger of [ \u0254r ] and [ \u0251ar ], making cord and card, for and far, form and farm etc. homonyms. - the distinction between / ir / and / i : r / in mirror and nearer, sirius and serious etc. is preserved. - the distinction between pour and poor, more and moor etc. is lost in many regions. - use of double modals ( \" might could \", \" might should \", \" might would \", etc. ) - \" you \" may be \" ye \" ( \" did ye get yer car? \" ) - occasional preservation of the aspirative \" h \" for the third person singular neuter ( \" hit \" ). - use of \" y ' all \" as the second person plural pronoun ( less commonly \" you - all, \" \" all - y ' all \" ) - some appalacian and ozark dialects prefer \" you ' uns \", and by extension \" we ' uns \" and \" they ' uns \". - use of \" fixin ' to \" or \" a - fixin ' to \" as an indicator of immediate future action. for example : \" he ' s ' fixin to eat, \" or \" we ' re ' a - fixin to go. \" - use of the word \" done \" in place of \" already \" or \" did \", such as in \" we ' done ' did this \" ( we already did this ). - use of the emphatic definite article ( frequently abbreviated to the dental fricative / \u00f0 / ) : \" he went to the wal - mart. \" \" i ' ma go to th ' iga. \" - use of \" over yonder \" in place of \" over there \" or \" in or at that indicated place, \" especially when being used to refer to a particularly different spot, such as in \" the house", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4777611970094241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.012292"} {"text": "to th ' iga. \" - use of \" over yonder \" in place of \" over there \" or \" in or at that indicated place, \" especially when being used to refer to a particularly different spot, such as in \" the house over yonder \" - use of \" the grocery \" in place of \" the supermarket \" or \" the grocery store. \" for example \" i went to the grocery earlier today \" or \" we ' re fixin ' to go to the grocery \" - use of a quasi - reflexive pronoun \" me \" or \" him \". for example, \" i ' m fixin ' to paint me a picture. \" - use of \" to love on someone or something \" in place of \" to show affection to \" or \" be affectionate with someone or something. \" for example : \" he was lovin ' on his new kitten. \" - word use tendencies from the harvard dialect survey : - a carbonated beverage in general as \" coke \" ( likely influenced by the coca - cola company being headquartered in atlanta, georgia and the resultant dominance of coca - cola in the region ). - the small land crustaceans that roll when you touch them as \" roley - poleys \" rather than \" pill bugs \" or \" woodlouse \" - the push - cart at the grocery store as a \" buggy \" - the small freshwater crustacean in lakes and streams as a \" crawdad, \" \" crawfish, \" or \" crayfish \" depending on the location the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5152130838335992, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.012990"} {"text": "montenegro was part of the former yugoslavia at one time. illyrians originally settled the area, followed by the greeks, celts, byzantines, romans and the slavs. the nation was eventually christianized under nicholas i and later united with serbia to fight the turks of the ottoman empire. nicholas oversaw the expansion of montenegro \u2019 s borders and led it toward independence in 1878. italy occupied the country during world war ii, and montenegro adopted socialism as part of yugoslavia during the cold war. in 1992, montenegro joined with serbia as yugoslavia began to break up, leaving behind a truncated federal republic of yugoslavia. while serbia became involved in the war in bosnia, montenegro remained largely out of the conflict. the democratic party of socialists of montenegro became the dominant political force in the country throughout the 1990s. during this time montenegro became a hotspot for smuggling due to its location on the adriatic sea. in 2003, the federal republic of yugoslavia renamed itself serbia and montenegro. this lasted until june 2006 when montenegro became completely independent. the united states soon thereafter established diplomatic relations with montenegro. lay of the land : montenegro occupies an area slightly smaller than the state of connecticut, and lies between bosnia and herzegovina, serbia, kosovo and albania. its terrain is varied, from the mountainous regions with thick forests to central plains and the adriatic coast, with a few small islands off the coast. the climate is generally continental, and mediterranean off the coast. the area now known as montenegro was originally settled by the illyrians before the 6th century. subsequently, the greeks and celts formed settlements to enhance trade in the region. the romans eventually conquered the illyrian kingdom and divided the territory with the byzantine empire. the socialist federal republic of yugoslavia was a conglomeration of six regional republics and two autonomous provinces that was roughly divided on ethnic lines. following a string of violent conflicts during the 1990s yugoslavia split into several independent countries, including serbia and montenegro,. in 2009, the and the united states \u2019 leading export to montenegro were new and used passenger cars ( $ 3. 3 million ) and drilling / oilfield equipment ( $ 2. 3 million ). other major exports included unmanufactured agricultural goods ( $ 2 million ), medicinal equipment ( $ 1. 3 million ), generators and accessories ( $ 1. 1 million ), plastic materials ( $ 1. 1 million ), and household appliances ( $ 1. 1 million ). montenegro accused of caving to us pressure on kosovo according to the u. s. state department, montenegro \u2019 s government has been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40470624136070377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.016664"} {"text": "million ), plastic materials ( $ 1. 1 million ), and household appliances ( $ 1. 1 million ). montenegro accused of caving to us pressure on kosovo according to the u. s. state department, montenegro \u2019 s government has been accused of \u201c allowing police mistreatment of suspects in detention, substandard prison conditions, abusive and arbitrary arrests, police impunity, lengthy pretrial detention, delayed and inefficient trials, widespread perception of corruption in law enforcement agencies and the judiciary, physical assaults on journalists, excessive monetary judgments against the media for slander, denial of public and press access to information, mistreatment and discrimination against the large number of refugees and internally displaced persons, sectarian intolerance and homophobia, discrimination against women, trafficking in persons, and discrimination against ethnic minorities, \u201d. note : the united states recognized the republic of montenegro on jun 13, 2006 and established relations with it on aug. 15. the us consulate in podgorica became an embassy oct 5, 2006, with arlene ferrill as charge d \u2019 affaires ad interim. montenegro \u2019 s ambassador to the united states since november 2010, srdjan darmanovic knows a thing or two about strategy, both the diplomatic kind and that used on a chess board. sue k. brown, a career member of the senior foreign service, was appointed in november 2010 by president barack obama to serve as ambassador to montenegro. she was sworn in on april 27, 2011. a native of rhode island, roderick w. moore served as the first - ever us ambassador to montenegro. he was sworn in on september 12, 2007. moore attended brown university where he received his ba in russian studies and international relations in 1986. he also earned an ma in slavic linguistics in 1987 and has studied serbian, croatian, bulgarian, russian, macedonian, montenegrin, czech, french, spanish and haitian creole.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36890086383390147, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.018333"} {"text": "1997 - 1999 : children ' s book completed ae projects when someone is suffering from dementia, the whole family is affected. it can be difficult for everyone, but particularly for children who do not always understand what is going on. in 1999, alzheimer europe ( in collaboration with the association luxembourg alzheimer ) produced a book aimed at helping children understand more about alzheimer \u2019 s disease and possibly come to terms with it. the book is aimed at children between the age of 8 and 11 and is suitable for those who have a relative with dementia, as well as those who do not. participants from eight of our member associations were involved in the project : - france : association france alzheimer - greece : greek alzheimer association - iceland : f. a. a. s. - luxembourg : association luxembourg alzheimer - portugal : apfada - switzerland : association alzheimer suisse - the netherlands : alzheimerstichting - united kingdom : alzheimer scotland - action on dementia funding and duration the european commission granted the necessary funds for the \u201c alzheimer children \u2019 s book project \u201d to the association luxembourg alzheimer. alzheimer europe worked in close cooperation with the association luxembourg alzheimer on this project which started in december 1997 and finished in june 1999. the main aims of this project were to produce a book about alzheimer ' s disease which would provide children with basic information about alzheimer ' s disease ( though the story ), answer some of the questions they may have, remove some of the stigma associated with having a relative with alzheimer ' s disease and provide a tool for the topic to be discussed in schools, at home and amongst friends. moreover, it was our aim to write a book which would be directly accessible to a young audience rather than the parents of children with a relative with dementia. the first stage of this project involved collecting copies of existing information in order to analyse its content, produce a summary and compile an inventory. before starting to write the story, alzheimer luxembourg association, in close collaboration with alzheimer europe, organised interviews with young children in order to assess their real needs with regard to information about alzheimer ' s disease and their preferences concerning the style of the book. these interviews enabled us to analyse the language used by young children in order to write a story in a style which was understandable and adapted to the needs of the target group. finally, two meetings were held with the project participants in luxembourg. these meetings enabled the participants to define guidelines for the book, the overall structure of the story, the audience, the specific aspects of the disease to be dealt with, the characters, the setting,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.506748756456211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.021269"} {"text": "find out what \u2019 s on your pet \u2019 s mind or work with your pet on a behavior problem have you ever wondered what lucy has on her mind? how she feels about that new litter or why she is peeing outside the box? have you ever wanted to explain to max that you \u2019 re going to be adding another dog friend to the family? or a new baby? that you \u2019 re moving to a new neighborhood? would you like to know what would make your hamster more content? what your dog thinks of his trainer or his doggy day care? how your horse feels about the new groomer? why your cockatiel gets a little grumpy right after laying an egg? these are the kinds of things you can learn through a session of animal communication. animals are thinking, feeling beings who greatly enjoy expressing themselves. they are individuals with their own inner lives. they appreciate your desire to find out how they \u2019 re feeling and to ask what would make them happier. they value the respect you show in preparing them for changes ahead. sometimes their thoughts are simple and expected, sometimes complex, and sometimes light - hearted and amusing. occasionally they will reveal a health condition of which you were unaware. they will tell you who and what they like and don \u2019 t like. they will tell you what is on their mind and may be more willing and able to change their behavior after hearing your requests and point of view. they might even surprise you with the reasons for their behavior that change your own perspective on the problem and guide you to a more effective solution. when you contact us to arrange a conversation with your pet, we prefer to have limited information so that whatever we receive during the conversation comes from your pet, not from what you told us. that will help validate for you that we are in touch with your pet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49221695984287467, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.024659"} {"text": "asclepsis tuberosa or butterfly weed is a wonderful addition to the summer garden. its bright orange flowers are irresistible to butterflies, especially the monarch. although the flowers lure the monarch butterfly, the monarch caterpillar eats nothing but the foliage of this particular plant. one morning i discovered that the caterpillar had eaten every single leaf. normally i would be heart sick to see a plant damaged but the presence of a monarch in the garden is a gift. despite being called a weed ( milkweed more specifically ), i do not consider it a weed. as a matter of fact, it is a well - behaved, easy - to - grow, beautiful perennial in the garden. after the blooms fade, green seedpods take their place. the seeds do eventually migrate through the air ; this plant, however, seems only to have spread in my garden by forming larger clumps. butterfly weed prefers full sun, although mine is doing very well in part sun. it is not a drought tolerant plant, but enjoys water during dry times. ascelpsis tuberosa provides a double gift for the gardener. it not only attracts flights of butterflies to the garden, but it also brightens any flower bed. although the name \u2018 endless summer \u2019 ( hydrangea macrophylla \u2018 endless summer \u2019 ) could suggest the title of a cable tv show or a soap opera, it is actually the name of a wonderful mophead hydrangea. what makes this hydrangea with its brilliant blue flowers so special is that it reblooms. it blooms on old and new wood in the same season, often blooming in early summer and then in fall. another positive about \u2018 endless summer \u2019 is that if a late frost kills the early blooms there will be more to follow. this easy - to - grow hydrangea likes the same things that other mopheads do : ample water ( at least an inch per week ), morning sun, and afternoon shade. give it a good home in rich organic soil. if your soil is heavy, consider making a planting bed instead of just a single hole. planting a hydrangea high as you would an azalea also will improve drainage. just because a plant likes shade, planting it right next to a large tree is not often a good idea as the plant has to compete with the trees roots for nutrition and moisture. high shade in a yard is a blessing. a nice layer of mulch is always a good idea as it will help to conserve moisture and keep the soil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4533569810643709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.032581"} {"text": "often a good idea as the plant has to compete with the trees roots for nutrition and moisture. high shade in a yard is a blessing. a nice layer of mulch is always a good idea as it will help to conserve moisture and keep the soil cooler in the summer. pruning techniques for \u2018 endless summer \u2019 are not difficult. prune mopheads immediately after flowering. because \u2018 endless summer \u2019 reblooms, pruning it should occur in late summer to early fall. however, flower buds for the next season may begin to form from august to october so if yours needs pruning, you may have to sacrifice a few late flowers to get this garden task accomplished at the right time. it is a good idea to prune out all the dead canes and even to cut about one third of the older stems to the ground every year. this will encourage your hydrangeas to grow stronger, have a nicer shape, and have more flowers. my mature \u2018 endless summer \u2019 is about 5 feet high and almost that wide. it is a joy in the garden as the flowers look like jewels. with so many gorgeous hydrangeas on the market it is often difficult to choose a new one, but those that rebloom are a necessity for the summer garden, guaranteeing you a summer full of endless flowers. these are hard days for gardeners. we have talked about the heat to everyone we meet and we are suffering through it as i write these words. i can \u2019 t remember days of continual 100 plus temperatures, this kind of heat probably has happened in other years, but, like many other bad memories, i have forgotten those times. i have not, however, forgotten the drought of a few years ago when my town of jacksonville imposed watering restrictions. for a plant person this can spell disaster. we saved water from every possible indoor source and carried it outside in buckets. hope we do not face that same situation this year. by now, unless you have been watering your grass, it has turned an ugly shade of brown and is pretty crispy. it is not really dead, only dormant. as soon as it rains, it will green back up ( unless it is a newly sodded lawn in which case the color may be a cry for help ). should you decide to water, please remember to water deeply and less often. grass needs about an inch of moisture a week to look like a golf course. you can judge how much water your lawn is getting by setting empty tuna cans around", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42604396875688777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.033608"} {"text": "help ). should you decide to water, please remember to water deeply and less often. grass needs about an inch of moisture a week to look like a golf course. you can judge how much water your lawn is getting by setting empty tuna cans around to catch the water. the best time to water your lawn is between 4 and 9 am. although your lawn will bounce back from this drought and heat, these same conditions are much harder on many annuals and perennials, trees and shrubs, especially newly planted ones. many or most annuals are water hogs. the sun coleus i planted are begging for a drink at least twice a day. the pentas are hanging their heads. if you put in new ornamental plants or trees last spring, they must have water to survive until they are settled in. even those planted last winter need to be watered. again water deeply and less often, early in the morning if possible. watering at night may encourage the development of fungus and disease. by watering early you allow the foliage to dry. a good layer of mulch surely helps keep the soil from drying out as quickly ( and keeps down the weeds ). overhead watering is never the best choice ; drip irrigation wastes less water and gets the water where it is needed most \u2013 to the roots. many of us, however, have the traditional over head irrigation systems in our yards \u2013 either through in ground sprinkler systems or rotating sprinklers. some soaker hoses added to the mix will help. now is not the time to fertilize - - struggling plants don ' t need encouragement to grow. they need to use their strength to survive. good soil helps plants to be strong. layers of compost mixed in the soil next winter will improve the structure of the soil and make it easier for water to reach the roots. the use of drought tolerant plants in the landscape is certainly a solution to reducing our water usage. there are so many to choose from : sedums, agaves, yuccas, and even cactus. these laugh at the drought and the heat. these drought tolerant beauties also make wonderful container plantings. ( note to myself ; do not plant three dozen sun coleus in pots and beds next year ). be kind to yourself on these sweltering days. for us humans working in the garden in the early morning or early evening will be the healthiest for us. with a little patience we will survive another alabama summer. june 27 th hayes jackson, aces dates / speakers subject", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41293882794356324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.034625"} {"text": "using scientific techniques and cutting - edge equipment, researchers at the indianapolis museum of art conservation science laboratory have recently solved mysteries about paintings by vincent van gogh and giorgio de chirico. since opening in early 2011, the conservation science laboratory has undertaken multiple projects that have provided the museum world with new research, techniques and advances in the field of conservation. a partnership between the ima conservation science laboratory and the cincinnati art museum ( cam ) has shed new light on the colors that vincent van gogh used in his 1890 painting undergrowth with two figures. van gogh was known to use vibrant colors in his paintings but many of his works today have lost this original vibrancy. undergrowth with two figures is one such work and during a cleaning of the work, former cam paintings conservator per knutas unearthed miniscule traces of bright pink colorant in areas where the frame covered the edge of the painting. this discovery prompted knutas to contact dr. gregory d. smith, the ima otto n. frenzel iii senior conservation scientist. smith agreed to help identify the paint colorant used by van gogh and worked with visiting researcher dr. jeffrey fieberg, associate professor of chemistry at centre college in danville, ky, to examine the painting and solve the mystery. i gladly accepted the challenge to identify the colorant, knowing this project would allow the conservation science laboratory to build ongoing partnerships within the museum community, contribute useful research on paint fading and fully utilize the state - of - the - art instruments available in the lab, smith said. this project is a shining example of the type of research the lab is equipped to conduct. van gogh painted undergrowth within the last five weeks of his lifea period when he was known to have used a bright geranium lake organic dye and the brilliance of geranium lake is short lived when exposed to light. a helpful clue in the process came from a letter written by van gogh to his brother, theo, while he was painting the work stating it contained... undergrowth, lilac trunks of poplars, and underneath them some flower - dotted grass, pink, yellow, white and various greens. since the pink flowers rapidly faded to white, the question addressed by the ima lab was which flowers were white because of the fading, and which ones were always white. the painting was brought to the ima for an in - depth, nondestructive analysis. smith utilized a small broken paint chip found lodged in the varnish to analyze the dye by raman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5226032321151792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.038844"} {"text": "the fading, and which ones were always white. the painting was brought to the ima for an in - depth, nondestructive analysis. smith utilized a small broken paint chip found lodged in the varnish to analyze the dye by raman microspectroscopya process that collects a characteristic spectral fingerprint from the dye by measuring changes in laser light scattered by the molecules. comparison of the spectrum to a digital library of thousands of materials identified the dye as eosin, which gives geranium lake its vibrant color. after identifying the ink, smith and fieberg painstakingly mapped out its location by elemental spectroscopy in the 387 dobs of white paint used by van gogh to represent the flowers. the team used adobe photoshop to record all the spots in which the dyestuff was detected, creating a virtual restoration of the aged painting. the research collaboration between smith, fieberg and cam is ongoing. an upcoming scholarly publication by the projects core collaborators will make the information more widely known to art history scholars. smith is now working with forensic scientists at indiana university purdue university indianapolis to refine the coloration used in the virtual restoration based on actual microcolorimetry measurements of small paint flakes from the van gogh painting. van gogh said,... in the colours there is adulteration as in wines. how can one judge correctly when, like myself, one knows nothing of chemistry. although the damage has already been done, through chemistry the ima is now working to understand the changes in this work and others by van gogh in the museums collection and to give todays admirers of his work a more accurate picture of his artworks brilliance. the conservation science lab did similar work on a giorgio de chirico painting from the imas permanent collection. ima associate curator for research, annette schlagenhauff, gained assistance from the science lab and conservation imaging specialists while studying the provenance and authenticity of de chiricos the mysterious departure. the piece was taken off view for more than 30 years because of the belief that it might be a forgery. closer examination revealed a figure study underneath that was characteristic of de chiricos later works. it is now believed that de chirico painted this work in the 1930s as a copy of one of his earlier pieces to take advantage of the popularity of this metaphysical style later in his career. other ongoing projects in the conservation science lab include : developing internship opportunities for high school, undergraduate and graduate students offering sabbatical programs for university professors who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5156996475047639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.039889"} {"text": "cityscapes with state parks provide urbanites a valuable connection to nature tom kroeger has quite the office view. out one window there ' s a cityscape, complete with skyscrapers, smokestacks, shipping ports and a wastewater treatment plant. out another, there ' s a panoramic view of the fifth largest lake in the world. \" the birdlife alone is amazing, \" says kroeger. \" i ' ve got ducks of all kinds, one after another, showing up at my doorstep right here in the city. \" kroeger is the superintendent of milwaukee ' s lakeshore state park, which was trumpeted by former wisconsin gov. tommy thompson in 1998 as wisconsin ' s first - ever urban state park. while it was originally conceived as a way for the state to provide year - round access to lake michigan, the wisconsin department of natural resources now hopes to use the park as a means to give state residents a firsthand education about the effects of urbanization throughout wisconsin ' s lake michigan shore. \" this park is kind of like a little microcosm of all the issues affecting the great lakes, \" says kroeger. \" we ' re on manmade land ; we ' ve got an urban center ; we ' ve got a harbor that ' s listed as an epa area of concern ; we ' ve got issues with drinking water, problems with invasive species. i don ' t think there are other parks out there where all of these elements that are affecting life on the great lakes are so apparent from one spot. \" it ' s that kind of broad vantage point that ideally suits lakeshore park as a state project, says gloria mccutcheon, southeast region director for the wisconsin dnr, adding that the park also connects multiple state trails of historical significance. \" the thinking previously had been that urban parks are really to be provided by cities and counties, \" says mccutcheon. but from california to new york, that mindset is changing, and urban state parks are showing off natural resources while also forging new bonds between urbanites and their state park systems. from a functional planning perspective, urban state parks are as diverse as the cities that surround them. some, such as detroit ' s tri - centennial state park, follow a fairly traditional state park track by extolling their state ' s many and varied natural virtues. the dnr promotes the space as a \" green oasis \" that showcases \" the natural resources collected throughout all of michigan ' s state parks, \" despite it being just", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38194196240730416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.051964"} {"text": "state park track by extolling their state ' s many and varied natural virtues. the dnr promotes the space as a \" green oasis \" that showcases \" the natural resources collected throughout all of michigan ' s state parks, \" despite it being just steps away from downtown ' s most iconic skyscraper, the renaissance center. other urban state parks are more recreation - intensive. the 28 - acre riverbank state park \u2014 one of only 11 parks in the world ( and the only one in north america ) to be built atop a sewage treatment facility \u2014 boasts an olympic - size pool, a covered multipurpose rink, tennis and basketball courts, and a fitness center from its location 69 feet above the hudson river in upper manhattan. in california, the los angeles state historic park, located just outside of chinatown, focuses more on historical education by incorporating creative landscaping throughout its 32 acres. raised subway tracks demarcate the course of the early 19th - century water system that once supported the region. the parkland also was home to the pacific railroad ' s river station, as well as the pacific hotel, the approximate boundaries of which are now marked by recycled - glass structures. in downtown indianapolis, the white river state park not only ties together walkways, promenades, bridges and open spaces, it serves as a major tourist destination. attractions include the indianapolis zoo, a minor league ballpark, the ncaa hall of champions and the indiana state museum. more common, however, are urban state parks that were established for preservation or restoration purposes. candlestick point state recreation area, which is surrounded by san francisco ' s historically underserved hunter ' s point neighborhood, is described by the california state parks division as \" the first california state park unit developed to bring state park values into the urban setting. \" occupying 34 acres \u2014 much of which has suffered years of abuse as landfill and dumping grounds \u2014 the project involves the restoration of natural wetlands and subsequent habitat diversity that will benefit the bay area as well as the entire state. in fact, what each of the aforementioned project types share is the kind of statewide benefit potential that should appeal to state agencies, according to elizabeth goldstein, president of the 90, 000 - member california state parks foundation and co - chair of the national city parks alliance. \" a state parks agency is supposed to be focused on resources of statewide significance, \" says goldstein. \" you don ' t want to take state resources and just build a soccer field that ' s just going to serve a neighborhood. the l. a. state historic park is a perfect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44709040716649817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.053271"} {"text": "to be focused on resources of statewide significance, \" says goldstein. \" you don ' t want to take state resources and just build a soccer field that ' s just going to serve a neighborhood. the l. a. state historic park is a perfect example. certainly the park will serve a lot of local constituencies \u2014 and they really are the ones who fought to protect that land \u2014 but it ' s also going to tell stories of immigration and water issues, stories of statewide significance. \" park users don ' t represent the only party served by urban state parks. in california alone, says goldstein, state parks have benefited from billions of dollars of referendum - related funding over the years. \" when you look at the electoral votes, the percentages are extremely high among urban communities, \" says goldstein. \" to connect the dots here, if those constituencies do not feel a real relationship to state parks or do not get the sense that they are being served by them, then those park systems are going to be in trouble. there ' s a recognition that these communities are vital in making sure the agencies themselves have adequate services and funding. \" because of their typically high usage rates \u2014 a natural result of their proximity to densely populated areas \u2014 most urban state parks have a higher profile than their suburban and rural counterparts. despite that reality, goldstein says there is a perception issue among park users, who may not always see the forest for the trees by recognizing that their local park has statewide significance. \" these parks should be clear gateways to the entire state park system, \" she says. \" the parks have many different audiences and many different purposes. but we ' ve done a whole marketing campaign in california, and the line is, ' where will the state parks take you today? ' the whole point is to make people understand that wherever they are, they are surrounded by a broad system of state parks. \" facility of the week the salvation army ray and joan kroc corps community center ( quincy, il )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4347945011733316, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.054110"} {"text": "the breman jewish heritage and holocaust museum location & contact : the william breman jewish heritage museum explores the universal themes of respect for difference, responsible citizenship, human dignity, and community building through the lens of the jewish experience. the breman features : absence of humanity : the holocaust years, 19331945 ; creating community : the jews of atlanta from 1845 to the present in the blonder family heritage gallery ; the marlene j. and william a. schwartz special exhibition gallery ; the ida pearle and joseph cuba community archives and genealogy center ; the lillian and a. j. weinberg center for holocaust education ; a comprehensive resource library for educators, scholars and the media supporting archival, genealogical and holocuast research, character education and heritage studies ; and the elinor rosenberg breman museum shop. through its signature exhibitions and special exhibitions, the breman attracts diverse audiences and educates visitors about jewish values, customs and traditions. tzedakkah ( righteousness ) and tikkun olam ( repairing the world ) are two such concepts. exhibitions also explore universal themes, such as personal responsibility, community building and cross - cultural understanding. the bremans cuba archives and genealogy center holds memories and documentation of jewish life in georgia and alabama. the archives contribute greatly to the study of jewish culture and the humanities by illuminating how jewish people lived, organized and participated in communities throughout the state. personal stories and historical memorabilia of individuals provide a springboard for discovery and dialogue. the breman is a teaching museum committed to serving a broad spectrum of teachers, students, their families and lifelong learners in georgia and the southeast. more than 20, 000 visitors a year have the opportunity to learn about the holocaust as well as jewish history from the bremans exhibitions, survivor speakers, and archives. they are challenged to consider the relevance and implications of the holocaust today. the education departmentof the breman, including the weinberg center for holocaust education, provides age - appropriate tours, speakers, lesson plans, books, films, courses, a speaker series, online exhibitions, and other resources that are intended to support and enlighten visitors from diverse settings including public, private, and parochial schools. these educational resources may be integrated into mandated areas of study in almost all academic disciplines. they meet georgia performance standards in a variety of curricular areas, including : through its public exhibitions and programs, the breman explores the universal themes of respect for difference, responsible citizenship, human dignity, and community - building through the lens of the jewish experience. the museum provides visitors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4758155838986953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.057146"} {"text": "logging in or signing up ecological pyramids bothrops download post to : url : related presentations : share add to flag embed email send to blogs and networks add to channel uploaded from authorpoint lite insert youtube videos in powerpont slides with as desktop copy embed code : embed : flash ipad dynamic copy does not support media & animations automatically changes to flash or non - flash embed wordpress embed customize embed url : copy thumbnail : copy the presentation is successfully added in your favorites. views : 11910 category : education license : all rights reserved like it ( 4 ) dislike it ( 2 ) added : november 30, 2008 this presentation is public favorites : 3 presentation description a level ecology - looks at trophic levels and diiferences between pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy comments posting comment... premium member presentation transcript ecological pyramids : ecological pyramids revision : revision we have looked at the use of food chains and food webs to the direction of energy flow in ecological systems. what is a trophic level? a secondary consumer? an autotroph? a heterotroph? ecological pyramids : ecological pyramids there are three types of pyramid that can be used to display ecological systems pyramids of number pyramids of biomass pyramids of energy pyramids of number : pyramids of number the simplest example of an ecological pyramid produced by a simple count of the organisms in each trophic level of the ecosystem. the number of each type of organism is represented by a rectangle that \u2019 s length is proportional to the number of individual organisms in a given area ( or volume ) pyramids of number : a typical pyramid of numbers pyramids of number log numbers producers herbivores 1st level carnivore 2nd level carnivore 3rd level carnivore pyramids of number : an inverted pyramid of numbers pyramids of number numbers producers herbivores 1st level carnivore 2nd level carnivore pyramids of number : advantage data relatively easy to collect using simple sampling disadvantages producers vary in size large range of numbers trophic level difficult to work out pyramids of number pyramids of biomass : pyramids of biomass these are based on an estimation of the total mass of the organisms at each trophic level how might this data be collected? individual organisms weighed and counted. dry mass should be compared to eliminate errors due to water content pyramids of biomass : pyramids of biomass advantages the data is more accurate. eliminates misleading problems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.525976051045613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.061903"} {"text": "each trophic level how might this data be collected? individual organisms weighed and counted. dry mass should be compared to eliminate errors due to water content pyramids of biomass : pyramids of biomass advantages the data is more accurate. eliminates misleading problems of producer size differences disadvantages laborious and expensive destructive can also be misleading in some circumstances pyramids of biomass : pyramids of biomass for example, in certain aquatic ecosystems a pyramid of biomass may look like this phytoplankton zooplankton 1st level carnivore why? pyramids of biomass : sample only takes into standing biomass not productivity misleading when ; producers are small with a high turnover rate the rate of consumption is about equal to rate of production pyramids of biomass pyramids of energy : pyramids of energy each bar represents the total amount of energy used by the trophic level per unit area over a set period of time ( remember kjm - 2yr - 1? ) pyramids of energy : pyramids of energy gross production herbivores to carnivores producers to herbivores carnivores to top carnivores 87110 88 1603 14098 energy ( in kjm - 2yr - 1 ) pyramids of energy : advantages takes into account the productivity addresses the fact that weight for weight, two species do not necessarily have the same energy content disadvantages very difficult to obtain data destructive problems identifying trophic level pyramids of energy please get out your information booklets! : please get out your information booklets! you do not have the permission to view this presentation. in order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5260573223902283, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.062616"} {"text": "earth - sized planet found in alpha centauri by european astronomers using harps telescopeby angel cuala on oct 17, 2012 in astronomy, science \u2022 european astronomers announced on tuesday, october 16, 2012 their discovery of an earth - sized planet in alpha centauri, the star system closest to our plant. the said planet was reportedly only 4. 3 light years away from earth, and was detected using a high accuracy radial velocity planet searcher ( harps ) telescope. according to a report by european southern observatory ( eso ) on its official website that day, the unnamed planet was discovered by the astronomers using the 3. 6 - metre telescope harps instrument at eso \u2018 s la silla observatory in chile. search of such kind of planets was said to be going on since the nineteenth century. alpha centauri is known to be a system composed of of two stars ( alpha centauri a and b ) similar to the sun and are orbiting close to each other ; and a faint red component known as proxima centauri, which is slightly closer to earth than a or b. alpha centauri b is a bit smaller and less bright than the sun. as noted in the report, the european team found the planet \u201c by picking up the tiny wobbles in the motion of the star alpha centauri b created by the gravitational pull of the orbiting planet. \u201d the full report can be found at journal nature this wednesday, october 17 titled \u2018 an earth mass planet orbiting alpha centauri b. \u2019 \u201c our observations extended over more than four years using the harps instrument and have revealed a tiny, but real, signal from a planet orbiting alpha centauri b every 3. 2 days. it \u2019 s an extraordinary discovery and it has pushed our technique to the limit! \u201d xavier dumusque, lead author of the report told the paper. \u201c this is the first planet with a mass similar to earth ever found around a star like the sun. its orbit is very close to its star and it must be much too hot for life as we know it. \u201d stephane udry of the geneva observatory, a co - author of the report and team member, was quoted as saying. artist \u2019 s impression showing the earth - sized planet orbiting the star alpha centauri b image credit : eso / l. calcada / n. risinger ( skysurvey. org ) spread the news!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43408745123717446, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.065050"} {"text": "tympanoplasty is a surgery done to repair the eardrum and middle ear bones. the eardrum and bones are necessary to hear. the middle ear copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. types of tympanoplasty include : - myringoplasty \u2014 repair of a tear in the eardrum - tympanoplasty with ossiculoplasty \u2014 repair of a tear in the eardrum and correction of a defect in the bones of the middle ear - tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy \u2014 repair of a tear in the eardrum and eradication of bony infection in the area behind the ear what to expect prior to procedure before surgery, your doctor will check to be sure that you do not have an ear infection. you will have several tests, including an ear exam and a hearing test. in certain cases, a is also done. talk to your doctor about your medicines. you may be asked to stop taking some medicines up to one week before the procedure, like : or other anti - inflammatory drugs blood thinners, such as the procedure often only requires local anesthesia. your ear and the area around it will be numb. description of the procedure a small incision will be made behind the ear. some tissue will be extracted from this area. this tissue will then be attached to the eardrum to cover the hole. other materials may be added to hold the graft in place. if the bones of the middle ear need to be repaired, this is done as well. a small pack may be left in position in the ear canal. the incision behind the ear will be closed with stitches. how long will it take? will it hurt? anesthesia prevents pain during the procedure. to insure proper healing, avoid the following : - blowing your nose hard - exposing your ear to water \u2014 ask your doctor how to wash your hair and shower for the first few weeks after surgery. - swimming or diving - heavy weight lifting and straining it will take several weeks after surgery to determine if the tympanoplasty was a success. complete recovery takes about four weeks. be sure to follow your doctor ' s call your doctor after arriving home, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs : - signs of infection, including fever and chills - increasing fluid or foul - smelling fluid draining from the ear - redness, swelling, increased pain, bleeding, or discharge from the incision site - pain that you cannot control with the medicines you have been given -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41230147587914406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.067729"} {"text": "the best and most reliable form of research is the double - blind, placebo - controlled study. a treatment cannot really be said to be proven effective unless it has been examined in properly designed and sufficiently large studies of this type. in these experiments, one group of subjects receives the \" real thing \" \u2014 the active substance being tested. the other half receives a placebo designed to appear, as much as possible, like the real thing. individuals in both groups don ' t know whether they are getting the real treatment or placebo ( they are \" blind \" ). furthermore, the researchers administering placebo and real treatment are also kept in the dark about which group is receiving which treatment ( making it a \" double - blind \" experiment ). this last part is important, because it prevents the researchers from unintentionally tipping off the study participants, or unconsciously biasing their evaluation of the results. the purpose of this kind of study is to eliminate the power of suggestion. it is true, although hard to believe, that people given ( fake ) treatment frequently report dramatic and long - lasting improvements in their symptoms. however, if the people in the real treatment group fare significantly better than those in the placebo group, it is a strong indication that the treatment really works. what you ' ve just read is a highly simplified introduction to a crucial and non - intuitive topic. if you ' d like a more in - depth analysis, see the article why does this database rely on double - blind studies?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5315163179758764, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.069261"} {"text": "if you have watched tv coverage of the current american primaries and caucuses, you \u2019 ve seen a telestrator used. it \u2019 s the computerized device that permits electronic illustrations to be drawn over video images, either live or taped, in motion or freeze - framed. the cream of current telestration technology is often voted by tv crews to be the fingerworks studio version. sportscaster john madden made the telestrator famous for diagramming and analyzing plays during football broadcasts in the late 1980s and 1990s. for example, a still picture of a football play, captured by instant replay recording, is fed from a frame store into a special tv monitor equipped as a pixel - sensitive touch screen or graphics pad, and software, nowadays using layering programs, permits the operator to draw a freehand sketch with a stylus over an existing still shot or a live - action moving shot. this composite picture is then fed back to the switching panel and inserted into the program as called for by the host or the director. canadian hockey fans will remember \u201c squeaky meeker. \u201d for years howie meeker, national hockey league player and then intermission tv analyst, used a telestrator on cbc tv \u2019 s \u201c hockey night in canada \u201d a telestrator device and software for a tv weathercast cost from approximately 15, 000 dollars up to 75, 000 dollars or more, depending on the complexity of the system and the kind of animated superimposed weather information required. inventor of telestrator leonard reiffel, an american physicist doing an early science - report television show on pbs in the late 1960s, invented the telestrator. in his first system the operator drew on a television screen adapted to work with a light pen. nowadays a weatherperson or sports analyst can work with a tablet pc or a touch screen pre - programmed for a specific broadcast and located just off camera. cnn \u2019 s chief national correspondent john king, shown above, has been dubbed by one fan \u201c the toscanini of the telestrator. \u201d actually king \u2019 s electronic board is far more complex than a mere telestrator. telestration has advanced quickly in the last decade and is being used this election year in ever more productive and complex modes. the elaborate gizmo depicted above includes \u201c jeff han \u2019 s perceptive pixel touch screen. \u201d other election news broadcasts employ a barrage of even showier electronic toys like giant montage processors, professional video processors used for multi - image displays to create led walls and multiplex screens texted by screenwriter\u00ae software", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4661842436677265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.074461"} {"text": "\u2019 s perceptive pixel touch screen. \u201d other election news broadcasts employ a barrage of even showier electronic toys like giant montage processors, professional video processors used for multi - image displays to create led walls and multiplex screens texted by screenwriter\u00ae software \u2014 equipment so cool it would make a techie drool. i am reminded of the newspaper report about orson welles \u2019 debut day at rko, the first day on the set of his first movie, a little item entitled \u201c citizen kane. \u201d a reporter asked orson what it was like to come from new york radio and theater to a movie set. said welles, \u201c it \u2019 s the biggest toy a boy ever had to play with. \u201d from that same day there is a photo of welles, slim, handsome, 25 years old, beaming with delight. etymology of the word telestrator doctor reiffel invented the word telestrator. he made up the compound from tele ( greek \u2018 far away \u2019 ) and illustrator. telephone, telex, telegraph, television : all contain as their initial element the greek adverb tele used adjectivally in words naming inventions of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. in the sixteenth century, the verb to illustrate entered english from medieval latin illustrare \u2018 to light up, to clear up, to make famous. \u2019 the ultimate root is lux lucis latin \u2018 light. \u2019 the best known phrase containing the word is from the vulgate, saint jerome ' s latin version of the bible, where in genesis, god says \u201c fiat lux, \u201d \u2018 let there be light. \u2019 so is fiat, the italian automobile brand, the same word? no. founded in 1899 the company name fiat is an acronym for fabbrica italiana automobili torino \u2018 italian automobile factory of turin. \u2019 naturalmente in a roman catholic country, it didn ' t hurt that the car name pleasingly echoed the very words of god. the evolution of illustrate \u2019 s meanings in english 1526 \u2013 to make clear in the mind ( first english usage ) 1538 \u2013 \u201c thou shalt see that one translation declareth, openeth, and illustrateth another. \u201d prologue to the coverdale bible 1603 \u2013 to show in a good light, to make illustrious 1625 \u2013 to light up an object 1638 \u2013 to make something clear by drawing a picture of it ( the most frequent modern meaning of the verb to illustrate ) it is interesting how almost all of the current meanings of the verb to illustrate arose so early in the word \u2019 s english", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5305423117019374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.075438"} {"text": "an object 1638 \u2013 to make something clear by drawing a picture of it ( the most frequent modern meaning of the verb to illustrate ) it is interesting how almost all of the current meanings of the verb to illustrate arose so early in the word \u2019 s english life. often verbs with a long history in english take centuries to evolve new meanings. \u00a9 2008 william gordon casselman i invite you to tour my site and select from the hundreds of word stories here. to begin, click on the word list banner below. then perhaps browse the site map with its links to every page of my if you want to share some wonderful canadian sayings, you will find more than 3, 000 canadian expressions in my books. each of my three volumes of canadian sayings contains about 1, 200 zesty phrases used by canadians both today and throughout our history. remember that profits from the sale of my books keep this website online. this new book is available from november 2007 and can be ordered at any bookstore in the world. among the essay contributors in readings for technical communication are george grant, marshall mcluhan, c. p. snow, george orwell, stephen strauss, william zinsser and, yours ever in abject humility \u2014 bill casselman. if you can ' t find my books online or in stores, order them directly from the author. just send me an email. any comments, corrections, emendations, additional word lore, orders for my books? please email me at firstname. lastname @ example. org 2007 - bill casselman ' s latest publication is an essay in a new book entitled barry callaghan : essays on his works in the writers series published by guernica editions sales of my book support the continuance of this website. $ 10. 95 in all canadian bookstores says one reader on the chapters website : \u201c if you ' re canadian you gotta read this book. this book made me laugh till i cried. things i thought only i heard during my youth were there in print before my eyes! i love this book. everyone i show it to has the same reaction. different sayings tickled my funny bone on different days - so they never get boring. keep up this wonderful treasure - trove of canadiana, bill. \u201d \u2014 angie plamondon published by mcarthur & company, toronto, canada order my books anywhere in the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5394664622110572, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.077205"} {"text": "for immediate release, november 4, 2009 contact : ileene anderson, center for biological diversity, ( 323 ) 490 - 0223 court reconsiders threatened status for flat - tailed horned lizard phoenix, ariz. \u2014 in response to a lawsuit brought by the center for biological diversity, tucson herpetological society, defenders of wildlife, and others, a federal district court in arizona ruled late tuesday that the flat - tailed horned lizard once again is a proposed threatened species under the endangered species act. the district court \u2019 s reinstatement of the proposed listing rule follows a ninth circuit court of appeals decision in may 2009 that overturned an interior department decision to deny protection to the species. since the vanishing lizard was first proposed for listing in 1993, the proposal had been withdrawn three times, with conservation groups successfully challenging each withdrawal in court. meanwhile, the species \u2019 habitat has fallen prey to additional destruction. \u201c the flat - tailed horned lizard is severely threatened by urban and agricultural sprawl and off - road vehicles. it desperately needs protection as an endangered species to survive, \u201d said ileene anderson of the center for biological diversity. the ninth circuit decision rejected a bush - administration policy developed by the solicitor of the department of the interior in 2007 that required the fish and wildlife service to ignore loss of historic range when determining if species warrant protection under the endangered species act. \u201c in the intervening years since first proposed in 1993, the flat - tailed horned lizard \u2019 s plight has only gotten worse, \u201d said anderson. \u201c we challenge the new administration to break with the bush administration agenda and finally provide protection for this disappearing species. \u201d the flat - tailed horned lizard inhabits portions of the deserts of southern california ( riverside, imperial, and san diego counties ), arizona ( yuma county ), and northwestern mexico ( sonora, baja california ). it is severely threatened by habitat destruction caused by urban and agricultural sprawl, off - road vehicles, and other threats. the groups involved in the latest court challenge include the tucson herpetological society, defenders of wildlife, center for biological diversity, horned lizard conservation society, and sierra club, who were represented by attorneys neil levine, a private attorney, and bill snape, senior counsel with the center for biological diversity. the department of the interior is required to make a final decision about the status of the flat - tailed horned lizard by november 2010. as the common name suggests, the species is recognized by its broad, flattened tail but also has long, sharp horns on its head, two rows of fringe scales along", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.429726256892794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.080298"} {"text": "to use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. with an accout for my. bionity. com you can always see everything at a glance \u2013 and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. - my watch list - my saved searches - my saved topics - my newsletter alpha - fetoprotein ( afp ) is a molecule produced in the developing embryo and fetus. in humans, afp levels decrease gradually after birth, reaching adult levels by 8 to 12 months. normal adult afp levels are low, but detectable ; however, afp has no known function in normal adults. in normal fetuses, afp binds the hormone estradiol. afp is measured in pregnant women, using maternal blood or amniotic fluid, as a screening test for a subset developmental abnormalities, principally open neural tube defects. it is also measured in pregnant women, other adults, and children, serving as a biomarker to detect a subset of tumors, principally hepatocellular carcinoma and endodermal sinus tumors. structure and levels afp is a glycoprotein of 590 amino acids and a carbohydrate moiety. many functions have been proposed for afp ; an anti - cancer active site peptide has been identified and is referred to as afpep. afp is normally produced by the fetal yolk sac, the fetal gastrointestinal tract, and eventually by the fetal liver. levels of afp in fetal serum rise until the end of the first trimester of gestation and then fall. because the fetus excretes afp into its urine, amniotic fluid levels of afp tend to mirror fetal serum levels. in contrast, maternal serum levels of fetal afp are much lower but continue to rise until about week 32. labcorp, a large us clinical laboratory testing company, began offering afp screening tests in the early 1980s. afp in normal infants the normal range of afp for adults is variously reported as under 50, under 10, and under 5. at birth, normal infants have afp levels 4 or more magnitudes above the normal range for adults, decreasing to adult levels over the first year of life. correct evaluation of abnormal afp levels in infants must take into account this normal pattern. very high afp levels may be subject to hooking, resulting in a false low level. there are two categories of afp tests : tests performed on serum ( blood plasma ), and tests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4974874086472558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.086311"} {"text": "levels in infants must take into account this normal pattern. very high afp levels may be subject to hooking, resulting in a false low level. there are two categories of afp tests : tests performed on serum ( blood plasma ), and tests performed on amniotic fluid. tests performed on serum are further categorized by the reason for performing the test : maternal serum, adult tumor marker, and pediatric tumor marker. tests performed on serum for these tests, the patient visits a phlebotomy lab to have a blood sample drawn. usually, this requires that the patient ( or guardian ) first obtain a written order from the patient ' s physician. in the us, an alternative is to use mymedlab. the standard is a quantitative test, reporting a measured concentration of afp in the sample, but there is also a less expensive qualitative test, reporting only that the concentration is normal or high. the qualitative test is appropriate only in some circumstances. the resulting test report should specify the assay method and equipment used, and the report of a quantitative test should also provide a reference range for the test result. many laboratories report reference ranges that are based on all other samples tested in that laboratory, necessarily including samples with abnormal afp concentrations due to disease. superior reference ranges are produced by research on healthy subjects. maternal serum afp tests need to be interpreted according to the gestational age, as levels rise until about 32 weeks gestation. typically, such measurements are done in the middle of the second trimester ( 14 - 16 weeks ). elevated levels are seen in multiple gestation as well as in a number of fetal abnormalities, such as neural tube defects including spina bifida and anencephaly, and abdominal wall defects. other possibilities are errors in the date of the gestation or fetal demise. in contrast, low levels of maternal serum afp are associated with down syndrome and trisomy 18. diabetic patients also have lower levels. patients with abnormal levels need to undergo detailed obstetric ultrasonography. the information is then used to decide whether to proceed with amniocentesis. maternal serum afp may be measured as part of a routine prenatal screening test : like any elevated tumor marker, elevated afp by itself is not diagnostic, only suggestive. tumor markers are used primarily to monitor the result of a treatment ( e. g. chemotherapy ). if levels of afp go down after treatment, the tumor is not growing. in the case of babies, after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48793595118764266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.087489"} {"text": "not diagnostic, only suggestive. tumor markers are used primarily to monitor the result of a treatment ( e. g. chemotherapy ). if levels of afp go down after treatment, the tumor is not growing. in the case of babies, after treatment afp should go down faster than it would normally. a temporary increase in afp immediately following chemotherapy may indicate not that the tumor is growing but rather that it is shrinking ( and releasing afp as the tumor cells die ). afp - l3, an isoform of afp which binds lens culinaris agglutinin, can be particularly useful in early identification of aggressive tumors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc ). afp is the main tumor marker ( sometimes with hcg ) used to monitor testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and malignant teratoma in any location : values of afp over time can have significant effect on the treatment plan. afp is normally elevated in infants, and because teratoma is the single most common kind of tumor in infants, several studies have provided reference ranges for afp in normal infants.. perhaps the most useful is this equation : log y = 7. 397 - 2. 622. log ( x + 10 ), where x = age in days and y = afp level in nanograms per milliliter. tests performed on cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) in normal infants, afp in csf is : levels of afp in csf decline with gestational age in proportion to levels of afp in serum interpretation of afp test results afp test results often are reported as either ng / ml or mom ( multiple of the median, where the median is calculated for an appropriate reference population ). abnormally elevated afp in the serum of a pregnant woman can have one or more of these sources : usual follow - up steps include ( 1 ) a prenatal ultrasound exam to look for fetal abnormalities and / or ( 2 ) measurement of afp in amniotic fluid obtained via amniocentesis. afp in amniotic fluid has one or two sources. the fetus normally excretes afp into its urine, hence into the amniotic fluid. a fetus with one of three broad categories of defects also releases afp by other means. these categories are open neural tube defect, open abdominal wall defect, and skin disease or other failure of the interior or exterior body surface. abnormally elevated af", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45395930413404484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.088459"} {"text": "a fetus with one of three broad categories of defects also releases afp by other means. these categories are open neural tube defect, open abdominal wall defect, and skin disease or other failure of the interior or exterior body surface. abnormally elevated afp in amniotic fluid can have one or more of many different causes : sources of afp : normal serum alpha - fetoprotein is a fetal serum protein produced by the yolk sac and liver. sources of afp : abnormal there are case reports of elevated afp associated with teratoma. however, some of these case reports involve infants but do not correct for the normal elevation of afp in infants, while others ignore the likelihood that teratoma ( and other germ cell tumors ) may in fact be mixed tumors containing elements of endodermal sinus tumor. in patients with afp - secreting tumors, serum levels of afp often correlate with tumor size. resection is usually associated with a fall in serum levels. serum levels are useful in assessing response to treatment. increased serum levels in adults are also seen in acute hepatitis and colitis. | this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article \" alpha - fetoprotein \". a list of authors is available in wikipedia. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.423225887178046, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.089006"} {"text": "the \" silver \" fox, also marketed as a siberian fox, is a color phase ( or specially produced mutation ) of the red fox that, after 50 years of experiments in the soviet union and russia, is widely available via the exotic pet trade. naturally occurring silver foxes are somewhat rare, comprising only 8 % of canada ' s wild red fox population. those seen in captivity, like this male given refuge at black pine, are typically outcasts of the pet trade. since arriving in september 2012, this male is as yet unnamed and his age is unknown. he was brought to black pine by a conservation officer with the indiana department of natural resources, safely captured while wandering around a residential neighborhood at a northeast indiana lake. after consulting with the state licensing agent black pine determined if the fox was kept as a \" pet \", which is likely given the animal ' s lack of fear of humans, he was apparently not owned legally. with no other apparent options, black pine is happy to be able to provide the animal a new forever home. foxes have grown in popularity within the exotic pet trade because of their beauty, curious and playful nature, and similarity to dogs. they are, however, very smelly and will continuously scent mark their home by urinating and defecating often and in obvious places. they are often destructive and skittish, nervous animals, so do not do well in people ' s homes around other high - energy animals, or children. foxes often kill cats, too, so can pose a danger to both fellow \" pets \" and keepers. infobox - silver fox status : least concern. diet : beef, venison, poultry, fruit, vegetables, dog food. life span : 10 to 15 years in captivity. weight : 8 to 15 pounds. native habitat : canada and northern u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4897517883521688, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.090857"} {"text": "klein grass, panicum coloratum, is a warm season perennial bunchgrass that is planted in the southwestern portion of the united states for hay production and grazing. klein grass is a native grass of africa and was first introduced into the united states in the 1950 \u2019 s. klein grass is grown primarily as a pasture grass but in recent years it has been farmed to make hay in the imperial valley area of california. klein grass can grow up to 1 meter tall and is a fine stemmed leafy plant. klein grass is palatable and nutritious for cattle. when klein grass is grown for hay it is typically harvested at a younger stage of growth. harvesting at a younger stage helps to produce a fine stem, soft and leafy grass hay that is very palatable and nutritious for many types of animals. grading for klein grass hay is based on visual inspection where we evaluate the color, leafiness, texture and purity. bvt has three grades of klein grass : premium, # 1, and # 2. | premium | | bright green color with minimal bleach, leafy and soft texturefree of any other grasses or weeds | | # 1 | | good green color with 10 % bleach maximum, leafy with good texture and free of any grasses or weeds | | # 2 | | fair to good color with up to 25 % windrow bleach. can have a harder texture and small amounts of other grass mix. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4355042830202265, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.092373"} {"text": "colorado desertarticle free pass colorado desert, part of the sonoran desert, extending southeastward for 164 miles ( 264 km ) from the san gorgonio pass in southeastern california, u. s., to the colorado river delta in northern mexico. a low - lying, arid region, it is bounded by the pacific coastal ranges ( west ), the san bernardino, cottonwood, chuckawalla, and chocolate mountains and the colorado river ( north through east ), and the head of the gulf of california ( south ). the typical vegetation of the desert is the creosote bush \u2013 desert shrub association. shifting sand dunes lie in the northwest and in the algodones sand hills in the east. the salton sea, a brackish - water lake, occupies the deepest section of the salton trough ( salton basin ), a landform that effectively outlines the colorado desert and the neighbouring yuma desert of arizona, u. s., and northwestern sonora, mex. the productive, irrigated coachella and imperial valleys stretch northwest and southeast from the salton sea. water is supplied to these valleys through canals from the colorado river, after which the desert was named. within the desert are several indian reservations, the salton sea national wildlife refuge, and popular resorts such as palm springs. what made you want to look up \" colorado desert \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3688724091532747, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.094811"} {"text": "adapted from the nci cancer bulletin. researchers at dana - farber cancer institute in boston, mass., have found that the source of disease in many cases of the most aggressive form of ovarian cancer, serous carcinoma, may not be the ovary at all, but rather the fimbria of the fallopian tube. dr. keren levanon reported these findings at the american association for cancer research annual meeting on april 14, 2008. \" until now, there was no understanding of the basic pathogenesis or carcinogenesis of [ ovarian ] serous carcinoma, \" said dr. levanon at the meeting. noting that the majority of ovarian cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage, she continued : \" we didn ' t really know what the early cancer lesion or precursor lesion looks like, so we couldn ' t analyze what went wrong. \" her team, which included collaborators at brigham and women ' s hospital, searched for these early lesions by identifying cells with a \" p53 signature \" - mutations in the p53 gene and buildup of p53 protein in cells - in the tissues of women who, due to a high risk for developing ovarian and other cancers, volunteered to have their ovaries and fallopian tubes removed. the team found a p53 signature most often in the secretory cells lining the finger - like appendages, called fimbria, at the ends of fallopian tubes. dr. levanon ' s team then developed an ex vivo model that they are using to continue studying these cells and the molecular events that lead to cancer. they hope this research will lead to targeted therapies and biomarkers for early detection. though they were surprised by their findings, explained dr. levanon, they were not surprised that ovarian cancer could begin in the fallopian tubes. \" when we look at patients who are diagnosed with later - stage ovarian cancer, \" she said, \" we find that they have these lesions in their fallopian tubes in close to 100 percent of cases. \" she also noted that patients who have prophylactic surgery to remove their ovaries sometimes develop tumors in other parts of their abdomen, which could result from shed cancer cells when the fallopian tubes are left intact.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48474329237908953, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.097022"} {"text": "carbon credit initiative cargill supports first - of - its - kind project designed to preserve the amazon rainforest. earth day, every day. to demonstrate our commitment to earth day we present stories that illustrate how we work to make a positive difference. for additional information on our environmental activities read biomass - powering a plant..., waste to energy and saving water in china for environmental innovations. cargill has awarded usd $ 3 million to columbia university and the amazon forest carbon partnership ( afcp ), a first - of - its - kind project designed to help preserve the amazon rainforest. columbia university and the afcp will attempt to reduce deforestation and degradation by establishing a reliable standard for forestry carbon credits. \u201c the main goal is to create a platinum standard for forestry carbon credits to ensure they are sustainable, permanent and environmentally friendly across the board, \u201d said cargill global emissions and european power & gas ( geepg ) general manager for structured carbon, michael dwyer, who steered cargill \u2019 s participation in the partnership. financial incentive for protecting rainforests selling forestry carbon credits to help preserve rainforests is a subject of debate in the carbon industry, with much of the controversy centering on redds ( reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation ). the redd mechanism relies on creating a financial incentive for protecting the rainforests by allowing developed countries to buy forestry credits from developing countries. proceeds from the sale of these carbon credit proceeds will fund rainforest preservation programs and provide assistance to indigenous people. \u201c this project will help establish accountability and see that the money goes where it belongs \u2014 and that means that a portion of it gets out to the indigenous people who live in these forests, \u201d said arjun patney, u. s. carbon market strategist for geepg. partnering across countries afcp was launched at columbia university by don melnick, a distinguished professor of conservation biology at new york \u2019 s columbia university. columbia \u2019 s center for economy, environment, and society is working in partnership with five non - governmental environmental trust funds ( etfs ) dedicated to preserving the amazon rainforest. the etfs are based in bolivia, brazil, columbia, ecuador and peru. \u201c cargill has a large presence in this part of the world and involving the local etfs gives the project a great deal of credibility, \u201d added dwyer. \u201c the threats to the rainforest are something we can work on with people from each of these countries. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45316224342533395, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.099719"} {"text": "\u201c though faith is above reason, there can never be any real discrepancy between faith and reason. since the same god who reveals mysteries and infuses faith has bestowed the light of reason on the human mind, god cannot deny himself, nor can truth ever contradict truth. consequently, methodical research in all branches of knowledge, provided it is carried out in a truly scientific manner and does not override moral laws, can never conflict with the faith, because the things of the world and the things of faith derive from the same god. the humble and persevering investigator of the secrets of nature is being led, as it were, by the hand of god in spite of himself, for it is god, the conserver of all things, who made them what they are. \u201d catechism of the catholic church, par 159. ri can faith exist in a world where science is demonstrating ever more details of creation and the evolution of human life? is there a place for science among those who believe that the book of genesis is god \u2019 s inspired revelation? anchored \u201c modern science / ancient faith, \u201d a conference sponsored by the benedictine - run portsmouth institute, housed in rhode island \u2019 s portsmouth abbey school, on june 22 - 24. the event brought together some ninety scientists, theologians, philosophers, clergy, lay faithful, and skepticsor some mix of the aboveto explore the dialogue between the natural sciences and christianity. while few participants expressed difficulties with the coexistence of faith and reason, the how of this coexistence wasn \u2019 t always in agreement. some demanded a decidedly scientific approach to questions of beginnings. others championed a more literal understanding of genesis. this made for polite but fiery discussions that began in the early summer \u2019 s heat of the abbey \u2019 s grounds and now continue online. with adoration and the rosary, the first talk was a review of the galileo affair by rev. dom paschal scotti, o. s. b. his presentation set an amicable tone for the conference by demonstrating christianity \u2019 s affinity for the natural sciences. the priest made clear that the driving issue at play in galileo \u2019 s run - in with the church was not an inherent fear of science. rather, most catholic theologians and scientists working with galileo fought with the astronomer to keep scientific observations in their proper arena. and as in the modern debates about issues such as evolution or climate change, what further inflamed the galileo saga were the nuances of human sin, politics, and egos.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.521163780901672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.108664"} {"text": "with the astronomer to keep scientific observations in their proper arena. and as in the modern debates about issues such as evolution or climate change, what further inflamed the galileo saga were the nuances of human sin, politics, and egos. according to fr. paschal, relations between galileo and the church were complicated by issues such as tensions between the dominican and jesuit orders ; secular pressures on pope urban viii ; galileo \u2019 s often aggressive approach and sometimes sarcastic writings ; and the effects of protestantism \u2019 s demands for sola fr. paschal noted that, human failings notwithstanding, an incarnational faith by its nature intersects with the natural world and, thus, the sciencesand this may explain why christianity was the fertile ground from which the natural sciences could \u201c the respected historian of science, edward grant... sees christianity as supportive of science and the christian middles ages as laying the foundations for the scientific revolution, \u201d wrote fr. paschal. later, the priest noted that the conference was an important one since there remains an unfortunate metaphor of \u201c warfare \u201d between christianity and science by many outside of academic circles, most especially in the media. mindful that the faith - reason link remains a tough sell even within academic circlesespecially among fundamentalist christians and atheistsdr. john f. haught, senior fellow of science & religion at georgetown university, offered a \u201c dramatic \u201d or \u201c narrative \u201d appreciation of how the universe is not idle, but remains in a formative, evolving state. haught said that we can better appreciate the meaning of creation, and better know our creator, by acknowledging that because the story of the universe is not complete, neither the natural or theological sciences can, on their own, truly explain \u201c what it \u2019 s all about. \u201d haught made his points with references to traditions found in st. augustine and st. bonaventure. he also lamented \u201c an often third - grade understanding of theology \u201d held by both atheists and some who demand a literal reading of sacred scripture. university \u2019 s dr. michael ruse, a specialist in the history and philosophy of science, agreed that sound science is being impeded by animosity between the \u201c new atheists, \u201d such as the english scientist richard dawkins, and biblical fundamentalists. he also applauded the catholic predisposition that holds faith and science in relation. a self - described \u201c religious skeptic, \u201d ruse sought to foster a \u201c middle way \u201d to bring order to faith - reason debates.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49950497226473833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.110228"} {"text": "fundamentalists. he also applauded the catholic predisposition that holds faith and science in relation. a self - described \u201c religious skeptic, \u201d ruse sought to foster a \u201c middle way \u201d to bring order to faith - reason debates. conference speakersbrown university \u2019 s dr. kenneth miller and southwestern baptist theological seminary \u2019 s dr. william a. dembskidemonstrated that such debates are very much alive. miller is a well - known defender of evolutionary science while dembski defends intelligent design, which has been described by some as an exploration of a less \u201c materialist \u201d explanation for how humans came to exist than most evolutionists allow. others see intelligent design as just another form of biblically literal creationism. both miller and dembski have been on opposing sides of legal disputes between citizens and public school districts over how to teach the origins and development of life. conference, miller, a catholic molecular biologist, gave an overview of findings from fossil records and genome studies that show adaptations and intermediary steps in the evolution of life. miller also championed his faith \u2019 s allowance to let science be sciencein particular quoting pope benedict xvi. but to emphasize the role that reason in general, and scientific reason in particular, should play in the lives of the faithful. when asked about the many questions that evolutionary sciences have not answered, miller responded that \u201c to say \u2018 nobody really knows \u2019 is not the same as \u2018 we know nothing. \u2019 \u201d miller urged his fellow catholicsand all religious believersto not look for god in areas of science that have not yet been explained, because someday scientists may answer those questions, too. dembski, a mathematician and professor of philosophy, spoke in agreement with much of what evolutionary sciences have demonstrated. but he noted that in areas such as the development of life, its increasing complexity, and its self - awareness, science has much more to explain than it hasor can. dembski made a critical distinction between matter and information and he asked if there is something \u201c outside \u201d of matter that is informing it, guiding the cosmos and life to develop as it has. selection is the method that evolution uses, that \u2019 s fine, \u201d dembski said after his talk. \u201c but where does the information needed for this process come from? \u201d miller later said that dembski was being \u201c disingenuous \u201d in stating acceptance of specific elements of evolution, such as natural selection, \u201c and the record proves this. \u201d he added that science has in fact demonstrated that life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5221767099212327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.111345"} {"text": "from? \u201d miller later said that dembski was being \u201c disingenuous \u201d in stating acceptance of specific elements of evolution, such as natural selection, \u201c and the record proves this. \u201d he added that science has in fact demonstrated that life has an innate ability to \u201c harvest \u201d from its environment the information needed for adaptation. miller said that he and dembski \u201c are oceans apart \u201d in their views. since wrote in evolutionnew. org that \u201c miller devoted about twenty minutes of [ his ] talk to going after me personally, lifting dated ( 2005 and 2006 ) and out - of - context quotes from the uncommondescent. com blog and trying to discredit me with some outright fabrications. \u201d nature of such debates is why conference planners ended with fr. nicanor pier o. p., a professor of biology at providence college. the dominican priest showcased the long catholic tradition that weds faith and reason and proposed ways to reconcile science with the book of genesis. motherway of wickford, ri, the conference helped her understand how faith and reason inform each other, and how faith must remain in society for the common good. \u201c i \u2019 m old enough to remember the \u2018 love \u2019 of the 1960s and the past few years we \u2019 ve tried \u2018 hope, \u2019 \u201d motherway said. \u201c maybe it \u2019 s time we focus more on faithespecially since faith and reason are not antithetical. \u201d was the latest summer gathering by the portsmouth institute. the institute \u2019 s executive director jamie macguire, a 1970 graduate of portsmouth abbey, hopes that the relaxed june conferences will make growing contributions to catholic thought \u201c in the spirit of the benedictine tradition. \u201d that this year \u2019 s theme was proposed because the school will soon break ground on a replacement for its science center. \u201c as an educational institution we truly seek to build our students faith while developing their love of reason, \u201d he said. \u201c this conference is really an example of who we are. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48585424488114265, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.112523"} {"text": "step 3 : find books & videos the library catalog is an inventory of all the materials we own - books, periodicals, videos / dvds, and cds. it lists the call number, availability, and physical location of each item. it also includes links to online items like ebooks and streaming videos. - leave out ' a ', ' the ', ' le ', ' la ', ' el ', ' die ', and other articles at the beginning of a title. - just enter the first few words. - capitalization and punctuation are not necessary, except hyphens. | the hitchhiker ' s guide to calculus | | hitchhikers guide | | censorhip in america : a reference handbook | censorship in america | enter the surname ( last name ) first. capitalization and punctuation don ' t matter. use author search to find authors, editors, artists, illustrators, translators, corporations, and organizations. author search command : | john w. snapper | | snapper, john | | j. r. r. tolkien | | tolkien | | the world chess federation | | world chess federation | - when you search by subject you are searching a formal set of vocabulary called ' library of congress subject headings. ' - if you don ' t know the exact subject heading for your topic, use a keyword search instead. your topic : subject browse command : | computer circuits | | computers - - circuits | keyword search command : | psychological causes of anorexia | | anorexia psychology | locate the item find the item on the shelf ( or online ) using the information provided : - main level, reference - main level, circulation desk - main level, new books shelves - level 3, circulating collection - level 1, curriculum library - level 1, buc cup cbu - online resource call number : plough library uses the dewey decimal system. each number in the dewey decimal system represents a particular subject. status : tells if item is available or checked out and other information about availability of item. - available = item is on the shelves or online. - charged = item is checked out. - lost = item is lost.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4431613402442273, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.114806"} {"text": "discover what smart strategies, solutions and practices you can be implementing to prepare your it infrastructure for the inevitable technological changes coming to your campus. a fictional englishman ' s quest to circle the globe in 80 days inspired technology integration facilitator silvia rosenthal tolisano to take her students on a similar adventure, without physically traveling to different countries. that ' s where skype comes in. the internet - based software allows her to make video and voice calls from her florida school to other schools, and she uses the tool to help her students learn. as of march 12, the elementary school students at martin j. gottlieb day school in jacksonville had called 51 other schools and spoken with kids their age for anywhere from 5 minutes to an hour, depending on their schedules. more than 300 schools have joined them in the around the world with 80 schools project ( named after the novel by jules verne ), which has allowed them to make authentic connections with real people who can answer questions about their culture and history. \u201c it ' s not about the skype tool, \" rosenthal tolisano said, \" it ' s about being able to get first - hand information, being able to take the learning really off the page of the book. \" while kelly hines ' fourth grade class at chocowinity primary school in north carolina read a book about lewis and clark ' s adventures, students in a st. louis school were taking field trips to learn more about the two explorers. when they talked on skype, her kids could meaningfully link the two experiences. \u201c they \u2019 re starting to recognize and build connections between who we \u2019 re talking to and things that we \u2019 re learning, \u201d hines said. and her class is learning that a world exists beyond the little town in which they live ; the students get so excited when they find out that a student in a different school has the same name or ate pizza for lunch. this year, she ' s focused on collecting data for a graphing project. the kids develop questions about topics such as what they ate for lunch, how many kids were in their class and whether they had to wear uniforms. then they add the information into their project and write posts on their class blog about what they learned through the skype call. in san isidro, buenos aires, english teacher christine premoli is providing a way for her students at colegio goethe to compare their lives with children ' s lives in other parts of the world. they talk about their daily lives, what they do in their free time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4916970346037922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.118417"} {"text": ", buenos aires, english teacher christine premoli is providing a way for her students at colegio goethe to compare their lives with children ' s lives in other parts of the world. they talk about their daily lives, what they do in their free time, what food they like and what sports they follow. the nine - year - old to 12 - year - old kids at the german school have different native languages, but still became friends with students in indonesia through a skype conversation in english. \u201c as they are learning english \u2014 and they are in the first steps of this language \u2014 they realize that they can communicate through any other language that is not their mother tongue, \" premoli said, \" and how useful it is not only to learn english, but also to learn some other languages. \u201d the students at the american school of madrid come from more than 50 countries around the world, and recently, the first grade students studied weather. they talked with kids on another continent and learned about their country ' s climate, what they wear during the day and how the weather impacts their lives, said nancy von wahlde, educational technology specialist. \u201c this week when we spoke with south africa, the first graders were having a hard time wrapping their minds around that it was summer there and it \u2019 s almost spring here, \u201d von wahlde said. through talking with students in other countries, rosenthal tolisano ' s class in florida is learning essential skills, such as communication, collaboration, speaking and listening. the students are also learning about the world around them, without the expense of physically traveling. \u201c those kids might never leave the country, but through this they will meet other people, they \u2019 ll talk to kids just like them in other countries, and they \u2019 ll catch a glimpse out of their window. \u201d you may use or reference this story with attribution and a link to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43637528490053806, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.119231"} {"text": "dr. marsh at the south pole even delaware ' s coldest winter could hardly rival the frigid environments in which dr. adam marsh works. the marine biochemist regularly travels to antarctica to learn more about the sea life that dwells in its icy waters. the lowest temperature on the planet has been recorded in antarctica - - at 128. 6\u00b0f below zero. marsh recently joined the faculty at the university of delaware graduate college of marine studies. as an assistant professor in the college ' s marine biology - biochemistry program, he will teach graduate courses in marine biochemistry with special emphasis on the structure an d function of proteins essential to marine life. he also will conduct research on the early life stages of shellfish and finfish in waters ranging from the antarctic ocean to delaware bay. \" in general, i ' m working to find out how marine organisms develop in ' extreme, ' or harsh, environments, including polar oceans with their freezing temperatures, deep - sea basins with their crushing pressure, and even estuaries such as the delaware bay, \" marsh says. \" you might be surprised that estuaries could be classified as an extreme environment, \" he notes. \" but wide variations in temperature and salinity occur there, and the marine animals that live in them must be able to adapt quickly to the changing conditions in order to survive. \" one of marsh ' s projects, funded by the national science foundation ( nsf ), focuses on the antarctic sea urchin ( sterechinus neumayeri ). this animal resembles a pincushion, with long, red spines extending from its round shell. it lives on the seafloor and uses its spines or sucker - tipped tube feet to move about. specifically, marsh is working to find out how the antarctic sea urchin ' s embryos are able to develop so well in the extreme cold of the polar sea. the animal ' s metabolism may provide clues to how organisms grow in other harsh environments. marsh earned his ph. d. in marine science from the university of maryland. he also has a master ' s degree in invertebrate zoology and bachelor ' s degrees in zoology and english literature from the university of south florida. his honors include the lerner - gray marine science award for molecular ecology and an nsf postdoctoral fellowship in biotechnology. additionally, for the past seven years, he has served as an instructor in the nsf course \" biological adaptations of antarctic marine organisms \" at mcmurdo station, antarctica. marsh ' s office is in smith laboratory at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.493870160578188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.122265"} {"text": "document id : 12905 cisco ios\u00ae network address translation ( nat ) is designed for ip address simplification and conservation. it enables private ip internetworks that use nonregistered ip addresses to connect to the internet. nat operates on a cisco router that connects two networks together, and translates the private ( inside local ) addresses in the internal network to public addresses ( outside local ) before packets are forwarded to another network. as a part of this functionality, you can configure nat to advertise only one address for the entire network to the outside world. this effectively hides the internal network from the world. therefore, it provides additional security. there are no specific requirements for this document. this document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions. for more information on document conventions, refer to the cisco technical tips conventions. one of the main features of nat is static port address translation ( pat ), which is also referred to as \" overload \" in a cisco ios configuration. static pat is designed to allow one - to - one mapping between local and global addresses. a common use for static pat is to allow internet users from the public network to access a web server located in the private network. in order to get more information about nat, refer to the nat technical support pages. this table shows the three blocks of ip address space available for private networks. consult rfc 1918 for more details about these special networks. | ip address space | | class | | 10. 0. 0. 0 - 10. 255. 255. 255 ( 10 / 8 prefix ) | | class a | | 172. 16. 0. 0 - 172. 31. 255. 255 ( 172. 16 / 12 prefix ) | | class b | | 192. 168. 0. 0 - 192. 168. 255. 255 ( 192. 168 / 16 prefix ) | | class c | note : the first block is nothing but a single class a network number, while the second block is a set of 16 contiguous class b network numbers, and third block is a set of 256 contiguous class c network numbers. in this example, the internet service provider ( isp ) assigns the dsl subscriber only a single ip address, 188. 8. 131. 52 / 24. the assigned ip address is a registered unique ip address and is called an inside global address. this registered ip address is used by the entire private network to browse the internet and also by internet users that come from the public network to reach the web server", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5144414321573876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.128425"} {"text": "the assigned ip address is a registered unique ip address and is called an inside global address. this registered ip address is used by the entire private network to browse the internet and also by internet users that come from the public network to reach the web server in the private network. the private lan, 192. 168. 0. 0 / 24, is connected to the ethernet interface of the nat router. this private lan contains several pcs and a web server. the nat router is configured to translate the unregistered ip addresses ( inside local addresses ) that come from these pcs to a single public ip address ( inside global - 184. 108. 40. 206 ) to browse the internet. ip address 192. 168. 0. 5 ( web server ) is an address in the private address space that cannot be routed to the internet. the only visible ip address for public internet users to reach the web server is 220. 127. 116. 11. therefore, the nat router is configured to perform a one - to - one mapping between ip address 18. 104. 22. 168 port 80 ( port 80 is used to browse the internet ) and 192. 168. 0. 5 port 80. this mapping allows internet users on the public side to have access to the internal web server. this network topology and sample configuration can be used for the cisco 827, 1417, soho77, and 1700 / 2600 / 3600 adsl wic. as an example, the cisco 827 is used in this document. in this section, you are presented with the information you can use to configure the features described in this document. this document uses this network setup. current configuration :! version 12. 1 service timestamps debug uptime service timestamps log uptime! hostname 827! ip subnet - zero no ip domain - lookup! bridge irb! interface ethernet0 ip address 192. 168. 0. 254 255. 255. 255. 0 ip nat inside! - - - this is the inside local ip address and it is a private ip address.! interface atm0 no ip address no atm ilmi - keepalive pvc 0 / 35 encapsulation aal5snap! bundle - enable dsl operating - mode auto bridge - group 1! interface bvi1 ip address 22. 214. 171. 124 255. 255. 255. 240 ip nat outside! - - - this is the inside global ip address.! -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4728618639842832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.129364"} {"text": "- enable dsl operating - mode auto bridge - group 1! interface bvi1 ip address 22. 214. 171. 124 255. 255. 255. 240 ip nat outside! - - - this is the inside global ip address.! - - - this is your public ip address and it is provided to you by your isp.! ip nat inside source list 1 interface bvi1 overload! - - - this statement makes the router perform pat for all the! - - - end stations behind the ethernet interface that uses! - - - private ip addresses defined in access list # 1. ip nat inside source static tcp 192. 168. 0. 5 80 126. 96. 36. 199 80 extendable! - - - this statement performs the static address translation for the web server.! - - - with this statement, users that try to reach 188. 8. 131. 52 port 80 ( www ) are! - - - automatically redirected to 192. 168. 0. 5 port 80 ( www ). in this case! - - - it is the web server. ip classless ip route 0. 0. 0. 0 0. 0. 0. 0 184. 108. 40. 206! - - - ip address 220. 127. 116. 11 is the next hop ip address, also! - - - called the default gateway.! - - - your isp can tell you what ip address to configure as the next hop address.! access - list 1 permit 192. 168. 0. 0 0. 0. 0. 255! - - - this access list defines the private network! - - - that is network address translated. bridge 1 protocol ieee bridge 1 route ip! end from the show ip nat translation command output, the inside local is the configured ip address assigned to the web server on the inside network. notice that 192. 168. 0. 5 is an address in the private address space that cannot be routed to the internet. the inside global is the ip address of the inside host, which is the web server, as it appears to the outside network. this address is the one known to people who try to access the web server from the internet. the outside local is the ip address of the outside host as it appears to the inside network. it is not necessarily a legitimate address. but, it is allocated from an address space that can be routed on the inside. the outside global address is the ip address assigned to a host on the outside", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4876431238824563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.130281"} {"text": "outside host as it appears to the inside network. it is not necessarily a legitimate address. but, it is allocated from an address space that can be routed on the inside. the outside global address is the ip address assigned to a host on the outside network by the owner of the host. the address is allocated from an address or network space that can be globally routed. notice that the address 18. 104. 22. 168 with port number 80 ( http ) translates to 192. 168. 0. 5 port 80, and vice versa. therefore, internet users can browse the web server even though the web server is on a private network with a private ip address. in order to get more information about how to troubleshoot nat, refer to the verifying nat operation and basic nat troubleshooting. 827 # 827 # show ip nat translation pro inside global inside local outside local outside global tcp 22. 214. 171. 124 : 80 192. 168. 0. 5 : 80 - - - - - - tcp 126. 96. 36. 199 : 80 192. 168. 0. 5 : 80 188. 8. 131. 52 : 11000 184. 108. 40. 206 : 11000 827 # in order to troubleshoot address translation, you can issue the term mon and debug ip nat detailed commands on the router to see if the address translates correctly. the visible ip address for outside users to reach the web server is 220. 127. 116. 11. for example, users from the public side of the internet who try to reach 18. 104. 22. 168 port 80 ( www ) are automatically redirected to 192. 168. 0. 5 port 80 ( www ), which in this case is the web server. 827 # term mon 827 # debug ip nat detailed ip nat detailed debugging is on 827 # 03 : 29 : 49 : nat : creating portlist proto 6 globaladdr 22. 214. 171. 124 03 : 29 : 49 : nat : allocated port for 192. 168. 0. 5 - > 126. 96. 36. 199 : wanted 80 got 80 03 : 29 : 49 : nat : o : tcp ( 188. 8. 131. 52, 11000 ) - > ( 184. 108. 40. 206, 80 ) <... snipped... > - cisco dsl technology support information - product support information - technical support & documentation - cisco systems | updated : apr 09,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48864793361528425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.131243"} {"text": "science fiction ( abbreviated sf or sci - fi with varying punctuation and capitalization ) is a broad genre of fiction that often involves speculations based on current or future science or technology. fiction is the telling of stories which are not real more specifically fiction is an imaginative form of narrative, one of the four basic rhetorical modes. science ( from the latin scientia, meaning \" knowledge \" or \" knowing \" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding technology is a broad concept that deals with a species ' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts and how it affects a species ' ability to control and adapt science fiction is found in books, art, television, films, games, theater, and other media. in organizational or marketing contexts, science fiction can be synonymous with the broader definition of speculative fiction, encompassing creative works incorporating imaginative elements not found in contemporary reality ; this includes fantasy, horror, and related genres. speculative fiction is a term used as an inclusive descriptor covering a group of fiction genres that speculate about worlds that are unlike the real world in fantasy is a genre that uses magic and other supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and / or setting horror fiction is broadly fiction in any medium intended to scare unsettle or horrify the audience science fiction differs from fantasy in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically established or scientifically postulated laws of nature ( though some elements in a story might still be pure imaginative speculation ). science fiction is largely based on writing entertainingly and rationally about alternate possibilities in settings that are contrary to known reality. these include : exploring the consequences of such differences is the traditional purpose of science fiction, making it a \" literature of ideas \". outer space, often simply called space, comprises the relatively empty regions of the universe outside the escape velocities of celestial bodies. extraterrestrial life is life originating outside of the earth. this article details time travel itself for other uses see time traveler. psionics is the study and / or practice of using the mind to induce paranormal phenomena nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular a robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent in practice it is usually an electro - mechanical system which by its appearance or movements science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a wide range of subgenres and themes. a genre ( \u02c8\u0292\u0251\u02d0nr\u0259", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6550047879232914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.175053"} {"text": "mechanical or virtual artificial agent in practice it is usually an electro - mechanical system which by its appearance or movements science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a wide range of subgenres and themes. a genre ( \u02c8\u0292\u0251\u02d0nr\u0259 also / \u02c8d\u0292\u0251\u02d0nr\u0259 / from french \" kind \" or \" sort \" from latin : genus ( stem gener - ) is a loose set author and editor damon knight summed up the difficulty by stating that \" science fiction is what we point to when we say it \". damon francis knight ( september 19, 1922 & ndash april 15, 2002 ) was an american science fiction author, vladimir nabokov argued that were we rigorous with our definitions, shakespeare ' s play the tempest would have to be termed science fiction. this page is about the novelist for his father the politician see vladimir dmitrievich nabokov. william shakespeare ( baptised the tempest is a comedy written by william shakespeare. it is generally dated to 1610 - 11 and accepted as the last play written solely by him although according to science fiction writer robert a. heinlein, \" a handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read : realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method. robert anson heinlein ( july 7 1907 \u2013 may 8 1988 was an american novelist and science fiction writer. scientific method refers to bodies of techniques for investigating phenomena \" rod serling ' s stated definition is \" fantasy is the impossible made probable. rodman edward \" rod \" serling ( december 25, 1924 & ndash june 28, 1975 ) was an american screenwriter, best known science fiction is the improbable made possible. \" lester del rey wrote, \" even the devoted aficionado \u2013 or fan - has a hard time trying to explain what science fiction is, \" and that the reason for there not being a \" full satisfactory definition \" is that \" there are no easily delineated limits to science fiction. lester del rey ( june 2 1915 & ndash may 10 1993 ) was an american science fiction author and editor. \" author mark c. glassy stated that the definition of science fiction was very much like the definition of porn ; you don ' t know what it is, but you know it when you see it. pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer forrest j. ac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6045152892125815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.176106"} {"text": "very much like the definition of porn ; you don ' t know what it is, but you know it when you see it. pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer forrest j. ackerman publicly used the term \" sci - fi \" at ucla in 1954, though robert a. heinlein had used it in private correspondence six years earlier. forrest j ackerman ( born november 24, 1916 ) is an american collector of science fiction books and movie memorabilia and a science fiction robert anson heinlein ( july 7 1907 \u2013 may 8 1988 was an american novelist and science fiction writer. as science fiction entered popular culture, writers and fans active in the field came to associate the term with low - budget, low - tech \" b - movies \" and with low - quality pulp science fiction. popular culture ( or pop culture ) is the culture \u2014 patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance \u2014 a b movie is a motion picture made on a low or modest budget originally the term was used for films intended for distribution as the less - publicized second half of a double pulp magazines ( or pulp fiction ; often referred to as \" the pulps \" were inexpensive fiction magazines by the 1970s, critics within the field such as terry carr and damon knight were using \" sci - fi \" to distinguish hack - work from serious science fiction, and around 1978, susan wood and others introduced the pronunciation \" skiffy. terry gene carr ( february 19, 1937 \u2013 april 7, 1987 ) was a u damon francis knight ( september 19, 1922 & ndash april 15, 2002 ) was an american science fiction author, susan joan wood ( august 22, 1948 - november 12, 1980 was a canadian author, critic, and science fiction skiffy is a deliberate humorous misspelling or mispronunciation of the controversial term \" sci - fi \" a neologism referring to science fiction. \" peter nicholls writes that \" sf \" ( or \" sf \" ) is \" the preferred abbreviation within the community of sf writers and readers. \" david langford ' s monthly fanzine ansible includes a regular section \" as others see us \" which offers numerous examples of \" sci - fi \" being used in a pejorative sense by people outside the genre. david rowland langford ( born 10 april 1953 is a british author editor and critic, largely active within the science fiction field an ansible is a hypothetical machine capable of superluminal communication and used as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6057625046937243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.178310"} {"text": ". mary shelley ( nee mary wollstonecraft godwin ; 30 august frankenstein or the modern prometheus, generally known as frankenstein, is a novel written by the british author mary shelley the last man is an apocalyptic science fiction novel by mary shelley, which was first published in 1826 edgar allan poe ( january 19 1809 \u2013 october 7 1849 was an american poet, short - story writer, editor and literary critic, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. then with the dawn of new technologies such as electricity, the telegraph, and new forms of powered transportation, writers like jules verne and h. g. wells created a body of work that became popular across broad cross - sections of society. jules gabriel verne ( february 8 1828 & ndash march 24 1905 ) was a french author who pioneered the science - fiction herbert george wells ( 21 september 1866 & ndash 13 august 1946 he was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political in the late 19th century the term \" scientific romance \" was used in britain to describe much of this fiction. see also history of science fiction scientific romance is a bygone name for what is now commonly known as science fiction. this produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella flatland : a romance of many dimensions by edwin abbott abbott. for other uses see flatland ( disambiguation flatland a romance of many dimensions is an 1884 science fiction edwin abbott abbott ( december 20, 1838 & ndash october 12, 1926 ) english schoolmaster and theologian, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as olaf stapledon. william olaf stapledon ( may 10, 1886 & ndash september 6, 1950 ) was a british philosopher and author of several influential works in the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly american sf writers, influenced by hugo gernsback, the founder of amazing stories magazine. pulp magazines ( or pulp fiction ; often referred to as \" the pulps \" were inexpensive fiction magazines hugo gernsback ( august 16 1884 \u2013 august 19 1967 ) born hugo gernsbacher, was a luxembourg american inventor amazing stories was an american science fiction magazine launched in april 1926 by hugo gernsback ' s experimenter publishing. in the late 1930s, john w. campbell became editor of astounding science fiction, and a critical mass of new writers emerged in new york city in a group called the futurians, including isaac asimov, damon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5309440659235929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.180837"} {"text": "s experimenter publishing. in the late 1930s, john w. campbell became editor of astounding science fiction, and a critical mass of new writers emerged in new york city in a group called the futurians, including isaac asimov, damon knight, donald a. wollheim, frederik pohl, james blish, judith merril, and others. john wood campbell jr ( june 8 1910 \u2013 july 11 1971 was an important science fiction editor and writer analog science fiction and fact is an american science fiction magazine. the city of new york the futurians were an influential group of science fiction fans, many of whom became editors and writers as well isaac asimov ( c january 2 1920 & ndash april 6 1992 \u02c8a\u026az\u0259k \u02c8\u00e6z\u026am\u028cv originally \u0438\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 but now transcribed into russian as, was a russian damon francis knight ( september 19, 1922 & ndash april 15, 2002 ) was an american science fiction author, donald allen wollheim ( october 1 1914 & ndash november 2, 1990 ) was a science fiction writer, editor, publisher and frederik george pohl jr ( born november 26, 1919 ) is a american science fiction writer, editor and fan, with a career james benjamin blish ( east orange, new jersey, may 23, 1921 \u2013 henley - on - thames, july 30, 1975 ) was an judith josephine grossman ( january 21, 1923 - september 12, 1997 ) who took the pen - name judith merril about 1945 was an other important writers during this period included robert a. heinlein, arthur c. clarke, and a. e. van vogt. robert anson heinlein ( july 7 1907 \u2013 may 8 1988 was an american novelist and science fiction writer. sir arthur charles clarke, cbe ( 16 december 1917 \u2013 19 march 2008 was a british science fiction author, inventor, and alfred elton van vogt ( april 26 1912 \u2013 january 26 2000 was a canadian - born science fiction author who was one of the most prolific campbell ' s tenure at astounding is considered to be the beginning of the golden age of science fiction, characterized by hard sf stories celebrating scientific achievement and progress. the first golden age of science fiction, often recognized as a period from the late 1930s or early 1940s through to the 1950s was an era during which the science fiction genre gained wide this lasted until postwar technological advances, new magazines like galaxy under pohl as editor, and a new generation of writers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5027574968785575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.181875"} {"text": "often recognized as a period from the late 1930s or early 1940s through to the 1950s was an era during which the science fiction genre gained wide this lasted until postwar technological advances, new magazines like galaxy under pohl as editor, and a new generation of writers began writing stories outside the campbell mode. galaxy science fiction was a digest - size science fiction magazine, the creation of noted editor h in the 1950s, the beat generation included speculative writers like william s. burroughs. william seward burroughs ii ( \u2013 \u02c8b\u028cro\u028az was an american novelist, essayist, social critic, painter and spoken word in the 1960s and early 1970s, writers like frank herbert, samuel r. delany, roger zelazny, and harlan ellison explored new trends, ideas, and writing styles, while a group of writers, mainly in britain, became known as the new wave. franklin patrick herbert jr ( october 8 1920 & ndash february 11 1986 ) was a critically acclaimed and commercially successful american samuel ray delany jr ( born april 1, 1942, new york city ) is an award - winning american science fiction roger joseph zelazny ( may 13, 1937 \u2013 june 14, 1995 ) was an american writer of fantasy and science fiction harlan jay ellison ( born may 27, 1934 ) is a prolific american writer of short stories, novellas, teleplays the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, commonly known as the united kingdom, the uk or britain, is a sovereign state located new wave is a term applied to science fiction writing characterized by a high degree of experimentation both in form and in content and a highbrow and self - consciously in the 1970s, writers like larry niven and poul anderson began to redefine hard sf. laurence van cott niven ( born april 30, 1938 los angeles california ) is a us science fiction author. poul william anderson ( november 25, 1926 \u2013 july 31, 2001 ) was an american science fiction author who wrote during a golden ursula k. le guin and others pioneered soft science fiction. ursula kroeber le guin ( l\u0259\u02c8gw\u026an ( born october 21, 1929 ) is an american author in the 1980s, cyberpunk authors like william gibson turned away from the traditional optimism and support for progress of traditional science fiction. cyberpunk is a science fiction genre noted for its focus on \" high tech and low life. william ford gibson ( born march 17 1948 is an american - canadian writer who has been called the \" noir prophet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.533035048324367, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.183038"} {"text": "support for progress of traditional science fiction. cyberpunk is a science fiction genre noted for its focus on \" high tech and low life. william ford gibson ( born march 17 1948 is an american - canadian writer who has been called the \" noir prophet \" of the cyberpunk subgenre star wars helped spark a new interest in space opera, focusing more on story and character than on scientific accuracy. star wars episode iv a new hope ( originally released as star wars ) is a 1977 space opera space opera is a subgenre of speculative fiction or science fiction that emphasizes romantic, often melodramatic adventure set mainly or entirely c. j. cherryh ' s detailed explorations of alien life and complex scientific challenges influenced a generation of writers. carolyn janice cherry ( born september 1, 1942 ) better known by the pseudonym c extraterrestrial life is life originating outside of the earth. emerging themes in the 1990s included environmental issues, the implications of the global internet and the expanding information universe, questions about biotechnology and nanotechnology, as well as a post - cold war interest in post - scarcity societies ; neal stephenson ' s the diamond age comprehensively explores these themes. this is a list of environmental issues that are due to human activity biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular cold war is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the united states and the soviet union ( ussr and their respective allies from the post scarcity or post - scarcity describes a hypothetical form of economy or society, often explored in science fiction, in which things such as neal town stephenson ( born october 31, 1959 ) is an american writer known primarily for his science fiction works in the postcyberpunk genre the diamond age or a young lady ' s illustrated primer is a postcyberpunk novel by neal stephenson. lois mcmaster bujold ' s vorkosigan novels brought the character - driven story back into prominence. lois mcmaster bujold ( born november 2, 1949, columbus, ohio ) is an american author of science fiction and fantasy the vorkosigan saga is a series of science fiction novels and short stories by lois mcmaster bujold, most of which concern miles vorkosigan, a physically the television series star trek : the next generation began a torrent of new sf shows, of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5665074110868178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.184153"} {"text": "saga is a series of science fiction novels and short stories by lois mcmaster bujold, most of which concern miles vorkosigan, a physically the television series star trek : the next generation began a torrent of new sf shows, of which babylon 5 was among the most highly acclaimed in the decade. star trek the next generation ( sttng or tng ) is an emmy and peabody award - winning science fiction television program created by gene roddenberry babylon 5 is an american science fiction television series created produced and largely written by j a general concern about the rapid pace of technological change crystallized around the concept of the technological singularity, popularized by vernor vinge ' s novel marooned in realtime and then taken up by other authors. the technological singularity is a theoretical future point of unprecedented technological progress caused in part by the ability of machines to improve themselves using artificial vernor steffen vinge ( \u02c8v\u026and\u0292i ( born october 2, 1944 in waukesha wisconsin, u marooned in realtime is a 1986 murder mystery and time - travel science fiction novel by vernor vinge, about a small time - displaced television shows like buffy the vampire slayer and films like the lord of the rings created new interest in all the speculative genres in films, television, computer games, and books. fictional narratives ( and works of art exist beyond their completion e the lord of the rings film trilogy consists of three live action fantasy epic films the fellowship of the ring ( 2001 while sf has provided criticism of developing and future technologies, it also produces innovation and new technology. the discussion of this topic has occurred more in literary and sociological than in scientific forums. cinema and media theorist vivian sobchack examines the dialogue between science fiction film and the technological imagination. vivian sobchack is an american cinema and media theorist and cultural critic technology does impact how artists portray their fictionalized subjects, but the fictional world gives back to science by broadening imagination. while more prevalent in the beginning years of science fiction with writers like isaac asimov, robert a. heinlein, frank walker and arthur c. clarke, new authors like michael crichton still find ways to make the currently impossible technologies seem so close to being realized. isaac asimov ( c january 2 1920 & ndash april 6 1992 \u02c8a\u026az\u0259k \u02c8\u00e6z\u026am\u028cv originally \u0438\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 but now transcribed into russian as, was a russian robert anson heinlein ( july 7 1907", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6051351038630737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.185260"} {"text": "& ndash april 6 1992 \u02c8a\u026az\u0259k \u02c8\u00e6z\u026am\u028cv originally \u0438\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 but now transcribed into russian as, was a russian robert anson heinlein ( july 7 1907 \u2013 may 8 1988 was an american novelist and science fiction writer. frank walker may refer to frank comerford walker, former chairman of the democratic national committee frank ray walker architect partner in sir arthur charles clarke, cbe ( 16 december 1917 \u2013 19 march 2008 was a british science fiction author, inventor, and john michael crichton, \u02c8kra\u026at\u0259n, ( born october 23 1942 is an american author film producer, film director, medical doctor, and television producer this has also been notably documented in the field of nanotechnology with university of ottawa professor jose lopez ' s article \" bridging the gaps : science fiction in nanotechnology. nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular for the university in ottawa kansas see ottawa university. the university of ottawa or universite d ' ottawa in french \" lopez links both theoretical premises of science fiction worlds and the operation of nanotechnologies. authors and filmmakers draw on a wide spectrum of ideas, but marketing departments and literary critics tend to separate such literary and cinematic works into different categories, or \" genres \", and subgenres. literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of literature. a genre ( \u02c8\u0292\u0251\u02d0nr\u0259 also / \u02c8d\u0292\u0251\u02d0nr\u0259 / from french \" kind \" or \" sort \" from latin : genus ( stem gener - ) is a loose set these are not simple pigeonholes ; works can be overlapped into two or more commonly - defined genres, while others are beyond the generic boundaries, either outside or between categories, and the categories and genres used by mass markets and literary criticism differ considerably. hard science fiction, or \" hard sf \", is characterized by rigorous attention to accurate detail in quantitative sciences, especially physics, astrophysics, and chemistry, or on accurately depicting worlds that more advanced technology may make possible. hard science fiction is a category of science fiction characterized by an emphasis on scientific or technical detail or on scientific accuracy or on both physics ( greek physis - \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 in everyday terms is the science of matter and its motion. astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties ( luminosity, chemistry (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5494837598660197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.190405"} {"text": "physics ( greek physis - \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 in everyday terms is the science of matter and its motion. astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties ( luminosity, chemistry ( from egyptian keme ( chem meaning \" earth \" ) is the science concerned with the composition structure and properties many accurate predictions of the future come from the hard science fiction subgenre, but numerous inaccurate predictions have emerged as well. hard science fiction is a category of science fiction characterized by an emphasis on scientific or technical detail or on scientific accuracy or on both for example, arthur c. clarke accurately predicted ( and invented the concept of ) geostationary communications satellites, but erred in his prediction of deep layers of moondust in lunar craters. sir arthur charles clarke, cbe ( 16 december 1917 \u2013 19 march 2008 was a british science fiction author, inventor, and a geostationary orbit ( geo is a geosynchronous orbit directly above the earth ' s equator ( 0\u00b0 latitude ) with a period equal to the earth ' s some hard sf authors have distinguished themselves as working scientists, including robert forward, gregory benford, charles sheffield, and geoffrey a. landis, while mathematician authors include rudy rucker and vernor vinge. this is about the physicist and science fiction writer you may be looking for his son robert d gregory benford ( born january 30, 1941 in mobile alabama ) is an american science fiction author and astrophysicist who is on the charles sheffield ( june 25, 1935 & ndash november 2, 2002 ) was an english - born mathematician physicist and science fiction geoffrey a landis works as a scientist and writer of science fiction. rudolf von bitter rucker ( born march 22, 1946 in louisville kentucky ) is an american computer scientist and science fiction vernor steffen vinge ( \u02c8v\u026and\u0292i ( born october 2, 1944 in waukesha wisconsin, u other noteworthy hard sf authors include hal clement, joe haldeman, larry niven, jerry pournelle, kim stanley robinson, robert j. sawyer, and stephen baxter. harry clement stubbs ( may 30, 1922 in somerville massachusetts \u2013 october 29, 2003 in milton massachusetts ) better joe william haldeman is an american science fiction author. life and work haldeman was born in 1943 in oklahoma city oklahoma laurence van cott niven ( born april 30, 1938 los angeles california ) is a us science fiction author. jerry eugene pournelle (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6821318321831379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.197085"} {"text": "is an american science fiction author. life and work haldeman was born in 1943 in oklahoma city oklahoma laurence van cott niven ( born april 30, 1938 los angeles california ) is a us science fiction author. jerry eugene pournelle ( born august 7, 1933 ) is an american science fiction writer, essayist and journalist kim stanley robinson ( born march 23 1952 ) is an american science fiction writer, probably best known for his award - winning robert j sawyer is a canadian science fiction writer born in ottawa in 1960 and now resident in mississauga. stephen baxter ( born 13 november 1957 is a british hard science fiction author. the description \" soft \" science fiction may describe works based on social sciences such as psychology, economics, political science, sociology, and anthropology. the left hand of darkness is a science fiction novel by ursula k ursula kroeber le guin ( l\u0259\u02c8gw\u026an ( born october 21, 1929 ) is an american author soft science fiction, or soft sf, like its complementary opposite hard science fiction, is a descriptive term that points to the role and nature of the social science fiction is a term used to describe a subgenre of science fiction concerned less with technology and space opera and more with sociological the social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including anthropology, communication studies psychology ( from greek grc \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03b7 psykhe, \" breath life soul \" and grc - \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 - logia ) is an academic and economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. political science is a branch of social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems sociology ( from latin : socius \" companion \" and the suffix - ology \" the study of \" from greek \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 logos \" knowledge \" anthropology ( / / from greek grc \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 anthropos, \" human \" - \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 - logia ) is the study of noteworthy writers in this category include ursula k. le guin and philip k. dick. ursula kroeber le guin ( l\u0259\u02c8gw\u026an ( born october 21, 1929 ) is an american author philip kindred dick ( december 16 \u2013 march 2 ) was an american science fiction novelist and short story writer. the term can describe stories focused primarily on character and emotion ; sfwa grand master ray bradbury is an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5000146568168704, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.199539"} {"text": ", 1929 ) is an american author philip kindred dick ( december 16 \u2013 march 2 ) was an american science fiction novelist and short story writer. the term can describe stories focused primarily on character and emotion ; sfwa grand master ray bradbury is an acknowledged master of this art. ray douglas bradbury ( born august 22 1920 is an american mainstream, fantasy, horror, science fiction and mystery some writers blur the boundary between hard and soft science fiction - for example mack reynolds ' s work focuses on politics but anticipated many developments in computers, including cyber - terrorism. dallas mccord \" mack \" reynolds ( november 11, 1917 - january 30, 1983 ) was an american science fiction writer related to social sf and soft sf are the speculative fiction branches of utopian or dystopian stories ; the handmaid ' s tale, nineteen eighty - four, and brave new world are examples. utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by sir thomas more describing a fictional island in the a dystopia ( from the greek \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3 - and \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 alternatively cacotopia, kakotopia, cackotopia, or anti - utopia ) is the vision of a society the handmaid ' s tale is a dystopian novel by canadian author margaret atwood, first published by mcclelland and stewart in nineteen eighty - four ( also titled 1984 ) by george orwell ( the pen name of eric arthur blair ) is a 1949 english novel brave new world is a 1932 novel by aldous huxley. set in the london of ad 2540 ( 632 a satirical novels with fantastic settings such as gulliver ' s travels may be considered speculative fiction. gulliver ' s travels ( 1726 amended 1735 officially travels into several remote nations of the world in four parts the cyberpunk genre emerged in the early 1980s ; the name is a portmanteau of \" cybernetics \" and \" punk \", and was first coined by author bruce bethke in his 1980 short story \" cyberpunk \". neuromancer is a 1984 novel by william gibson, notable for being the most famous early cyberpunk novel and winner of the science - fiction \" triple william ford gibson ( born march 17 1948 is an american - canadian writer who has been called the \" noir prophet \" of the cyberpunk subgenre cyberpunk is a science fiction genre noted for its focus on \" high tech and low life. steampunk is a subgen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5039844429281842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.203549"} {"text": "is an american - canadian writer who has been called the \" noir prophet \" of the cyberpunk subgenre cyberpunk is a science fiction genre noted for its focus on \" high tech and low life. steampunk is a subgenre of fantasy and speculative fiction that came into prominence in the 1980s and early 1990s bruce bethke is an american author best known for his 1980 short story \" cyberpunk \" which led to the widespread use of the term and his novel the short story is a literary genre of fictional prose narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such the time frame is usually near - future and the settings are often dystopian. common themes in cyberpunk include advances in information technology and especially the internet ( visually abstracted as cyberspace ), ( possibly malevolent ) artificial intelligence, enhancements of mind and body using bionic prosthetics and direct brain - computer interfaces called cyberware, and post - democratic societal control where corporations have more influence than governments. information technology ( it ) as defined by the information technology association of america ( itaa is \" the study design development implementation support the internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks cyberspace & mdash from the greek el \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 ( el kybernetes steersman governor pilot or rudder & mdash is the global domain of electro - magnetics accessed bionics ( also known as biomimetics, biognosis, biomimicry, or bionical creativity engineering ) is the application of biological in medicine, a prosthesis ( plural prostheses ) is an artificial extension that replaces a missing body part. a brain - computer interface ( bci sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain - machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a human or animal cyberware is a relatively new and unknown field ( a proto - science, or more adequately a \u201c proto - technology \u201d nihilism, post - modernism, and film noir techniques are common elements, and the protagonists may be disaffected or reluctant anti - heroes. nihilism ( from the latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that existence is without objective meaning purpose postmodernism literally means ' after the modernist movement ' while \" modern \" itself refers to something \" related to the present \" the movement of modernism film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish hollywood crime dramas, particularly those that emphasize moral ambiguity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.517064615344005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.206912"} {"text": "banks of the lethe \" in andromeda ) and as one - off productions such as the flipside of dominick hide. doctor who is a british science fiction television programme produced by the bbc. \" the city on the edge of forever \" is the penultimate episode of the first season of star trek. star trek is a science fiction television series created by gene roddenberry that aired from september 8, 1966 through \" babylon squared \" is an episode from the first season of the science - fiction television series babylon 5. babylon 5 is an american science fiction television series created produced and largely written by j see andromeda ( disambiguation for other uses of \" andromeda \" the flipside of dominick hide is a british television play which has attained cult status alternate history stories are based on the premise that historical events might have turned out differently. alternate history or alternative history is a subgenre of speculative fiction ( or science fiction ) and historical fiction these stories may use time travel to change the past, or may simply set a story in a universe with a different history from our own. classics in the genre include bring the jubilee by ward moore, in which the south wins the american civil war and the man in the high castle, by philip k. bring the jubilee, by ward ward moore ( b august 10 1903, madison new jersey - d january 28 1978 ) was the working name of american author joseph ward causes of the war see also origins of the american civil war, timeline of events leading to the american civil war the coexistence of a slave - owning south the man in the high castle is a 1962 alternate history novel by science fiction writer philip k dick, in which germany and japan win world war ii. world war ii, or the second world war, ( often abbreviated wwii ) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world ' s nations, including the sidewise award acknowledges the best works in this subgenre ; the name is taken from murray leinster ' s early story \" sidewise in time \". the sidewise award for alternate history were established in 1995 to recognize the best alternate history stories and novels of the year murray leinster ( june 16, 1896 in norfolk virginia - june 8, 1975 ) was a nom de plume of william fitzgerald jenkins military science fiction is set in the context of conflict between national, interplanetary, or interstellar armed forces ; the primary viewpoint characters are usually soldiers. military science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction in which the principal characters are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5349885724077899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.212567"} {"text": "fitzgerald jenkins military science fiction is set in the context of conflict between national, interplanetary, or interstellar armed forces ; the primary viewpoint characters are usually soldiers. military science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction in which the principal characters are members of a military service and an armed conflict is taking for the military meaning see armed forces. for the soviet sports society see armed forces ( sports society armed forces stories include detail about military technology, procedure, ritual, and history ; military stories may use parallels with historical conflicts. heinlein ' s starship troopers is an early example, along with the dorsai novels of gordon dickson. starship troopers is a science fiction novel by robert a heinlein, first published ( in abridged form as a serial in the magazine the childe cycle is an unfinished series of science fiction novels by gordon r gordon rupert dickson ( november 1, 1923 \u2013 january 31, 2001 ) was an american science fiction author joe haldeman ' s the forever war is a critique of the genre, a vietnam - era response to the world war ii - style stories of earlier authors. joe william haldeman is an american science fiction author. life and work haldeman was born in 1943 in oklahoma city oklahoma the forever war is a 1974 science fiction novel by joe haldeman. the vietnam war, also known as the second indochina war, or the vietnam conflict, occurred in vietnam, laos and cambodia world war ii, or the second world war, ( often abbreviated wwii ) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world ' s nations, including prominent military sf authors include david drake, david weber, jerry pournelle, s. m. stirling, and lois mcmaster bujold. david drake ( born september 24, 1945 ) is an author of science fiction and fantasy literature david mark weber is an american science fiction and fantasy author. jerry eugene pournelle ( born august 7, 1933 ) is an american science fiction writer, essayist and journalist stephen michael stirling is a french - born canadian - american science fiction and fantasy author lois mcmaster bujold ( born november 2, 1949, columbus, ohio ) is an american author of science fiction and fantasy baen books is known for cultivating military science fiction authors. baen books is an american publishing company established in 1983 by long time science fiction publisher and editor jim baen. television series within this subgenre include battlestar galactica and stargate sg - 1. battlestar galactica is a franchise of science", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5309253278435568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.214626"} {"text": ") was an american science fiction author who wrote during a golden laurence van cott niven ( born april 30, 1938 los angeles california ) is a us science fiction author. carolyn janice cherry ( born september 1, 1942 ) better known by the pseudonym c clive staples lewis ( 29 november 1898 \u2013 22 november 1963 john holbrook vance ( born august 28, 1916 in san francisco, terence david john pratchett, obe ( born 28 april 1948 is an english fantasy, science fiction, and children ' s author. roger joseph zelazny ( may 13, 1937 \u2013 june 14, 1995 ) was an american writer of fantasy and science fiction lois mcmaster bujold ( born november 2, 1949, columbus, ohio ) is an american author of science fiction and fantasy anne inez mccaffrey ( born april 1, 1926 ) is an american science fiction author best known for her dragonriders marion eleanor zimmer bradley ( june 3, 1930 \u2013 september 25, 1999 ) was an american author of fantasy novels such the authors ' professional organization is called the science fiction and fantasy writers of america ( sfwa ). science fiction writers of america, or sfwa ( \u02c8s\u026afw\u0259 or / \u02c8s\u025bfw\u0259 / was founded in 1965 by damon knight. sf conventions routinely have programming on fantasy topics, and fantasy authors such as j. k. rowling and j. r. r. tolkien ( in film adaptation ) have won the highest honor within the science fiction field, the hugo award. the definition of a fantasy author is somewhat diffuse and a matter of opinion \u2013 jules verne considered h joanne \" jo \" rowling obe ( born 31 july 1965 who writes under the film adaptation is the transfer of a written work to a feature film. the hugo awards are given every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year some works show how difficult it is to draw clear boundaries between subgenres, for example larry niven ' s the magic goes away stories treat magic as just another force of nature and subject to natural laws which resemble and partially overlap those of physics. laurence van cott niven ( born april 30, 1938 los angeles california ) is a us science fiction author. the magic goes away is a fantasy short story written by larry niven in 1976 and later expanded to a novella of the same name which however, most authors and readers make a distinction between fantasy and sf. in general, science fiction is the literature of things that might someday be possible, and fantasy is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4530086993681405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.219534"} {"text": "by larry niven in 1976 and later expanded to a novella of the same name which however, most authors and readers make a distinction between fantasy and sf. in general, science fiction is the literature of things that might someday be possible, and fantasy is the literature of things that are inherently impossible. magic and mythology are popular themes in fantasy. magic in fiction is the endowing of fictional characters or objects with magical powers. the word mythology ( from the greek grc \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 mythologia, meaning \" a story - telling a legendary lore \" there are many elements that show up throughout the fantasy genre in different guises it is common to see narratives described as being essentially science fiction but \" with fantasy elements. frankenstein is a horror film from universal pictures directed by james whale and very loosely based on the novel of the same name \" the term \" science fantasy \" is sometimes used to describe such material. science fantasy is a mixed genre of story which contains some science fiction and some fantasy elements horror fiction is the literature of the unnatural and supernatural, with the aim of unsettling or frightening the reader, sometimes with graphic violence. horror fiction is broadly fiction in any medium intended to scare unsettle or horrify the audience the term supernatural or supranatural ( latin : super, supra \" above \" + natura \" nature \" pertains to entities events graphic violence is the depiction of especially vivid brutal and realistic acts of violence in visual media such as literature, film, television historically it has also been known as \" weird fiction. \" although horror is not per se a branch of science fiction, many works of horror literature incorporates science fictional elements. one of the defining classical works of horror, mary shelley ' s novel frankenstein, is a fully - realized work of science fiction, where the manufacture of the monster is given a rigorous science - fictional grounding. mary shelley ( nee mary wollstonecraft godwin ; 30 august frankenstein or the modern prometheus, generally known as frankenstein, is a novel written by the british author mary shelley the works of edgar allan poe also helped define both the science fiction and the horror genres. edgar allan poe ( january 19 1809 \u2013 october 7 1849 was an american poet, short - story writer, editor and literary critic, today horror is one of the most popular categories of films. horror films are movies that strive to elicit fear, horror and terror responses from viewers works in which science and technology are a dominant theme, but based on current reality, may be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5488917001371139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.220886"} {"text": "critic, today horror is one of the most popular categories of films. horror films are movies that strive to elicit fear, horror and terror responses from viewers works in which science and technology are a dominant theme, but based on current reality, may be considered mainstream fiction. much of the thriller genre would be included, such as the novels of tom clancy or michael crichton, or the james bond films. the thriller is a broad genre of literature, film, gaming and television. thomas leo clancy jr ( born april 12 1947 ) is an american author best known for his technically detailed espionage and military science storylines john michael crichton, \u02c8kra\u026at\u0259n, ( born october 23 1942 is an american author film producer, film director, medical doctor, and television producer james bond 007 is a fictional character created in 1953 by writer ian fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short story modernist works from writers like kurt vonnegut, philip k. dick, and stanis\u0142aw lem have focused on speculative or existential perspectives on contemporary reality and are on the borderline between sf and the mainstream. modernism describes an array of cultural movements rooted in the changes in western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century kurt vonnegut jr ( november 11 1922 \u2013 april 11 2007 ( \u02c8v\u0252n\u0259g\u0259t was a prolific and genre - bending american novelist known for works blending satire, black philip kindred dick ( december 16 \u2013 march 2 ) was an american science fiction novelist and short story writer. stanis\u0142aw lem ( sta ' \u0272iswaf l\u025bm 12 september 1921 \u2013 27 march 2006 was a polish science fiction, philosophical and satirical writer existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence according to robert j. sawyer, \" science fiction and mystery have a great deal in common. robert j sawyer is a canadian science fiction writer born in ottawa in 1960 and now resident in mississauga. both prize the intellectual process of puzzle solving, and both require stories to be plausible and hinge on the way things really do work. \" isaac asimov, anthony boucher, walter mosley, and other writers incorporate mystery elements in their science fiction, and vice versa. isaac asimov ( c january 2 1920 & ndash april 6 1992 \u02c8a\u026az\u0259k \u02c8\u00e6z\u026am\u028cv originally \u0438\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 but now transcribed into russian as, was a russian anthony", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5607530807783248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.222101"} {"text": "isaac asimov ( c january 2 1920 & ndash april 6 1992 \u02c8a\u026az\u0259k \u02c8\u00e6z\u026am\u028cv originally \u0438\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 but now transcribed into russian as, was a russian anthony boucher ( born william anthony parker white ) ( august 21, 1911 \u2013 april 29, 1968 ) was an american science fiction walter ellis mosley ( born january 12, 1952 ) is a prominent american novelist most widely recognized for his crime fiction. superhero fiction is a genre characterized by beings with much higher than usual physical or mental prowess, generally with a desire or need to help the citizens of their chosen country or world by using his or her powers to defeat natural or superpowered threats. superhero fiction is a subgenre of fiction that deals with superheroes supervillians super - powered humans aliens, or mutants many superhero fiction characters involve themselves ( either intentionally or accidentally ) with science fiction and fact, including advanced technologies, alien worlds, time travel, and interdimensional travel ; but the standards of scientific plausibility are lower than with actual science fiction. some of the best - known authors of this genre include stan lee, keith r. a. decandido, diane duane, peter david, len wein, marv wolfman, george r. r. martin, pierce askegren, christopher golden, dean wesley smith, greg cox, nancy collins, c. j. cherryh, roger stern, and elliot s! maggin. stan lee ( born stanley martin lieber ; december 28, 1922 ) is an american writer, editor, creator of comic book characters keith robert andreassi decandido ( born april 18, 1969 in new york, united states ) is an american sci - fi and fantasy writer diane duane ( born may 18, 1952 ) is an american science fiction and fantasy author for the grenadian politician see peter david ( politician. peter allen david ( often abbreviated pad ) ( born september 23 len wein ( born june 12, 1948 ) is an american comic book writer and editor best known for co - creating dc comics marvin a \" marv \" wolfman ( born may 13, 1946 ) is an award - winning american comic book writer. george raymond richard martin ( september 20, 1948 ) sometimes referred to as grrm, is an american author and screenwriter john pierce askegren ( 1955 - november 2006 of the louisiana askegrens was an american author best known for his work in adaptations of licensed properties and is a lifelong christopher golden is an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5272786664266349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.223572"} {"text": "to as grrm, is an american author and screenwriter john pierce askegren ( 1955 - november 2006 of the louisiana askegrens was an american author best known for his work in adaptations of licensed properties and is a lifelong christopher golden is an american author of horror, fantasy, and suspense novels for adults teens and young readers dean wesley smith is a science fiction author known primarily for his star trek novels movie novelizations and other novels of licensed properties such greg cox ( born 1959 is a science fiction writer. he lives in oxford, pennsylvania, u nancy a collins ( born 10 september, 1959 ) is a united states horror fiction writer best known for her series of vampire novels featuring carolyn janice cherry ( born september 1, 1942 ) better known by the pseudonym c roger stern ( born september 17 1950 ) is an american comic book author and novelist. elliot s maggin, also spelled elliot s! maggin ( born 1950 is an american writer of comic books film television and novels references to the most noteworthy science fiction books and authors are included here. external link : locus 1977 all - time best author poll science fiction fandom is the \" community of the literature of ideas. science fiction fandom or sf fandom is a community of people actively interested in science fiction and fantasy literature, and in contact with one another.. the culture in which new ideas emerge and grow before being released into society at large. \" members of this community, \" fans \", are in contact with each other at conventions or clubs, through print or online fanzines, or on the internet using web sites, mailing lists, and other resources. fans in little italyjpg | thumb | right | fans in little italy manhattan celebrating the victory of the italian association football team after the 2006 fifa world cup ] ] [ [ image wm - oly - de - cr science fiction conventions are gatherings of the community of fans ( called science fiction fandom ) of various forms of speculative fiction including science a science fiction fanzine is an amateur or semi - professional magazine published by members of science fiction fandom, from the 1930s to the present day a mailing list is a collection of names and addresses used by an individual or an organization to send material to multiple recipients sf fandom emerged from the letters column in amazing stories magazine. soon fans began writing letters to each other, and then grouping their comments together in informal publications that became known as fanzines. once they were in regular contact, fans wanted to meet each other, and they organized local clubs. in the 1930s,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44051483095307464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.226665"} {"text": "soon fans began writing letters to each other, and then grouping their comments together in informal publications that became known as fanzines. once they were in regular contact, fans wanted to meet each other, and they organized local clubs. in the 1930s, the first science fiction conventions gathered fans from a wider area. science fiction conventions are gatherings of the community of fans ( called science fiction fandom ) of various forms of speculative fiction including science conventions, clubs, and fanzines were the dominant form of fan activity, or \" fanac \", for decades, until the internet facilitated communication among a much larger population of interested people. among the most respected awards for science fiction are the hugo award, presented by the world science fiction society at worldcon, and the nebula award, presented by sfwa and voted on by the community of authors. the hugo awards are given every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year the nebula award is an award given each year by the science fiction and fantasy writers of america ( sfwa for the best science fiction / fantasy fiction one notable award for science fiction films is the saturn award. the saturn award is an award presented annually by the academy of science fiction fantasy & horror films to honor the top works in science fiction, fantasy it is presented annually by the academy of science fiction, fantasy, and horror films. there are national awards, like canada ' s aurora award, regional awards, like the endeavour award presented at orycon for works from the pacific northwest, special interest or subgenre awards like the chesley award for art or the world fantasy award for fantasy. the prix aurora awards are given out annually for the best canadian science fiction and fantasy literary works art works and awards for fan activities the endeavour award, announced annually at orycon in portland oregon is awarded to a distinguished science fiction or fantasy book written by a pacific northwest the pacific northwest is a region in the northwest of north america ( the term refers to the land not the ocean the chesley awards were established in 1985 by the association of science fiction and fantasy artists to recognize individual works and achievements during a given year the world fantasy awards are annual international awards given to authors and artists who have demonstrated outstanding achievement in the field of fantasy. magazines may organize reader polls, notably the locus award. the locus awards were established in 1971 and are presented to winners of locus magazine ' s annual readers ' poll conventions ( in fandom, shortened as \" cons \" ), are held in cities around the world, catering to a local", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5261964352076826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.229734"} {"text": "locus award. the locus awards were established in 1971 and are presented to winners of locus magazine ' s annual readers ' poll conventions ( in fandom, shortened as \" cons \" ), are held in cities around the world, catering to a local, regional, national, or international membership. minicon is a science fiction and fantasy convention in minneapolis usually held on easter weekend general - interest conventions cover all aspects of science fiction, while others focus on a particular interest like media fandom, filking, etc. media fandom is a fan term invented in the late 1970s to describe the collective fandoms for contemporary television shows and movies filk is a musical culture genre and community tied to science fiction / fantasy fandom. most are organized by volunteers in non - profit groups, though most media - oriented events are organized by commercial promoters. a non - profit organization ( abbreviated \" npo \" also \" not - for - profit \" is a legally constituted organization whose objective is to support or engage the convention ' s activities are called the \" program \", which may include panel discussions, readings, autograph sessions, costume masquerades, and other events. activities that occur throughout the convention are not part of the program ; these commonly include a dealer ' s room, art show, and hospitality lounge ( or \" con suites \" ). conventions may host award ceremonies ; worldcons present the hugo awards each year. the hugo awards are given every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year sf societies, referred to as \" clubs \" except in formal contexts, form a year - round base of activities for science fiction fans. they may be associated with an ongoing science fiction convention, or have regular club meetings, or both. most groups meet in libraries, schools and universities, community centers, pubs or restaurants, or the homes of individual members. long - established groups like the new england science fiction association and the los angeles science fiction society have clubhouses for meetings and storage of convention supplies and research materials. the new england science fiction association, or nesfa, is a science fiction club centered in the new england area the los angeles science fantasy society or lasfs ( pron \" lahss - fuss \" \" loss - fuss \" \" lass - fass \" or \" lahss - fahss \" is a membership fan the science fiction and fantasy writers of america ( sfwa ) was founded by damon knight in 1965 as a non - profit organization to serve the community of professional science fiction authors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5073654718936252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.231418"} {"text": "\" or \" lahss - fahss \" is a membership fan the science fiction and fantasy writers of america ( sfwa ) was founded by damon knight in 1965 as a non - profit organization to serve the community of professional science fiction authors. science fiction writers of america, or sfwa ( \u02c8s\u026afw\u0259 or / \u02c8s\u025bfw\u0259 / was founded in 1965 by damon knight. damon francis knight ( september 19, 1922 & ndash april 15, 2002 ) was an american science fiction author, fandom has helped incubate related groups, including media fandom, the society for creative anachronism, gaming, filking, and furry fandom. media fandom is a fan term invented in the late 1970s to describe the collective fandoms for contemporary television shows and movies society for creative anachronism ( usually shortened to sca ) is a historical re - creation and living history group founded in 1966 which historically the term \" gamer \" usually referred to someone who played role - playing games or wargames. filk is a musical culture genre and community tied to science fiction / fantasy fandom. furry fandom is a fandom devoted to anthropomorphic animal the first science fiction fanzine, \" the comet \", was published in 1930. fanzine printing methods have changed over the decades, from the hectograph, the mimeograph, and the ditto machine, to modern photocopying. the hectograph or gelatin duplicator or jellygraph is a printing process which involves transfer of an original prepared with special inks to a pan of a spirit duplicator ( also referred to as a ditto machine or banda machine ) was a low - volume printing method used mainly by schools and churches a photocopier ( or copier is a machine that makes paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply subscription volumes rarely justify the cost of commercial printing. modern fanzines are printed on computer printers or at local copy shops, or they may only be sent as email. electronic mail, often abbreviated to e - mail, email, or originally email, is a store - and - forward method of writing sending receiving the best known fanzine ( or \" ' zine \" ) today is ansible, edited by david langford, winner of numerous hugo awards. a zine ( an abbreviation of the word fanzine, or magazine zi\u02d0n \" zeen \" is most commonly a small circulation non", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5008658601243167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.233488"} {"text": "zine \" ) today is ansible, edited by david langford, winner of numerous hugo awards. a zine ( an abbreviation of the word fanzine, or magazine zi\u02d0n \" zeen \" is most commonly a small circulation non - commercial publication an ansible is a hypothetical machine capable of superluminal communication and used as a plot device in science fiction literature david rowland langford ( born 10 april 1953 is a british author editor and critic, largely active within the science fiction field other fanzines to win awards in recent years include file 770, mimosa, and plokta. file 770 is a science fiction fanzine published by mike glyer and named for the party in room 770 at the 1951 worldcon science fiction mimosa is a genus of about 400 species of herbs and shrubs in the subfamily mimosoideae of the legume family fabaceae. plokta is a science fiction fanzine, first published in 1996 subtitled \" the journal of superfluous technology \" the magazine includes artists working for fanzines have risen to prominence in the field, including brad w. foster, teddy harvia and joe mayhew ; the hugos include a category for best fan artists. hugo award for best fan artist. about this award the hugo awards the most prestigious awards in science fiction and fantasy the earliest organized fandom online was the sf lovers community, originally a mailing list in the late 1970s with a text archive file that was updated regularly. a file archiver is a computer program that combines a number of files together into one archive file, or a series of archive files for easier transportation in the 1980s, usenet groups greatly expanded the circle of fans online. usenet, a portmanteau of \" user \" and \" network \" is a world - wide distributed internet discussion system in the 1990s, the development of the world - wide web exploded the community of online fandom by orders of magnitude, with thousands and then literally millions of web sites devoted to science fiction and related genres for all media. the world wide web ( commonly shortened to the web ) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet. most such sites are small, ephemeral, and / or very narrowly focused, though sites like sf site offer a broad range of references and reviews about science fiction. sf site is a webzine edited by rodger turner. established in 1996 by john o ' neill, it is based in canada, but includes contributors from around fan fiction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5302891668264931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.235096"} {"text": "sites like sf site offer a broad range of references and reviews about science fiction. sf site is a webzine edited by rodger turner. established in 1996 by john o ' neill, it is based in canada, but includes contributors from around fan fiction, known to aficionados as \" fanfic \", is non - commercial fiction created by fans in the setting of an established book, film, or television series. the community surrounding modern fan fiction has generated a considerable number of unique subgenres and literary terminology over the past several decades a non - commercial enterprise is work that values other considerations above and beyond that of making a profit this modern meaning of the term should not be confused with the traditional ( pre - 1970s ) meaning of \" fan fiction \" within the community of fandom, where the term meant original or parody fiction written by fans and published in fanzines, often with members of fandom as characters therein ( \" faan fiction \" ). science fiction fandom or sf fandom is a community of people actively interested in science fiction and fantasy literature, and in contact with one another a science fiction fanzine is an amateur or semi - professional magazine published by members of science fiction fandom, from the 1930s to the present day examples of this would include the goon stories by walt willis. walter alexander willis ( 1919 - 1999 was a well - known irish science fiction fan, resident in belfast in the last few years, sites have appeared such as orion ' s arm and galaxiki, which encourage collaborative development of science fiction universes. orion ' s arm, ( also called the orion ' s arm universe project oaup or simply oa is an online science fiction world - building project founded by m galaxiki is a web - based free content virtual community web 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.541007962360379, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.235866"} {"text": "it \u2019 s a crazy market, the investors were told by the columnist, and they had to protect themselves. so they shouldn \u2019 t accept \u201c verbal assurances \u201d that their fund managers were making the right decisions ; they needed it in writing. a court in tennessee, meanwhile, ruled that \u201c an employee who made \u201c an oral or verbal complaint against an employer \u201d was protected against retaliation. so does \u201c verbal \u201d mean \u201c spoken \u201d or \u201c written \u201d? yes. and therein lies the imprecision. \u201c verbal \u201d simply means \u201c expressed in words \u201d ; the form of the words is not specified. if you put the words to paper or screen, or to stone tablet, they are \u201c written. \u201d if they \u2019 re spoken, they \u2019 re \u201c oral. \u201d but sometimes we act as if we \u2019 re back in grade school, when words that sounded dirty made us, er, titter. we avoid those words for fear of being misinterpreted. as a result, many writers avoid saying \u201c oral \u201d and say \u201c verbal \u201d instead. why this should be so is not clear. after all, colleges have no problem giving \u201c oral exams, \u201d doctors can openly advertise a specialty in \u201c oral surgery, \u201d and courts hear \u201c oral arguments \u201d without anyone getting all giggly. and many people have learned that \u201c verbal \u201d means only written, adding to the confusion. in sports, college athletes make a \u201c verbal commitment \u201d to come play for a school, though too often it \u2019 s called just \u201c a verbal, \u201d making it a noun. ( in english, the \u201c acceptable \u201d noun \u201c verbals \u201d are gerunds, infinitives, and participles. ) a few times it \u2019 s even been a verb \u2014 \u201c he has verbaled to cornell \u201d \u2014 which is a few times too often. so are the athletes signing something or have they merely made an \u201c oral \u201d promise? knowing that could be important, especially in the current scandal - ridden environment. enough people use \u201c verbal \u201d in the place of \u201c oral \u201d that garner \u2019 s modern american usage puts that usage at stage 4 of the language - change index, meaning it \u2019 s proper english among all but extreme holdouts. still, there \u2019 s no reason not to use \u201c oral, \u201d and it \u2019 s certainly preferable in cases where the mode of communication is important. as garner \u2019 s says : \u201c if you think of oral in a narrow sexual sense, you should immediately wash your mouth out with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4628100666812625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.239243"} {"text": "the oregon department of fish and wildlife recently released a new pamphlet titled \u201c frogs are cool : facts about frogs for kids, \u201d an informative and fun flyer aimed at raising awareness of the many endangered and sensitive species of frogs native to oregon. there are 16 species of frogs native to oregon, and many are recognized as oregon state sensitive species, meaning they have small or declining populations. odfw hopes the new frog awareness campaign will help kids and adults alike recognize and protect the protected species. \u201c worldwide, frogs are in trouble and many are on the road to extinction, \u201d the odfw website says. \u201c habitat loss, pollution, pesticides, climate change, infectious diseases, the pet trade and invasive animal species are all causing problems for frogs. \u201d want to help make a difference? here are the top things you and your kids can do to help protect oregon \u2019 s native frog population. - learn about frogs. - never keep a wild frog as a pet. - tell others about protecting frogs. - never release non - native frogs, such as ones used in science projects, into the wild. frog spotting is a great activity for hiking and camping \u2013 it \u2019 s silly, easy and educational. download the \u201c frogs are cool \u201d pamphlet, make sure you have the proper camping or hiking gear, and get out there and enjoy some frogs! [ photo : dan hershman ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4069257784344066, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.241663"} {"text": "i have seen many tutorials on asp. net but most of them starts with coding and writing your first asp. net program. but here i has written this tutorial for explaining why there is a need for asp. net when classy asp is working fine and what are the underlying technology behind asp. net, what programming model asp. net provides to programmers. now let us get started. asp. net is the new offering for web developers from the microsoft. it is not simply the next - generation of asp ; in fact, it is a completely re - engineered and enhanced technology that offers much, much more than traditional asp and can increase productivity significantly. because it has evolved from asp, asp. net looks very similar to its predecessor \u2014 but only at first sight. some items look very familiar, and they remind us of asp. but concepts like web forms, web services, or server controls gives asp. net the power to build real web applications. looking back : active server pages ( asp ) microsoft active server pages ( asp ) is a server - side scripting technology. asp is a technology that microsoft created to ease the development of interactive web applications. with asp you can use client - side scripts as well as server - side scripts. maybe you want to validate user input or access a database. asp provides solutions for transaction processing and managing session state. asp is one of the most successful language used in web development. problems with traditional asp there are many problems with asp if you think of needs for today ' s powerful web applications. - interpreted and loosely - typed code asp scripting code is usually written in languages such as jscript or vbscript. the script - execution engine that active server pages relies on interprets code line by line, every time the page is called. in addition, although variables are supported, they are all loosely typed as variants and bound to particular types only when the code is run. both these factors impede performance, and late binding of types makes it harder to catch errors when you are writing code. - mixes layout ( html ) and logic ( scripting code ) asp files frequently combine script code with html. this results in asp scripts that are lengthy, difficult to read, and switch frequently between code and html. the interspersion of html with asp code is particularly problematic for larger web applications, where content must be kept separate from business logic. - limited development and debu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47839939019654004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.263293"} {"text": "that are lengthy, difficult to read, and switch frequently between code and html. the interspersion of html with asp code is particularly problematic for larger web applications, where content must be kept separate from business logic. - limited development and debugging tools microsoft visual interdev, macromedia visual ultradev, and other tools have attempted to increase the productivity of asp programmers by providing graphical development environments. however, these tools never achieved the ease of use or the level of acceptance achieved by microsoft windows application development tools, such as visual basic or microsoft access. asp developers still rely heavily or exclusively on notepad. debugging is an unavoidable part of any software development process, and the debugging tools for asp have been minimal. most asp programmers resort to embedding temporary response. write statements in their code to trace the progress of its execution. - no real state management session state is only maintained if the client browser supports cookies. session state information can only be held by using the asp session object. and you have to implement additional code if you, for example, want to identify a user. - update files only when server is down if your web application makes use of components, copying new files to your application should only be done when the web server is stopped. otherwise it is like pulling the rug from under your application ' s feet, because the components may be in use ( and locked ) and must be registered. - obscure configuration settings the configuration information for an asp web application ( such as session state and server timeouts ) is stored in the iis metabase. because the metabase is stored in a proprietary format, it can only be modified on the server machine with utilities such as the internet service manager. with limited support for programmatically manipulating or extracting these settings, it is often an arduous task to port an asp application from one server to another. asp. net was developed in direct response to the problems that developers had with classic asp. since asp is in such wide use, however, microsoft ensured that asp scripts execute without modification on a machine with the. net framework ( the asp engine, asp. dll, is not modified when installing the. net framework ). thus, iis can house both asp and asp. net scripts on the same machine. advantages of asp. net - separation of code from html to make a clean sweep, with asp. net you have the ability to completely separate layout", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42780234252872235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.268354"} {"text": ", iis can house both asp and asp. net scripts on the same machine. advantages of asp. net - separation of code from html to make a clean sweep, with asp. net you have the ability to completely separate layout and business logic. this makes it much easier for teams of programmers and designers to collaborate efficiently. this makes it much easier for teams of programmers and designers to collaborate efficiently. - support for compiled languages developer can use vb. net and access features such as strong typing and object - oriented programming. using compiled languages also means that asp. net pages do not suffer the performance penalties associated with interpreted code. asp. net pages are precompiled to byte - code and just in time ( jit ) compiled when first requested. subsequent requests are directed to the fully compiled code, which is cached until the source changes. - use services provided by the. net framework the. net framework provides class libraries that can be used by your application. some of the key classes help you with input / output, access to operating system services, data access, or even debugging. we will go into more detail on some of them in this module. - graphical development environment visual studio. net provides a very rich development environment for web developers. you can drag and drop controls and set properties the way you do in visual basic 6. and you have full intellisense support, not only for your code, but also for html and xml. - state management to refer to the problems mentioned before, asp. net provides solutions for session and application state management. state information can, for example, be kept in memory or stored in a database. it can be shared across web farms, and state information can be recovered, even if the server fails or the connection breaks down. - update files while the server is running! components of your application can be updated while the server is online and clients are connected. the framework will use the new files as soon as they are copied to the application. removed or old files that are still in use are kept in memory until the clients have finished. - xml - based configuration files configuration settings in asp. net are stored in xml files that you can easily read and edit. you can also easily copy these to another server, along with the other files that comprise your application. here are some point that gives the quick overview of asp. net. - asp. net provides services to allow the creation, deployment, and execution of web applications and web services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3995992522239997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.271842"} {"text": "another server, along with the other files that comprise your application. here are some point that gives the quick overview of asp. net. - asp. net provides services to allow the creation, deployment, and execution of web applications and web services - like asp, asp. net is a server - side technology - web applications are built using web forms. asp. net comes with built - in web forms controls, which are responsible for generating the user interface. they mirror typical html widgets like text boxes or buttons. if these controls do not fit your needs, you are free to create your own user controls. - web forms are designed to make building web - based applications as easy as building visual basic applications asp. net is based on the fundamental architecture of. net framework. visual studio provide a uniform way to combine the various features of this architecture. architecture is explained form bottom to top in the following discussion. at the bottom of the architecture is common language runtime. net framework common language runtime resides on top of the operating system services. the common language runtime loads and executes code that targets the runtime. this code is therefore called managed code. the runtime gives you, for example, the ability for cross - language integration.. net framework provides a rich set of class libraries. these include base classes, like networking and input / output classes, a data class library for data access, and classes for use by programming tools, such as debugging services. all of them are brought together by the services framework, which sits on top of the common language runtime. ado. net is microsoft \u2019 s activex data object ( ado ) model for the. net framework. ado. net is not simply the migration of the popular ado model to the managed environment but a completely new paradigm for data access and manipulation. ado. net is intended specifically for developing web applications. this is evident from its two major design principles : - disconnected datasets \u2014 in ado. net, almost all data manipulation is done outside the context of an open database connection. - effortless data exchange with xml \u2014 datasets can converse in the universal data format of the web, namely xml. the 4th layer of the framework consists of the windows application model and, in parallel, the web application model. the web application model - in the slide presented as asp. net - includes web forms and web services. asp. net comes with built - in web forms controls, which are responsible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.487284133865037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.276525"} {"text": "application model and, in parallel, the web application model. the web application model - in the slide presented as asp. net - includes web forms and web services. asp. net comes with built - in web forms controls, which are responsible for generating the user interface. they mirror typical html widgets like text boxes or buttons. if these controls do not fit your needs, you are free to create your own user controls. web services brings you a model to bind different applications over the internet. this model is based on existing infrastructure and applications and is therefore standard - based, simple, and adaptable. web services are software solutions delivered via internet to any device. today, that means web browsers on computers, for the most part, but the device - agnostic design of. net will eliminate this limitation. - one of the obvious themes of. net is unification and interoperability between various programming languages. in order to achieve this ; certain rules must be laid and all the languages must follow these rules. in other words we can not have languages running around creating their own extensions and their own fancy new data types. cls is the collection of the rules and constraints that every language ( that seeks to achieve. net compatibility ) must follow. - the clr and the. net frameworks in general, however, are designed in such a way that code written in one language can not only seamlessly be used by another language. hence asp. net can be programmed in any of the. net compatible language whether it is vb. net, c #, managed c + + or jscript. net. quick start : to asp. net after this short excursion with some background information on the. net framework, we will now focus on asp. net. file name extensions web applications written with asp. net will consist of many files with different file name extensions. the most common are listed here. native asp. net files by default have the extension. aspx ( which is, of course, an extension to. asp ) or. ascx. web services normally have the extension. asmx. your file names containing the business logic will depend on the language you use. so, for example, a c # file would have the extension. aspx. cs. you already learned about the configuration file web. config. another one worth mentioning is the asp. net application file global. asax - in the asp world formerly known as global. asa. but now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48358346425437343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.282063"} {"text": "aspx. cs. you already learned about the configuration file web. config. another one worth mentioning is the asp. net application file global. asax - in the asp world formerly known as global. asa. but now there is also a code behind file global. asax. vb, for example, if the file contains visual basic. net code. global. asax is an optional file that resides in the root directory of your application, and it contains global logic for your application. all of these are text files all of these files are text files, and therefore human readable and writeable. the easiest way to start the easiest way to start with asp. net is to take a simple asp page and change the file name extension to. aspx. here is quick introduction of syntax used in asp. net you can use directives to specify optional settings used by the page compiler when processing asp. net files. for each directive you can set different attributes. one example is the language directive at the beginning of a page defining the default programming language. code declaration blocks code declaration blocks are lines of code enclosed in < script > tags. they contain the runat = server attribute, which tells asp. net that these controls can be accessed on the server and on the client. optionally you can specify the language for the block. the code block itself consists of the definition of member variables and methods. code render blocks render blocks contain inline code or inline expressions enclosed by the character sequences shown here. the language used inside those blocks could be specified through a directive like the one shown before. html control syntax you can declare several standard html elements as html server controls. use the element as you are familiar with in html and add the attribute runat = server. this causes the html element to be treated as a server control. it is now programmatically accessible by using a unique id. html server controls must reside within a < form > section that also has the attribute runat = server. custom control syntax there are two different kinds of custom controls. on the one hand there are the controls that ship with. net, and on the other hand you can create your own custom controls. using custom server controls is the best way to encapsulate common programmatic functionality. just specify elements as you did with html elements, but add a tag prefix, which is an alias for the fully qualified namespace of the control. again you must include the runat = server attribute. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43187444743074455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.283875"} {"text": "and the c # portions of a simple web forms application that generates a movie line - up dynamically through software. web form application part 1 - - simplewebform. aspx < % @ page language = \" c # \" inherits = \" moviepage \" src = \" simplewebform. cs \" % > < h1 align = \" center \" > < font color = \" white \" size = \" 7 \" > welcome to < br > supermegacineplexadrome! < / font > < / h1 > < p align = \" left \" > < font color = \" lime \" size = \" 5 \" > < strong > < u > showtimes for < % writedate ( ) ; % > < / u > < font size = \" 5 \" color = \" yellow \" > < % writemovies ( ) ; % > < / font > and this is where the c # part of a web forms application comes in. web form application part 2 - simplewebform. cs public class moviepage : page protected void writedate ( ) protected void writemovies ( ) response. write ( \" < p > the glass ghost ( r ) 1 : 05 pm, 3 : 25 pm, 7 : 00 pm < / p > \" ) ; response. write ( \" < p > untamed harmony ( pg - 13 ) 12 : 50 pm, 3 : 25 pm, \" + < br > \" 6 : 55 pm < / p > \" ) ; response. write ( \" < p > forever nowhere ( pg ) 3 : 30 pm, 8 : 35 pm < / p > \" ) ; response. write ( \" < p > without justice ( r ) 12 : 45 pm, 6 : 45 pm < / p > \" ) ; execution cycle : now let ' s see what \u2019 s happening on the server side. you will shortly understand how server controls fit in. a request for an. aspx file causes the asp. net runtime to parse the file for code that can be compiled. it then generates a page class that instantiates and populates a tree of server control instances. this page class represents the asp. net page. now an execution sequence is started in which, for example, the asp. net page walks its entire list of controls, asking each one to render itself. the controls paint themselves to the page. this means they make themselves visible by generating html output to the browser client.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4800819144263626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.287384"} {"text": "started in which, for example, the asp. net page walks its entire list of controls, asking each one to render itself. the controls paint themselves to the page. this means they make themselves visible by generating html output to the browser client. we need to have a look at what \u2019 s happening to your code in asp. net. compilation, when page is requested the first time the first time a page is requested, the code is compiled. compiling code in. net means that a compiler in a first step emits microsoft intermediate language ( msil ) and produces metadata \u2014 if you compile your source code to managed code. in a following step msil has to be converted to native code. microsoft intermediate language ( msil ) microsoft intermediate language is code in an assembly language \u2013 like style. it is cpu independent and therefore can be efficiently converted to native code. the conversion in turn can be cpu - specific and optimized. the intermediate language provides a hardware abstraction layer. msil is executed by the common language runtime. common language runtime the common language runtime contains just - in - time ( jit ) compilers to convert the msil into native code. this is done on the same computer architecture that the code should run on. the runtime manages the code when it is compiled into msil \u2014 the code is therefore called managed code. asp. net applications and configuration like asp, asp. net encapsulates its entities within a web application. a web application is an abstract term for all the resources available within the confines of an iis virtual directory. for example, a web application may consist of one or more asp. net pages, assemblies, web services configuration files, graphics, and more. in this section we explore two fundamental components of a web application, namely global application files ( global. asax ) and configuration files ( web. config ). global. asax is a file used to declare application - level events and objects. global. asax is the asp. net extension of the asp global. asa file. code to handle application events ( such as the start and end of an application ) reside in global. asax. such event code cannot reside in the asp. net page or web service code itself, since during the start or end of the application, its code has not yet been loaded ( or unloaded ). global. asax is also used to declare data that is available across different application requests or across different browser", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4618763783189942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.288710"} {"text": "or web service code itself, since during the start or end of the application, its code has not yet been loaded ( or unloaded ). global. asax is also used to declare data that is available across different application requests or across different browser sessions. this process is known as application and session state management. the global. asax file must reside in the iis virtual root. remember that a virtual root can be thought of as the container of a web application. events and state specified in the global file are then applied to all resources housed within the web application. if, for example, global. asax defines a state application variable, all. aspx files within the virtual root will be able to access the variable. like an asp. net page, the global. asax file is compiled upon the arrival of the first request for any resource in the application. the similarity continues when changes are made to the global. asax file ; asp. net automatically notices the changes, recompiles the file, and directs all new requests to the newest compilation. a global. asax file is automatically created when you create a new web application project in the vs. net ide. application directives are placed at the top of the global. asax file and provide information used to compile the global file. three application directives are defined, namely application, assembly, and import. each directive is applied with the following syntax : < % @ appdirective appattribute = value... % > in asp, configuration settings for an application ( such as session state ) are stored in the iis metabase. there are two major disadvantages with this scheme. first, settings are not stored in a human - readable manner but in a proprietary, binary format. second, the settings are not easily ported from one host machine to another. ( it is difficult to transfer information from an iis \u2019 s metabase or windows registry to another machine, even if it has the same version of windows. ) web. config solves both of the aforementioned issues by storing configuration information as xml. unlike registry or metabase entries, xml documents are human - readable and can be modified with any text editor. second, xml files are far more portable, involving a simple file transfer to switch machines. unlike global. asax, web. config can reside in any directory, which may or may not be a virtual root. the web. config settings are then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47186087068760707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.289946"} {"text": "are far more portable, involving a simple file transfer to switch machines. unlike global. asax, web. config can reside in any directory, which may or may not be a virtual root. the web. config settings are then applied to all resources accessed within that directory, as well as its subdirectories. one consequence is that an iis instance may have many web. config files. attributes are applied in a hierarchical fashion. in other words, the web. config file at the lowest level directory is used. since web. config is based on xml, it is extensible and flexible for a wide variety of applications. it is important, however, to note that the web. config file is optional. a default web. config file, used by all asp. net application resources, can be found on the local machine at : asp. net is an evolution of microsoft \u2019 s active server page ( asp ) technology. using asp. net, you can rapidly develop highly advanced web applications based on the. net framework. visual studio web form designer, which allows the design of web applications in an intuitive, graphical method similar to visual basic 6. asp. net ships with web controls wrapping each of the standard html controls, in addition to several controls specific to. net. one such example is validation controls, which intuitively validate user input without the need for extensive client - side script. in many respects, asp. net provides major improvements over asp, and can definitely be considered a viable alternative for rapidly developing web - based applications. points of interest i has write this tutorial to share my knowledge of asp. net with you. you can find more articles and software projects with free source code on my web site http : / / programmerworld. net. - date posted : june 27, 2003 i am a b. e in information technology form lingaya ' s institute of managemant and technology faridabad, india. i has worked on vc + +, mfc, vb, sql server. currently i am working on. net, c # and asp. net i keeps my free source code projects and articles at website http : / / programmerworld. net", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4423218250208548, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.291128"} {"text": "\u2018 we spent a good deal of time thinking about how accident, disruption, distraction, and difference increase the motivation to learn and to solve problems, both individually and collectively. \u2019 the article : collaborative learning for the digital age by cathy n. davidson makes me think that collaborative work itself could challenge the limited feature of the human brain, whose performance level is usually or relatively low when it has to deal with multitasking assignments. the conceptual breakthrough, which does not limit our ability due to the result from the experimentation described in the first part of this article is a lesson for me not to get depressed easily because of the negative consequence, which refers to \u2018 attention blindness \u2019. collaborative learning could be a savior of the insufficient inherent capability. we are living in this world to enable an individual knowledge to be replaced with his / her community. an individual brain would be no longer more valid or highly valued than what it is now or it used to be, rather its collaborative mode would be appreciated or recognized to be an authentic qualification for human intelligence. \u2018 i think therefore i am \u2019 by descartes is manipulated by \u2018 ipod therefore i am \u2019, which could also be replaced by \u2018 we think therefore i am \u2019. however this does not mean to say each person could learn less than before ; on the contrary s / he would learn more being motivated to enjoy further studies. online collaborative projects, which i went through could therefore persuade me to think that the underline concept of competency lies in her / his connectivity and collaboration with outsides. the value of what is meant to be intelligent enough to cope with all issues of this coming era differs from that of definition without social network system. how the world wide web has changed the world from digiteen projects based on flat classroom projects and workshopa from the 1001 flat world tales project certainly not only show us the new process of learning in the 21st century but also give us the solution to challenge side effects of social network communication system. they could refer to how we can possibly manage or control the massive flow of information ; how we can be confident that what we are doing is on the right path ; how we could easily or efficiently live in the digital information era. things should be getting more convenient for us to learn, yet at the same time we have additional or extra burdens to be overseen and monitored constantly. whether it is controllable or not also seems to rely on the potential of collaborate learning. these projects running in the world premise not only save time and space but also give another credit to his / her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.572172191773984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.300358"} {"text": "joseph earned merit etc. why the difference that first it is written : and joseph went up to bury his father, and with him went up all the servants of pharaoh etc., 2 followed by, and all the house of joseph, and his brethren, and his father ' s house, 3 and in the sequel it is written : and joseph returned into egypt, he and his brethren, 4 followed by, and all that went up with him to bury his father? \u2014 r. johanan said : at first, before [ the servants of pharaoh ] beheld the glory of the israelites, they did not treat them with respect ; 5 but in the sequel, when they beheld their glory, they treated them with respect. for it is written : and they came to the threshing - floor of atad ; 6 but is there a threshing - floor for brambles? \u2014 r. abbahu said : it teaches that they surrounded jacob ' s coffin with crowns like a threshing - floor which is surrounded with a hedge of brambles, because the sons of esau, of ishmael and of keturah also came. a tanna taught : they all came to wage war [ against the israelites ] ; but when they saw joseph ' s crown hanging upon jacob ' s coffin, they all took their crowns and hung them upon his coffin. a tanna taught : sixty - three crowns were hung upon jacob ' s coffin. and there they lamented with a very great and sore lamentation. 7 it has been taught : even the horses and asses [ joined in the lamentation ]. when [ the cortege ] arrived at the cave of machpelah, esau came and wished to prevent [ the interment there ], saying to them, mamre, kiriath - arba, the same is hebron8 \u2014 now r. isaac has said : kiriath - arba [ is so called ] because four couples [ were buried there ], viz. adam and eve, abraham and sarah, isaac and rebekah, and jacob and leah \u2014 [ jacob ] had buried leah in his portion and what remains belongs to me '. they replied to him, ' thou didst sell it '. he said to them, ' granted that i sold my birth - right, but did i sell my plain heir ' s right! ' they replied : ' yes, for it is written : in my grave which i [ jacob ] have digged for me", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40856871011966245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.316747"} {"text": "said to them, ' granted that i sold my birth - right, but did i sell my plain heir ' s right! ' they replied : ' yes, for it is written : in my grave which i [ jacob ] have digged for me ', 9 and r. johanan has said in the name of r. simeon b. jehozadak : the word kirah [ dig ] means nothing else than ' sale ' [ mekirah ], and thus in the coast - towns they use kirah as a term for ' sale '. \u2014 he said to them, ' produce a document [ of sale ] for me '. they replied to him, ' the document is in the land of egypt. who will go for it? let naphtali go, because he is swift as a hind ' ; for it is written : naphtali is a hind let loose, he giveth goodly words10 \u2014 r. abbahu said : read not ' goodly words ' [ imre shefer ] but imre sefer [ words of a document ]. among those present was hushim, a son of dan, who was hard of hearing ; so he asked them, ' what is happening? ' they said to him, ' [ esau ] is preventing [ the burial ] until naphtali returns from the land of egypt '. he retorted : ' is my grandfather to lie there in contempt until naphtali returns from the land of egypt! ' he took a club and struck [ esau ] on the head so that his eyes fell out and rolled to the feet of jacob. jacob opened his eyes and laughed ; and that is what is written : the righteous shall rejoice when he seeth the vengeance ; he shall wash his feet in the blood of the wicked. 11 at that time was the prophecy of rebekah fulfilled, as it is written : why should i be bereaved of you both in one day? 12 although the death of the two of them did not occur on the one day, still their burial took place on the same day. \u2014 but if joseph had not occupied himself with [ jacob ' s burial ], would not his brethren have occupied themselves with it? behold it is written : for his sons carried him into the land of canaan! 13 \u2014 they said [ among themselves ], ' leave him [ to conduct the interment ] ; for the honour [ of our father ] will be greater [ when it is conducted ] by kings than by common", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44632877120028736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.317733"} {"text": "him into the land of canaan! 13 \u2014 they said [ among themselves ], ' leave him [ to conduct the interment ] ; for the honour [ of our father ] will be greater [ when it is conducted ] by kings than by commoners '. whom have we greater than joseph etc.? our rabbis have taught : come and see how beloved were the commandments by moses our teacher ; for whereas all the israelites occupied themselves with the spoil, he occupied himself with the commandments, as it is said : the wise in heart will receive commandments etc. 14 but whence did moses know the place where joseph was buried? \u2014 it is related that serah, daughter of asher, was a survivor of that generation. moses went to her and asked : ' dost thou know where joseph was buried? ' she answered him, ' the egyptians made a metal coffin for him which they fixed in the river nile so that its waters should be blessed '. moses went and stood on the bank of the nile and exclaimed : ' joseph, joseph! the time has arrived which the holy one, blessed be he, swore, \" i will deliver you \", and the oath which thou didst impose upon the israelites15 has reached [ the time of fulfilment ] ; if thou wilt shew thyself, well and good ; otherwise, behold, we are free of thine oath '. immediately joseph ' s coffin floated [ on the surface of the water ]. be not astonished that iron should float ; for, behold, it is written : as one was felling a beam, the axe - head fell into the water etc. alas, my master, for it was borrowed. and the man of god said : where fell it? and he shewed him the place. and he cut down a stick and cast it in thither, and made the iron to swim. 16 now cannot the matter be argued by a fortiori reasoning \u2014 if iron floated on account of elisha who was the disciple of elijah who was the disciple of moses, how much more so on account of moses our teacher! r. nathan says : he was buried in the sepulchre of the kings ; and moses went and stood by the sepulchre of the kings and exclaimed. ' joseph! the time has arrived which the holy one, blessed be he, swore \" i will deliver you \", and the oath which thou didst impose upon the israelites has reached [ the time of fu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40575287033448715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.318850"} {"text": "the children of israel brought up7 etc.! \u2014 r. hama son of r. hanina said : whoever performs a task without finishing it and another comes and completes it, scripture ascribes it to the one who completed it as though he had performed it. r. eleazar said : he8 is likewise deposed from his greatness ; for it is written : and it came to pass at that time that judah went down. 9 r. samuel b. nahmani said : he also buries his wife and children ; for it is written : shua ' s daughter, the wife of judah, died etc., 10 and it is written : but er and onan died. 11 rab judah said in the name of rab : why was joseph called ' bones ' during his lifetime? 12 because he did not interfere to safeguard his father ' s honour when [ his brothers ] said to him, thy servant our father13 and he made no reply to them. rab judah also said in the name of rab, and others declare that it was r. hama son of r. hanina : why did joseph die before his brothers? because he gave himself superior airs. and joseph was brought down to egypt. 14 r. eleazar said : read not ' was brought down ' but ' brought down ', because he brought pharaoh ' s astrologers down from their eminence. 15 and potiphar, an officer of pharaoh ' s bought him, rab said : he bought him for himself ; 16 but gabriel came and castrated him, 17 and then gabriel came and mutilated him [ pera ' ], for originally his name is written potiphar but afterwards potiphera. 18 whom have we greater than moses etc. and the lord said unto me, let it suffice thee. 19 r. levi said : with the word ' suffice ' [ moses ] made an announcement and with the word ' suffice ' an announcement was made to him. with the word ' suffice ' he made an announcement : ' suffice you ' ; 20 and with the word ' suffice ' an announcement was made to him : ' let it suffice thee '. another explanation of ' let it suffice [ rab ] thee ' is, thou hast a master [ rab ], viz., joshua. 21 another explanation of ' let it suffice thee ' is, that people should not say", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.401523345380972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.320850"} {"text": "explanation of ' let it suffice [ rab ] thee ' is, thou hast a master [ rab ], viz., joshua. 21 another explanation of ' let it suffice thee ' is, that people should not say : how severe the master is and how persistent the pupil is. 22 and why so? in the school of r. ishmael it was taught : according to the camel is the burden. 23 and he said unto them, i am an hundred and twenty years old this day. 24 why does the text state ' this day? ' [ the meaning is ], this day are my days and years completed. 25 its purpose is to teach you that the holy one, blessed be he, completes the years of the righteous from day to day, and from month to month ; for it is written : the number of thy days i will fulfil. 26 i can no more go out and come in24 \u2014 what means ' go out and come in '? if it is to be understood literally, behold it is written : and moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died ; his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated ; 27 it is also written : and moses went up from the plains of moab unto mount nebo ; 28 and it has been taught : twelve steps were there, but moses mounted them in one stride! \u2014 r. samuel b. nahmani said in the name of r. jonathan : [ it means ] to ' go out and come in ' with words of torah, thus indicating that the gates of wisdom were closed against him. and moses and joshua went, and presented themselves in the tent of meeting. 29 a tanna taught : that was a sabbath when two teachers [ gave discourses ] and the authority was taken from one to be transferred to the other. it has further been taught : r. judah said : were it not for a scriptural text, it would be impossible to utter the following. where did moses die? in the portion of reuben, for it is written : and moses went up from the plains of moab unto mount nebo, and nebo was located in the portion of reuben, for it is written : and the children of reuben built \u2026 and nebo etc. 30 \u2014 it was called nebo because three prophets [ nebi ' im ] died there, viz. moses, aaron, and miriam. \u2014 and where was moses buried? in the portion of gad, for it is written :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4227254804443231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.321848"} {"text": "##bo etc. 30 \u2014 it was called nebo because three prophets [ nebi ' im ] died there, viz. moses, aaron, and miriam. \u2014 and where was moses buried? in the portion of gad, for it is written : and he provided the first part for himself etc. 31 now what was the distance between the portion of reuben and that of gad? four mil. 32 who carried him those four mil? it teaches that moses was laid upon the wings of the shechinah, and the ministering angels kept proclaiming, he executed the justice of the lord, and his judgments with israel, 33 and the holy one, blessed be he, declared : who will rise up for me against the evil - doers? who will stand up for me against the workers of iniquity? 34 samuel35 said [ that god declared ], who is as the wise man? and who knoweth the interpretation of a thing? 36 r. johanan said [ that god declared ], where shall wisdom be found? 37 r. nahman said [ that god announced ], so moses died there etc. 38 semalyon39 said : so moses died there, the great sage of israel. 40 it has been taught : r. eliezer the elder said : over an area of twelve mil square, corresponding to that of the camp of israel, a bath kol made the proclamation, ' so moses died there ', the great sage of israel. others declare that moses never died ; it is written here, ' so moses died there ', and elsewhere it is written : and he was there with the lord. 41 as in the latter passage it means standing and ministering, so also in the former it means standing and ministering. and he buried him in the valley in the land of moab over against beth - peor. 42 r. berechyah said : although [ scripture provides ] a clue within a clue, nevertheless no man knoweth of his sepulchre. 42 the wicked government once sent to - to next folio -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42820482263892956, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.322708"} {"text": "how the pilgrims saved us from socialism by jack cashill karl marx had little use for america. from what he knew it was \u201c pre - eminently the country of religiosity, \u201d and yet it seemed to be the one nation that had been most thoroughly corrupted by ambition. two strikes against america right there. the \u201c free inhabitant \u201d of new england, marx wrote in \u201c on the jewish question, \u201d is convinced \u201c that he has no other destiny here below than to become richer than his neighbor. \u201d when he travels, he worries \u201c only of interest and profit. \u201d the world for the new england yankee is \u201c no more than a stock exchange. \u201d as to idols, he has but one, and that is, of course, mammon. marx wrote this in 1843, when j. p. morgan was a first grader in hartford, conn., and marcus goldman was peddling goods from a horse - drawn cart in philadelphia. one sees in his rant a precocious anti - americanism that would deform the thinking of the international left for the next 165 years and find full flower, most recently, in the occupy wall street movement. what marx almost assuredly did not know is that 200 years earlier, the very first new englanders had taken a serious stab at the social scheme he was in the process of formulating. plymouth plantation gov. william bradford describes here the outcome of the colony \u2019 s ambitious \u201c from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs \u201d experiment : the experience that was had in this common course and condition, tried sundry years and that amongst godly and sober men, may well evince the vanity of that conceit of plato \u2019 s and other ancients applauded by some of later times ; that the taking away of property and bringing in community into a commonwealth would make them happy and flourishing ; as if they were wiser than god. for this community ( so far as it was ) was found to breed much confusion and discontent and retard much employment that would have been to their benefit and comfort. for the young men, that were most able and fit for labour and service, did repine that they should spend their time and strength to work for other men \u2019 s wives and children without any recompense. the strong, or man of parts, had no more in division of victuals and clothes than he that was weak and not able to do a quarter the other could ; this was thought injustice. the aged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4380340752656558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.331962"} {"text": "and children without any recompense. the strong, or man of parts, had no more in division of victuals and clothes than he that was weak and not able to do a quarter the other could ; this was thought injustice. the aged and graver men to be ranked and equalized in labours and victuals, clothes, etc., with the meaner and younger sort, thought it some indignity and disrespect unto them. and for men \u2019 s wives to be commanded to do service for other men, as dressing their meat, washing their clothes, etc., they deemed it a kind of slavery, neither could many husbands well brook it. upon the point all being to have alike, and all to do alike, they thought themselves in the like condition, and one as good as another ; and so, if it did not cut off those relations that god hath set amongst men, yet it did at least much diminish and take off the mutual respects that should be preserved amongst them. and would have been worse if they had been men of another condition. let none object this is men \u2019 s corruption, and nothing to the course itself. i answer, seeing all men have this corruption in them, god in his wisdom saw another course fitter for them. freed from the theoretical, americans set about creating a distinctive and largely spontaneous commercial culture. self - interest would drive it, and self - control would restrain it. the judeo - christian legacy would inform that self - control and inspire it, but always imperfectly, given the fallen nature of man. the relative absence of external control would allow this dynamic to work itself out and, in the process, forge the most productive industrial enterprise in world history, but the balance between forces would always be a delicate one. on nov. 6, we saw how the mis - education of our children has helped upset that balance. let the re - education begin, and there is no better way to start than by sharing bradford \u2019 s words of wisdom over the thanksgiving dinner table. read more at http : / / www. wnd. com / 2012 / 11 / how - the - p... vzi7owt0q2r. 99", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5002314788588546, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.332904"} {"text": "this post is part of our year - long series, apocalypse 2012, where our favorite futurists, resiliency and disaster experts examine the role of design to help you prepare for... the end? if you asked me what the two most important design tasks at hand for humanity is right now it would be : 1. preserving human habitat 2. creating new habitats for humans the response i often get to these mandates is that the two are mutually exclusive ; that if we preserve our habitat, planet earth, we don ' t need to find a new planet. some might argue that searching for new planets advances unsustainable technologies while simultaneously promoting fatalism with regards to our environment. in other words, the first proposal is proper tree - hugging and the second is dirty, quasi - steampunk. i believe nothing could be further from the truth. it is an astronomical fact that planet earth, in the long run, is doomed regardless of how well we handle the present greenhouse effect and related environmental challenges. secondly, finding alternative habitats will not be feasible if we don ' t overcome present environmental challenges. thirdly, the knowledge needed to terraform planets and to geo - engineer earth is the same. i do think that we need to take our environment in general \u2014 our water and energy supply and global warming specifically \u2014 far more seriously than we do. i also don ' t think that spacefaring plans should diminish our current obligations to the earth ' s environment. within design and innovation we are already exploring the next frontier : innovation that breaks away from resource - dependence, where growth is uncoupled from consumption and product life cycles are prolonged. spacefaring is tougher to deal with because it seems remote ; both physically and in terms of relevance and time. so the stickiest criticism is : \" why invest is space migration now? \" earth isn ' t about to go under and we ' ve got our hands full with other eminent and important stuff : a global financial crisis, epidemiologic disasters and natural catastrophes. well, that might true and there is no clear way of determining the exact right time \u2014 i would however still claim that now is the moment to seize : we are facing a great risk if we choose to postpone a mission for interplanetary exploration. the longer we wait the higher our risk : earth is the only habitat we have. the probability of something going absolutely bonkers \u2014 life being wiped out by an asteroid, giant volcanoes, planetary disaster \u2014 is very low. but the risk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46433470527923715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.339907"} {"text": "the greenhouse effect. it is remote and sort of intangible. one example of someone who is doing something about it is my friend, architect kristian von bengtson. he is a boutique example of a citizen starting a private and autonomous space project. why would a private citizen invest time and money into space exploration? as he explains : before the age of robots and machines, humans were key participants in any exploration. from marco polo to present cave divers, the human presence is seen as the approval of a discovery. human involvement in exploration enables sharing the story of the exploration with the whole world, not only objectively, but perhaps more importantly, subjectively. \" being there \" as humans is important. but since the development of robots we have created augmented senses and presence which is considered just as good these days. the question is, can one argue that humans have been on mars through the use of rovers and landers? there is a big difference between exploration using robots and humans. when nasa landed rovers spirit and opportunity on mars they lasted 100 times longer than anticipated. it was a major achievement. compared with humans, rovers are relatively easy to ship to mars \u2014 machines do not require food and safety. but the two rovers lasting for many years on mars were estimated to have performed exploration work comparable to one human presence on mars for only two weeks. robots do not sense what is important nor do they think rationally or independently. humans are required in any serious exploration if we want to go somewhere seriously with in this matter. in the development phases of human spaceflight, corporations have always turned towards engineers. however, engineers may have a hard time dealing with factors which cannot be added into equations because of irrational behavior in human nature, human needs and \" functionality. \" architects, designers, psychologists and anthropologists are widely used and much required to make it all happen. the integration of machine, mission and humans is a task for these professions to solve. it has been done for many decades with much success and future human exploration calls for more participation from these professions. besides autonomous space projects, a few other things that could be done : - outsourcing some non - core projects to private companies. - revamp national and international projects with a clear goal to bring the human species into space. - change international space law to be in favor of \" messing \" with space. right now space law is in favor of conservationism. - reinforce and communicate the link between environmentalism and spacefaring \u2014 between terraforming and geo - engineering, preserving our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5444350791350951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.342831"} {"text": "international space law to be in favor of \" messing \" with space. right now space law is in favor of conservationism. - reinforce and communicate the link between environmentalism and spacefaring \u2014 between terraforming and geo - engineering, preserving our habitat, earth and finding new ones. in the past, the united states has thrown down the gauntlet of greening the globe and the rest of the world has picked it up. who will be there to seize the mandate of space migration now? jens martin skibsted is a designer, entrepreneur and philosopher, who rose to celebrity status with the instantly iconic biomega bike, which stands for an entirely new sort of urban mobility. for more than a decade, he has helped ambitious companies build products that redefine marketplaces. he ' s the founding partner of biomega, a luxury bicycle manufacturer, and kibisi, a product design consultancy. his bicycle designs live in the permanent collections at the moma, le cnap and sfmoma. a young global leader who spoke about icons at davos 2011, he is a member of index award, world economic forum ' s global agenda council on design innovation, and the danish design council. he is also a guest blogger for fast company. jens martin graduated from esec in paris, uc berkeley and copenhagen university. @ jmskibsted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5658041338268269, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.351952"} {"text": "patient safety is hot topic in healthcare ensuring safe care for patients who require care in the hospital setting has always been an important issue for healthcare providers and institutions, but it has become a front - and - center topic of discussion in recent years. national patient safety awareness week, sponsored by the national patient safety foundation ( www. npsf. org ) is march 3 - 9. southwest health system hospitalist kent aikin, md, says that patient safety is top of mind for nurses, physicians, and all healthcare providers 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year. \" there are many factors to consider related to patient safety, \" said aikin. \" reducing the risk of medication errors is, to me, the number one issue. \" nurses, pharmacists, and doctors have many procedures in place to make sure that each patient receives the medications they are prescribed correctly - the right drug, in the right dosage, at the right time. patients have a role to play in avoiding medication errors, as well, according to aikin. \" when patients are aware and knowledgeable about what they are taking, the chance of them being given the wrong drug or one that will interact negatively with something they ' re taking is greatly reduced, \" he said. it ' s also important for patients to be upfront with nurses and doctors about all medications they take ( including over - the - counter and recreational drugs, vitamins, and supplements ) and to inform healthcare providers about any allergies they have. aikin suggests that everyone, no matter their age or health status, maintain a list of medications they are currently taking, keep it updated, and keep it with them. wallet - sized cards designed for this purpose are available for free at southwest memorial hospital. having a medication list available in the event that emergency department or inpatient hospital treatment is needed allows caregivers to know what medications are currently being taken and to avoid administering duplicate or contraindicated drugs. \" this list is an excellent source of information for healthcare providers, \" said aikin. all too often, he noted, patients will say, for example, that they take a blue pill in the morning and a red pill twice a day. \" there are a lot of red and blue pills out there, \" he said. hospitalized patients can be proactive in reducing their risk of receiving an incorrect medication by being vocal. \" patients should feel comfortable asking nurses what ' s being administered each time they ' re being given a medication, \" said aikin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4462171407947365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.360275"} {"text": "\" he said. hospitalized patients can be proactive in reducing their risk of receiving an incorrect medication by being vocal. \" patients should feel comfortable asking nurses what ' s being administered each time they ' re being given a medication, \" said aikin. doing so helps raise awareness and keeps everyone on their toes. patients who are admitted to the hospital should bring their current medication bottles with them ; however, in almost all cases those drugs will be administered by nursing staff over the course of the stay. \" so many medications can interact that we need to have control over what patients are taking while they ' re in our care, \" said aikin. preventing hospital - acquired infections is another important patient safety goal, and one that is getting a lot of attention due to a rise of antibiotic - resistant \" super bugs. \" fortunately, this has not been a significant problem locally because hospital staff are trained and regularly re - trained in techniques to help prevent the spread of infections. hand washing is the most important activity that anyone can do to prevent infection. here again, patients can take an active role in ensuring their safety while in the hospital. \" patients should be bold and ask each nurse and doctor whether they ' ve washed their hands before administering treatment, \" said aikin. \" patients may be reluctant to do this, but hospital staff expect to be asked and we encourage it. \" because hospitalized patients are ill and more susceptible to getting infections, it ' s important for friends and family not to visit if they themselves are not feeling well. when visitors do call on patients in the hospital, they should wash their hands before and after the visit or use the hand sanitizer that is available in wall dispensers all around the building. another step that hospital staff members take to keep patients safe is asking them their name and date of birth and checking their hospital id bracelet frequently. this may seem redundant to patients but the procedure ensures that mrs. jones is not taken down for an x - ray that was ordered for mrs. smith who is in the room across the hall, and that patients are given the correct medications and even the correct meal trays. one simple step that patients can take while they ' re in the hospital to ensure their own safety is to tell nurses and doctors if they experience any new symptoms or significant change in the way they ' re feeling. patients know their bodies better than anyone and clear communication with healthcare providers is an important factor in safety, quality care, and positive clinical outcomes. southwest health notes is a public service feature provided by southwest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41922718875891485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.363655"} {"text": "a schoolmate nitin would introduce himself with the line : \" i ' m nitin, the same backwards and forwards \". however cheesy that may be, at least it gave a mnemonic - people didn ' t forget his palindromic name in a hurry. palindromes are words or phrases that read the same in either direction. words like mum, deed, refer, the famous long one malayalam. phrases like nurses run and madam i ' m adam and so many dynamos. when a palindrome appears in a cryptic puzzle, the clue will often make use of its same - both - ways attribute in the wordplay. times sunday 4312 : it swivels up and down ( 7 ) ft 13124 ( mudd ) : flat food turned over just the same ( 4 ) times 24250 : standard that may be raised to no effect ( 5 ) guardian 24502 ( orlando ) : witnesses going up and down ( 4 ) - the word \" palindrome \" is derived from the greek palindromos, meaning \" running back \" ( palin = back + dromos = running ). - other than the traditional palindrome which has character - by - character symmetry, variants such as these are also classed as palindromes : - word - unit palindrome : a phrase / sentence with symmetry of words rather than letters. e. g. fall leaves after leaves fall. - mirrored palindrome : a graphically reversible sequence. e. g. wow, bid. a traditional palindrome is not necessarily mirrored ( e. g. did is not a mirrored palindrome ). - the shishupala vadha, an epic sanskrit poem composed by magha in the 8th century, has a stanza which is palindromic not just forwards and backwards but also up and down. read more here. - the guardian carried a palindrome - themed puzzle by araucaria a few months ago. check it out here : guardian 24587. - if you are afraid of palindromes, you ' re suffering from aibohphobia according to wikipedia ' s list of jocular phobias ( and if you ' re really possessed by this fear then don ' t learn this word as it is itself a palindrome ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5815202174002738, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.369596"} {"text": "before letting a child play at a playground, you should check it out yourself to make sure it ' s safe. even if you determine that it is, if there are several children using it, there ' s always the possibility of injury. the most common playground injury is from a fall, so make sure the surface is relatively soft, especially around equipment. mulch, shredded bark, and wood chips are preferable to grass and earth, which can be hard, and of course to concrete or asphalt. the area should be clear of broken glass, bottles, cans, and other debris ( duh - bree ). the equipment itself should be firmly anchored into the ground, and screws and bolts shouldn ' t be loose or exposed. in particular, slides should be shaded, especially if they ' re metal, and be rust - free. monkey bars should be used only by children older than five, and the surface underneath should be soft to cushion falls. seesaws should be used by children of approximately the same age or weight, with something placed under the seat, such as a rubber tire, to cushion the impact of hitting the ground. check swings for frayed ropes or chain - links in which fingers can get caught. children under five should use only chair swings. even if they play on equipment in good condition, children can be injured if they don ' t use it safely, so take the time to go over the proper ways of using it, as well as proper etiquette toward other kids.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3945345010404123, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.385822"} {"text": "- story ideas - send corrections if the idea of sitting on the ice trying to get a fish to bite doesn \u2019 t appeal to you or cross country skiing hasn \u2019 t flipped your switch, don \u2019 t give in and stay inside with the clicker in your hand. instead get outdoors and take a look around. specifically keep an eye on the ground and those tracks you see in the snow. you don \u2019 t have to go far to begin see tracks from the tiny spine - like ones birds make, to the smaller, squirrel - size impressions. your backyard is a good place to start. similar to bird watching because you are trying to identify what you see, the exceptions are no binoculars are needed and being absolutely quiet isn \u2019 t required. training yourself to be observant and see not only the tracks but also details within those tracks and any other information with or around the track such as droppings or scat, pieces of fur or feathers. seeing more detail comes in handy for all sorts of hunting including mushrooms, asparagus, and some wild berries. sometimes you \u2019 ll see deer tracks on one side of a path but not on the path itself. take a closer look around. you \u2019 ll probably discover them on the opposite side of the trail. before going out to look for tracks consider taking a notebook, pen or pencil and camera to help identify what you are tracking. a ruler is another good piece of equipment to measure tracks. to identify tracks, draw it in your notebook or take a picture of it. pay attention to what the track is showing you. for instance is it round or long, is there more than one track, and can you tell if there are any pads or toenails in the track? draw a picture of the track in your notebook and take a picture to refer to later. are there any other tracks with it or nearby? pay attention to where you find tracks. are they near the birdfeeder, around that brush pile you are meaning to clean up in the spring or from under your garden shed? there are many excellent field guides on animal tracks that make really good references. another place to begin and have fun is to take the online quiz to identify animal tracks. you can find it by visiting www. dnr. wi. gov / eek. give it a try. it \u2019 s fun. you \u2019 ll have fun kicking tires and checking out the 275 units and 50 brands of motorhomes, travel trailers, pop ups fifth wheels, and toy haulers at the 47th annual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4590801899528135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.436796"} {"text": "eek. give it a try. it \u2019 s fun. you \u2019 ll have fun kicking tires and checking out the 275 units and 50 brands of motorhomes, travel trailers, pop ups fifth wheels, and toy haulers at the 47th annual detroit camper and rv show at the suburban collection showplace in novi, feb., 6 - 10. if you are in the market for an rv to use this camping season, this is a good place to see lots of them without having to go far. and many manufactures offer rebates and show prices to buyers. booths selling parts and accessories, on - site rv financing, rv rentals and campground information are some of the features at this show. race fans will want to enter to win the ultimate mis race experience package from michigan international speedway. includes tickets, camping and vip access ( valued at nearly $ 3, 000 ). coupons are available at www. marvac. org, big boy restaurants, and in area newspapers. visit one of the 20 metro detroit napa auto parts stores for your discount admission coupon. with this special coupon, all consumers can get $ 1 off any adult or senior admission. what? the 47th annual detroit camper & rv show will be held in novi at the suburban collection showplace. when? feb. 6 - 10. weekday hours are 2 - 9 p. m., saturday 11 a. m. - 9 p. m. and sunday 11 a. m. - 6 p. m. the cost for adult admission ( ages 13 and up ) is $ 9 ; senior admission is $ 8 ; children ages 12 and under are admitted free. other? for more information call ( 517 ) 349 - 8881 or visit www. marvac. org. a coupon is available at www. marvac. org, and big boy restaurants. visit a napa auto parts stores for your discount admission coupon. with this special coupon, all consumers can get $ 1 off any adult or senior admission. this year \u2019 s great backyard bird count is from feb. 15 - 16. bird watchers nationwide are expected to participate. this is as easy as sitting in your rocking chair and watching birds for 15 minutes, adding up the numbers of each species you see and reporting the findings on www. birdcount. org. a joint project of the cornell lab of ornithology and audubon, with canadian partner bird studies canada, bird observations are welcome from parks, gardens, wetlands,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41268018552198604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.442502"} {"text": "you see and reporting the findings on www. birdcount. org. a joint project of the cornell lab of ornithology and audubon, with canadian partner bird studies canada, bird observations are welcome from parks, gardens, wetlands, and backyards. this four - day count typically receives sightings from tens of thousands of people reporting more than 600 bird species in the united states and canada alone. \u201c we \u2019 re eager to see how many of the world \u2019 s 10, 240 bird species will be reported during the count this year, \u201d said cornell lab director john fitzpatrick. \u201c we \u2019 re looking forward to this historic snapshot of birds that that will be reported from around the world. we need as many people as possible to help build the wealth of data that scientists need to track the health of bird populations through time. \u201d no experience is necessary to join the count. \u201c this count is so much fun because anyone can take part, whether you are an expert, novice, or feeder watcher, \u201d said gary langham, audubon \u2019 s chief scientist. participating is easy. to learn more about how to join the count, get bird id tips, plus downloadable instructions, web buttons, and flyers, visit www. birdcount. org. the count also includes a photo contest and a prize drawing for participants who enter at least one bird checklist online. portions of the gbbc site are also now available in spanish at www. contandoaves. org. roger beukema writes a weekly outdoors column for journal register newspapers. email him at email @ example. com and read his blog at theoaklandpress. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40840421148871026, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.447758"} {"text": "definitions for great lakes water withdrawal registration for purposes of implementing the great lakes water conservation and management act, the following definitions are applicable for registering water withdrawals and losses. - facility is one or more pieces of water withdrawal equipment at the same site, including but not limited to any place of business, farm, factory, industrial or commercial site, institution, structure, open land, vessel, or rolling stock, where water is withdrawn for any purpose. - agriculture is the practice of farming on a farm for crops, plants, vines and trees ; and the keeping, grazing or feeding of livestock for sale as livestock or livestock products. - farm is an agricultural business that may be composed of up to 25 non - contiguous parcels of land within a radius of 40 miles that are under the ownership or control of the same person. - water withdrawal is a withdrawal of surface or ground water from the great lakes basin of 100, 000 gallons per day averaged over 30 consecutive days. - water loss means the consumptive use of great lakes water, or the diversion of water out of the great lakes basin, or both. - consumptive use is a use of water that results in a failure to return any portion of the amount withdrawn to the great lakes basin. - interbasin diversion is a transfer of water out of the great lakes basin through any mechanism such as a pipe or canal and including a change in ground water flow caused by pumping. - great lakes basin is shown in a map along with a list of basin communities in appendix a of the great lakes water withdrawal registration program handbook.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5139619314134831, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.450930"} {"text": "the benefits of exercise are many, from producing physically fit bodies to providing an outlet for fun and socialization. when added to a weight control program these benefits take on increased significance. we already have noted that proper exercise can help control weight by burning excess body fat. it also has two other body - trimming advantages : 1 ) exercise builds muscle tissue and muscle uses calories up at a faster rate than body fat and 2 ) exercise helps reduce inches and a firm, lean body looks slimmer even if your weight remains the same. additional benefits may be seen in how exercise affects appetite. a lean person in good shape may eat more following increased activity, but the regular exercise will burn up the extra calories consumed. there are other physical benefits of regular exercise as well. regular physical activity helps you feel better because it : \u2022 increases your strength, movement, balance, and flexibility. \u2022 helps control blood pressure and blood sugar. \u2022 helps build healthy bones, muscles, and joints. \u2022 helps your heart and lungs work better. \u2022 boosts energy during the day and may aid in sleep at night. the psychological benefits of exercise are equally important to the weight conscious person. exercise decreases stress and relieve tensions that might otherwise lead to overeating. \u2022 exercise builds physical fitness which in turn builds self - confidence, enhanced self - image, and a positive outlook. when you start to feel good about yourself, you are more likely to want to make other positive changes in your lifestyle that will help keep your weight under control. \u2022 in addition, exercise can be fun, provide recreation and offer opportunities for companionship. the exhilaration and emotional release of participating in sports or other activities are a boost to mental and physical health. pent - up anxieties and frustrations seem to disappear when you \u2019 re concentrating on going that extra mile.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45508622199691545, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.458633"} {"text": "washington, d. c. \u2014 the bank of america and several smaller banks recently announced they will impose monthly fees on customers for using their debit cards. the move prompted howls of protest, including ones from senate majority whip richard durbin, d - ill., who took to the senate floor to encourage customers to remove their money from banks that raise fees. that a sitting senator would encourage a bank run at any time, much less when the economy is in a precarious state, is remarkable in itself \u2014 and an indication of the political heat generated by the new bank fees. so let ' s shed some light on how to think about them. no customer wants to pay new fees for any product or service he already receives. why are these banks taking such an unpopular step and dinging their customers $ 3, $ 4, or $ 5 a month? it ' s important to note that no one can say he didn ' t see it coming, least of all durbin. when congress pushed through its big financial reform package last year, it included price controls on the so - called \" swipe fees \" banks can charge merchants for the use of debit cards in retail transactions. these fees are one way that banks make money. the swipe fees had nothing to do with the crisis that triggered the broader financial reform measure. so why did congress include these price caps? durbin and other supporters of the measure were aiming to help friends in the retailing industry, who don ' t like paying the fees. before the law passed, the banks informed durbin that imposition of the controls would likely lead them to raise prices for other services. but the price caps passed despite this warning. and so banks have done exactly as they said they would do \u2014 raise fees elsewhere to make up for the lost revenue \u2014 estimated at over $ 6 billion. what should consumers receiving notices from their banks about increased fees think of all this? banks are not the most popular institutions these days, but they can hardly be faulted for raising fees in one area of their business after congress imposed price caps in another. this is not the first time washington has experimented with price controls to ill effect. price controls were advanced by policymakers to regulate the airline, telecommunications, and trucking industries, among others. in the 1970s, caps on gasoline prices were imposed by the nixon administration. this led to shortages and long lines at filling stations. americans were outraged. indeed, price controls are one of the most pernicious kinds of government regulation. in an ironic twist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38269481475332107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.474881"} {"text": "the 1970s, caps on gasoline prices were imposed by the nixon administration. this led to shortages and long lines at filling stations. americans were outraged. indeed, price controls are one of the most pernicious kinds of government regulation. in an ironic twist, they often lead to higher consumer prices over time because they build inefficiencies into economic transactions and decision - making that end up costing consumers more money. this is a key reason policymakers largely abandoned the use of price controls after the country ' s painful experiences with them in the 1970s. those who fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it, the saying goes, and it looks like we ' re repeating the mistakes of the 1970s. public ire today should be directed as it was back then \u2014 at washington policymakers interfering with the market ' s price mechanism. the good news is a bipartisan effort is channeling some of that public outrage in a productive manner. rep. jason chaffetz, a republican of utah, and rep. bill owens, a democrat from new york, have sponsored legislation to repeal to durbin price controls. but they face an uphill battle. large retailers like the price caps. and some policymakers like having banks as a convenient public villain. the loser if the price controls remain is the average bank customer who will likely see less innovation, worse service and higher prices over time than he otherwise would. nick schulz is editor of american. com and a fellow at the american enterprise institute. - letters : move to the center 37 - letters : founders ' values 34 - dan liljenquist : irs scandal is an... 32 - richard davis : abortion laws should... 29 - letters : dismantle irs 25 - commentary claims liberals are shocked... 21 - in our opinion : utah ' s caucus system... 20 - white house press corps has been turned... 19", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.423514159350768, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.476601"} {"text": "the word diwali has its origin from the sanskrit word \" deepavali \" which means \" rows of light \". diwali is the festival that falls on the night of \u201c amavasya \u201d ( no moon ) but the \u201c diyas \u201d we light gives us the message of spreading light and driving the darkness away. on diwali day, shops are packed with people buying fire crackers ; mothers are busy preparing special dishes for family feasts. late evening is the time for a special pooja at home, and illuminating the houses with rows of oil lamps, candles and colourful lanterns. each day of the festival has a significance in life - balipadyami - \u201c truth alone wins \u201d healthy eating is not about strict nutrition philosophies, staying unrealistically thin, or depriving yourself of the foods you love. rather, it \u2019 s about feeling great, having more energy, and keeping yourself as healthy as possible. as the saying goes \u201c truth alone wins \u201d, it \u2019 s mostly the kind of food that makes the person you are. here are a few ways to eat healthy - - eat enough calories but not too many - eat a wide variety of foodsespecially vegetables and fruits - keep portions moderate, especially high - calorie foods - don \u2019 t be the food police, you can enjoy your favorite sweets and fried foods in moderation - an excellent way to add healthy sweetness to your meals is by using sweet vegetables like sweet potatoes or yams and reduce your craving for other sweets naraka chaturdashi - \" burn the evil \" burning the evil need not be burning the idols of evil powered gods only. this can be about burning evil thoughts in our minds and the unhealthy foods that have made their way into our lives. let \u2019 s make a conscious effort to give up the unhealthy eating pattern - - do not rush through your meals. take time to chew your food slowly, savoring every bite \u2026 reconnect with the joy of eating. - avoid stress while eating. try taking some deep breaths prior to beginning your meal, or light candles and play soothing music to create a relaxing atmosphere. - listen to your body ; ask yourself if you are really hungry. it actually takes a few minutes for your brain to tell your body that it has had enough food, so eat slowly. - start your day with a healthy breakfast to jumpstart your metabolism. - eating small, healthy meals throughout the day can help you ward off", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.489435362411777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.614181"} {"text": "a few minutes for your brain to tell your body that it has had enough food, so eat slowly. - start your day with a healthy breakfast to jumpstart your metabolism. - eating small, healthy meals throughout the day can help you ward off snack attacks. lakshmi pooja - \" wealth is worship \" life is not merely to be alive but to be healthy and wealthy. a spanish proverb says \" a man who is too busy to take care of his health is like a mechanic too busy to take care of his tools \". health and wealth decides the quality of life we lead. if you want to lead a happy life, wealth and health are both important. here is a gentle reminder of all the wonderful benefits of healthy eating - - a long life is worth living only when there \u2019 s quality, and good eating patterns provide a good quality of life - happiness need not be temporary, but can be a permanent one. by eating healthy foods you ' ll suffer less from those terrible ups and downs that make you moody - vitality can be achieved by healthy eating along with exercise - the better you sleep, the more rested you feel when you wake up sesame seed ( til ) - khoya laddu 2 cups khoya 1 1 / 2 cups of coarsely powdered roasted sesame seeds ( til ) powdered sugar to taste kesar, chopped almonds and pistas for decoration - roast the khoya on low flame till it is very light golden yellow in color. - let it cool for a few minutes. - then add coarsely powdered roasted sesame seeds and mix it. - add powdered sugar when the above mixture is luke warm. - mix well and shape into small balls. if the mixture is too hot, then the sugar will melt, so care has to be taken that mixture is not hot. - arrange in a plate and decorate with kesar, chopped almonds and pistas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4744406667276449, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.623930"} {"text": "the cactus moth, cactoblastis cactorum is native to northern argentina and parts of peru and paraguay. it was introduced into the caribbean islands in the 1960 \u2019 s to control several ( native ) prickly - pear cactus ( opuntia ) species ( simonson 2005 ). in 1989 the cactus moth was discovered to have spread to southern florida. the moth probably entered the united states more than once ( simonsen et al. 2008 ) - either on winds from nearby caribbean islands or on imported cactus plants. in the 20 years since, the cactus moth has spread up the peninsula as far north as coastal south carolina and west along the shore of the gulf of mexico. ( there are both native prickly pear cacti and ornamental cacti throughout the southeast. ) in 2009, it was detected growing on spoil islands in the swamps of southern louisiana. the cactus moth can kill most prickly pear cacti ( genus opuntia ), in particular those species that have flat pads. in florida, the cactus moth has already caused considerable harm to the six species of vulnerable prickly pears ( garrett 2004 ), three of which are state listed. in some places, 75 % of the prickly pear cacti have been attacked by the moth, with small individuals at greatest risk of death from these attacks ( johnson and stiling 1998, baker and stiling 2009 ). most of the peninsula from gainesville south is now infested ( usda aphis 2009a ). the greatest threat is to the deserts of the american southwest - from texas to california - and mexico. these deserts are home to 114 native species of opuntia ( aphis 2009b ), about 80 of which are flat - padded species vulnerable to the cactus moth ( simonson et al. 2005 ). in the difficult desert environment, prickly pears are a nutritious and reliable food supply for many wildlife species, including deer, javalina ( peccaries ), texas and desert tortoises, spiny iguana, and pollen - feeding insects. prickly pears provide shelter for packrats - which in turn are eaten by raptors, coyotes, and snakes ; and for nesting birds including the cactus wren and curve - billed thrasher. the cacti also are nurse plants, under which other desert plants ' seedlings may start life. finally, the prickly pears ' root systems hold the highly erodible soils ( simonson 2005 ). the economic consequences of loss of prickly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4584662455271466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.642789"} {"text": "it has continued to move westward - to petit bois and horn islands, mississippi in 2008 ; and the swamps and bayous southwest of new orleans. the louisiana outbreaks were detected in may 2009 \u2013 probably 4 years after the moth arrived there. these swamps are more than 50 miles farther west than the mississippi islands. ( usda aphis 2009a ). there would be smaller potential economic losses in the u. s. depending on what species, if any, expand into areas where the prickly pear cacti were formerly abundant, losses could include reduced revenue from licensed hunting opportunities. in south texas, higher rents are received for ranchland leased for hunting than for cattle production ( garrett 2004 ). ecotourism in the southwest would probably also be harmed by widespread death of prickly - pear cacti. just one form of such recreation, off - highway vehicle recreation, resulted in expenditure of $ 3 billion in arizona alone in 2002 \u2013 with a statewide economic impact of $ 4. 25 billion ( simonson 2005 ). while the louisiana detection was a discouraging setback, researchers taking part in the program review in december 2009 still believed that it is possible to create a barrier to halt further westward spread of the moth by aggressively applying control tactics at the leading edge and managing hot spot infestation to the east of that line. since there are few cacti in st. mary parish or the atchafalaya swamp, this area might be a good barrier to westward movement ; intensive surveys will be needed to verify this approach. increased funding might enable the program to push the leading edge back to the east, where a better location for the barrier might be the apalachicola river in florida ( usda aphis 2009a ). the moth is spreading much faster along the coast ( approximately 75 miles per year ) than inland ( even in florida ). it will probably move inland faster in tx where cactus density is high throughout the state ( usda aphis 2009a ). the primary tools for managing the moth at this time are removal of infested host material, limited herbicide treatment to kill cacti, and release of sterile moths ( sit ). monitoring and survey efforts depend on pheromone - baited sticky traps and visual inspections of host plants ( usda aphis 2009a ). the attractant currently used in the cactus moth lure works, but not for long distances. another weakness is that it attracts a significant number of non - target moths ( usda aphis 2009a ). improving the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4007901122765244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.646673"} {"text": "areas using either complete removal of all cactus hosts ( isla mujeres, mexico and ft. morgan, al ), or sanitation to reduce the moth population accompanied by sterile insect releases ( isla contoy, mexico ). host plant removal was possible where plants could be accessed by vehicles and machinery, and homeowners and officials were comfortable with removing the plants. sanitation and the sit were used in protected areas where only limited plant removal was allowed and the plants difficult to access. in order to eradicate cc in la, an integrated approach focusing on sanitation, host plant removal and sit with other control methods utilized on a case by case basis ( usda aphis 2009a ). once the cactus moth reaches texas and the southwest, biocontrol would be the only probable strategy. most predators currently known are generalists so they are unsuitable for release. one candidate appears to be a specialist - the braconid larval - pupal parasitoid apanteles alexanderi ; host specificity testing was begun in 2010 in argentina and puerto rico ( strickman 2010 ). us mainland cactus - feeding moths are poorly known so they will be hard to capture and test for vulnerability to the parasitoid. trichogramma pretiosum, a hymenopteran egg parasitoid, has been found parasitizing the cactus moth in the u. s. ( paraiso et al. 2009 ). while these wasps are available commercially, they offer little promise because they are not host specific and the level of parasitism is normally very low. the usda program has been hampered from its beginning by insufficient funding from unstable sources. there has never been an appropriation by congress for this work. the usda agriculture research service and animal and plant health inspection service have absorbed more than $ 9 million in costs since 2001. mexico has provided $ 1. 4 million. florida department of agriculture and consumer services, mississippi state university, and the u. s. geological survey ( department of interior ) have also participated in cactus moth control work. in 2009 aphis amended its regulations to ensure that opuntia cactus nursery stock moved from infested states in the southeastern united states would not spread the cactus moth ( federal register vol. 74 no. 108 [ june 8, 2009 ], pp. 27071 - 27076 ). the cactus moth has also been introduced to mexico. in august 2006, it was discovered on isla mujeres, offshore from quintana roo, in southeastern mexico. a second outbreak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4534390364644182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.648715"} {"text": ", pp. 27071 - 27076 ). the cactus moth has also been introduced to mexico. in august 2006, it was discovered on isla mujeres, offshore from quintana roo, in southeastern mexico. a second outbreak on isla contoy was detected in may 2007. these populations have been eradicated with the help of usda aphis ( aphis 2009 ). baker, a. j. and p. stiling. 2009. comparing the effects of the exotic cactus - feeding moth, cactoblastis cactorum ( berg ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) and the native cactus - feeding moth, melitara prodenialis ( walker ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) on two species of florida opuntia. biol. invasions 11 : 619 - 624. garrett, l. 2004. usda aphis ppq cphst. white paper : economic impact from spread of cactoblastis cactorum in the united states. johnson, d. m. and p. d. stiling. 1998. distribution and dispersal of cactoblastis cactorum ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ), an exotic opuntia - feeding moth in florida. florida entomol. 81 : 12 - 21 paraiso, o., kairo, m., bloem, s., hight, s. d. 2009. survey for egg parasitoids attacking cactoblastis cactorum in north florida. meeting abstract simonsen, t. j., r. l. brown, and f. a. h. sperling. 2008. tracing an invasion : phylogeography of cactoblastis cactorum ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) in the united states based on mitochondrial dna. ann. entomol. soc. am. 101 ( 5 ) : 899 - 905 ( 2008 ) simonson, s. e., t. j. stohlgren, l. tyler, w. gregg, r. muir, and l. garrett. 2005. preliminary assessment of the potential impacts and risks of the invasive cactus moth, cactoblastis cactorum berg, in the u. s. and mexico. final report to the international atomic energy agency, april 25, 2005 \u00a9 iaea 2005 soberon j, golubov j, sarukhan j ( 2001 ) the importance of opuntia in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4259784813599128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.649531"} {"text": "a digital preservation program exists within an organizational context and as such must fit the needs, priorities, and resources of that organization. the core of a digital preservation program is a digital preservation system. this tutorial focuses on the organizational context for a digital preservation program and has as its foundation two key documents that have emerged from the digital preservation community. the first document is trusted digital repositories : attributes and responsibilities ( tdr ), produced by the research libraries group ( rlg ) and oclc. tdr defines the organizational context for a digital preservation program. tdr embraces oais and demonstrates what adhering to oais will mean for an institution. the second document is the reference model for an open archival information system ( oais ), produced by an international group of digital preservation researchers and practitioners convened by the nasa consultative committee for space data systems ( ccsds ). oais is an iso standard ( iso 14721 : 2003 ) that provides the functional framework for sustaining digital objects in managed repositories. oais has been adopted as the foundation for many important digital preservation initiatives, and incorporates definitions and relationships between participants and the component parts of an archival information system. oais defines what is needed but not how to build it. currently, ccsds has updated oais using input from the user community. this update is ccsds 650. 0 m 2. you could say that the tdr is primarily organizational and the oais primarily technological, but the two must work in concert for a digital preservation program to be successfully planned and implemented. organizations have tended to focus on the technology \u2014 and more often on their fear of the technology \u2014 though there are many organizational pieces that need to be in place, including policies, procedures, and sustainable resources. here we present the two foundation documents in some detail with a special emphasis on preservation metadata and then discuss how they fit together to provide a starting point for cultural organizations wishing to establish a digital preservation repository.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5536750516158315, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.653544"} {"text": "concrete examples of orderings last week, i noted that if you have an object with two components, each of which you know how to order independently, it requires at least a little thought to figure out how to do so. moreover, there is a commonly used strategy, often called lexicographical order or dictionary order, for taking the ordering strategies for individual components and combining them. the c + + library is considerate enough to implement dictionary ordering for its users in ( at least ) three places. the first is the std : : pair template, which defines the six comparison operators in terms of the corresponding operators of the pair ' s components. specifically, pair ( x1, y1 ) < pair ( x2, y2 ) is defined as x1 < x2 | | (! ( x2 < x1 ) & & y2 < y1 ) note that this definition is careful to use only < on components, not > or = =. part of its technique for doing so rests on the fact that the comparison x2 < x1 can take place only when it has already been established that x1 < x2 is false, so that! ( x2 < x1 ) is really a clever way of saying x2 = = x1 without using = = or! =. pair ( x1, y1 ) = = pair ( x2, y2 ) is defined as x1 = = x2 & & y1 = = y2 this definition is careful to use only = = to define = = on pairs. you might think that the other four comparison operators would be defined in terms of the corresponding operators on the component, but you would be wrong. instead, pair ( x1, y1 ) > pair ( x2, y2 ) is defined as pair ( x2, y2 ) < pair ( x1, y1 ) pair ( x1, y1 )! = pair ( x2, y2 ) is defined as! ( pair ( x1, y1 ) = = pair ( x2, y2 ) ) pair ( x1, y1 ) < = pair ( x2, y2 ) is defined as! ( pair ( x1, y1 ) > pair ( x2, y2 ) ) pair ( x1, y1 ) > = pair ( x2, y2 ) is defined as! ( pair ( x1, y1 ) < pair ( x2, y2 ) ) the underlying principles are easy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6018810360315462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.658896"} {"text": "y2 ) ) pair ( x1, y1 ) > = pair ( x2, y2 ) is defined as! ( pair ( x1, y1 ) < pair ( x2, y2 ) ) the underlying principles are easy to understand once explained : - the pair template never depends on more than the = = and < operations on the components. - order relations are defined entirely in terms of other order relations. - equality relations are defined entirely in terms of other equality relations. - if the element types have relations defined that meet the library requirements, then the resulting relations on pairs will also meet the library requirements. as a generalization of pair, the library tuple template also implements the six comparison operators in terms of < and = = on the tuple ' s elements. like tuple does not reply on the other four comparison operators on elements. the third place where the library implements dictionary order is in the lexicographical _ compare algorithm. this algorithm accepts two pairs of iterators, each of which defines a range of elements, and uses an extended version of this comparison procedure to compare the sequences : - if both sequences have the same length and every element is equal to the corresponding element of the other sequence, the two sequences are considered equal. this case holds even if both sequences are empty. - if one sequence is a prefix of the other, the shorter sequence is considered less than the other. - otherwise, the result of the comparison is the result of comparing the elements that make up the first discrepancy between the sequences. this function offers an easy way to define sequence comparison in terms of element comparison when all the elements have the same type. unless there is a good reason to do otherwise, one ' s first thought about how to define comparison between two data structures should probably be to compare the data structure ' s elements along the lines that we ' ve been discussing. the main mistake that beginners make is to believe that it is possible to define pair ( x1, y1 ) < pair ( x2, y2 ) as something such as x1 < x2 & & y1 < y2, which doesn ' t work. there is another pitfall in defining comparison relations : sometimes the obvious way of comparing individual elements doesn ' t always work. we ' ll look at some examples of that pitfall next week.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5650307329025555, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.661562"} {"text": "how to ask for and understand directions in japanese 7 of 10 in series : the essentials of japanese words and phrases for traveling exploring japan can be quite an adventure, but you need to know how to ask for directions in japanese and how to understand the directions you are given. after all, if you don ' t know how to understand what you ' re told, you might miss the very things you hoped to see. the first thing you need to know is how to ask for directions. to get help you can say sumimasen. ( excuse me. ) ; or michi o kiite mo ii desu ka. ( may i ask you for directions? ) ; or tasukete kudasasimasen ka. ( will you help me? ). the following words can be used when asking for or receiving directions in japan. tonari ( next to ) mae ( in front of ) michi ( street, road ) massugu iku ( to go straight ) migi ni magaru ( to turn right ) kosaten o hidari ni magaru ( to turn left at the intersection ) be forewarned. it can be very difficult to find streets and houses based on addresses in japan. an address is usually used to indicate the area of a building rather than its exact location. in fact, most streets are usually not laid out in a grid pattern and most of the time there are no street signs. so, having an address might not be enough information to actually find your destination address. here are some phrases that might come in handy when you need directions. takushi de nan - pun gurai desu ka. ( how many minutes by taxi approximately? ) mo ichido onegaishimasu. ( could you repeat that, please? ) yukkuri onegaishimasu. ( could you speak slower, please? ) chikatetsu de ikemasu ka. ( can we go there by subway? ) try putting some phrases and direction words together. the following conversation is typical of getting and receiving directions in japan. tom : chotto sumimasen. michi o kiite mo ii desu ka. ( excuse me. may i ask you for directions? ) hiro : mochiron. ( of course! ) tom : hoteru wa doko desu ka. ( where is the hotel? ) hiro : daigaku no kita desu. [ ( it ) is north of the university. ] tom : atm wa doko desu ka", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4145002735755927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.665107"} {"text": ": hoteru wa doko desu ka. ( where is the hotel? ) hiro : daigaku no kita desu. [ ( it ) is north of the university. ] tom : atm wa doko desu ka. ( where is the atm? ) hiro : asoko desu. [ ( it ' s ) over there. ] tom : benten to iu resutoran o shirimasen ka. ( do you know the restaurant called benten? ) hiro : hai. daigaku no minami desu. ( yes. ( it ) is south of the university. ) tom : eigakan wa dono tori ni arimasu ka. ( what street is the movie theater on? ) hiro : eigakan wa migi ni arimasu. ( the movie theater is on your right. ) tom : gakko ni wa doyatte iku n - desu ka. ( how do i get to the school? ) hiro : migi ni magatte, hidari no hito - tsu - me no michi desu. ( turn right, and it is the first street on your left. ) tom : sakura hoteru wa doko desu ka. ( where is sakura hotel located? ) hiro : hoteru wa eki no tonari desu. ( the hotel is next to the train station. ) tom : ginko to yubinkyoku no aida desu. [ ( it ) is between the bank and the post office. ] hiro : massugu iku to arimasu. ( go straight and you will find it. ) tom : hakubutsukan wa koko kara toi desu ka. ( is the museum far from here? ) hiro : koko kara hakubutsukan made yaku ichi - kirometoru desu. ( the museum is about one kilometer from here. ) the measurement units used in japan are different than those used in the united states. for expressing the distance between two locations, japanese commonly uses kirometoru ( kilometer ) instead of mile. one kilometer is 0. 621 miles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4512311331847302, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.665849"} {"text": "three use cases ( with one score for each ) \u2014 portrait, landscape, and sports \u2014 report on different aspects of sensor performance. each use case score is associated with one defined image quality metric as defined below : flash studio photography involves a controlled and usually maximal amount of light. even when shooting with hand - held cameras, studio photographers rarely move from the lowest iso setting. what matters most when shooting products or portraits is to aim for the richest color rendition. the best image quality metric that correlates with color depth is color sensitivity. color sensitivity indicates to what degree of subtlety color nuances can be distinguished from one another, often meaning a hit or a miss on a pantone palette. maximum color sensitivity reports, in bits, the number of colors that the sensor is able to distinguish. the higher the color sensitivity, the more color nuances that can be distinguished. as with dynamic range, color sensitivity is greatest when iso speed is minimal, and falls rapidly with rising iso settings. dxo labs has focused on measuring only maximum color sensitivity. a color sensitivity of 22bits is excellent, and differences below 1 bit are barely noticeable. landscape photographers often carefully compose their images and choose the optimal time to shoot. this type of photography commonly involves mounting the camera on a tripod and using the lowest possible iso setting to minimize noise, thus maximizing image quality. unless there is motion, relatively long shutter speeds are not an issue with a tripod. what is paramount is dynamic range, especially because photographers will often aim for detail in high - contrast settings, juxtaposing bright sky with shadowy foliage, mountains, etc. ideally, the dynamic range of the camera should be greater than the dynamic range of the scene, otherwise details in shadows are lost or highlights are burned. dynamic range falls rapidly with higher iso settings, as any analog or digital amplification performed will increase the noise in the darker areas, making it harder to distinguish between fine levels of contrast. maximum dynamic range is the greatest possible amplitude between light and dark details a given sensor can record, and is expressed in evs ( exposure values ) or f - stops, with each increase of 1 ev ( or one stop ) corresponding to twice the amount of light. dynamic range corresponds to the ratio between the highest brightness a camera can capture ( saturation ) and the lowest brightness it can capture ( typically when noise becomes more important than the signal, i. e., a signal - to - noise ratio below 0 db ). a value of 12 ev is excellent, with differences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5528221586691704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.669744"} {"text": "capture ( saturation ) and the lowest brightness it can capture ( typically when noise becomes more important than the signal, i. e., a signal - to - noise ratio below 0 db ). a value of 12 ev is excellent, with differences below 0. 5 ev usually not noticeable. this scale is open, as incoming light is not a bounded quantity. unlike the two previous scenarios in which light is either generous ( studio ) or stability is assured ( landscape ), photojournalists and action photographers often struggle with low available light and high motion. achieving usable image quality is often difficult when pushing iso. when shooting a moving scene such as a sports event, action photographers \u2019 primary objective is to freeze the motion, giving priority to short exposure time. to compensate for the lack of exposure, they have to increase the iso setting, which means the snr will decrease. how far can they go while keeping decent quality? our low - light iso metric will tell them. the snr indicates how much noise is present in an image compared to the actual information ( signal ). the higher the snr value, the better the image looks, because details aren ' t drowned by noise. snr strength is given in db, which is a logarithmic scale : an increase of 6 db corresponds to doubling the snr, which equates to half the noise for the same signal. an snr value of 30db means excellent image quality. thus low - light iso is the highest iso setting for a camera that allows it to achieve an snr of 30db while keeping a good dynamic range of 9 evs and a color depth of 18bits. a difference in low - light iso of 25 % represents 1 / 3 ev and is only slightly noticeable. as cameras improve, low - light iso will continuously increase, making this scale open.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5408582475177754, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.670470"} {"text": "there are some very important things that you need to keep in mind when you ' re on your computer at home or at school. i will talk with my parents so that we can set up rules for going online. we will decide upon the time of day that i can be online, the length of time i can be online, and appropriate areas for me to visit. i will not access other areas or break these rules without their permission. first, remember never to give out personal information such as your name, home address, school name, or telephone number in a chat room or on bulletin boards. also, never send a picture of yourself to someone you chat with on the computer without your parent ' s permission. never write to someone who has made you feel uncomfortable or scared. i will tell my parents right away if i come across any information that makes me feel uncomfortable. i will not respond to any messages that are mean or in any way make me feel uncomfortable. it is not my fault if i get a message like that. if i do i will tell my parents right away so that they can contact the online service. i will never agree to get together with someone i \" meet \" online without first checking with my parents. if my parents agree to the meeting, i will be sure that it is in a public place and bring my mother or father along. tell your parents right away if you read anything on the internet that makes you feel uncomfortable. remember that people online may not be who they say they are. someone who says that \" she \" is a \" 12 - year - old girl \" could really be an older man. social networking sites : safety tips for tweens and teens you \u2019 ve probably learned a long list of important safety and privacy lessons already : look both ways before crossing the street ; buckle up ; hide your diary where your nosy brother can \u2019 t find it ; don \u2019 t talk to strangers. the federal trade commission, the nation \u2019 s consumer protection agency, is urging kids to add one more lesson to the list : don \u2019 t post information about yourself online that you don \u2019 t want the whole world to know. the internet is the world \u2019 s biggest information exchange : many more people could see your information than you intend, including your parents, your teachers, your employer, the police \u2014 and strangers, some of whom could be dangerous. social networking sites have added a new factor to the \u201c friends of friends \u201d equation. by providing information about yourself and using blogs, chat rooms, email, or instant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4727804714425516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.674749"} {"text": ", your employer, the police \u2014 and strangers, some of whom could be dangerous. social networking sites have added a new factor to the \u201c friends of friends \u201d equation. by providing information about yourself and using blogs, chat rooms, email, or instant messaging, you can communicate, either within a limited community, or with the world at large. but while the sites can increase your circle of friends, they also can increase your exposure to people who have less - than - friendly intentions. you \u2019 ve heard the stories about people who were stalked by someone they met online, had their identity stolen, or had their computer hacked. your safety \u2019 s at stake the ftc suggests these tips for socializing safely online : - think about how different sites work before deciding to join a site. some sites will allow only a defined community of users to access posted content ; others allow anyone and everyone to view postings. - think about keeping some control over the information you post. consider restricting access to your page to a select group of people, for example, your friends from school, your club, your team, your community groups, or your family. - keep your information to yourself. don \u2019 t post your full name, social security number, address, phone number, or bank and credit card account numbers \u2014 and don \u2019 t post other people \u2019 s information, either. be cautious about posting information that could be used to identify you or locate you offline. this could include the name of your school, sports team, clubs, and where you work or hang out. - make sure your screen name doesn \u2019 t say too much about you. don \u2019 t use your name, your age, or your hometown. even if you think your screen name makes you anonymous, it doesn \u2019 t take a genius to combine clues to figure out who you are and where you can be found. - post only information that you are comfortable with others seeing \u2014 and knowing \u2014 about you. many people can see your page, including your parents, your teachers, the police, the college you might want to apply to next year, or the job you might want to apply for in five years. - remember that once you post information online, you can \u2019 t take it back. even if you delete the information from a site, older versions exist on other people \u2019 s computers. - consider not posting your photo. it can be altered and broadcast in ways you may not be happy about. if you do post one, ask yourself whether it \u2019 s one your mom would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48149662225961015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.675721"} {"text": "moving toward a \u201c more meatless \u201d diet is all the rage \u2014 just look to former president bill clinton, who \u2019 s been speaking recently about the vegan diet he adopted to help his heart health. i \u2019 m all over moving toward eating less meat too. why? first, i love vegetables, whole grains and beans ( for real ) and feel great when i \u2019 m packing my diet with these plant - based foods. also, as rachael moeller gorman wrote in a recent issue of eatingwell magazine, vegetarian diets often have big benefits for the environment and your health. that said, meat isn \u2019 t evil : it \u2019 s a great source of protein and other nutrients, including iron, a mineral some women fall short on. and the latest 2010 dietary guidelines for americans suggest that \u201c lean meat and poultry \u201d are protein sources that fit into a healthy diet. basically it \u2019 s the fatty cuts of meat that we should be considering what i like to call \u201c sometimes foods. \u201d ( can you tell i have a 3 - year - old? ) here are three compelling reasons why limiting fatty meats is a smart move : 1. saturated fats. the fat in meats are mostly the saturated kinds that could harm your heart. research shows that by eating lean proteins, such as chicken, fish and beans, in place of fattier meats, you \u2019 ll limit saturated fats, which can elevate \u201c bad \u201d ldl cholesterol that leads to plaque buildup in arteries. ( of course, there are other things you can do to reduce your intake of sat fat, too, namely \u2014 replacing butter with olive and canola oils ; selecting nonfat or low - fat milk and yogurt in place of whole - milk versions ; and eating full - fat cheeses sparingly. for more ideas on how to eat, check out these 10 best and worst proteins for your health and the environment. ) 2. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. cooking fatty meats at high temperatures can create toxic compounds called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( pahs ). pahs form when fat drips onto hot coals, creating smoke that settles on food ; these compounds have been associated with increased risk of breast cancer. ( read more on the dangers of cooking meats at high temps here. ) related link : does eating red meat increase a woman \u2019 s risk of breast cancer? 3. dioxins. more than 90 percent of our exposure to dioxins \u2014 a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4536087628416701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.680658"} {"text": "everything children see, hear, and do... from their first breath, shapes the rapidly developing architecture of their brains. the foundation for language, social behavior, problem solving ability, and emotional health will be mostly created by the time they enter kindergarten. community leaders, parents, and concerned citizens in eaton county who understand the vital importance of investing in young children have come together to form our great start collaborative council. everyone is invited to join. the great start collaborative will work to insure that every child in eaton county enters school optimally prepared to learn and grow to the best of his / her ability. agencies, parents, caregivers, and the community commit to providing a supportive environment characterized by respect and by the provision of accessible and coordinated services. 1. all children will be seen and treated as important and valued. 2. the community will support the first years of life because they affect lifelong emotional, social, intellectual, and physical well - being. 3. children will be raised in families where they can experience positive relationships characterized by love and respect. 4. communities will support families to help children successfully learn and grow. 5. the community will help parents access support and information because it directly impacts children. we are pleased to assist you in finding a quality preschool program for your child. if you are interested in enrolling in great start, please visit eaton ' s great start application page : http : / / www. eatongreatstart. org / preschool _ assist. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4742349151604523, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.682290"} {"text": "heart disease is the leading cause of death in america. it ' s important to learn about how you and your family can follow a heart - healthy diet. the key to heart health is eating foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol and sodium, and high in omega - 3 fatty acids and fiber. eating a well - balanced diet will include a combination of whole grains, lean proteins, fruits and vegetables and low - fat dairy. saturated and trans fats are found in some meats, dairy products, baked goods and deep - fried and processed foods. both types of fat raise your ldl \u2013 or \" bad \" \u2013 cholesterol level. instead, eat more plant proteins, fish, poultry and low - fat dairy foods. start cooking with oils high in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat instead of butter, margarine or shortening, which are high in trans fat. switch refined grains, like white rice or bread, with whole - grain options, such as brown rice and 100 - percent whole - grain bread or pasta. throughout the day, sip on water and limit sugary beverages by choosing fat - free milk and 100 - percent fruit juices. next time you are at the grocery store, pick up some of these heart - healthy items : - beans, peas and barley - soybeans, other soy - based foods - fruits and vegetables - salmon, tuna, sardines and mackerel - red grapes and purple grape juice - nuts like almonds, walnuts, pecans and hazelnuts another way to reduce your risk of heart disease is to be active. regular, moderate physical activity lowers blood pressure and helps your body control stress and weight. be physically active in your own way, and start by doing what you can, at least 10 minutes at a time. children and teens should get 60 or more minutes of physical activity per day, and adults should get two hours and 30 minutes per week. encourage your family to take a walk after dinner or play a game of catch or basketball. for more heart - healthy cooking tips and information on reducing your risk for heart disease, consult a registered dietitian in your area. reviewed april 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4409955169120614, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.684733"} {"text": "| accelerating infrastructure innovations | | federal highway administration > publications > focus > october 2001 > the abcs of heat - straightening repair for steel bridges | | october 2001 | | publication number : fhwa - rd - 01 - 068 | the abcs of heat - straightening repair for steel bridges a number of calamities can cause damage to steel bridges, including vehicle impact, earthquake, and fire. while the procedure of heat - straightening has been used sporadically over the past 50 years as a way of correcting this damage, the technique had never been well - documented. to provide guidance to state highway agencies and contractors, the federal highway administration ( fhwa ) released a two cd - rom set, heat - straightening repair for damaged steel bridges : an interactive guide, in 2000 and will be offering specialized training through a series of 2 - day seminars. fhwa has also published a manual, heat - straightening repairs of damaged steel bridges : a technical guide and manual of practice. heat - straightening is a repair process in which a limited amount of heat is applied in specific patterns to the deformed regions of damaged steel in repetitive heating and cooling cycles to produce a gradual straightening of the material. a benefit of using the process is that the repairs generally don ' t require the temporary shoring of the bridge. another benefit is that the process can eliminate or greatly curtail the need for traffic detours. when done properly, the heat - straightening technique is an effective and economical approach that can be used in many damage cases. the same principle can also be applied to the fabrication of new bridges for curving or cambering a girder. the manual of practice and cd - rom provide information on the management and design of heat - straightening repair projects, as well as techniques for using the procedure. the cd also presents a detailed case study of a heat - straightening project on a bridge near lake charles, louisiana. the two - lane bridge crossing on i - 10 had been damaged when equipment on a flatbed tractor - trailer impacted a bridge beam. the repair was designed by a team from louisiana state university and implemented in conjunction with the louisiana department of transportation and development. seminars will be held in little rock, arkansas, on november 27 - 28, 2001, and in crawfordsville, indiana, on december 10 - 11. additional workshops will also be scheduled over the next 2 years. the training programs will cover : workshops were previously held this year in topeka, kansas, and atlanta, georgia. the topeka workshop drew more than 50 attendees, while the atlanta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5057845000613824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.722025"} {"text": "11. additional workshops will also be scheduled over the next 2 years. the training programs will cover : workshops were previously held this year in topeka, kansas, and atlanta, georgia. the topeka workshop drew more than 50 attendees, while the atlanta course attracted nearly 70 participants. \" very useful information was provided in a format that could be understood and applied to what i do at work, \" said attendee steve vaughn of the georgia department of transportation ( dot ). \" it was one of the best fhwa courses that we have had, \" noted paul liles, jr., of the georgia dot. don whisler of the kansas dot says, \" the materials provided will be great tools to use in the future. \" for more information on the workshops or scheduling a training session in your area, or to obtain a copy of the cd - rom, contact krishna verma, senior welding engineer at fhwa, 202 - 366 - 4601 ( fax : 202 - 366 - 3077 ; email : firstname. lastname @ example. org ). more information, including a link for downloading the heat - straightening manual, can also be found on the web at www. fhwa. dot. gov / bridge / heat. htm. united states department of transportation - federal highway administration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46233566010061267, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.722717"} {"text": "webmd medical news daniel j. denoon laura j. martin, md april 8, 2011 - - what does a government shutdown mean for our health? here ' s webmd ' s faq, with answers to questions from webmd readers and staff. most government health services are administered by the department of health and human services. during the government shutdown, 62 % of hhs employees will not be allowed to work. the remaining 38 % of hhs employees will continue to administer programs that involve the safety of human life and protection of property, as well as programs that pay for themselves. hhs shutdown plans remain sketchy, but here ' s a rundown of how the shutdown affects hhs services : the veterans administration is a major source of government supported health care. here ' s how the shutdown affects the va : other non - hhs health services affected by the government shutdown include : probably not. however, closing of most of the fda means that there will be less drug - safety oversight. cutbacks at the centers for medicare and medicaid services mean the popular cms hotline will have longer wait times, and investigations of medicare / medicaid fraud will be suspended. dialysis is a life - saving medical procedure. dialysis centers will not be closed, and patients whose dialysis is supported by medicare will continue to receive services. government health insurance will remain in effect. social security itself is not affected by the government shutdown, as it is funded separately. but some government employees who administer social security will be furloughed. this likely means that processing of new social security applications will slow down, and there will be longer wait times to speak with social security personnel. sources : scott wolfson, director, public information office, consumer product safety commission. department of health and human services : \" contingency staffing plan for operations in the absence of enacted annual appropriations, \" april 7, 2011. usds food safety and inspection service : \" operations plan for absence of appropriations, \" april 7, 2011. department of veterans affairs : \" va contingency plan : agency operations in the absence of appropriations, \" april 8, 2011. u. s. office of personnel management : \" the potential impact of a lapse in appropriations on federal employees, \" april 7, 2011. u. s. department of agriculture contingency plans. office of management and budget : \" agency contingency plans. \" here are the most recent story comments. view all the views expressed here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43300480459633695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.736716"} {"text": "high speed research car t - 16 in november, 2000, the federal railroad administration ( fra ) began operating high speed research car t - 16 to investigate methods for providing a safer and smoother ride for passenger and freight trains traveling at higher speeds. fra ' s office of research and development uses t - 16 to study the dynamics of wheel - rail behavior, to investigate methods for improving track inspection, and to assess potential high speed rail corridors. t - 16 also assists amtrak, local and regional commuter authorities, and individual railroads in assessing their routes. t - 16 is a former amtrak metroliner passenger car which was refurbished and instrumented with advanced technology, with capabilities for measurement and data collection at speeds up to 160 mph. measurement capabilities include track geometry, rail head profile, ride quality, and wheel - rail forces. t - 16 can also be used as an instrumentation platform to collect data from sensors mounted on other cars in the train. t - 16 has the capability to process and display collected data in several formats. monitors throughout the train can be configured to show the various displays. exceptions are displayed in a list with specific details about each instance and on a gis map to show their location in reference to other features. raw data is streamed across a video strip chart that provides a graphical representation of measured parameters. the on - board system calculates and displays track quality indices ( tqi ) based on track geometry data collected by the car. when requested by track inspectors onboard, data can be printed to an exception report or paper strip chart. data can also be downloaded to removable media for offline viewing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5082218311687694, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.738735"} {"text": "\u201c the short - pant is a terrible fashion choice. unless it is from bermuda. \u201d when the british officers arrive in 1816 to the bermuda islands on the atlantic ocean, because this was a strategic spot for the navy inteligence, they soon realized that their permanence in there would be less than pleasant thanks to a factor which english people are not used to : unbearable heat. for the british empire outside great brittain, it was necessary to adapt to the conditions and weather of their colony. while in india, they leaned towards the light madras, in burma they prefered linen. but in the north atlantic, on the bermuda island, the story was different. the royal navy found that the island had no natural resources for clothing, and all textiles were made out of cotton. to the change of fabrics, it was added another one that would set the difference on the male fashion history. officers cut their pants on bottom half, expecting that this would relief the effect of high temperatures on their european bodies. quickly, this trend extended to local civilians, even local tailors started to sell suits with short - pants instead of long ones. by time, tourists and visitors of the bermuda islands adopted the local style. today we can find that this is a very popular piece of clothign between the male population, and also females, because of its practical style and versatility, besides being very popular in the hottest seasons. by fm team", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43108539459396134, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.742793"} {"text": "the intellectual property rights reform initiative of the information program uses grant making to support work which will strengthen a vibrant knowledge ecology based on a balance between private property rights and the commons. such knowledge ecology is significant to a thriving public sphere, an effective education system, the advancement of the sciences as well as the development of open societies. intellectual property rights ( iprs ) govern the ownership and control of knowledge. iprs are a powerful means to restrict the access, exchange and creation of knowledge and knowledge - based good or conversely to enable equitable access and ensure creativity and innovation. iprs, most importantly copyright and patents, affect everything right from patterns of economic growth, to affordable and free communications on the internet to the availability and price of textbooks, scientific journals, software and drugs. motivated by a concern about the emergence of a new, unbalanced global ip regime in recent years, the information program \u2019 s intellectual property reform initiative has emphasized on the reform of wipo, and will continue to fund work in this area. owing to this work, a coalition of groups supported by the information program scored several victories as the adoption of the wipo development agenda \u2013 which have begun to shift the course at wipo. fair use rights ( also known as copyright limitations and exceptions ) are essential to enabling access to knowledge, including for disadvantaged groups as the visually impaired. however, many countries in the global south have weak fair use rights hampering access to education and research. moreover, these rights are being increasingly curtailed as digital formats and platforms begin to dominate knowledge dissemination. in 2012 - 13, the information program will continue to support efforts that will advance international reforms to strengthen fair use rights including the wipo treaty for the visually impaired. ipr also support advocacy for fair use rights in national, regional and multilateral foray. another major concern is the current ipr enforcement agenda being advanced at different levels of policy making. the proposed policies are often negotiated in secret and would, if adopted, violate fundamental human rights as well as due process protections. the information program will support efforts that will advocate for transparency in the ipr policy making process ; educate policy makers and the interested public about the threat of widespread \u201c collateral damage \u201d posed by some of the more radical ip enforcement proposals ; and promote alternative models for the remuneration of creativity. for further information, visit the link.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5203003971662279, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.750181"} {"text": "region description : coastal and tropical south southern coasts and tropical south. baton rouge la, brownsville tx, charleston sc, corpus christi tx, daytona beach fl, ft. lauderdale fl, galveston tx, houston tx, jacksonville fl, key west fl, laredo tx, miami fl, mobile al, monterrey mex, new orleans la, orlando fl, sarasota fl, savannah ga, tampa fl, tallahassee fl, and west palm beach fl. the coastal and tropical south region follows its namesake bodies of water and extends inland as far as the sea ' s influence moderates the climate. the gulf coast bends upward from brownsville and laredo texas, east across southern louisiana, mississippi, and alabama to the florida panhandle and northern florida. the lower atlantic coast draws a narrower swath along coastal georgia and south carolina to the north carolina border. the tropical areas include central and southern florida and the florida keys. the coastal and tropical south region is solidly subtropical and tropical. the gulf coast and lower atlantic coasts are not as hot as the true tropics or cold for as long as those just north of us. with about 100 + days each year above 86f, even where sea breezes prevail, the predominant weather is hot and humid. precipitation is heavy and frequent with annual rainfall averages between 40 and 60 inches a year. it ' s marked by high humidity, year round lush growing conditions, and little variation in the seasons. central and south florida have a distinct wet and dry climate typical of many tropical and subtropical areas of the world. the summer wet season is hot and humid. it usually begins in early june and ends around mid - october. the winter dry season starts in mid - october and continues until the beginning of june. we receive at least 2 / 3rds of our 50 to 65 inches a year average annual rainfall during the wet season with southeast, interior florida experiencing the heaviest rains. tropical rainfall can be intense with high winds and flooding a real problem in low lying coastal and southern areas. this is especially true during hurricane season from august to november. inland areas can receive frost in december and january while coastal areas, such as ft. lauderdale, are always warmer and some rarely receive frost. the keys are truly frost - free. the growing season most of this region will not experience frosts most winters. however, the summer ' s are oppressively hot and humid, making annual vegetable and flower growing difficult. the best growing season for annual flowers and vegetables is fall ( september ) through spring ( may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4197663053622385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.767211"} {"text": "urban agriculture as a tool for economic recovery. customizable ideas for direct action use the grow section to explore innovative methods for planting, growing, farming, harvesting, reforesting, and building productive landscapes. this category covers subject areas like urban agriculture, community gardening, and urban forestry. issues addressed include food security, soil science, nutrition, and the socioeconomic importance of safe food production. in this category, creative solutions for managing stormwater and street runoff appear side by side with irrigation systems, canals, and fountains. water solutions for cities range from networks of streetside swales to small - footprint greenhouses occupying single vacant lots. emphasis is placed on reducing impermeable surfaces in cities \u2014 these include rooftops, sidewalks, and traditionally paved surfaces like playgrounds and basketball courts. alternative energy sources available in urban contexts include solar power, wind power, and biofuels. efficient green - building solutions and varied methods of bioremediation \u2014 preparing polluted urban soil for other uses \u2014 also appear in this diverse category. public space, education, recreation, and safety are serious considerations for anyone rehabilitating urban vacant lots. explore the play category to find inspiring designs combining all of these elements in parks, community centers, playgrounds, and alternative transportation systems. small solutions can often be the most accessible for individuals and communities, while producing the greatest positive impact. explore our solutions for lots to find compact architectural structures, mobile education units, pocket gardens, greenhouses, hydroponic beds, and many other projects for pocket - sized spaces. more space means bigger opportunities : long - term, large - scale operations working to fit the needs of entire neighborhoods. lots of lots collects examples of \u2014 and ideas for \u2014 rehabilitating former industrial sites, entire blocks, and other big vacant sites requiring complex planning. projects like these offer city governments and corporations the chance to support communities through funding, operational support, and policy change. building corridors brings together populations, businesses, and neighborhoods never before in close contact. explore this category to learn how urban networks of all kinds \u2014 from bicycle lanes to trail systems to small - scale barter economies \u2014 can capitalize on vacant properties to effect citywide change.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5212115772217363, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.785220"} {"text": "become a fan of h2g2 early in the development of christianity and islam, gnosticism and sufism1 became marginalised and persecuted as heretical beliefs. gnosticism and sufism themselves inspired two of the more interesting ' heresies ' of the middle ages. mani was born in persian - controlled iraq in 3ad and saw himself as one in the line of buddha, zoroaster and jesus. his philosophy was that evil was not a perversion of good, but rather an alternative form of matter to good. the two matters battled for supremacy over earth2. knowledge was the path to salvation, and missionary work was encouraged. by the time manicheism had travelled from iran to turkey and through the balkan trade routes into western europe it had developed the view that evil had already won on earth. in southern france, the cathar sect formed around the town albi3. they posited that all material things - the world, us, our actions, and so on, were inherently evil. the only good matter was heavenly matter - our souls, god, heaven, the non - material. catharism led to a society where eating meat or eggs was considered a mortal sin but where sexual promiscuity was encouraged. the cathars believed only the heart and mind contributed to one ' s soul ( the only bit of good in a person ) and thus it was impossible to sin below the waist. the enemies of the cathars in northern france termed them the bulgars or buggers4. faced with such an alternative lifestyle, the french roman catholic church felt they had little option but to send in armies on a crusade to slaughter them all. they started at beziers on 22 july, 1209 - a town with a sizeable cathar population. ' how will we know who to kill?, ' a knight is supposed to have asked abbot arnold aimery. ' slay them all, ' was the abbot ' s response, ' god will recognise his own. ' and so it went for nearly 20 years. thousands of innocents were slaughtered, towns were razed to the ground - their land passing to local nobles who supported the catholic church. in fact it became pretty clear to a lot of people that it wasn ' t so much a difference of faith at the root of this holocaust - the church was making a grab for land. one landowner in toulouse ran through the streets before the crusaders arrived declaring : i am no heretic - i have a wife ; and sleep with her.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.509214106070193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.820861"} {"text": "a difference of faith at the root of this holocaust - the church was making a grab for land. one landowner in toulouse ran through the streets before the crusaders arrived declaring : i am no heretic - i have a wife ; and sleep with her... i eat meat, i tell lies and swear, and i am a good christian. so don ' t believe it when they say i am an atheist, not a word of it! they ' ll very likely accuse you too, as they have me - these accused villains want to put down honest folk and take the town from its lawful master. heresy of the free spirit the other major heresy of the middle ages was the heresy of the free spirit. the root of this heresy lies in sufi islam - the mystical, populist off - shoot of islam. the sufis thoughts were brought into the mainstream in north africa ( the maghreb5 ) through peculiar social and political events there. as the north africans controlled the iberian peninsula at this time, sufism entered europe through spain. the heresy of the free spirit is in essence a riddle. if god created everything, then he created evil. if we are in the image of god ( a god who is partly evil ) then it ' s acceptable to be evil. in fact any behaviour we are capable of, is a reflection of the divinity of god. sufism emphasises the oneness of all creation - that us, the universe and everything are parts of god and vice versa. introduced into the maghreb in the 12th century by al - ghazali6, scholarly sufism spread from the maghreb into europe via muslim andalusia, where spinoza ' s7 works lent the ideology of oneness - with - god increased momentum. the sufis of seville began the heresy of the free spirit movement - with followers undergoing an initiation of blind obedience to their master for several years before enjoying total freedom of action. their every impulse was a divine command. the heresy took off with holy beggars who wandered the roads of western europe along with widows and spinsters. the heresy had three major tenets : - all is divine. - there is no afterlife - heaven and hell are states of the soul during life. - to know of god renders one incapable of sin. united with god, the individual was above all laws, churches and rites. famous proponents of the heresy ( all killed by the church ) included marguerite porete, burned at the stake in paris in 1311 and heinrich suso who wrote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49038025147095765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.847023"} {"text": "story and photos by nikki carlson on the milk river - water sloshing against the river banks and bending around rocks gives the milk river a fine - tuned heartbeat. this rhythmic dance whispers the river ' s past and future. usda natural resources conservation service watershed specialist warren kellogg says the milk river is a precious \" jewel in our back yard \" and its legacy should continue for future generations. \" you feel like you ' ve gone back in time \" when you ' re on the river, kellogg said. nrcs ' s mission is to educate people about conservation, management and improvement of the environment and natural resources. last friday, 15 nature enthusiasts - including three members of the hill county conservation district board of supervisers, staffers, family members and guests - grabbed their paddles and floated an 8 - mile stretch of the milk river. among them was conservation district administrative assistant shannon patterson. \" we just wanted to keep ( the float ) educational for the supervisors and people who might find it interesting, \" patterson said. the weather was sunny and complimented the 5 - hour float. as they moved downstream, they noted improvements that can be made in the areas of safety, wildlife habitat and conservation. they observed pump sites, bank erosion and weeds. \" having a waterway like this 100 years ago was very important for other reasons than right now, \" kellogg said. \" right now, the importance is community recreation, tourism, municipal water and irrigation. \" rows of rusty antique cars lining parts of the riverbank are one issue the conservation district and nrcs are concerned about. the cars were initially placed on some riverbanks about 50 years ago, kellogg said, as a preventative measure against erosion. kellogg said the car bodies should be replaced with rock as a safer and more attractive alternative. \" people used to use them a long time ago as riprap. aesthetical and water quality - wise, this isn ' t a practical practice. \" conrad nystrom, conservation district chairman, said the state department of fish, wildlife and parks is planning to remove the car bodies this fall when the water level drops. \" ( the cars ) are an eyesore, pollutant to the water, a hazard for recreationists, rafts, and there ' s erosion going on behind the car bodies, \" nystrom said. \" it really didn ' t solve the problem as well as people thought it would. \" another topic was a non - native shrub known as russian olive that ' s growing along the riverbanks. why all of the shrub talk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3978151234289057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.857509"} {"text": "nystrom said. \" it really didn ' t solve the problem as well as people thought it would. \" another topic was a non - native shrub known as russian olive that ' s growing along the riverbanks. why all of the shrub talk? kellogg said this particular shrub \" invades and crowds out native plants \" in the area. \" they ' re very adaptive to dry areas, but it ' s also on river water and it ' s kind of a nuisance, \" kellogg said. \" if it ' s allowed to go, eventually you could have 100 percent russian olive on this river bottom. \" on a positive note, the cottonwood tree is also making a comeback along the milk river. at a stopping point, kellogg pointed out young cottonwoods along the bank. \" they ' re starting to come back now due to a change in management over the years, \" he said. years of erosion have left the roots of some cottonwoods naked along the riverbank, clearly suggesting that they will eventually fall over into the water. in order to prevent that, kellogg suggested the trees be cut down and the roots left alone so even more erosion will not occur. barbed wire fences gliding down the slopes beneath the river ' s surface were another cause for alarm for the supervisors because of the hazard they create for boaters. after the guided canoe tour, the group had gained a lifelong experience on the milk river. so what ' s in store for the milk river? now its whispers are being heard. \" i think it ' s a beautiful trip, beautiful day, and nice company, \" said nystrom. \" i appreciate warren being here and giving us lots of good information. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3925485880521839, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.859363"} {"text": "breathing - related sleep disorder breathing - related sleep disorder is marked by sleep disruption caused by abnormal breathing during sleep. the most common complaint of individuals with breathing - related sleep disorder is excessive daytime sleepiness, brought on by frequent interruptions of nocturnal, or nighttime, sleep. a less frequent complaint is insomnia or inability to sleep. mental health professionals use the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders also known as the dsm to diagnose mental disorders. in the 2000 edition of this manual ( the fourth edition, text revision, also known as dsm - iv - tr ) breathing - related sleep disorder is listed as one of several different primary sleep disorders. within the category of primary sleep disorders, it is classified as one of the dyssomnias, which are characterized by irregularities in the quality, timing, and amount of sleep. the dsm - iv - tr lists three types of breathing - related sleep disorder : obstructive sleep apnea syndrome ( the most common type ) ; central sleep apnea syndrome ; and central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome. the most common feature of any breathing - related sleep disorder is interruption of the person ' s sleep leading to excessive daytime sleepiness. when the regular nighttime sleep of individuals is frequently interrupted, sleepiness at other times of the day is the usual result. people with breathing - related sleep disorder often find that they feel sleepy during such relaxing activities as reading or watching a movie. with extreme cases, the person may feel so sleepy that he or she falls asleep during activities that require alertness, such as talking, walking, or driving. other people with breathing - related sleep disorder report having insomnia, or the inability to sleep. patients also find that their sleep does not refresh them ; they may awaken frequently during sleep, or have difficulty breathing while sleeping or lying down. the two sleep apnea syndromes that are listed as subtypes of breathing - related sleep disorder are characterized by episodes of airway blockage or stopping of breathing during sleep. sleep apnea is potentially deadly. the other type of breathing - related sleep disorder, central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome, is distinguished from the other two subtypes by the fact that the reduced oxygen content of the blood is caused by shallow breathing. the alveoli, which are the tiny air sacs in the lung tissue, are not able to oxygenate the blood efficiently because the person is not breathing deeply enough. shallow breathing often occurs when people are awake and is common", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4979076249090088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.881656"} {"text": "by shallow breathing. the alveoli, which are the tiny air sacs in the lung tissue, are not able to oxygenate the blood efficiently because the person is not breathing deeply enough. shallow breathing often occurs when people are awake and is common in severely overweight individuals. many persons with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome subtype of breathing - related sleep disorder are overweight. the symptoms often grow worse as the person ' s weight increases. persons who have obstructive sleep apnea and are not overweight often have breathing passages that are narrowed by swollen tonsils, abnormally large adenoids, or other abnormalities of the various structures of the mouth and throat. central sleep apnea syndrome is often associated with cardiac or neurological conditions affecting airflow regulation. it is a disorder that occurs most frequently in elderly patients. obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, which is the most common type of breathing - related sleep disorder, is marked by frequent episodes of upper - airway obstruction during sleep. patients with this syndrome alternate between loud snores or gasps and silent periods that usually last for 20 \u2013 30 seconds. the snoring is caused by the partial blockage of the airway. the silent periods are caused by complete obstruction of the airway, which makes the patient ' s breathing stop. obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is also common in children with enlarged tonsils. the symptoms of any breathing - related sleep disorder in children are often subtle and more difficult to diagnose. children under five are more likely to demonstrate such nighttime symptoms as apnea and breathing difficulties. children over five are more likely to demonstrate such daytime symptoms as sleepiness and attention difficulties. persons with central sleep apnea syndrome experience periods when the oxygenation of blood in the lungs temporarily stops during sleep ; but they do not suffer airway obstruction. although these patients may snore, their snoring is usually mild and not a major complaint. central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome is characterized by excessive sleepiness and insomnia. the majority of patients with the obstructive sleep apnea type of breathing - related sleep disorder are overweight, middle - aged males. adult males are two to four times as likely as adult females to experience obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. among children the male : female ratio is 1 : 1. central sleep apnea syndrome is most common in the elderly. a diagnosis of breathing - related sleep disorder usually requires a thorough physical examination of the patient. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48926523121455284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.883005"} {"text": "- related sleep disorder, a good preventive measure is effective weight management. good general health and treatment of related physiological conditions are also effective in preventing the disorder. american psychiatric association. diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th edition, text revised. washington, dc : american psychiatric association, 2000. buysse, daniel j., charles m. morin, and charles f. reynolds iii. \" sleep disorders. \" in treatments of psychiatric disorders, edited by glen o. gabbard. 2nd edition. washington, dc : american psychiatric press. hobson, j. allan, and rosalia silvestri. \" sleep and its disorders. \" in the harvard guide to psychiatry, edited by armand m. nicholi, jr., m. d. cambridge, ma : belknap press of harvard university press, 1999. saskin, paul. \" obstructive sleep apnea : treatment options, efficacy, and effects. \" in understanding sleep : the evaluation and treatment of sleep disorders, edited by mark r. pressman, ph. d., and william c. orr, ph. d. washington, dc : american psychological association, 1997. thorpy, michael j., m. d., and jan yager, ph. d. the encyclopedia of sleep and sleep disorders. 2nd edition. new york : facts on file, 2001. american sleep apnea association. 1424 k street nw, suite 302, washington dc 20005. < http : / / www. sleepapnea. org >. american sleep disorders association. 6301 bandel road nw, suite 101, rochester, mn 55901. < http : / / www. asda. org >. ali fahmy, ph. d.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4868830823034948, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.886773"} {"text": "a $ 25 investment in 1963 for extra - fat insulation batts was the smartest decision harold orr has ever made. almost five decades ago, the man behind canada ' s respected r - 2000 program hired a saskatoon contractor to build a modest 1, 100 - square - foot bungalow for him, his wife, mary, and a young family that would eventually grow to include four sons, four daughters and a number of foster children. it was a full house, but also a warm one that operated on a slim budget. \" i don ' t remember exactly what i saved that first year, but it was at least $ 25. now i estimate i save $ 400 to $ 500 a year on heating with natural gas, \" says the 80 - year - old internationally recognized environmental engineer. orr is the principal brain behind the saskatchewan conservation house, an 1, 800 - square - foot two - storey built in regina in 1977 by a team of leading energy professionals. it was the first r - 2000 home built in north america and it was crafted from suggestions orr made to the organizing committee the year before \u2014 13 years after he customized his family ' s three - bedroom bungalow. a respected graduate of the national research council in ottawa and then the nrc ' s saskatoon offices, orr was asked for suggestions but cautioned against offering anything experimental or crazy. he came back with a seven - point building plan that became the blueprint for the conservation house and, later, canada ' s successful r - 2000 program. even more important, his recommendations were, and remain, the foundation of sweeping changes to green the building code, which was just updated this month in four provinces \u2014 ontario, nova scotia, manitoba and british columbia. there are some differences between the 2012 building code changes and his own green menu : - orr suggested no basement, because they were too expensive to insulate and prone to water leaks. - most of the windows should be on the south side of the house to capture the warmth of the sun and limited to smaller dimensions on the east, north and west side of the home to prevent heat loss. - shutters would be less expensive than opting for triple - glazed windows and do the same job of saving energy, he reasoned. - finally, walls should be 12 inches thick to accommodate extra insulation and there should be 20 inches of insulation in the roof. the conservation house created a furor among a concerned minority of environmental leaders who wanted to create an energy - efficient home in the years following the opec oil crisis in the ' 70s. oil prices", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4644736235128949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.904043"} {"text": "there should be 20 inches of insulation in the roof. the conservation house created a furor among a concerned minority of environmental leaders who wanted to create an energy - efficient home in the years following the opec oil crisis in the ' 70s. oil prices that almost tripled in two months, from $ 3. 56 a barrel in october 1973 to a record $ 11. 65 by january 1974. a year later, the danes built a zero - energy house in lyngby, denmark, that utilized some of orr ' s r - 2000 components and operated on less than $ 40 a year. americans were going in similar green directions, pushing r - 2000 standards and super - insulated homes, while sliding away from stingier passive solar - heated homes because they were more expensive to build. orr used many of the same r - 2000 building techniques in retrofitting older homes, turning energy gobblers into energy misers. yet the drive to build more r - 2000 homes and homes with environmental benefits crashed when the price of oil tumbled from $ 32 a barrel in 1982 to $ 11 a barrel in ' 86, prompting then u. s. president ronald reagan to slash funding to innovative energy - saving programs. there were similar spending cuts by former conservative prime minister brian mulroney, including trims to nrc staff and programs, prompting orr to take a buyout when he was 55. in saskatoon, orr continues to consult in the energy sector and continues to pocket energy savings based on the $ 25 investment in extra - fat insulation batts. his brick bungalow cost $ 13, 890 at the time. he spent an extra $ 500 for brick siding, another $ 100 on operating windows to allow summer breezes to cool the inside of the home and another bit of money for a second, smaller bathroom on the main floor. before finishing the basement \u2014 adding two bedrooms, a family room and a bathroom \u2014 orr personally installed a tight vapour barrier to keep out moisture and keep in heat. \" i didn ' t trust the contractor to do a good, tight job. so i did it with a friend from work on the weekend. \" over the years, the orrs have replaced the original windows with triple - glazed models containing low - e argon gas, traded wooden slab doors for insulated metal options and upgraded the furnace. but those fat insulation batts, which improved the r - 7 factor up to r - 10, are still in the walls, paying back dividends far better than any mutual fund. in fact, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49867648726258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.906457"} {"text": "100 % satisfaction guarantee - no headaches! an excerpt from www. houseofnames. com archives copyright \u00a9 2000 - 2013 where did the german zink family come from? what is the german zink family crest and coat of arms? when did the zink family first arrive in the united states? where did the various branches of the family go? what is the zink family history? the name almost surely comes from the middle high german word \" zinke, \" meaning \" a tip, \" or \" point, \" but the reason that name was given is somewhat uncertain. there are three main possibilities and the most likely of these is that the name was given to someone who lived on a pointed piece of land, either a point of land by a body of water or a small, pointed hill. another possibility is that is was a nickname for someone with a very pointy nose. the word \" zinke \" was also used for a cornet ; so the name might have been given to someone who played that musical instrument. spelling variations of this family name include : zink, zinke, zincke, zingg, sink, sinke, synk and others. first found in bavaria, where the name was closely identified in early medieval times with the feudal society which would become prominent throughout european history. the name would later emerge as a noble family with great influence, having many distinguished branches, and become noted for its involvement in social, economic and political affairs. this web page shows only a small excerpt of our zink research. another 148 words ( 11 lines of text ) are included under the topic early zink history in all our pdf extended history products. more information is included under the topic early zink notables in all our pdf extended history products. some of the first settlers of this family name were : zink settlers in the united states in the 18th century - rudolf zink, who arrived in new york in 1709 with his wife and four children - rudolf zink, who arrived in new york in 1709 - gottlieb zink, who landed in pennsylvania in 1752 zink settlers in the united states in the 19th century - martin zink, who arrived in philadelphia, pennsylvania in 1802 - nikolaus zink, who arrived in texas in 1844 - phillip zink, who landed in allegany ( allegheny ) county, pennsylvania in 1845 - carl zink, who landed in texas in 1846 - heinrich theodor zink, who arrived in america in 1854 - charles tadao \" charlie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4319969377639821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.914754"} {"text": "in 1844 - phillip zink, who landed in allegany ( allegheny ) county, pennsylvania in 1845 - carl zink, who landed in texas in 1846 - heinrich theodor zink, who arrived in america in 1854 - charles tadao \" charlie \" zink ( b. 1979 ), american major league baseball pitcher - nicolaus zink ( 1812 - 1887 ), german - born, american founder of sisterdale, texas - charles dewayne zink ( 1925 - 2006 ), american television personality and film actor - walter noble zink ( 1898 - 1964 ), american major league baseball pitcher - john jacob zink ( 1886 - 1952 ), american architect of movie houses - michel zink, french scholar of medieval history - lubor j. zink ( 1920 - 2004 ), czech - born, canadian writer and columnist - the making of an american family ( including zinc family ) by ann zink beck. - sink descendants, jacob zinck pioneer : zinck, zink, and sink. - steed, henry wickham. the hapsburg monarchy. london : constable and company, 1919. print. - rupp, daniel l. a collection of upwards of thirty thousand names of german, swiss, dutch, french and other immigrants to pennsylvania from 1727 to 1776. baltimore : genealogical publishing, 2000. print. ( isbn 978 - 0806303024 ). - egle, william henry. pennsylvania genealogies scotch - irish and german. harrisburg : l. s. hart, 1886. print. - weis, frederick lewis, walter lee sheppard and david faris. ancestral roots of sixty colonists who came to new england between 1623 and 1650 7th edition. baltimore : genealogical publishing, 1992. print. ( isbn 0806313676 ). - jones, george f. the germans of colonial georgia 1733 - 1783 revised edition. baltimore : genealogical publishing, 1986. print. ( isbn 0806311614 ). - siebmacher, j. j. siebmachers wappenbuch. munchen, battenberg : 1975. print. - colletta, john p. they came in ships. salt lake city : ancestry, 1993. print. - oswald, g. lexicon der heraldik. leipzig : 1984. print. - rolland, and h. v. rolland. illustrations to the armorial general by j. b. rietstap 6 volumes in 3. baltimore : heraldic book company, 1976. print. - tar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40558939032827873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.915778"} {"text": "the story of the 112th infantry regiment of the 28th infantry division in the battle for schmidt, germany. by charles b. macdonald attack on vossenack the aachen front 1 november 1944 by october 1944, the first united states army in western europe had ripped two big holes in the siegfried line, at aachen and east of roetgen. 1 ( map v ) having captured aachen, the army was next scheduled to cross the roer river and reach the rhine. it planned to make its main effort toward dueren in the zone of vii corps south and east of aachen and thence toward bonn on the rhine. but east of roetgen, where the 9th infantry division had breached the siegfried line and parts of a forest mass known generally as the huertgen forest, 2 v corps was first to launch a limited flank operation. the 28th infantry division, under the command of maj. gen. norman d. cota, was ordered to make the v corps attack ; its initial objective was to be the crossroads town of schmidt. schmidt was an important objective. lying on a ridge overlooking the upper roer river, it also afforded a view of the schwammenauel dam, an important link in a series of roer dams which the germans might blow at any time. the rush of floodwaters thus unleashed would isolate any attack which had crossed the roer in the aachen vicinity. located in rear of the main siegfried line defenses in the area, schmidt was an important road center for supply of enemy forces. the capture of schmidt would enable the 28th division to advance to the southwest and attack from the rear the enemy ' s fortified line facing monschau, while a combat command of the 5th armored division hit the line frontally. thus v corps could complete the mission assigned by first army - - clearing the enemy from its area south to the roer river on a line monschau - roer river dams. in enemy hands the roer dams remained a constant threat to any major drive across the roer downstream to the north. the schmidt operation was expected to accomplish four things : gain maneuver space and additional supply routes for the vii corps attack to the north ; protect vii corps ' right flank from counterattack ; prepare the ground for a later attack to seize the roer river dams ; 3 and 28th division objectives 2 november 1944 attract enemy reserves from vii corps, thus preventing their employment against first army ' s main effort. because the permanent boundary between v corps and vii corps intersected the planned zone of operations, first army on 25 october designated a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42082698823758535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.982052"} {"text": "28th division objectives 2 november 1944 attract enemy reserves from vii corps, thus preventing their employment against first army ' s main effort. because the permanent boundary between v corps and vii corps intersected the planned zone of operations, first army on 25 october designated a temporary boundary to run just south of kleinhau and north of huertgen. this would keep the schmidt operation entirely within the bounds of v corps. between the northernmost positions of the 28th division and the new corps boundary, the defensive line was being held with a series of road blocks in the huertgen forest by the 294th engineer combat battalion ; south of the planned zone of operations the line was being held by the 4th cavalry group. taking over the 9th infantry division ' s sector on 26 october, the 28th division found itself facing roller - coaster terrain that was to play an even more vital role than usual in the attack on schmidt. ( map vi ) its front lines extended generally along the huertgen - germeter - rollesbroich road from germeter through richelskaul to the vicinity of a forester ' s house, raffelsbrand. to the north and south lay dense forests, the southern forests hiding numerous enemy pillboxes and the town of simonskall. to the east from germeter ran a ridge topped by the town of vossenack, surrounded on three sides by deep, densely wooded draws with wooded fingers stretching up toward the town itself. to the northeast was the huertgen - brandenberg - bergstein ridge, dominating the vossenack ridge. ( in 9th division operations in this area, one battalion had attacked between these two ridges and secured positions in the woods north of vossenack, but a violent enemy counterattack in the woods southwest of huertgen had forced the advance battalion ' s withdrawal. ) through a precipitous wooded gorge to the east and southeast of vossenack ran the kall river, a small, swift - flowing stream emptying into the roer near nideggen. although a river road ran generally north - south alongside the kall, only a small woods trail, very difficult to locate on the available maps and aerial photographs, crossed the river in the direction of the 28th division ' s attack. that trail led across the river and up another ridge on which were seated the towns of kommerscheidt and schmidt. this ridge also dominated the vossenack ridge, and schmidt in turn commanded kommerscheidt. the brandenberg - bergstein ridge line, northeast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43735692726347797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.983202"} {"text": "and up another ridge on which were seated the towns of kommerscheidt and schmidt. this ridge also dominated the vossenack ridge, and schmidt in turn commanded kommerscheidt. the brandenberg - bergstein ridge line, northeast of vossenack and north of kommerscheidt, was lower than the highest point of the schmidt - kommerscheidt ridge but overlooked its lower slopes where the towns of schmidt and kommerscheidt were situated. schmidt and kommerscheidt were also surrounded by dense woods and deep draws. two important considerations influenced the planners of the schmidt operation. first, air support could isolate the battlefield from large - scale intervention of enemy reserves, especially armored reserves. thus the schmidt action would remain an infantry action inasmuch as crossing tanks over the kall river was a doubtful possibility. the air task, extremely formidable because it involved neutralization of a number of roer river bridges - - and bridges are a difficult target for air - - was assigned to the ix tactical air command of the ninth air force. second, artillery support could deny the enemy the advantages of the dominating brandenberg - bergstein ridge. while the planners displayed great concern about enemy observation from this ridge, v corps had too few troops to assign the ridge as a ground objective. neutralization of the ridge by artillery would require almost constant smoking of approximately five miles and still could not be expected to eliminate the most forward enemy observation. but neutralization by artillery was apparently the only available solution. the 28th division was strongly reinforced for the operation. major attachments included the following units : the 707th tank battalion ( medium ) ; the 893d tank destroyer battalion ( self propelled ) ( minus one company ) ; the 630th tank destroyer battalion ( towed ) ; the 86th chemical battalion ( 4. 2 - inch mortars ) ; and the 1171st engineer combat group. the 1171st consisted of the 20th, 146th ( minus one company ), and 1340th engineer combat battalions. 4 artillery in direct support was to include the 28th division ' s organic artillery ( the 107th, 109th, and 229th field artillery battalions of 105 - mm. howitzers and the 108th field artillery battalion of 155mm. howitzers ) ; battery a, 987th field artillery battalion of 155 - mm. self - propelled guns ; 76th field artillery battalion of 105 - mm. howitzers ; 447th antiaircraft artillery automatic weapons battalion ; and the attached tank destroyers and tanks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4313904443833959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.984395"} {"text": "battery a, 987th field artillery battalion of 155 - mm. self - propelled guns ; 76th field artillery battalion of 105 - mm. howitzers ; 447th antiaircraft artillery automatic weapons battalion ; and the attached tank destroyers and tanks. two 155 - mm. howitzer battalions of the 187th field artillery group of v corps were later assigned in direct support and a battalion of 4. 5 - inch guns in general support. also to furnish general support were the 190th field artillery group of v corps, consisting of one 155 - mm. gun battalion and one 8 - inch howitzer battalion, and the 188th field artillery group of vii corps, consisting of one 155 - mm. gun battalion and one battalion ( less one battery ) of 4. 5 - inch guns. the 28th division ' s employment of its regiments was virtually dictated by v corps. 5 the 109th infantry was to attack north toward huertgen in order to prevent repetition of the enemy counterattack that had hit the 9th division from that direction. it was also to carry out a secondary mission of securing a line of departure overlooking huertgen from which another division might later capture the town. this later attack on huertgen was to be a part of the main first army attack by vii corps, and the securing of a line of departure for the later attack was specifically assigned by first army. the 110th infantry was to attack through the dense woods to the southeast to secure a road from schmidt to strauch that would ease the problem of the tenuous supply route from vossenack to schmidt. the road could be used also in the later phase of the operation, the planned co - ordinated attack to roll up enemy defenses facing monschau. one battalion of the 110th infantry was to be held out initially as the division ' s only infantry reserve. the 112th infantry was to make the division ' s main effort toward the east and southeast to schmidt. two major factors influenced this deviation from the tactical doctrine of a convergent attack : ( 1 ) the lack of troops available for the operation and ( 2 ) the necessity for performing the three initial missions : ( a ) protecting the north flank against counterattack and securing a line of departure overlooking huertgen, ( b ) clearing the main route south toward strauch in preparation for the latter phase of the attack, and ( c ) capturing the initial division objective, the town of schmidt. attached to the 112th infantry in the main effort to capture schmidt were : company c, 103d engineer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4530224868774071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.985504"} {"text": "toward strauch in preparation for the latter phase of the attack, and ( c ) capturing the initial division objective, the town of schmidt. attached to the 112th infantry in the main effort to capture schmidt were : company c, 103d engineer combat battalion ( organic ) ; companies b and d, 86th chemical battalion ( 4. 2 - inch mortars ) ; and company c, 103d medical battalion ( organic ). in direct support were : the 229th field artillery battalion, reinforced by company c, 630th tank destroyer battalion ( towed ) ; the 20th engineer combat battalion ; and company c, 707th tank battalion ( medium ). the 893d tank destroyer battalion ( self - propelled ) and the remainder of the 707th tank battalion ( minus company d, which was to assist the 28th reconnaissance troop in maintaining contact with the 4th cavalry group in defensive positions to the south ) were to reinforce fires of the general support artillery. the artillery plan called for conventional fires on known and suspected enemy locations, installations, and sensitive points, the bulk of them in the huertgen area to the north. the preparation was to begin at h minus 60 minutes all along the v corps front and the southern portion of the vii corps front to conceal as long as possible the specific location of the attack. at h minus 15 minutes, fires were to shift to local preparation, and after h hour fires were to be supporting, chiefly prepared fires on call from the infantry. since weather limited air observation before the attack, counterbattery fires were based primarily on sound and flash recordings, which could not be considered accurate because of unfavorable weather and wooded, compartmented terrain. ammunition was limited but considered adequate, and antitank defense was also included in the artillery plan. artillery units were located in the general area zweifall - roett - roetgen, from which all expected targets would be within effective range. the engineer plan revolved around the attached 1171st engineer combat group. one battalion of this group was to support the 110th infantry and one was to work on rear area roads. the 20th engineer combat battalion, in support of the 112th infantry, was assigned the primary engineer mission of opening the trail from vossenack across the kall river to kommerscheidt and schmidt. in the planning phases, engineer responsibility for security of the kall river crossing was emphasized, but the engineer plan as issued by the 1171st group on 30 october did not charge any engineer unit with security of the crossing. the plan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44483720626696577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.986591"} {"text": "and schmidt. in the planning phases, engineer responsibility for security of the kall river crossing was emphasized, but the engineer plan as issued by the 1171st group on 30 october did not charge any engineer unit with security of the crossing. the plan stated only that, because of the disposition of friendly troops, local security would be required. the written engineer plan, including this statement, was nevertheless approved by the 28th division commander, the division engineer, and the corps engineer. 6 the 28th division, whose men wore the red keystone shoulder patch that revealed the division ' s pennsylvania national guard background, had participated in the latter stages of the normandy battle and had pursued the enemy across france and belgium. rested after almost a month along a relatively inactive sector of the siegfried line to the south, the division was nearly at full strength, although there had been many replacements after an unsuccessful effort to penetrate the siegfried line opposite pruem at the close of the pursuit across belgium. the major supply shortage was in all types of artillery ammunition, chronic throughout first army since september when the siegfried line battles had begun. the supply of arctic overshoes was also far under requirements ; only about ten to fifteen men per infantry company were equipped with them. there was little patrolling before d day, partially because of the proximity of enemy lines and partially because of the limitations of the densely wooded terrain ; but intelligence information obtained in the area by the 9th division was turned over to the 28th. maps to be used were primarily the standard 1 : 25, 000 ( germany, revised ), which could be considered generally accurate, but aerial photographs were usually not available in lower echelons. when the 28th division moved into the area on 26 october, the men found themselves in a dank, dense forest of the type immortalized in old german folk tales. all about them they saw emergency rations containers, artillery - destroyed trees, loose mines along poor, muddy roads and trails, and shell and mine craters by the hundreds. the troops relieved by the 28th division were tired, unshaven, dirty, and nervous. they bore the telltale signs of a tough fight - - signs that made a strong impression on the incoming soldiers and their commanders. after the operation the 28th division commander himself, general cota, recalled that at the time he felt that the 28th ' s attack had only \" a gambler ' s chance \" of succeeding. 7 the 28th division g - 2 estimated that to the immediate front the enemy had approximately 3, 350 men, to the north 1, 940,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45224502686895496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.988018"} {"text": "felt that the 28th ' s attack had only \" a gambler ' s chance \" of succeeding. 7 the 28th division g - 2 estimated that to the immediate front the enemy had approximately 3, 350 men, to the north 1, 940, and to the south 1, 850, all of whom were fighting as infantry. enemy reserves capable of rapid intervention were estimated at 2, 000 not yet committed and 3, 000 capable of moving quickly from less active fronts. the g - 2 estimate did not mention that holding schmidt and the roer river dams was an important fundamental in the german scheme for preventing an allied break - through to the rhine. the schwammenauel dam located southeast of schmidt. the holders of this dam controlled the flow of water along the roer river and could flood a wide area along its path. although the 28th ' s attack was originally scheduled to be launched on 31 october, rain, fog, and poor visibility necessitated postponement. despite continued bad weather, the attack was ordered for 2 november to avoid the possibility of delaying the subsequent vii corps attack. the 109th infantry was to initiate the action by launching its northerly thrust at 0900. 8 while the 110th infantry and two battalions of the 112th were not to attack until h plus 3 hours ( 1200 ), the 2d battalion, 112th, was to join the 109th in the h hour jump - off - - 0900, 2 november. 9 facing the planned american attack was an enemy determined to hold the huertgen - vossenack area for several reasons now apparent : the threat to the roer dams ; the dominating terrain of the ridges in the area ; the importance of dueren as a road and communications center ; the threat to plans already made for an ardennes counteroffensive ; and the neutralizing effect of the huertgen forest against american superiority in air, tanks, and artillery. the unit charged with the defense was the 275th infantry division of the lxxiv corps of the seventh army of army group b. that an attack was imminent was already known from obviously preplanned american artillery fires and from reports and observation of american troop movement in the rear of roetgen. it was also known that the new american unit in the area was the 28th infantry division, although the germans thought the division a part of vii corps instead of v corps. north of the 275th infantry division the line was held by the 12th volks grenadier division, and to the south by the 89th infantry division,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4684187327844612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.989043"} {"text": "division, although the germans thought the division a part of vii corps instead of v corps. north of the 275th infantry division the line was held by the 12th volks grenadier division, and to the south by the 89th infantry division, which was scheduled to be relieved soon by the 272d volks grenadier division so that the 89th could be re - equipped. to the north, in army group b reserve in the muenchen - gladbach area, was the 116th panzer division. although the germans believed an american attack imminent in the vossenack area, no specific precautions had been taken in movement of troops, because timing and direction of attack were still unknown. 10 the 112th makes the main effort in the center of the 28th division zone the 112th infantry, making the division ' s main effort, was assigned the capture of kommerscheidt and schmidt. it had the secondary mission of protecting its own north flank by the capture and defense of vossenack and the vossenack ridge. after the planned artillery preparation beginning at h minus 60 minutes, the 2d battalion, 112th, was to attack at h hour ( 0900 ) to capture vossenack and the forward ( northeastern and eastern ) nose of the ridge. the 1st battalion, 112th, attacking at h plus 3 hours, was to move in a column of companies through defensive positions occupied by the same regiment ' s company a at richelskaul. then it was to attack southeast through the wooded draw south of vossenack, crossing the kall river in a cross - country move and taking kommerscheidt. the 3d battalion, 112th, was to follow the 1st battalion on order and capture the final objective, the town of schmidt. 11 the 2d battalion ' s plan for seizing vossenack and the vossenack ridge called for an attack with two companies abreast ( company g on the left, company f on the right ) from the line germeter - richelskaul east through vossenack. company g was to move along the open northern slope of the ridge to the nose attack on vossenack - jump - off 2 november 1944 northeast of vossenack ; company f was to take the town itself and the eastern nose of the ridge ; and company e was to follow and complete mopping up of the town. one platoon from company f was to protect the battalion ' s right flank by advancing along the open southern slope of the ridge and was to be followed by one platoon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41627513046303666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.990017"} {"text": "the ridge ; and company e was to follow and complete mopping up of the town. one platoon from company f was to protect the battalion ' s right flank by advancing along the open southern slope of the ridge and was to be followed by one platoon of company e. 12 this 2d battalion attack was to be assisted by a company of medium tanks, company c, 707th tank battalion. the five tanks of company c ' s 1st platoon, plus two tanks from its 2d platoon, were to attack with company g, 112th, on the left ; the three other tanks of the 2d platoon were to attack with company f, 112th, on the right. the remaining tank platoon was to assist company e in its mop - up operations. two towed guns of company b, 630th tank destroyer battalion, and five 57 - mm. antitank guns of the antitank company, 112th, all in position around richelskaul, were to be prepared to assist the attack by fire. company b, 86th chemical battalion, equipped to fire high explosive shells, was to support the attack from positions along the weisser weh creek in the wooded draw west of germeter. the night before the attack company c, 103d engineers, was to clear paths through friendly mine fields to the east of germeter. 13 the regiment ' s eighteen 81 - mm. mortars were grouped under company h for preparation and supporting fires against vossenack. after capture of the town, they were to revert to their respective battalions. the company d mortars were to concentrate their fire on the draw south of vossenack, company h on the houses in the town, and company m on the wooded area north of the town, firing to begin twelve minutes before h hour. the company h machine guns were attached to the three rifle companies, the entire 2d platoon going to company g on the left, the 1st section of the 1st platoon to company f on the right, and the 2d section of the 1st platoon to company e for the mop - up. 14 before the attack company e, 112th infantry, was outposting the town of germeter, while the remainder of the 2d battalion was in an assembly area in the woods approximately 300 yards southwest of germeter. ( map vii ) on the left ( north ) the 3d battalion, 109th infantry, held wittscheidt on the huertgen road and was to attack almost due north at h hour. on the right ( south ) company", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4090365685026758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.990938"} {"text": "woods north of vossenack ; fire from supporting 81 - mm. mortars was well co - ordinated and fell about a hundred yards in front of the attack formation. even as the tanks were having their difficulties, the company headquarters of company g and the attached machine guns from company h ran into trouble. either the light enemy mortar fire or harassing small arms fire from vossenack wounded the machine gun platoon leader shortly after the machine gunners left germeter, and the platoon sergeant took over. a few minutes later the last man in company g ' s headquarters group stepped on a booby trap or a mine. when a man from the machine gun platoon moved up to see if he could help, he stepped on still another booby trap or mine and was killed. the explosion set off about five antipersonnel mines simultaneously. of the twenty - seven men who had been in this group, twelve were injured or killed in the mine field. only two noncommissioned officers, both corporals, remained out of the machine gun platoon ' s leaders. although slightly wounded, they reorganized the platoon and continued forward. 19 the assault rifle platoons also suffered casualties, both the 1st and 3d platoon leaders being hit within approximately 400 yards of the line of departure. that the leaders should be wounded seemed ironic, for as the advance continued the only enemy opposition came from light mortar fire. the supporting tanks fired as they moved, and many of the germans in vossenack, already weakened by long days and nights of american artillery fire and now faced with a co - ordinated tank - infantry assault, fled north, east, and southeast. past outlying farms and through the open fields north of vossenack the company g assault pushed on quickly and soon reached its objective, the nose to the northeast of the town. in an attack for which the planners had allowed three hours, company g and its supporting tanks and machine gun platoon had taken only one hour and five minutes, gaining the objective shortly after 1000 hours. 20 having reached the nose of the ridge, the company began to reorganize and to dig in against counterattack. its assigned zone included a trail - - actually an extension of vossenack ' s main street - - northeast of the town. the trail was in the defensive sector of the 3d platoon, which planned to tie in later with company f on the right. the 1st platoon took up positions on the left of the 3d ; the 2d platoon, which had been in support in the attack, came up almost an hour", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41578347121800946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.995367"} {"text": "sector of the 3d platoon, which planned to tie in later with company f on the right. the 1st platoon took up positions on the left of the 3d ; the 2d platoon, which had been in support in the attack, came up almost an hour later and extended the semicircular perimeter to the left and left rear. the two light machine guns went into position with the 1st platoon to cover the company ' s front with cross fire. when the platoon of heavy machine guns came forward, it was placed in position with the 3d platoon on the right to fire across the company front in the other direction, thus forming a final protective line. the 60 - mm. mortars were moved up during the afternoon and placed in slight defilade about 200 yards behind the company. all defenses except the 60 - mm. mortars were on the exposed forward nose of the ridge, in accordance with the battalion order ; despite this exposed terrain, the men were virtually ignored by the enemy for the rest of the day. the six supporting tanks churned around on the forward slope of the ridge and fired to the northeast toward brandenberg - bergstein, as if the attack were going to continue in that direction. company g ' s advance had been surprisingly easy ; its principal casualties had been incurred in a mine field ; only minor casualties had resulted from the artillery shelling at the line of departure, light mortar fire, and the occasional harassing small arms fire. company f on the right while company g was launching its successful attack on the left, company f had also moved out at h hour in a column of platoons preceded by its three supporting tanks. the lead platoon, the 3d, under 1st lt. eugene s. carlson, was to advance along the open southern slope of the vossenack ridge as the battalion ' s right flank protection. since the area south of the richelskaul - vossenack road was deemed too exposed to suspected enemy positions in the southern woods in front of richelskaul, the 3d platoon and its three tanks planned to advance north of the road initially, then turn south on the outskirts of vossenack, cross the road, and resume their movement to the east. company f ' s 1st platoon was to follow the lead platoon closely until it turned south. the 1st platoon was to continue east through the town itself. the 2d platoon was to remain in germeter as support to move forward on call. the section of light machine guns and two 60 - mm. mortars were attached to the leading 3d platoon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4356858182997845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.996458"} {"text": "1st platoon was to continue east through the town itself. the 2d platoon was to remain in germeter as support to move forward on call. the section of light machine guns and two 60 - mm. mortars were attached to the leading 3d platoon ; the other mortar was attached to the 1st platoon. also with the company was a section of heavy machine guns from company h. the three supporting tanks were under the command of 1st lt. james j. leming, the 2d tank platoon leader and acting company executive officer. the assault force moved out at h hour, the infantry platoon following so closely behind its column of spearheading tanks that for the first 500 yards the infantry platoon leader, lieutenant carlson, had his hand on the rear of lieutenant leming ' s tank. there was no resistance except from light enemy mortar fire. when the tanks and the lead riflemen passed the germeter - vossenack - richelskaul road fork, the column veered to the south across the main vossenack road as planned. beyond the road the third tank in the column continued too far to the south before turning east again and ran into surprise german opposition from the wooded draw to the south. a panzerfaust at the edge of the woods knocked it out. the two remaining tanks and the accompanying infantry platoon continued to the east, the tanks firing toward the southern woods line at possible enemy positions. they had gone approximately 300 yards past the first wooded finger pointing toward vossenack from the south when the 75 - mm. gun on lieutenant leming ' s tank jammed. the tank ' s coaxial machine guns and bow guns incurred stoppages that \" immediate action \" would not clear, and the antiaircraft gun also failed when its bolt jammed from overheating. the advance stopped. lieutenant leming radioed for 2d lt. joseph s. novak, platoon leader of the 3d tank platoon with company e in reserve, to come forward in his tank and lead leming ' s one remaining tank forward. 21 back nearer the line of departure, company f ' s 1st platoon had followed about 200 yards behind the lead platoon and its tanks. in an approach march formation with the 2d and 1st squads forward and the 3d in close support, the 1st platoon passed through the gap in the mine field and neared the germeter - richelskaul - vossenack road fork. at this point, a sudden burst of fire came from two or three hitherto undetected german machine guns emplaced near a group of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41102142256634955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:39.997393"} {"text": "the mine field and neared the germeter - richelskaul - vossenack road fork. at this point, a sudden burst of fire came from two or three hitherto undetected german machine guns emplaced near a group of buildings at the road fork. the germans had evidently held their fire when the preceding tanks and infantry had passed. this first burst of enemy fire hit the 1st squad heavily, wounding or killing all but three men. although the 2d squad and the remnants of the 1st built up a base of fire, the germans continued to resist. to break the deadlock, the infantry platoon leader, 2d lt. john b. wine, crawled to within twenty - five yards of the position and knocked out at least one machine gun with a hand grenade. at the lieutenant ' s signal the two advance squads assaulted the position, overcame the german gunners, and captured four or five prisoners. reorganizing his platoon quickly, lieutenant wine continued without opposition into the outskirts of vossenack. one squad began to operate on each side of the main street. the men sprayed the entrances of the houses with fire, tossed in hand grenades, and assaulted each building in the wake of the grenade explosions. at least one company f man was wounded and another killed as the enemy threw in scattered artillery fire. 22 the company f commander, 1st lt. eldeen kauffman, had followed the 3d platoon to a point just past the gap in the mine field. he waited there for the 1st platoon and then followed it through the action at the road fork and on into vossenack. when he heard over his intracompany scr 536 that the 2d attack on vossenack - completion 2 november 1944 platoon, in support at the line of departure in germeter, was receiving intense enemy artillery fire, he ordered the platoon to join him in vossenack. lieutenant wine ' s 1st platoon, continuing its advance, had almost reached the main crossroads marked by the church in the center of vossenack. ( map viii ) at this point it was held up by small arms fire from the house on the left just short of the crossroads. supported by fire from the rest of the platoon, half of one squad assaulted the house and netted between thirty and fifty prisoners. the town of vossenack as far east as the crossroads was then in american hands. upon the arrival of the 2d ( support ) platoon, lieutenant kauffman, the company commander, ordered it to pass through lieutenant wine '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4296646784589149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.001999"} {"text": "fifty prisoners. the town of vossenack as far east as the crossroads was then in american hands. upon the arrival of the 2d ( support ) platoon, lieutenant kauffman, the company commander, ordered it to pass through lieutenant wine ' s unit, which had become disorganized in its fight at the crossroads. except for three men lost to artillery fire in germeter, the 2d platoon was at full strength. the exchange in assault platoons was made about 1030 at the crossroads, approximately an hour and a half after the jump - off. though the advance had been rapid, the leading elements of company f had covered only a little more than half the distance to their objective, whereas elements of company g had already reached the northeastern nose of the vossenack ridge. 23 the 3d platoon was still waiting on the exposed slope south of the town for lieutenant novak to come forward with his tank from germeter to assist the one remaining operational tank of lieutenant leming ' s platoon. when the assistance arrived, it developed that lieutenant novak had evidently misunderstood the request and, instead of coming forward himself, had sent s. sgt. paul f. jenkins with the 3d tank platoon ' s 2d section, two tanks instead of one. the advance continued and the three tanks came abreast of the town ' s main crossroads. seeing what they suspected to be an enemy mine field ahead, the tankers changed their route of advance and moved north with their accompanying infantry through the center of vossenack. they followed the open northern slope over which the tanks with company g had passed earlier. without opposition the three tanks and company f ' s 3d platoon moved just to the right of company g on the eastern nose of the ridge. there the infantrymen began to dig in on their objective. 24 while the 3d platoon was taking its roundabout route forward, the 2d platoon under 1st lt. george e. scott continued its advance past the crossroads in vossenack. from a house on the left, two or three houses east of the crossroads, a german \" burp gun \" ( machine pistol ) opened fire and halted the americans with its first burst. as lieutenant scott moved up to one of his squads to meet the situation, another burst killed him instantly. the platoon sergeant then tried to organize a flanking force, but he too was hit and seriously wounded. a squad leader was killed and his second in command seriously wounded in an attempt to shift their squad to where it could flank the position from the north. back at the germeter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4434517074894834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.004491"} {"text": "organize a flanking force, but he too was hit and seriously wounded. a squad leader was killed and his second in command seriously wounded in an attempt to shift their squad to where it could flank the position from the north. back at the germeter line of departure, the remaining three tanks of lieutenant novak ' s 3d tank platoon had started forward shortly after sergeant jenkins left with the platoon ' s 2d section. novak ' s tanks, scheduled to assist company e in the vossenack mop - up, moved too quickly for the infantry to keep pace and reached the crossroads ahead of the reserve company. there lieutenant kauffman seized the opportunity and commandeered one of the tanks to help in demolishing the burp gun resistance. the tanker fired two rounds at the building indicated by lieutenant kauffman, and the f company commander and his runner, pfc. bud kern, charged the house close behind the tank fire. inside they found seven men and two german officers, one of whom was already wounded. kauffman and kern killed the other officer, and the german enlisted men promptly surrendered. lieutenant novak, meanwhile, had turned south with his tank, apparently intending either to use the southern slope and so avoid the town as he moved eastward or to help knock out the burp gun by firing on the house from another direction. as he neared the southern edge of the town, his tank struck a mine and was immobilized. since it could still be used as a stationary firing point, lieutenant novak stayed with his vehicle, while his two remaining tanks went on with lieutenant kauffman and company f. with the german burp gun resistance now out of the way, the advance continued. lieutenant kauffman tossed a grenade into the basement of the next house as a routine precaution, with the result that a group of germans, who proved to be staff members of the battalion charged with the defense of vossenack, came out in surrender. when questioned, one of the german officers pointed out the town ' s defensive positions on a map. there had been five thirty - man companies in vossenack, he said, and despite high losses another company had the mission of counterattacking to retake the town. lieutenant kauffman shifted company f ' s 1st platoon, now reorganized, back into the attack echelon and returned the 2d platoon to its original support role. accompanied by the two tanks of lieutenant novak ' s tank platoon, lieutenant wine ' s men continued down the main", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4144856529233974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.006041"} {"text": "company f ' s 1st platoon, now reorganized, back into the attack echelon and returned the 2d platoon to its original support role. accompanied by the two tanks of lieutenant novak ' s tank platoon, lieutenant wine ' s men continued down the main street, charging each building close behind assault fire from the tanks. the germans fired only a few desultory shots in return, and by 1230 the 1st and 2d platoons had joined the 3d platoon on the final objective, the bald eastern nose of vossenack ridge. 25 lieutenant kauffman set up his company f command post in the last house on the right ( south ) side of vossenack ' s main street. the 2d platoon began to dig in on the left next to company g ' s right flank. on the 2d ' s right was the 1st platoon, its depleted 1st and 2d squads combined into one and designated to defend a wooded draw that stretched up toward the town from the kall river valley. the 3d platoon dug in on the 1st ' s right on a little exposed nose projecting east between two draws. the section of light machine guns dug in with the 2d platoon on the left, the 1st ( machine gun ) platoon from company h with the right platoon, and the provisional. 50 - caliber machine gun platoon alone on the ridge farther to the southwest. one section of company h 81 - mm. mortars had moved up to firing positions to the north of vossenack as soon as company g had reached its objective ; after company f completed its advance, the other sections displaced to the vicinity of the church. through this day and the next, forward observers from the mortar platoon were with all three rifle companies. later, because of enemy shelling, observers were pulled back to a central observation post in a house near the eastern end of the town. 26 company e mops up the mission of company e was to follow company f at an interval of approximately 300 yards to vossenack. there it would complete the mopping up of german resistance in the town. one platoon was to move along the edge of the woods on the south behind the right platoon of company f in order to assist in protecting the battalion ' s right flank. the 3d tank platoon under lieutenant novak was to precede company e into vossenack and assist in mopping up. one section of machine guns from company h was also attached. when the acting company commander of company e, 1st lt. james a. condon, saw company f moving out at 0830 in preparation for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40800806706788245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.013430"} {"text": "remnants, \" evacuate the wounded, and follow the tail of the company through vossenack. bart returned to his men, but the enemy fire blocked evacuation. not until about noon, when the 1st battalion attacked southeast from richelskaul and thus relieved the pressure against company e ' s 1st platoon, did two men, sergeant bart and pfc. clyde wallace, manage to work around behind the german machine guns and take them from the rear. private wallace went back to the battalion command post in germeter with two prisoners, and the remainder of the platoon, reduced now to about thirteen men, continued into vossenack. 28 while the 1st platoon was still pinned down in the open field, the remainder of company e and its attached machine gun section continued on the mission to mop up in vossenack. ( see map viii. ) in a column of twos on either side of the main road, the men advanced cautiously, checking all buildings and cellars and taking occasional prisoners. only one man was wounded, a 2d platoon rifleman, hit in the arm by a shell fragment. 29 lieutenant novak ' s three tanks, which were supposed to accompany company e in the mop - up, soon outdistanced the riflemen and instead assisted company f in clearing the eastern portion of vossenack. about 1040, shortly after company e must have first entered the outskirts of the town, captain west, the tank company commander, who had moved with company g to the northeastern nose of the ridge, received a radio message asking for tank support for company e. on his way back via the southern route to help out, his command tank hit a mine just south of the church, probably in the mine field which lieutenant leming ' s tanks had previously suspected and avoided. captain west dismounted and found that his battalion headquarters tank had come up. it was near by performing forward observation for the tank battalion ' s assault gun platoon. west took over the headquarters tank to assist company e in completing its mop - up. back on the northeastern nose of the ridge, the tanks that had reached the objective maneuvered around in rear of the infantry positions. there lieutenant quarrie ' s tank threw a track, and the crew could not replace it. 30 about 1530 company e finished its attack mission in vossenack and began to prepare for the defense. lieutenant condon placed his 3d platoon on the left ( north ) of town, generally along the line of houses on the northern side of the street, and his 2d platoon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4439353933288364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.066175"} {"text": "finished its attack mission in vossenack and began to prepare for the defense. lieutenant condon placed his 3d platoon on the left ( north ) of town, generally along the line of houses on the northern side of the street, and his 2d platoon similarly on the right ( south ) side of town. the remaining men of the 1st platoon faced to the west in a defense within the town itself, denying the battalion rear. light enemy artillery fire fell as the company was going into position, and two men were killed, one of them private wallace, who had assisted sergeant bart in overcoming the german resistance southeast of germeter and had returned after taking two prisoners to the battalion cp. 31 during the afternoon a tank retriever that was sent into vossenack to tow out lieutenant novak ' s damaged tank near the church was itself damaged by a direct hit from enemy artillery. with his own tank lieutenant leming tried to tow out lieutenant quarrie ' s tank, but his efforts were unsuccessful. the tank company received permission about 1600 to draw back to bivouac positions in the western edge of vossenack and there went into a circle defense for the night and effected gasoline and ammunition resupply. 32 the forward battalion command group had followed the attack closely and by 1630 had established a command post in a house approximately 300 yards east of the church in vossenack on the south side of the main street. the rear battalion command post moved up after dark, every available man being pressed into service to carry an extra load of ammunition for resupplying the companies. 33 artillery in the vossenack attack the 229th field artillery battalion in direct support of the 112th infantry fired a total of 1, 346 rounds from 0800 to 1200 on 2 november, thus providing continuous artillery support on call during the entire vossenack attack. in addition to the preparation fires, missions were harassing, counterbattery, and targets of opportunity. company b, 86th chemical battalion, fired 274 high explosive and 225 white phosphorous rounds with its 4. 2 mortars, and at various times during the day vossenack was reported burning and covered with a haze of smoke. company d, 86th chemical battalion, did not fire, having pulled out of firing position to be prepared to follow the 1st and 3d battalions, 112th infantry, to schmidt. 34 the 1st battalion attacks at h plus 3 hours when the 28th division moved into the vossenack - schmidt area, the 1st battalion, 112th infantry, had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4038514063031606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.071203"} {"text": "be prepared to follow the 1st and 3d battalions, 112th infantry, to schmidt. 34 the 1st battalion attacks at h plus 3 hours when the 28th division moved into the vossenack - schmidt area, the 1st battalion, 112th infantry, had initially been in regimental reserve, but on 1 november company a had relieved elements of the 110th infantry in defense of the junction of the richelskaul - rollesbroich road with the simonskall road to the south. the rest of the battalion had remained in an assembly area a few hundred yards west of richelskaul. ( see map vii. ) the 112th infantry ' s attack plan for 2 november designated the 1st and 3d battalions to attack cross country at h plus 3 hours ( 1200 ) in a column of battalions, the 1st leading. they were to move generally through the wooded part of the southern slope of vossenack ridge, cross the kall river, and seize kommerscheidt. the 3d battalion was then to take schmidt, and both were to to be prepared to continue the attack toward the southwest and steckenborn. this was the division ' s main effort. 35 the 1st battalion, under the command of maj. robert t. hazlett, was to lead the attack in a column of companies, company b leading and passing through company a ' s richelskaul defenses. company c was to follow company b on order, and, after company c had passed through, company a was then to leave its defenses to follow. attached to company b for spearheading the attack was the 1st ( machine gun ) platoon of company d. the 2d ( machine gun ) platoon was to support the attack by firing up the wooded draw to the east from positions with company a at richelskaul. the 81 - mm. mortars were to support on call from a position in a draw in the woods 900 yards behind the line of departure. 36 no preparatory artillery barrage preceded the men of company b as they passed through the richelskaul defenses shortly after noon in a column of platoons - - 1st, 3d, 2d, weapons. the first phase line had been designated as a generally north - south trail, some 400 yards east of richelskaul, which ambled, south from vossenack ' s western outskirts to a juncture in the southern woods with the road to simonskall. as the 1st platoon advanced toward that trail, it was fired upon from woods in the vicinity of the trail and pinned to the ground", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4049009284611523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.072977"} {"text": "from vossenack ' s western outskirts to a juncture in the southern woods with the road to simonskall. as the 1st platoon advanced toward that trail, it was fired upon from woods in the vicinity of the trail and pinned to the ground by intense enemy fire from small arms and entrenched automatic weapons. the 1st platoon leader, 1st lt. ralph spalin, acting as point for his platoon, was instantly killed. capt. clifford t. hackard, the company b commander, committed his 3d platoon to assist the 1st, but in the attempted advance the 3d platoon leader, 2d lt. gerald m. burril, was hit by the enemy fire. despite a broken leg, lieutenant burril dragged himself into a hole from which he directed mortar fire with his scr 536. he was not evacuated until after dark when one of the men of his platoon and an aid man brought him out on a litter. either the loss of its platoon leader or the enemy small arms fire, or both, kept the 3d platoon from advancing farther. about one and one - half hours after the jump - off, captain hackard committed his 2d platoon to the action. one squad from the 2d platoon managed to work its way far enough forward to cross the trail ; there it too was stopped by the intense small arms fire. despite heavy supporting fire from company d ' s 81 - mm. mortars, the attack was stalemated. at 1510 one concentration of twenty - four rounds was fired by the 229th field artillery battalion at enemy machine guns along the trail just south of company b ' s attack route. this was seen by a forward observer and reported as \" excellent, \" but no further mission was recorded as having been fired in this area during the day. company b still could not advance. 37 the 1st battalion commander, major hazlett, went to the regimental command post about 1500 and talked with colonel peterson, the regimental commander. on his return, major hazlett announced that most of the gain of the day would be held. because of plans he had received 28th division front evening, 2 november 1944 for the next day, however, he did not want to leave company b \" stuck so far out front. \" 38 when captain hackard made his way back about dusk, major hazlett told him to pull back his advance elements ( evidently the 2d platoon ) to the remainder of the company, which now was in a small patch of woods about 200 to 250 yards in front of the line of departure, and to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4402200581212011, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.105198"} {"text": ", major hazlett told him to pull back his advance elements ( evidently the 2d platoon ) to the remainder of the company, which now was in a small patch of woods about 200 to 250 yards in front of the line of departure, and to dig in there for the night. this move was accomplished after nightfall. 39 thus, the 28th division ' s main effort had been halted after its one attacking company had hit stiff german resistance. except for one mission, artillery support had not been utilized, and neither the other two rifle companies of the 1st battalion nor any part of the 3d battalion had been committed. the battalion and regimental commanders apparently decided that, in view of the stiff opposition encountered by company b and the comparative ease with which the 2d battalion had taken vossenack, the attack should be shifted to pass through vossenack and avoid the resistance facing richelskaul. at any rate, those were the plans for the next day. 40 109th and 110th infantry regiments attack to the north of the 112th infantry ' s divisional main effort, the 109th infantry had jumped off at h hour in its attack to protect the division ' s left flank and secure a line of departure overlooking huertgen. ( map 20 ) by 1400 the 1st battalion, on the left, had two companies on its objective, the woods line west of the germeter - huertgen road. the 3d battalion had attacked generally up the huertgen road and committed all three rifle companies. they gained only about 300 to 500 yards before being stopped by a wide enemy mine field. after two companies of the regiment ' s 2d battalion had moved up to a close reserve position a few hundred yards behind the 1st battalion, ostensibly to cover a gap between the 1st and 3d battalions, the regiment buttoned up for the night. 41 the 110th infantry in the woods to the south had attacked at 1200, its 3d battalion moving generally southeast in the cross - country direction of simonskall and its 2d battalion aiming for eight or ten pillboxes astride the main road south toward rollesbroich. these pillbox defenses later became known as the raffelsbrand strong point. both battalions were stopped after almost no gain by determined resistance and heavily fortified pillboxes. the 1st battalion, 110th infantry, was the division ' s infantry reserve and was not committed. the 110th ' s attack to reach the strauch - schmidt road and thus open the way for the latter phase of the schmidt operation ( the capture of the strauch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4447541193265958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.110611"} {"text": "infantry, was the division ' s infantry reserve and was not committed. the 110th ' s attack to reach the strauch - schmidt road and thus open the way for the latter phase of the schmidt operation ( the capture of the strauch - steckenborn area ) had made virtually no progress. 42 a vital mission in the schmidt operation, that of isolating the vossenack - schmidt battlefield from large - scale intervention of enemy armor, had been assigned to the aircraft of the ix tactical air command. although the ix tac was to continue its usual large - scale offensive against enemy transportation and communications, its main single effort was to be support of the 28th division. the air plan involved use of five fighter bomber groups - - the 365th, 366th, and 368th ( p - 47 ' s ), and 370th and 474th ( p - 38 ' s ) - - and the 422d night fighter group ( p - 61 ' s ). on the first day of the 28th division attack, a third of the ix tac aircraft were to perform armed reconnaissance on all roads leading out of schmidt to a limit of 25 miles, and another third were to attack special targets and drop leaflet bombs in support of the division. but weather conditions prevented the first planes from taking off from their base at verviers, belgium, until 1234. two of five group missions were canceled and two others were vectored far afield in search of targets of opportunity. one mission did succeed : twelve p - 38 ' s of the 474th fighter bomber group attacked bergstein at 1445 and continued on to hit barges on the roer river, a roer bridge at heimbach, and two factories east of nideggen. the 28th division air control officer reported that one squadron mistakenly bombed an american artillery objective : pillboxes. troops of the 110th infantry, on 2 november, moving through the woods ( above ). one of the heavily fortified pillboxes near rollesbroich ( below ). position near roetgen and caused twenty - four american casualties ( including seven killed ) before attacking schmidt. 43 the enemy situation on 2 november staff officers of army group b, the fifth panzer and seventh armies, and several corps and divisions, including the 116th panzer division, were meeting with generalfeldmarschall walter model, army group b commander, at schlenderhan castle, near quadrath, west of cologne, for a map study. the subject of the study was a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4217799634236259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.113532"} {"text": "the 116th panzer division, were meeting with generalfeldmarschall walter model, army group b commander, at schlenderhan castle, near quadrath, west of cologne, for a map study. the subject of the study was a theoretical american attack along the boundary of the two armies in the huertgen area. not long after the meeting began, a telephone call from the chief of staff of the lxxiv corps told of actual american attacks north of germeter and in the direction of vossenack. the message said the situation was critical and asked for reserve troops from seventh army because lxxiv corps did not have the men available to close the gaps already opened up by the american attacks. field marshal model directed the lxxiv corps commander to return to his command and ordered the other officers to continue the map study with the actual situation as subject. as the map study continued, reports of the 28th division ' s attack continued to come in, and it was decided to commit immediately a kampfgruppe of the 116th panzer division to assist local reserves in a counterattack against the 109th infantry ' s penetration north of germeter. the remainder of the 116th panzer division was to follow later from its rest area near muenchen - gladbach. the chance presence of the various major commanders at the map conference facilitated preparations for this counterattack. it was designed to hit at dawn on 3 november to eliminate the 109th infantry ' s northern penetration and to push farther south so as to cut off the vossenack penetration of the 112th infantry. this was virtually the same type of counterattack which had threatened the 9th infantry division when it had held this area. 44 summary for 2 november and night of 2 - 3 november beginning with a heavy artillery barrage at 0800 on 2 november, the 28th division attack on schmidt had met varying degrees of success. the 2d battalion, 112th infantry, had made one of the more notable advances of the day in seizing vossenack and the vossenack ridge. although the 1st battalion, 112th infantry, had attempted an attack southeast from richelskaul toward kommerscheidt and schmidt, its one committed company had been held up by small arms fire and the attack not pursued, although the remainder of that battalion, plus the entire 3d battalion and a company of medium tanks, had been available. during the night plans were issued for a new attack the next morning to take the same objectives via a different route. to the north one battalion of the 109th infantry had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4545664828051265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.115062"} {"text": "plus the entire 3d battalion and a company of medium tanks, had been available. during the night plans were issued for a new attack the next morning to take the same objectives via a different route. to the north one battalion of the 109th infantry had reached the woods line overlooking huertgen, while another had been held up by a previously unlocated mine field. to the south the 110th infantry in a two - battalion attack had gained nothing except comparatively heavy casualties and the knowledge that its opposition was much stiffer than had been expected. although artillery support had been excellent, except in the attack of the 1st battalion, 112th infantry, where it was not requested, air support had been negligible. attached engineers had concerned themselves primarily with maintenance of roads in rear areas, although company c, 103d engineers, had cleared mines east of germeter and had gone into vossenack after dark for road clearance. after dark all three regiments buttoned up for the night, evidently confining themselves to resupply, for there was no record of any patrolling. meanwhile, the germans, their defense facilitated by a chance map conference at army group b headquarters, were planning a dawn counterattack to eliminate both the 109th and 112th infantry penetrations. the 28th division ' s main effort for kommerscheidt and schmidt had on 2 november been pushed with a surprising lack of vigor, presumably because a decision was made somewhere in command channels that the original attack plan would not be followed. although this decision was probably based on success in vossenack as compared with stiff opposition on the original route of advance, it had nevertheless set back considerably the hour by which schmidt might be taken. but on 3 november the 112th infantry would make another attempt to capture the objective. 1. although the official german name for the fortified belt along the western german frontier was westwall, it was known to american troops as the siegfried line. 2. a misnomer. the \" huertgen forest \" was actually only a small part of a forest mass extending from southeast of eschweiler ( meroder wald ) to the area lammersdorf - rollesbroich - steckenborn. it included the wenau forest, the roetgen forest, and other subdivisions. since the entire forest mass was known to american troops as the \" huertgen forest, \" this term is used throughout this narrative. 3. although this objective has come to be considered one of the more important of the schmidt operation, neither v corps nor 28th division", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.452020761167028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.117094"} {"text": "forest mass was known to american troops as the \" huertgen forest, \" this term is used throughout this narrative. 3. although this objective has come to be considered one of the more important of the schmidt operation, neither v corps nor 28th division attack orders mentioned it. according to an interview with col carl l. peterson ( formerly co, 112th inf ), bradford, pa., 21 - 22 - 23 sep 48, the roer dams \" never entered the picture. \" while the first united states army report of operations - - 1 august 1944 - 22 february 1945 ( hereafter cited as fusa rpt ) does say that the schmidt attack was \" a preliminary phase of a plan by v corps to seize the two large dams on the roer river..., \" 28th division troops probably did not consider the dams an objective. just when the american command fully realized the importance of the dams is not clear. the german command thought the 28th division attack was aimed at them, and the violent german reaction was based primarily on fear of losing the dams. see postwar german accounts, mss # a - 891 and a - 892 by generalmajor rudolf freiherr von gersdorff ( formerly cofs of seventh army ) ; ms # c - 016 by general der infanterie erich straube ( formerly cg of lxxiv corps ) ; european theater historical interview ( hereafter cited as ethint ) 53 of gersdorff ; ethint 56 of gersdorff and generalmajor siegfried von waldenburg ( formerly cg of 116th panzer division ). for a fuller discussion of the question, see the siegfried line, a volume under preparation in the series united states army in world war ii. 4. the 1171st engr ( c ) gp also included the following : the 502d engr lt pon co, the 668th engr top co ( detached during this opn ), the 993d engr tdwy br co, and the 2d plat, 610th engr lt equip co. these units performed rear area duties and are not mentioned further in this narrative. 5. combat interv 77 with cota. this dictation by v corps was apparently based on the limitations of terrain, number of troops involved, and missions of the attack as originally decided by first army and 12th army group. ( all combat interviews on the schmidt operation are by the 2d information and historical service and were conducted in november", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44918954901215147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.132113"} {"text": "apparently based on the limitations of terrain, number of troops involved, and missions of the attack as originally decided by first army and 12th army group. ( all combat interviews on the schmidt operation are by the 2d information and historical service and were conducted in november 1944 or early december 1944. ) 6. engr story is from the following : v corps factual study, opns of the 28th inf div, engr sec, 2 - 9 nov 44 ( hereafter cited as v corps study ) ; engr plan, 30 oct 44, 28th div g - 3 jnl file, oct 44. for a further discussion of the security problem, see below, ch. iii, n. 10. 7. interv with cota, washington, d. c., 15 sep 48. 8. all clock time given is that officially designated by the allies ; during this period it was british summer time. 9. unless otherwise noted, this introduction is based on the following sources : fusa rpt ; v corps opns in the eto, 6 jan 42 to 9 may 45 ; v corps study ; v corps fo 30, 21 oct 44, and v corps ltrs of instn, 23 oct 44 and 30 oct 44, v corps g - 3 jnl and file, oct 44 ; 28th div g - 3 jnl and file, 26 oct - 2 nov 44 ; combat interv 77 with cota ; combat interv 74, general notes on 28th ' s opns ; 28th div aar, nov 44 ; v corps g - 2 jnl and file, oct 44 ; fo 25, 28th div g - 3 file, 29 oct 44 ; intervs with peterson and with cota. 10. ms # a - 891 ( gersdorff ) ; ms # a - 905 ( waldenburg ) ; ethint 53 ( gersdorff ) ; ethint 56 ( gersdorff and waldenburg ) ; ethint 57 ( gersdorff ) ; i c ( g - 2 ) sit map, 1 nov 44, found in ob west kriegstagebuch, anlagen ( war diary annexes ), befehle and meldungen, 1. - 10. xi. 44 ( hereafter cited as ob west ktb anlagen 1. - 10. xi. 44 ). ob west was the abbreviation of the headquarters of oberbefehlshaber west, commander in chief in the west. see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5130181014029266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.133124"} {"text": "44 ( hereafter cited as ob west ktb anlagen 1. - 10. xi. 44 ). ob west was the abbreviation of the headquarters of oberbefehlshaber west, commander in chief in the west. see also relief schedule, abloesungsplan, 28 oct 44, found in ob west ktb anlage 50 1. vii. - 31. xii. 44., vol. i, 24. x. - 31. xii. 44. 11. no copy of 112th inf fo 30 can be found. this information is based on 112th inf atk overlays, 31 oct 44, 28th div g - 3 file ; 28th div g - 3 jnl, oct 44 ; 112th inf atk overlay, 1st bn plan of attack, 31 oct 44, 112th inf s - 3 file, nov 44 ; all combat intervs for the period. the general plan is supported by fo 25, 28th div g - 3 file, 29 oct 44. 12. combat interv 75 with the following : maj richard a. dana, s - 3, 112th inf ; capt john d. pruden, ex off and later co, 2d bn, 112th inf ; 1st lt james a. condon, ex off, co e, 112th inf ; 1st lt eldeen kauffman, co, co f, 112th inf. the attack overlays dated 31 october 1944 in the 28th division g - 3 file indicate that another platoon of company e was to advance through the edge of the woods north of vossenack to protect the battalion ' s left flank, but this plan evidently did not develop. no mention of it is made in the ocmh combat interviews or unit journals, and the interview with colonel peterson indicates that he recalls no such arrangement. 13. combat interv 76 with the following : 1st lt james j. leming, 2d lt william d. quarrie, s sgt paul f. jenkins, and 1st lt james j. ryan. all of company c, 707th tk bn. see also v corps study ; combat interv 75 with condon. 14. combat interv 75 with capt charles l. crain, co, co h, 112th inf. 15. combat interv 75 with condon and capt john t. nesbitt, s - 1, 2d bn, 112th inf ; 112", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4184104274168178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.134557"} {"text": "75 with capt charles l. crain, co, co h, 112th inf. 15. combat interv 75 with condon and capt john t. nesbitt, s - 1, 2d bn, 112th inf ; 112th inf atk overlay, 31 oct 44. information on the 112th infantry cannon company is meager. maj. albert l. berndt, 112th infantry surgeon, in a letter to the historical division, 18 oct 48, says the company continued to support the operation from its original positions throughout the attack. records show that in later stages of the operation cannon company, 112th, was attached to the 109th infantry. 16. interv with peterson ; v corps opns in the eto ; v corps arty s - 3 jnl, 2 nov 44. 17. combat interv 75 with 112th inf personnel ; combat interv 76 with leming - quarrie - jenkins - ryan. 18. combat interv 76 with leming - quarrie - jenkins - ryan ; combat interv 75 with 1st lt clyde r. johnson, co g, 112th inf. 19. combat interv 75 with crain ; combat interv 76 with leming - quarrie - jenkins - ryan. 20. combat interv 75 with johnson ; 112th inf s - 3 jnl, 2 nov 44. 21. combat interv 76 with leming - quarrie - jenkins - ryan ; combat interv 75 with kauffman. 22. combat interv 75 with kauffman and s sgt charles w. cascarano, co f, 112th inf. see also 28th div citation recommendation for lt wine in combat interv 75 file. 23. combat interv 75 with kauffman. 24. combat interv 76 with leming - quarrie - jenkins - ryan. 25. combat interv 77 with kauffman, condon ; combat interv 76 with leming - quarrie - jenkins - ryan ; 112th inf s - 3 jnl, 2 nov 44. 26. combat interv 75 with kauffman, crain, cascarano. there is no available information on placement of company f ' s 60 - mm. mortars. 27. combat interv 75 with condon, crain, pruden, 1st lt clifton w. beggs, co e, 112th inf ; combat interv 76 with leming -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36659069140352096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.135333"} {"text": "' s 60 - mm. mortars. 27. combat interv 75 with condon, crain, pruden, 1st lt clifton w. beggs, co e, 112th inf ; combat interv 76 with leming - quarrie - jenkins - ryan. 28. combat interv 75 with condon and col gustin m. nelson, co ( after 7 nov 44 ), 112th inf. 29. combat interv 75 with condon. 30. combat interv 76 with leming - quarrie - jenkins - ryan. 31. combat interv 75 with condon. 32. combat interv 76 with leming - quarrie - jenkins - ryan. 33. combat interv 75 with nesbitt. 34. 28th div arty jnl, 2 nov 44 ; 28th div g - 3 jnl, 2 nov 44 ; hq and hq co, 28th div arty, aar, nov 44 ; 86th cml bn aar, nov 44. 35. combat interv 75 with the following : dana ; s sgt nathanuel m. quinton, 1st sgt harvey b. hausman, t sgt george a. lockwood, s sgt stephen j. kertes, and sgt travis c. norton. last five of co a, 112th inf. see also 112th inf atk overlay, 31 oct 44. 36. combat interv 75 with the following : s sgt eugene holden, 2d bn hq co, 112th inf ; s sgt joseph r. perll, co c, 112th inf ; capt richard gooley, s - 1, 1st bn, 112th inf ; 1st lt jack e. kelly and sgt thomas g. hunter. last two from co d, 112th inf. 37. combat interv 75 with s sgt roy w. littlehales and pfc clarence j. skain. both of co b, 112th inf. see also combat interv 75 with holden, kelly - hunter ; 28th div arty jnl, 2 nov 44. the combat interviews do not specifically state the commitment of the 2d platoon, although they do state that one squad of this platoon worked its way across the trail. no mention is made of the use of company b ' s attached heavy machine gun platoon from company d. 38. combat interv 75 with holden. 40. 112th inf s - 3 jnl, 2 nov 44. there is little mention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41797558276655367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.136056"} {"text": "no mention is made of the use of company b ' s attached heavy machine gun platoon from company d. 38. combat interv 75 with holden. 40. 112th inf s - 3 jnl, 2 nov 44. there is little mention of this attack in either combat interviews or unit journals, and some combat interviews indicate that some men even thought it was a \" limited objective \" attack. general cota knows of no reason why this attack was not pushed with more vigor ; it was not his intention that it be abandoned. see interv with cota. according to colonel peterson, it was not to be a major attack. see interv with peterson. the applicable fo is missing ( see n. 11 above ), but the attack overlays agree with the version as herein presented and are substantiated by ltr, brig gen george a. davis ( formerly asst div comdr, 28th div ) to hist div, 27 dec 49, which says, \" this was definitely the main effort and it was not to pass through vossenack. \" 41. combat interv 77 with 109th inf personnel ; 109th inf s - 2 and s - 3 jnls, 2 nov 44 ; 28th div g - 3 jnl, 2 nov 44. 42. combat interv 77 with 110th inf personnel and notes on opns of the 110th inf ; 110th inf, s - 2 and s - 3 jnls, 2 nov 44 ; 28th div g - 3 jnl, 2 nov 44. 43. fusa and ix tac sum of air opns, 2 nov 44, in unit history, ix fighter command and ix tac, 1 - 30 nov 44 ( hereafter cited as fusa and ix tac sum ) ; v corps study, g - 3 air sec ; combat interv 74 with maj edwin m. howison, air ln off from ix tac to 28th div ; 28th div g - 3 air jnl, nov 44. 44. mss # a - 891 and a - 892 ( gersdorff ) ; ms # a - 905 ( waldenburg ) ; ethint 53 ( gersdorff ) ; noon sit rpt, 3 nov 44, found in ob west ktb anlagen 1. - 10. xi. 44.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4390444870153424, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.136783"} {"text": "by malini hariharan saudi arabia ' s growing oil demand is rapidly becoming a matter of concern for the country ' s planners. a new report forecasts that the kingdom could fail to meet domestic demand in 2030 if current consumption trends are maintained. saudi arabia, the world ' s largest crude oil exporter, is already consuming a third of its output and has one of the highest per capita consumption levels. and demand is projected to grow rapidly in the coming years especially from the power sector which is expected to expand at 7 - 8 % annually for the next ten years. how the government responds to this challenge has implications for the rest of the world and also extends to the petrochemicals industry. the efforts so far are focused on boosting crude oil production and investing in alternatives such as solar and nuclear power which would free up oil for lucrative exports. plans have already been made to build 16 nuclear reactors over the next 20 years at a cost of more than $ 300bn and nuclear power is projected to meet 20 % of the kingdom ' s power needs. the saudi oil minister ali - al - naimi has very confidently stated that the country has the potential to produce enough solar power by 2020 to meet more than four times global demand. and the government ' s seriousness to promote this alternative is source is evident in saudi aramco ' s decision to form a joint venture with saudi electric co and show shell sekiyu to develop a 500kw solar plant on farasan island. but going solar or nuclear will only partly solve the problem. the saudi government spends nearly $ 13bn a year to subsidize power and water consumption for citizens. the bigger challenge will be to manage demand growth by raising domestic prices of electricity and gasoline to international levels - a sensitive task given the social unrest that the middle east and arab world has been seeing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44627096365763863, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.138817"} {"text": "| | | what your doctor is saying | | | last reviewed by faculty of harvard medical school on january 13, 2011 by robert h. shmerling, m. d. beth israel deaconess medical center it is likely that your doctor routinely uses words or phrases when speaking with other doctors that would sound foreign to you unless you have a medical background. although it might sound like a jumble of long words and phrases, many of the terms have common roots, prefixes or suffixes. knowing a few of these can go a long way in deciphering what may otherwise be incomprehensible \" medicalese. \" when your doctor is saying less consider the following : hypothyroid, hypotension, hypocalcemia. the suffix \" hypo - \" in each of these words means \" too little \" of whatever follows. consider \" aplastic \", \" anovulatory \" or \" avascular. \" the \" a \" ( or \" an \" ) that begins each of these means \" lacking \" whatever follows. so, these terms translate as follows : - hypothyroid an underactive thyroid gland - hypotension low blood pressure - hypocalcemia low blood calcium level - aplastic not developed or non - functioning, as in aplastic anemia - anovulatory not ovulating - avascular without a blood supply why it matters it is important that you understand your health care professional for several reasons : to know why you have symptoms, to know how to take your medicines and why they were prescribed, and to know what to expect. that means you both must use the same language, whether it is medical and technical, or the language of the layperson. i favor the latter that is, i believe it is usually best if a doctor speaks the language of the patient rather than the other way around. invariably, however, medical terms will appear in written reports, communication between doctors, and often in the explanations doctors give to patients. if the information is not understood, it makes the worry over one ' s health even greater. anything you or your doctor can do to reduce that worry is worth the effort. your doctor can use language that you understand. and you can learn a bit of your doctor ' s language. the bottom line some words are the same in more than one language. for example, \" carton \" is the same in english as in spanish. unfortunately, that seems to occur rarely in \" medicalese.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4941545652087905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.144331"} {"text": "bit of your doctor ' s language. the bottom line some words are the same in more than one language. for example, \" carton \" is the same in english as in spanish. unfortunately, that seems to occur rarely in \" medicalese. \" so learn what you can about your medical conditions and the terms that describe it ; if you do not understand something your doctor has said, ask for a clarification. many people assume the worst when they hear a term they don ' t understand, and there are already plenty of things to worry about without that caused by an ill - chosen phrase. there is almost always a perfectly acceptable \" translation \" that can inform you without losing any of the term ' s meaning. insist on that translation if you don ' t understand ; but just in case, learn what you can of the medical lingo that applies to your health or to the health of those who are close to you. robert h. shmerling, m. d., is associate physician at beth israel deaconess medical center and associate professor at harvard medical school. he has been a practicing rheumatologist for over 20 years at beth israel deaconess medical center. he is an active teacher in the internal medicine residency program, serving as the robinson firm chief. he is also a teacher in the rheumatology fellowship program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5173930250904752, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.146973"} {"text": "islamic slavery has been the most horrible, yet the least known slavery in history. so, author m. a. khan decided to publish the chapter \" islamic slavery \" from his book \" islamic jihad : a legacy of forced conversion, imperialism and slavery \". this part contains : 1 ) introduction, 2 ) the quranic sanction of slavery, 3 ) the prophetic model of slavery. ( part 2 ) \" allah sets forth ( another ) parable of two men : one of them dumb, with no power of any sort ; a wearisome burden is he to his master ; whichever way he directs him, he brings no good : is such a man equal with one who commands justice, and is on a straight way? \" - - - allah, in quran 16 : 76 \" ( allah ) brought those of the people of the scripture \u2026 and cast panic into their hearts. some ( adult males ) ye slew, and ye made captive some ( women and children ). \" - - - allah, in quran 33 : 26 \u2013 27 \" it is written in the quran that all nations who should not have acknowledged their ( muslims \u2019 ) authority were sinners ; that it was their right and duty to make war upon whoever they could find and to make slaves of all they could take as prisoners ; and that every mussulman who should be slain in battle was sure to go to paradise. \" - - - tripoli \u2019 s london ambassador abd al - rahman to thomas jefferson & john adams ( 1786 ) on by what right the barbary states enslaved american seamen. the cover image shows muhammad & his followers on a jihad raid, in which he used to plunder and capture the women and children as slaves. slavery is a socio - economic institution, in which some human individuals, called slaves, become property of others, called masters or owners. devoid of freedom and liberty, slaves are expected to provide loyal and diligent service for the comfort and economic well - being of their masters. deprived of any human rights, slaves are the unconditional possession of their owners : mere chattels, having no right to leave, refuse work, or receive compensation for their labor. the position of slaves in society in many respects is akin to that of domesticated animals. just as cows, horses and other beasts of burden are trained and utilized for economic advantage, such as for pulling carts or plowing fields \u2014 slaves are exploited for the benefit, comfort and economic well - being of the owner. slave - trade, integral to slavery,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46960184541866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.169078"} {"text": ", horses and other beasts of burden are trained and utilized for economic advantage, such as for pulling carts or plowing fields \u2014 slaves are exploited for the benefit, comfort and economic well - being of the owner. slave - trade, integral to slavery, involves buying and selling of human beings as a commodity like any other commercial transaction. slavery, in essence, is the exploitation of the weak by the strong and has a very long history. one major criticism of the west by all, and particularly by muslims, pertains to the trans - atlantic slave \u2011 trade by european powers and their mindless exploitation and degrading treatment of slaves in the americas and west indies. muslims are often quick to point fingers at the european slave - trade ; they often claim that the exploitation of slaves enabled countries like the united states to amass the huge wealth they enjoy today. one young muslim, born in america, wrote : \u2018 do you know how the american slave - hunters went to africa, seized the black people and brought them to america as slaves? america \u2019 s economic power owes a great deal to the labor of those slaves \u2019 ( personal communication ). terming the 350 - year trans - atlantic slave - trade \u2018 the worst and most cruel slavery \u2019 in history, the nation of islam minister louis farrakhan claims that some white americans do not know that \u2018 they are in the privileged position \u2026 today based on what happened to us ( blacks ) \u2019 in the past. an overwhelming majority of muslims believe that islamic history is devoid of the abhorrent practice of slavery. rocky davis ( aka shahid malik ), an australian aboriginal convert to islam, told the abc radio that \u2018 christianity were the founders of slavery. not islam. \u2019 when muslims in india talk about the practice of slavery in the subcontinent \u2014 they talk about the harrowing tales of how the portuguese transported slaves from coastal areas of goa, kerala and bengal in terrible conditions. it is already noted that history books in pakistan teach that before islam, there was exploitation and slavery, which vanished with the coming of islam. they will never talk about the slavery that muslim invaders and rulers practiced on a grand scale in india. this muslim silence about the widespread practice slavery under islamic rules, such as in india, likely results from their ignorance of historical facts. in modern history writing in india, there is extensive whitewashing of the atrocities that took place during the muslim invasions and the subsequent islamic rule. such distortions of the true picture of islamic history compound muslims \u2019 ignorance about islamic atrocities in medieval india and create an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45123983144520974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.170260"} {"text": "history writing in india, there is extensive whitewashing of the atrocities that took place during the muslim invasions and the subsequent islamic rule. such distortions of the true picture of islamic history compound muslims \u2019 ignorance about islamic atrocities in medieval india and create an erroneous perception amongst them about the extensive slavery practised by muslim rulers. as recounted throughout this book, slavery was regrettably a prominent institution throughout the history of islamic domination everywhere. it also had unique features, namely large - scale concubinage, eunuchs, and ghilman ( described below ). the quranic sanction of slavery the institution of slavery in islam was formalized in the following quranic verse, in which allah distinguishes free human beings or masters, who exercise justice and righteousness, from the dumb, useless and burdensome ones, the slaves : allah sets forth ( another ) parable of two men : one of them dumb, with no power of any sort ; a wearisome burden is he to his master ; whichever way he directs him, he brings no good : is such a man equal with one who commands justice, and is on a straight way? [ quran 16 : 76 ] allah warns the believers against taking the slaves as equal partner in status and in sharing their wealth, lest they have to fear them as anyone else : \u2026 do ye have partners among those whom your right hands possess ( i. e., slaves, captives ) to share as equals in the wealth we have bestowed on you? do ye fear them as ye fear each other? [ quran 30 : 28 ] allah recognizes some human beings, namely the masters, as more blessed by himself than the less favored slaves as part of his divine plan. he warns muslims against sharing his gifts to them equally with their slaves. those who would take slaves as equal, warns allah, would deny him : allah has bestowed his gifts of sustenance more freely on some of you than on others : those more favoured are not going to throw back their gifts to those whom their right hands possess, so as to be equal in that respect. will they then deny the favours of allah? [ quran 16 : 71 ] allah does not only sanction the institution of slavery, he also gave divine blessing to masters ( muslim men only can own slaves ) to have sex with the female slaves : and those who guard their private parts, except in the case of their wives or those whom their right hands possess \u2014 for these surely are not to be blamed [ quran 70 : 29 \u2013 30 ] and who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4428011327089443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.171312"} {"text": ") to have sex with the female slaves : and those who guard their private parts, except in the case of their wives or those whom their right hands possess \u2014 for these surely are not to be blamed [ quran 70 : 29 \u2013 30 ] and who guard their private parts, except before their mates or those whom their right hands possess, for they surely are not blameable [ quran 23 : 5 \u2013 6 ] therefore, if there are women amongst the captives or slaves, muslims are divinely sanctioned to have sex with them as they do with their wives. this verdict of allah founded the institution of sex - slavery or slave - concubinage in islam, which was widespread in the pre - colonial muslim world and continued well into the mid - twentieth century. as far as legal marriage is concerned, there is a limitation of four wives for a man at one time [ quran 4 : 3 ], but no such limitation on the number of sex - slaves. allah also gave a divine sanction to muslims for acquiring female slaves for sexual engagement by waging wars against the infidels : o prophet! surely we have made lawful to you your wives whom you have given their dowries, and those whom your right hand possesses out of those whom allah has given to you as prisoners of war \u2026 [ quran 33 : 50 ] muslims can engage in sex with the captured slave women even if they are married, but not with the married free muslim women : also ( prohibited are ) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess \u2026 [ quran 4 : 24 ]. there are other verses in the quran that talks approvingly of slaves and capturing them in wars. thus, according to the divine commands of the islamic god as enshrined in the holy quran, muslims are allowed to keep slaves. they can amass slaves by waging wars, have sex with the female slaves, and of course, use them as they wish. for muslims, having sex with female slaves is as legal as having sex with their married wives. slavery appears to be one of the most desired divine privileges in islam, since allah took the pain of reminding muslims about this divine right time and again in so many verses. the prophetic model of slavery allah did not rest with repeatedly reminding muslims to engage in slavery, but also took the initiative to guide prophet muhammad on how to enslave the infidels, such as in the following verse : and he ( allah ) brought those of the people of the scripture ( i. e., banu qurayza", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4249644282254246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.172380"} {"text": "also took the initiative to guide prophet muhammad on how to enslave the infidels, such as in the following verse : and he ( allah ) brought those of the people of the scripture ( i. e., banu qurayza ) who supported them ( i. e., the quraysh ) down from their strongholds, and cast panic into their hearts. some ( adult males ) ye slew, and ye made captive some ( women and children ) \u2026 [ quran 33 : 26 \u2013 27 ] in this verse, allah charged the banu qurayza jews with supporting the quraysh of mecca \" from their strongholds \" against muslims in the battle of the trench ( 627 ). based on this unsubstantiated accusation, allah commanded that some of the jews, the adult males, were to be slain, and the rest, the women and children, enslaved. the prophet duly complied with this divine command. he distributed the enslaved women and children among his disciples, himself acquiring one - fifth of them. the young and pretty ones amongst the female captives were made sex - slaves ; the prophet himself took beautiful rayhana, whose husband and family members had been slain in the massacre. he took her to bed on the same night. after conquering khaybar the following year, muhammad carried away their women and children as slaves. in many other attacks, the prophet and his followers enslaved and carried away the women and children of the vanquished. therefore, after aggressively attacking and defeating the infidels, enslaving the women and children became a model of muhammad \u2019 s wars. some of the slaves could be sold or ransomed for generating revenues. the young and pretty ones amongst the female captives became sex - slaves. since emulating muhammad in action and deed is central to living a good muslim life in islamic thought, muslims duly embraced his model of slavery ( comprising enslavement, slave - trade and slave - concubinage ) and perpetuated it during the later centuries of islamic domination. muhammad \u2019 s example of dealing with the jews of banu qurayza or khaybar became the standard template for capturing slaves. this led to a massive rise in enslavement, sex - slavery and slave - trade in medieval islamdom. after muhammad \u2019 s death, muslims \u2014 armed with sanctions of the quran and sunnah \u2014 embarked on an unbridled mission of waging holy war to conquer the world for the purpose of spreading islam and expanding islamic rule", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46895603180960166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.173453"} {"text": "trade in medieval islamdom. after muhammad \u2019 s death, muslims \u2014 armed with sanctions of the quran and sunnah \u2014 embarked on an unbridled mission of waging holy war to conquer the world for the purpose of spreading islam and expanding islamic rule. as islam burst out of arabia, muslim invaders became adept at capturing the vanquished infidels, particularly the women and children, in large numbers as slaves. in islamic thoughts ( as noted already ), the civilizations preceding and outside of islam are jahiliyah or erroneous in nature, invalidated with the coming of islam. only muslims were in the sole possession of truth in the form of the true faith of islam. in their thoughts, the world outside the boundary and religion of islam, notes bernard lewis, \u2018 was inhabited by the infidels and barbarians. some of these were recognized as possessing some form of religion and a tincture of civilization. the remainder, polytheists and idolaters, were seen primarily as sources of slaves. \u2019 muslims captured slaves in such great numbers that slave - trade became a booming business enterprise ; markets across the muslim world became teeming with slaves. accordingly, \u2018 it goes to the credit of islam to create slave trade on a large scale, and run it for profit like any other business, \u2019 writes lal. ( complete bibliography will be posted in the last part ). farrakhan l, what does america and europe owe?, final call, 2 june 2008. abc radio, aboriginal da \u2019 wah - \" call to islam \", 22 march 2006 ; http : / / www. abc. net. au / rn / talks / 8. 30 / relrpt / stories / s1597410. htm. famous scholar abu ala maududi in his interpretation of this verse notes : \u201c when you do not make your own slaves partners in your wealth, how do you think and believe that allah will make his creatures partner in his godhead? \u201d [ maududi aa, towards understanding the quran, markazi muktaba islami publishers, new delhi, vol. viii ]. in other words, associating partners with allah, which is the most abhorrent thing to do in islam, is tantamount for a man to take his slaves as equal partner.. ibn ishaq, the life of muhammad, oxford university press, karachi, p. 461 - 70. lewis b ( 1966 ) the arabs in history, oxford university press, new york p. 42. lal ks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45869425511993434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.174596"} {"text": "six natural wonders declared world heritage sites 02 july 2012 | news story st. petersburg, russia, 2 july, 2012 ( iucn ) \u2013 sangha trinational - shared between cameroon, the central african republic and the republic of congo ; lakes of ounianga in chad and chengjiang fossil site in china have been inscribed on the world heritage list, following the recommendations of iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ). lena pillars nature park in russia and western ghats in india were also added to the prestigious list by the world heritage committee, a 21 - nation panel. iucn, the official world heritage advisory body on nature, presented the findings of its comprehensive evaluations of the natural values of nine sites to the world heritage committee. chad is joining the world heritage family for the first time. sangha trinational is a chain of national parks shared between cameroon, the central african republic and the republic of congo. forming a broad network of well preserved and diverse landscapes, the forests and rivers are home to an outstanding diversity of plants and animals. the area hosts the largest intact populations of forest elephants and great apes, including the critically endangered western lowland gorilla and the endangered chimpanzee. \u201c sangha trinational is not a fragment but part of a much larger intact environment with good conservation prospects, and harbouring critically endangered species, \u201d says tim badman, director of iucn \u2019 s world heritage programme. \u201c we welcome the fact that this globally significant forest landscape has been recognized by the world heritage committee. \u201d the lakes of ounianga consist of a series of 18 mostly freshwater lakes in the heart of the sahara desert in northeastern chad. relics of a single, much larger lake occupying the basin less than 10, 000 years ago, these lakes are an exceptional example of permanent lakes in a desert. \u201c the lakes of ounianga are a jewel of the sahara, not only of overwhelming natural beauty, but a testimony to the fragile and unique equilibrium of life on earth, \u201d says youssouph diedhiou of iucn \u2019 s protected areas programme in central and western africa. \u201c iucn is delighted that chad \u2019 s first outstanding natural area is joining the prestigious world heritage list. \u201d the rocks of the chengjiang fossil site, near the city of kunming in the yuann province of china, are evidence of the rapid appearance and diversification of species and evolutionary development, also known as the cambrian explosion, which took place over 530 million years ago. the exceptional remains of species recorded at chengjiang are key to understanding the early evolution of life on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43490340928050664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.184971"} {"text": "are evidence of the rapid appearance and diversification of species and evolutionary development, also known as the cambrian explosion, which took place over 530 million years ago. the exceptional remains of species recorded at chengjiang are key to understanding the early evolution of life on earth. \u201c the inscription of the chengjiang fossil site on the world heritage list recognises this iconic site, which provides direct evidence of the origin of animal diversity, \u201d says tim badman. \u201c the preservation of this exceptional window on the earliest stages of the evolution of biodiversity on our planet is of great scientific importance for the future. \u201d lena pillars nature park, known for the spectacular natural rock formations along the lena river, is home to a wide range of rare plants and animals, including the siberian musk deer, the red deer, the siberian chipmunk, and 99 species of nesting birds. located in the central part of the sakha republic ( yakutia ), it is an area with an extreme continental climate with an annual temperature range of almost 100\u00ba c, ranging from around - 60\u00ba c in winter to around + 40\u00ba c in summer. a series of protected areas across the western ghats in india were added to unesco \u2019 s list of iconic places after a persistent campaign for world heritage status by the indian government. mountains, rainforests, rivers and waterfalls are all part of the 160, 000 km\u00b2 area, recognised as a global biodiversity hotspot. the western ghats are home to a number of flagship mammals including the endangered endemic lion - tailed macaque, the endangered asian elephant and tiger. \u201c the western ghats and lena pillars are certainly regions that hold spectacular natural values, but iucn \u2019 s evaluations considered that more work was needed on these nominations to meet the standards the convention has set in its operational guidelines. \u201d says tim badman. \u201c we welcome these sites to the world heritage list, but note the conservation challenges that they face will need additional monitoring by the world heritage committee to ensure that these sites meet the requirements that accompany listing as flagships for global conservation. iucn is ready to assist the states in that task. \u201d two days ago the exceptional marine site of rock islands southern lagoon became palau \u2019 s first world heritage site, following iucn \u2019 s recommendation. with the new additions announced in st. petersburg today, the number of natural and mixed ( natural and cultural ) sites is 217. for more information or to set up interviews, please contact : \u2022 borjana pervan, iucn media relations officer, m + 41 79", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49478026386128215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.189799"} {"text": "posted : friday, february 24, 2012 - 11 : 39am updated : thursday, march 1, 2012 - 9 : 21am brownsville \u2014 is it a kid being a kid? or is it something more? a child may be easily distracted, has trouble staying on task, and even talks out of turn, things that just about every kid experiences at one time or another, but these are also just a few signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. so when does this behavior cross over from being a normal kid to being a child that ' s suffering from a neurological disorder? \u201c parents come in under a tremendous amount of pressure ; it ' s not unusual for the parent to say, \" the teacher can ' t take it anymore, \" says pediatrician, dr. carmen rocco. the center for disease control reports that over five million children have been diagnosed with adhd. to put that into perspective, that ' s about one in every ten school aged children ; kids between the ages of four and seventeen. \" it ' s a neurological deficit. it ' s an area of the brain that is impacted. it ' s not able to function correctly, so it ' s like that area of the brain, from my understanding, shuts down, \" says bisd special services school psychology specialist, cyndi trevino. this impairment prevents a child from paying attention, causes him or her to be hyperactive, and very impulsive. here \u2019 s a list of some of the common characteristics of a child suffering from adhd, this list is directly from the center for disease control : - squirms and fidgets - talks too much - does not play quietly - acts and speaks without thinking - has trouble taking turns cyndi trevino, who works for bisd special services, accesses children who are referred to her, by either parents or teachers, for these characteristics. \u201c this is something that is within the brain, it ' s neurological, it will never go away. it will be with this child all the way through adulthood. the responsibility placed on the child ' s shoulders, the parents shoulders and on the teachers shoulders is how we can help the child learn to compensate and be successful, \" says trevino. while trevino does not diagnose, she simply helps in making recommendations on whether a child could benefit from further services or what changes can be made in the classroom and even at home to provide structure for the child. the diagnosis comes from a psychologist or a pediatrician, but a proper diagnosis takes time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4800528951612895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.199231"} {"text": "in making recommendations on whether a child could benefit from further services or what changes can be made in the classroom and even at home to provide structure for the child. the diagnosis comes from a psychologist or a pediatrician, but a proper diagnosis takes time. dr. rocco says several factors need to be met to truly diagnose a child with adhd. the american academy of pediatrics clearly states which factors must be present. for one, a child must exhibit adhd characteristics before the age of seven and two, the behavior must be present in multiple settings, not just the classroom. she says in many cases, parents and or teachers are quick to think a kid needs to be medicated. \" i always feel like we need to give a child a full benefit, they deserve that and so i often tell parents, \" don ' t be disappointed, but you ' re a not going to walk out of here with medication today. i can give you a letter that outlines what our plans are going to be, but we ' re not going to give a medication until we ' re certain that this is going to help your child, \" says dr. rocco. she adds if a child is accurately diagnosed, medication in combination with counseling is necessary. ultimately a child needs to learn coping skills so they can grow into productive adults. unfortunately, dr. rocco says that mental health services are limited in the valley, which can be particularly concerning, especially since the number of hispanic children diagnosed with adhd is on the rise. but there is help ; it may just take a little longer to get it. dr. rocco says on average, getting into see this type of mental health professional may take four to six weeks, but she leaves parents with this message of motivation.... \" there is no reason why a child with adhd will not come out a very successful adult. we ' ve seen it. it takes, like everything else in childhood, a village, the school, the parents, the community to understand them and help them along the way. \" for more information on adhd and resources click on the link below :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.416717311858269, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.211613"} {"text": "- formation of h2 and ch4 by weathering of olivine at temperatures between 30 and 70\u00b0canna neubeck department of geological sciences, stockholm university, sweden geochem trans 12 : 6. 2011.. this may expand the range of environments plausible for abiotic ch4 formation both on earth and on other terrestrial bodies... - methane emissions from pantanal, south america, during the low water season : toward more comprehensive samplingdavid bastviken department of thematic studies water and environmental studies, linkoping university, linkoping, sweden environ sci technol 44 : 5450 - 5. 2010.. future measurements with static floating chambers should be based on many individual chambers distributed in the various subenvironments of a lake that may differ in emissions in order to account for the within lake variability... - freshwater methane emissions offset the continental carbon sinkdavid bastviken department of thematic studies water and environmental studies, linkoping university, se 58183 linkoping, sweden science 331 : 50. 2011.. thus, the continental ghg sink may be considerably overestimated, and freshwaters need to be recognized as important in the global carbon cycle... - measurement of methane oxidation in lakes : a comparison of methodsdavid bastviken department of water and environmental studies, linkoping university, sweden environ sci technol 36 : 3354 - 61. 2002.. we conclude that methods using the stable isotope or mass balance modeling approach represent promising alternatives, particularly for studies focusing on ecosystem - scale carbon metabolism... - organic matter chlorination rates in different boreal soils : the role of soil organic matter contentmalin gustavsson department of thematic studies, water and environmental studies, linkoping university, 58183 linkoping, sweden environ sci technol 46 : 1504 - 10. 2012....", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5049935418230966, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.227816"} {"text": "according to the environmental working group : \" we found that consumers using sunscreens without zinc and titanium would be exposed to an average of 20 % more uva radiation \u2014 with increased risks for uva - induced skin damage, premature aging, wrinkling, and uv - induced immune system damage \u2014 than consumers using zinc - and titanium - based products \" the common complaint by users of sunscreen products containing zinc has been regarding the white coating it leaves on the skin. this is where nanoparticles come in - particles that are smaller than 100 nanometers ( or \" nm \" \u2014 a nanometer is roughly half the size of a strand of dna ). zinc is shrunk into tiny particles measuring under 100nm, providing better protection and eliminating the white cast. nanoparticles have come under close scrutiny by some watchdog groups concerned over the possible health effects of nanoparticles entering the deep tissues, blood or lungs. research on the subject to date has had varied outcomes. the level of nano - scale zinc found in the body has ranged from zero to little, or greater amounts, dependant on how it is introduced to the system and its size. in their most recent sunscreen guide, the environmental working group ( ewg ) writes : in 15 peer - reviewed studies, nanosize zinc and titanium were shown not to penetrate through unbroken skin at concentrations exceeding 1. 5 %. a recent review for the eu decision - making body found that, \" there is currently little evidence from skin penetration studies that dermal applications of metal oxide nanoparticles used in sunscreens lead to systemic exposure \" ( borm 2006 ). the majority of sunscreens available for purchase in the us include nanoscale zinc, typically 30 to 200 nm in size. and because labeling laws are unclear where nanoparticles are concerned, it can be difficult to know if you are purchasing a product that contains nanoparticle ingredients or not. the fda has not yet set standards for nanoparticle claims or defined the minimum size of a nanoparticle. this has caused some individuals and groups to recommend consumers avoid zinc and titanium - based sunscreens altogether. but this recommendation is not necessarily the safest option. a study by the ewg shows that those using chemical sunscreens are exposed to both greater uv radiation and more hazardous ingredients. micronized zinc is shown to provide safer protection than either chemical sunscreens or unprotected sun exposure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5170987560518793, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.250702"} {"text": "as part of its holdings of legal art and visual materials, the harvard law school library owns a collection of over 4000 portrait images of lawyers, jurists, political figures, and legal thinkers dating from the middle ages to the late twentieth century. although most of these prints, drawings, and photographs depict legal figures prominent in the common law, a significant number portray jurists and legal educators associated with the canon and civil law traditions. the collection is particularly strong in images of eighteenth and nineteenth century british and american lawyers, ranging from such well known historical figures as william blackstone, jeremy bentham, john marshall, and joseph story to many lesser known jurists and legal educators. the collection also contains images of many graduates of harvard college and the harvard law school. librarian eldon r. james and dean roscoe pound began the collection in the first quarter of the twentieth century as an adjunct to the school ' s \" basic collection \" of paintings and sculpture. it has continued to grow significantly over the years, and today constitutes a major resource for images of lawyers and jurists that have shaped our western legal heritage. i can attest that the collection makes for intriguing browsing. the collection of portrait images is the most heavily used portion of the library ' s visual materials. researchers and publishers almost daily request reproductions from this collection to illustrate scholarly articles, monographs, textbooks, web sites, and television programs. although the most frequent request is for reproductions of the likenesses of individuals important in the history of the law, the collection has also been consulted for iconographic images ( e. g., scales of justice, blindfolded justice ) and for scenes depicting judicial activity ( e. g., courtrooms, assizes ). researchers in fields other than legal history may also benefit ; many of the images will interest students of social history, costume, art history, and heraldry. students of art may also find it useful as the collection covers many centuries and styles of portraiture. image credit : jeremiah sullivan black", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4816179684086497, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.271457"} {"text": "the name sir jack brabham is very well known among formula 1 fans, but lately sir jack has been fading into the background and we thought we would refresh everyones memories with his mind - boggling accomplishments. one of the first drivers to be knighted for his service to motorsports, brabham won the formula 1 drivers championship three times. born in april 1926, sir jack was a flight mechanic for the royal australian air force and then ran a small engineering workshop. in 1948, he started midget car racing and moved, in 1955, to europe to join the cooper car companys racing team. he helped to develop the design for the mid - engine cooper, which he raced in f1 and at the indianapolis 500. brabham then went on to win the f1 world championship in 1959, where he pushed his car ( literally ) across the finish line at the last race of the season, the united states grand prix at sebring, after running out of fuel. in 1960, he won the title again, and decided to try the car at the indianapolis 500 where he, with the only mid - engine car on track, came in ninth. this led to the gradual change of engine design for all the indianapolis 500 contenders in the years to come. in 1962, sir jack started his own manufacturing company, motor racing developments, with ron tauranac, an australian designer. that year saw the production of the first of the brabham marques ; the b - 3, which debuted in the german grand prix. in 1966, brabham was the first and only man to win a formula 1 world championship in a car of his own construction, the bt19. the brabham team won the championship the following year as well, with driver denny hulme behind the wheel. motor racing developments also introduced honda to motorsport by using its engine to power the brabham manufactured car that competed in formula 2. sir jack retired from formula 1 at the age of 44 after the 1970 grand prix season and sold his share of the company to ron tauranac. he moved back to australia and persisted with endeavors that allowed him to help with engine developments for racing car manufacturers. he also continued to compete in smaller racing events. sir jack brabhams interest in racing was sparked by a friend, johnny schonberg, who introduced him to midget racing, and convinced him to build a car, that johnny could race with. the first car they raced was a homemade machine powered by a jap motorcycle engine modified and built in jacks workshop. in 1948,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40806244908635836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.277354"} {"text": "what is cardiology? cardiology is the science and study of the cardiac ( heart ) system. it pertains to heart disorders, including diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, electrophysiology, heart failure and valvular heart disease. it is a subspecialty of internal medicine. who are cardiologists and what do they do? cardiologists diagnose and treat patients of all ages who may have heart defects, heart failure, coronary artery disease or other heart conditions. some cardiologists distinguish themselves as interventional cardiologists and perform invasive procedures such as cardiac catheterization and coronary artery stent placement. however, they usually do not perform major surgeries such as open heart surgery and coronary artery bypass grafting ; those are performed by cardio - thoracic surgeons. cardiologists may work in private practice or at a hospital. cardiologists are doctors trained in internal medicine, with four years of medical school and three years of internal medicine residency followed by 2 - 3 years of additional training in a cardiology fellowship. what are the different types of cardiologists? there are two types of cardiologists : noninvasive or invasive. noninvasive cardiologists diagnose patients \u2019 heart disorders and focus on preventing and managing potential heart conditions. they may recommend and perform tests to detect and help diagnose heart disorders, such as echos, electrocardiograms ( ekgs ) and stress tests. a new development in treatment is nuclear cardiology, in which a nuclear camera is used to take photographs of the heart. invasive cardiologists are similar to noninvasive cardiologists and can perform all the same functions, tests and diagnostic procedures, but also have training in cardiac catherization, a process that helps locate blockages in the arteries. the invasive cardiologist would then perform an angioplasty or other necessary procedure. what are the most common symptoms and conditions that concern a cardiologist? are you at risk for heart disease? preventing heart disease in women doctor - recommended tips for a healthy heart your top heart - health questions \u2013 answered 10 minutes to a healthy heart - abnormal heart rhythm \u2013 an irregular heartbeat or \u201c arrhythmia \u201d ; either a slow, rapid or irregular heartbeat. - atrial fibrillation \u2013 abnormal heartbeats due to fibrillating ( quivering ) atria heart muscles, diagnosed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49795428720310675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.291386"} {"text": "abnormal heart rhythm \u2013 an irregular heartbeat or \u201c arrhythmia \u201d ; either a slow, rapid or irregular heartbeat. - atrial fibrillation \u2013 abnormal heartbeats due to fibrillating ( quivering ) atria heart muscles, diagnosed when an irregular pulse is taken. - chest pains \u2013 a symptom of various conditions ranging from nonserious to life - threatening, chest pains are generally considered a medical emergency that need immediate medical attention. - congestive heart failure \u2013 the heart can \u2019 t pump blood normally ( heart failure ), leaving the body without enough oxygen or blood flow, resulting in backed - up fluid in the lungs ( congestion ). - heart defects \u2013 abnormal conditions or disease affecting the heart, present at birth or that develop later in life. - heart disease \u2013 diseases affecting the heart \u2013 the leading cause of death in the united states. - heart failure \u2013 the heart can \u2019 t pump blood normally, depriving the body of the blood flow and oxygen it needs, sometimes leading to congestive heart failure. - myocarditis \u2013 inflammation, mainly secondary to infection, of the heart muscle that may weaken the pumping function of the heart. - pericarditis \u2013 inflammation of the membrane around the heart, usually secondary to infection, but may be caused by other chronic health problems. sharp chest pain may occur when the inflamed pericardium rubs against the heart muscle ( myocardium ) itself. - pulmonary hypertension \u2013 an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery, vein or capillaries that results in shortness of breath and significant strain on the heart. - shortness of breath \u2013 a symptom of a wide variety of heart disorders, ranging from non - serious to life threatening, such as heart attack or congestive heart failure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49916046440165524, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.295450"} {"text": "what is general surgery? despite its name, general surgery typically refers to surgery on abdominal organs rather than other areas of the body. this specialty focuses on the intestines, including esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, liver, pancreas, gallbladder and bile duct, thyroid glands, hernias and sometimes diseases of the skin and breast. what is a general surgeon and what do they do? with the trend for physicians and surgeons to develop a specialty through additional medical training, general surgery has lost much of its former scope. however, it continues to be a competitive field with many subspecialties that continue to increase, including trauma surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, vascular surgery, plastic surgery, laparoscopic ( minimally invasive ) surgery, breast surgery ( including lumpectomy ), endocrine ( thyroid ) surgery and dermatological ( skin ) surgery. where do general surgeons work? general surgeons perform surgery in hospital operating rooms. they may also work out of a clinic to consult with potential patients, current patients, or follow up with patients post - surgery. they may work in surgery centers performing outpatient surgeries. general surgeons are also on call for the emergency room ( er ) for patients with emergent surgical problems. general surgeons are on call to the er along with other specialists, including those in neurosurgery, cardiology, urology and more. for example, a general surgeon will be called by the er for consultation when a patient is diagnosed with problems, such as ( but not limited to ) appendicitis, bowel obstruction or cholecystitis. the general surgeon will then admit the patient to the hospital and arrange for the operating room. what are the most common conditions general surgeons treat? related articles : how safe is outpatient surgery? surgery support - appendicitis - a surgical emergency involving an infected and inflamed appendix. current literature supports surgical removal due to risk of rupture and its associated complications. - adhesions \u2013 internal scar tissue that creates strands, usually throughout the abdomen, which can entangle loops of bowel and lead to obstruction. they are often the result of a previous surgical procedure or intra - abdominal infection. - cancer \u2013 general surgeons perform surgery on many types of cancer, including breast, skin, colorectal and gastrointestinal cancers. - colon cancer \u2013 cancer of the colon or rectum occurs when intestinal cells mutate to create a tumor. these tumors can spread throughout", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44105185485632836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.319513"} {"text": "surgery on many types of cancer, including breast, skin, colorectal and gastrointestinal cancers. - colon cancer \u2013 cancer of the colon or rectum occurs when intestinal cells mutate to create a tumor. these tumors can spread throughout the body. - diaphragmatic hernia \u2013 a congenital condition in which there is an abnormal opening in the diaphragm, allowing abdominal organs to translocate into the chest cavity, causing breathing difficulty. - gallbladder problem \u2013 gallbladder problems sometimes stem from gallstones if they block the flow of bile out of the gallbladder. sometimes, even without gallstones, the gallbladder can become infected, resulting in abdominal pain, vomiting, indigestion and fever. depending on the nature of the gallbladder problem, either conservative treatment with pain medications or surgical removal of the gallbladder will be employed by your physician. - hernia \u2013 a protrusion of an organ through the muscular or fascial wall within which it is normally contained. - hiatal hernia \u2013 a protrusion of all or part of the stomach into the chest cavity via a defect in the muscles called the \u201c crus of the diaphragm, \u201d which usually keep it contained with the abdomen. - inflammatory bowel diseases \u2013 a group of inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal system, including crohn \u2019 s disease and ulcerative colitis. - inguinal hernia \u2013 a protrusion of organs in the lower abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal in the groin. - intestinal hernia \u2013 a protrusion of the intestines through the abdominal wall. - intestinal obstruction \u2013 a partial or complete blockage of the bowel. - pyloric stenosis \u2013 a condition that causes projectile vomiting in infants during the first months of life due to a narrowing of the opening from the stomach to the intestines. pyloric stenosis occurs in adults due to a narrowed pyloris.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4938648175542719, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.351112"} {"text": "ancient ichthyosaur mother did not explode, scientists say an ichthyosaur female with embryos scattered outside her body. it is unlikely that the body of a mother ichthyosaur exploded, say researchers who offer another explanation for the scattered remains of embryos found around her in rock that was once deep underwater. rather, the scattering of the embryos was probably caused by minor sea currents after the expectant mother died and her body decayed some 182 million years ago, the researchers propose. if this scenario sounds confusing, it is important to know that ichthyosaurs, extinct marine reptiles that lived at the same time as the dinosaurs, did not lay eggs but rather carried their young in their bodies until they gave birth. ichthyosaurs resembled fish but, unlike most fish, breathed air through lungs. the nearly intact skeleton of the female ichthyosaur in question was found in holzmaden, germany. but the remains of most of the approximately 10 embryos were scattered far outside her body it. other fossilized ichthyosaur remains have been found in similarly strange arrangements, with skeletons usually complete but jumbled to some degree. a swiss and german research team set out to examine the idea that after death, such large - lunged marine creatures floated on the surface, with putrefaction gases building up inside them, until the gases escaped, often by bursting. such explosions would jumble the bones. the researchers examined the decay and preservation of ichthyosaur skeletons and compared this information with that of modern animals, particularly marine mammals. to get an idea of the amount of pressure that builds up after death during different stages of bloating, they looked at measurements from the abdomens of 100 human corpses. \" our data and a review of the literature demonstrate that carcasses sink and do not explode ( and spread skeletal elements ), \" the researchers wrote online feb. 1 in the journal palaeobiodiversity and palaeoenvironments. generally, carcasses of ichthyosaurs would have sunk to the seafloor and broken down completely. only under specific circumstances \u2014 including in warmer water less than 164 feet ( 50 meters ) deep \u2014 would gas inside the body have brought the remains to the surface, said the researchers, led by achim reisdorf of the university of basel in switzerland. when this happened, the carcass would decompose slowly, scattering bones over a wide area. ichthyosaurs ' remains stayed neatly in place only under specific", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44510866757702433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.359135"} {"text": "new smell discovered a newly discovered smell is the olfactory equivalent of white noise, scientists report in the journal proceedings of the national academies of science credit : mrgarry, shutterstock scientists have discovered a new smell, but you may have to go to a laboratory to experience it yourself. the smell is dubbed \" olfactory white, \" because it is the nasal equivalent of white noise, researchers report today ( nov. 19 ) in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences. just as white noise is a mixture of many different sound frequencies and white light is a mixture of many different wavelengths, olfactory white is a mixture of many different smelly compounds. in fact, the key to olfactory white is not the compounds themselves, researchers found, but the fact that there are a lot of them. \" [ t ] he more components there were in each of two mixtures, the more similar the smell of those two mixtures became, even though the mixtures had no components in common, \" they wrote. almost any given smell in the real world comes from a mixture of compounds. humans are good at telling these mixtures apart ( it ' s hard to mix up the smell of coffee with the smell of roses, for example ), but we ' re bad at picking individual components out of those mixtures. ( quick, sniff your coffee mug and report back all the individual compounds that make that roasted smell. not so easy, huh? ) mixing multiple wavelegths that span the human visual range equally makes white light ; mixing multiple frequencies that span the range of human hearing equally makes the whooshing hum of white noise. neurobiologist noam sobel from the weizmann institute of science in israel and his colleagues wanted to find out whether a similar phenomenon happens with smelling. [ 7 new flavors your tongue may taste ] in a series of experiments, they exposed participants to hundreds of equally mixed smells, some containing as few as one compound and others containing up to 43 components. they first had 56 participants compare mixtures of the same number of compounds with one another. for example, a person might compare a 40 - compound mixture with a 40 - compound mixture, neither of which had any components in common. this experiment revealed that the more components in a mixture, the worse participants were at telling them apart. a four - component mixture smells less similar to other four - component mixtures than a 43 - component mixture smells to other 43 - component mixtures. the researchers seemed on track to finding the olfactory version of white noise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.581655806985999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.370280"} {"text": "were at telling them apart. a four - component mixture smells less similar to other four - component mixtures than a 43 - component mixture smells to other 43 - component mixtures. the researchers seemed on track to finding the olfactory version of white noise. they set up a new experiment to confirm the find. in this experiment, they first created four 40 - component mixtures. twelve participants were then given one of the mixtures to sniff and told that it was called \" laurax, \" a made - up word. three of the participants were told compound 1 was laurax, three were told it was compound 2, three were told it was compound 3, and the rest were told it was compound 4. after three days of sniffing their version of laurax in the lab, the participants were given four new scents and four scent labels, one of which was laurax. they were asked to label each scent with the most appropriate label. the researchers found that the label \" laurax \" was most popular for scents with more compounds. in fact, the more compounds in a mixture, the more likely participants were to call it laurax. the label went to mixtures with more than 40 compounds 57. 1 percent of the time. another experiment replicated the first, except that it allowed for participants to label one of the scents \" other, \" a way to ensure \" laurax \" wasn ' t just a catch - all. again, scents with more compounds were more likely to get the laurax label. the meaning of these results, the researchers wrote, is that olfactory white is a distinct smell, caused not by specific compounds but by certain mixes of compounds. the key is that the compounds are all of equal intensity and that they span the full range of human smells. that ' s why roses and coffee, both of which have many smell compounds, don ' t smell anything alike : their compounds are unequally mixed and don ' t span a large range of smells. in other words, our brains treat smells as a single unit, not as a mixture of compounds to break down, analyze and put back together again. if they didn ' t, they ' d never see mixtures of completely different compounds as smelling the same. perhaps the next burning question is : what does olfactory white smell like? unfortunately, the scent is so bland as to defy description. participants rated it right in the middle of the scale for both pleasantness and edibility. \" the best way to appreciate the qualities of olfactory white is to smell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5347905313294954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.371282"} {"text": "join grant skinner at work and at play, designing cutting - edge interactive experiences, games, applications, and frameworks with technologies like html5 and flash. challenge yourself with this series of real - world data visualization scenarios in processing, an open - source drawing and development environment. shows how to integrate the principles of object - oriented programming into the build of a php - driven web page or application. introduces the r statistical processing language, including how to install r, read data from spss and spreadsheets, analyze data, and create charts and plots. learn to build and deploy a dynamic website using asp. net. create datacentric apps for android devices, using sqlite, java, and the built - in android. database packages from the android sdk. demonstrates how to leverage php ' s built - in tools, as well as the xdebug and firebug extensions and firephp library to improve the quality of your code and reduce troubleshooting overhead. describes how to read and manage data from relational databases such as mysql and sql server using the java database connectivity ( jdbc ) api in applications programmed with java. take your coldfusion skills to the next level by understanding the application framework, error handling, and coldfusion components. extend your drupal 7 sites with custom modules, which allow you to create everything from admin interfaces to forms. expand your programming skills and get more out of java, with platform - and framework - neutral tutorials that are useful for building web, mobile, and desktop applications. discover how to create compelling data visualizations using processing, an open - source drawing and development environment. shows how to convert text or graphics into a mouse - sensitive tooltip with html and jquery. shows how to convert text or graphics into a mouse - sensitive tooltip with jquery and dreamweaver. covers every major feature of this popular language for application development for the mac and ios devices, with instructions for building basic applications using objective - c and xcode 4. a complete tutorial and reference for c and c + +, from variables to functions and loops, including the c standard library and the c + + standard template library. shows flash designers how to incorporate actionscript code into projects and create interactive presentations and applications. an introduction to developing java applications for various runtime environments. explains what php is and how it integrates with html ; how to set up and configure a php development environment on both windows and mac os x ; and the features of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4867244490615779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.376531"} {"text": ". an introduction to developing java applications for various runtime environments. explains what php is and how it integrates with html ; how to set up and configure a php development environment on both windows and mac os x ; and the features of the php language. teaches you the fundamentals of programming in actionscript 3 using both flash professional and flash builder. explores java se, the language used to build mobile apps for android devices, enterprise server applications, and more. shows how to find and manipulate text using regular expressions. introduces object - oriented programming and provides a foundation in the access object model and the visual basic for applications ( vba ) programming language. offers a detailed tour of the foundational programming language for several microsoft platforms, including windows, asp. net, silverlight, sharepoint, and windows phone. gives designers a deeper understanding of html5 and shows how to create richer, more meaningful web pages with structural tags and descriptive attributes. shows how to create full - featured, object - oriented web applications with the latest version of the ruby on rails framework. demonstrates how to use python 3 to create well - designed scripts and maintain existing projects. introduces object - oriented programming and shows how to automate routine tasks and provide custom functionality to enhance the features in excel. explains the fundamentals of simple and complex programming in perl 5. gives a working knowledge of css to web developers and coders who already have a firm grasp of xhtml / html and want to take their web sites to the next level. explains how cgi scripts can be used for simple html forms and with any programming language to implement web applications. teaches the fundamentals of ruby, the popular object - oriented open - source programming language. covers document structure, block and inline - level tags, floating images, controlling white space, and phrase and font markup. presents features that experienced developers need to streamline workflows and introduce dynamic new functions to projects. discusses the implementation of xml formats, and how these formats work in real - world situations. shows how oop techniques can streamline database queries, help manage sessions, and simplify user logins. shares tools and techniques to help create a more streamlined workflow through reusable code components. teaches new designers the building blocks of web programming. delves into advanced flex development skills, like custom popup windows, parsing xml, and integration. teaches developers to harness the power of flex 3 to create cross - platform, data - centric applications. put the skills learned in the essential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49589812777807646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.382770"} {"text": "other types of cancer cancer is a devastating reality for far too many americans. however, statistics indicate that there is good news : according to the national cancer institute, death rates for the four most commonly diagnosed cancers \u2013 prostate, breast, colon and lung \u2013 continue to decrease. this can be contributed to a decline in the numbers of people who smoke cigarettes, as well as a number of other factors. despite this good news, the incidences of liver cancer, pancreas cancer, kidney cancer, esophageal cancer, and thyroid cancer unfortunately are on the rise. in addition, the number of individuals diagnosed with non - hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, myeloma, and other childhood cancers are also increasing. in men specifically, rates of testicular cancer are on the rise, and, in women, melanoma ( skin cancer ), lung cancer, and brain and bladder cancer rates are also rising. what causes cancer? as you may know, there are a number of reasons why people develop cancer. environmental factors, including exposure to certain toxins such as asbestos or radon, can lead to cancer. a family history of cancer ( especially in women, who are far more likely to develop breast cancer if their mother, sister or other female relative has suffered from the disease ) can also lead to a diagnosis of cancer. smoking cigarettes or chewing tobacco for an extended period of time may also cause cancer, specifically lung cancer, throat or tongue cancer, and esophageal cancer. frequent consumption of alcohol can lead to cancer of the liver or kidneys. many individuals are able to go into remission following cancer treatment and live healthy, cancer - free lives for many years. for example, women who detect their breast cancer early are very often able to enter remission and will not experience a reoccurrence of their cancer or be diagnosed with another type of cancer. unfortunately, some individuals with certain types of cancer are not as lucky. mesothelioma sufferers, for instance, must face the reality that there is no cure for their cancer, and that their mesothelioma treatment is simply a temporary means of controlling pain and lessening the effect of their symptoms. doctors and researchers continue to study all forms of cancer with the hope that, one day, they will find a cure. information about other types of cancer : - breast cancer - colon cancer - lung cancer - ovarian cancer - pancreatic cancer - prostate cancer for further information about kidney cancer please visit last modified", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4412161517691011, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.390674"} {"text": "the voyage of the dawn treader study guide by progeny press mardel price $ 18. 99 sale price $ 15. 19 you save 20 % description of the voyage of the dawn treader study guide by progeny press with progeny press study guides, students will not only receive quality literary analyses, but also learn to review literature in relation to biblical standards. by utilizing this focus on scripture, students develop and refine strategies for recognizing and examining man \u2019 s philosophies while learning about the craft of writing. each study guide focuses on literary terms, plot construction, character studies, themes, and ideas. this paperback study guide for the voyage of the dawn treader provides easy - to - use, reproducible lessons on literary terms, comprehension and analysis, critical thinking, related scriptural principles, vocabulary, and activities, plus a complete key. | product : | | the voyage of the dawn treader study guide | | vendor : | | progeny press | | binding type : | | paperback | | media type : | | book | | minimum grade : | | 6th grade | | maximum grade : | | 8th grade | | number of pages : | | 68 | | weight : | | 0. 4375 pounds | | length : | | 11 inches | | width : | | 8 inches | | height : | | 0. 25 inches | | subject : | | literature, reading | | curriculum name : | | progeny press | | learning style : | | auditory, visual | | teaching method : | | traditional, unit study | there are currently no reviews for the voyage of the dawn treader study guide.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42849089903845367, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.397653"} {"text": "having diabetes means that your body doesn ' t do a good job of using the food you eat. most of it needs to be broken down into a simple sugar called glucose, the body ' s main fuel source. but for that glucose to get into your cells, it needs insulin, which is a hormone that the beta cells in your pancreas produce. the pancreases of people who have diabetes either produce little or no insulin, or the body does not respond to the insulin that is produced. so glucose builds up in the blood and is wasted. even worse, all that glucose running around in your blood stream is responsible for the typical complications of diabetes \u2014 diseases of the heart, eye, kidneys, nerves, and other organs. different causes, same results. the type of diabetes where your pancreas produces little or no insulin is called type 1. to stay alive, people with type 1 diabetes must take daily insulin shots, which dr. frederick banting discovered how to extract from animal pancreases in 1921. type 1 diabetes was formerly called juvenile - onset diabetes, because it mostly attacks young people, although it can develop at any age. it accounts for just 5 or 10 percent of the diagnosed diabetes. it symptoms include increased thirst and urination, constant hunger, weight loss, blurred vision, and extreme tiredness. by far the most common form of diabetes is called type 2. about 90 to 95 percent of people with diabetes have it. this form of diabetes usually develops in adults over the age of 40 and is most common among adults over age 55. about 80 percent of them are overweight. when people have type 2 diabetes, their pancreases usually produces insulin, but for some reason the body cannot use the insulin effectively. while it has a different cause than type 1 diabetes the end result is the same \u2014 that unhealthy buildup of glucose in the blood. the symptoms of type 2 diabetes develop gradually and are not as noticeable as for type 1. the symptoms include feeling tired or ill, frequent urination ( especially at night ), unusual thirst, weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of sores. many people without any of these symptoms, however, are surprised when their doctor diagnoses that they have diabetes. a third type of the disease is called gestational diabetes. it develops \u2014 or is discovered \u2014 during pregnancy. while it usually disappears when the pregnancy is over, women who have had gestational diabetes have a greater risk of developing type 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47428364759867336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.408139"} {"text": "frederick starr : anthropologist lost from the history books you probably haven \u2019 t heard of frederick starr. like his contemporary franz boas, starr was an anthropologist coming to fame while the discipline of anthropology was still being formed. throughout his career, starr studied people and cultures on three different continents, and still found time to make a name for himself as a lecturer at the university of chicago. but unlike boas \u2014 who is considered the father of american anthropology \u2014 you won \u2019 t find starr \u2019 s name in many textbooks. the tale of how frederick starr was nearly forgotten is one full of controversy and ideology. starr \u2019 s early life and career frederick starr was born in 1858 in auburn, new york, to the reverend frederick starr jr. and helen mills starr. as a child, starr was a strong student and an avid collector of fossils and minerals. he explored that interest further at the university of rochester, where he studied geology ; two years later, he transferred to lafayette college in pennsylvania and graduated in 1882. he received a doctorate in geology from lafayette college in 1885. in the late 1800s, anthropology was still a new and growing discipline, so starr didn ' t study it formally. it wasn \u2019 t until after his schooling, while teaching at coe college, that starr discovered his interest in the subject. he conducted both ethnographic and archaeological fieldwork among the local sauk and fox indian tribes and reputedly taught the first anthropology course in iowa while at coe. it ' s not clear who or what specifically spurred starr \u2019 s interest in anthropology, but he pursued it avidly, leaving his studies of geology behind. following his work at coe college, starr held several short - term positions, including working with the ethnological collection at the american museum of natural history, before finally accepting a long - term faculty position at the university of chicago in 1892. during his time at the university of chicago, starr became a very influential public speaker, frequently giving lectures on anthropological subjects that were open to the public through the university \u2019 s extension program. after attending an extension course about prehistoric and primitive art, w. r. french, the director of the art institute of chicago at the time, wrote that starr \u2019 s lectures were \u201c both authoritative and agreeable, \u201d and that \u201c professor starr has eminently the art of making scientific truth interesting to intelligent but unprofessional academics. \u201d an anthropologist is born according to donald mcvicker, author of frederick starr : popularizer of anthropology, public intellectual, and genuine eccentric, starr engaged in an incredibly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36818413249113385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.424084"} {"text": "art of making scientific truth interesting to intelligent but unprofessional academics. \u201d an anthropologist is born according to donald mcvicker, author of frederick starr : popularizer of anthropology, public intellectual, and genuine eccentric, starr engaged in an incredibly varied anthropological career at the turn of the 20th century. he conducted notable research in mexico, among many native american tribes in the united states, with the ainu people of japan, and in several regions of africa. the world \u2019 s fairs that took place in the united states in the late 19th and early 20th centuries seemed to provide starr with the perfect opportunities to put his work on display. much to his dismay, however, starr was not allowed an influential position at the famous world \u2019 s columbian exposition in chicago in 1893. he was excluded by better known anthropologists like boas and frederic ward putnam, director of harvard \u2019 s peabody museum. starr was commissioned to collect data about and artifacts from the eastern cherokee people in north carolina for putnam and boas, but contributed little else to this fair. at the louisiana purchase exposition in st. louis in 1904, however, starr \u2019 s work made a much bigger splash. the anthropologist brought nine ainu people and a translator back with him from japan to be part of an exhibit at the fair. these ainu, members of a japanese indigenous group from hokkaido in the northern part of the country, were to be displayed as part of a literal representation of the evolutionary stages of humanity towards civilization ; along with several other indigenous groups assembled by other anthropologists, they were on display as \u201c barbarous and semi - barbarous peoples. \u201d while this is unquestionably offensive to today ' s sensibilities, the visitor response to the exhibit at the time was overwhelmingly positive, as most people had never before heard of the ainu and were intrigued by their appearance and practices. in a 1993 article about the ainu exhibit, anthropologist james w. vanstone reports the reactions from writers and visitors to the exhibit : one enthusiastic writer referred to the ainu as \" mysterious little japanese primitives \" and noted that visitors were impressed by their cleanliness and polite manners, but somewhat disappointed that they were no \" man - eaters, dog - eaters or wild men. \" in addition to contributing to these world \u2019 s fairs, starr produced several publications in conjunction with his fieldwork. these publications included many scholarly and other articles, as well as books like the truth about the congo, about his studies in that region ; indians of southern mexico : an et", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45844022880155083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.425875"} {"text": "world \u2019 s fairs, starr produced several publications in conjunction with his fieldwork. these publications included many scholarly and other articles, as well as books like the truth about the congo, about his studies in that region ; indians of southern mexico : an ethnographic album ; and in indian mexico : a narrative of travel and labor, about the performance and findings of his extensive work with indian tribes in mexico. starr \u2019 s methods and misconduct in mexico his appearance in st. louis with the ainu may have been starr \u2019 s most publicly recognized work, but if he is remembered at all today, it ' s for his fieldwork in mexico. starr recalls his purpose there in in indian mexico : the work i planned to do among these indian towns was threefold : 1. the measurement of one hundred men and twenty - five women in each population, fourteen measurements being taken upon each subject ; 2. the making of pictures, \u2014 portraits, dress, occupations, customs, buildings, and landscapes ; 3. the making of plaster busts of five individuals in each tribe. the primary goals in making such recordings were to observe the differences between various mexican tribes and to establish the placement of such people, and their race and culture, on the same scale that he had placed the ainu, from barbarous to civilized. it was assumed at the time that there were physical characteristics, such as cranial shape and size, that could mark such distinctions between races ( a theory that has long since been disproved ). in his book, starr refers to the mexican people he is studying as \u201c ignorant, timid, and suspicious. \u201d he also makes regular references to them being too drunk to allow their measurements to be taken. all of these characteristics assigned to these mexican indians by starr explained, in his point of view, the difficulty he often had in securing subjects for measurement, and justified the forceful methods he felt compelled to use. starr took advantage of the fact that prisoners could not refuse his requests to measure them, and regularly photographed and measured imprisoned subjects for his work. what \u2019 s more, if there were individuals he wished to measure who did not acquiesce, he would threaten them with arrest and jail time so that they could no longer refuse. the authorities did not object to these methods, instead providing support for starr by collecting subjects and keeping order. starr even recounts a specific incident where policemen stopped a bullfight in progress in order to obtain a young man taking part in the fight for starr \u2019 s research. starr fading from view over time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4831988028678281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.429459"} {"text": "instead providing support for starr by collecting subjects and keeping order. starr even recounts a specific incident where policemen stopped a bullfight in progress in order to obtain a young man taking part in the fight for starr \u2019 s research. starr fading from view over time, starr \u2019 s brutish, unethical methods and offensive ideas became questionable in the eyes of the anthropological community. the theories of his contemporary boas, however, began to amass a great deal of support from other anthropologists and academics. boas, born and educated in germany, moved to the united states in 1887 and proceeded to make substantial contributions to the methodology of american anthropology. by incorporating the methods of natural science into the discipline of anthropology, boas emphasized the importance of conducting research before developing theories, as well as approaching studies in the most ethical and unbiased ways possible. what \u2019 s more, he developed the modern interpretation of culture, viewing it as learned behavior and a product of a people ' s history, rather than a hierarchical measurement of civilization that would place the western world on top. while most anthropologists, inspired by boas, began to recognize the people they studied as part of the larger, equal human race, starr continued to regard them as primitive and inferior, demonstrated by his attitude towards his subjects in mexico. soon, starr \u2019 s methods of fieldwork were widely considered unethical and his ideas about culture outdated. starr \u2019 s charisma and ability as a speaker managed to keep him relevant in public education spheres toward the end of his career. in this capacity, starr overshadowed boas, who preferred not to address the general themes of anthropology necessary in public lecturing and was nervous about his skill in speaking english, which was not his first language. the academic discipline of anthropology, though, became dominated by boas \u2019 methods and, over the years, frederick starr and his methods were phased out. today, his work is rarely read, or even mentioned, in discussions or classes on anthropological history. after 31 years at the university of chicago, starr retired from his post in 1923. true to form, he continued to travel the globe and engage in public speaking events until his death ; he died unexpectedly of pneumonia while in japan in 1933.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41694576897167057, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.431438"} {"text": "historical commentary on the gospel of mark | | home | | topical index | | next chapter | 1 : and when they drew near to to beth ' phage and bethany, at the mount of olives, he sent two of his 2 : and said to them, \" go into the village opposite you, and immediately as you enter it you will find a colt tied, on which no one has ever untie it and bring it. 3 : if any one says to you, ` why are you doing say, ` the lord has need of it and will send it back here immediately. ' \" 4 : and they went away, and found a colt tied at the door out in the street ; and they untied it. 5 : and those who stood there said to them, \" what are you doing, untying the colt? \" 6 : and they told them what | | jesus had said ; and they let them go. 7 : and they brought the colt to jesus, and threw their garments on it ; and he sat upon it. 8 : and many spread their garments on the road, and others spread leafy branches which they had cut from the fields. 9 : and those who went before and those who followed cried out, \" hosanna! blessed is he who comes in the name of the lord! 10 : blessed is the kingdom of our father david that is coming! hosanna in the highest! \" 11 : and he entered jerusalem, and went into the temple ; and when he had looked round at everything, as it was already late, he went out to bethany with the twelve. | | 1 : and when they drew near to jerusalem, to beth ' phage and bethany, at the mount of olives, he sent two of his disciples | vernon k. robbins ( 1976 ) has shown that mark 11 : 1 - 6 is a doublet of mark 14 : 13 - 16. here are the parallels : bethpage means something like \" house of green figs \" which may be a to jesus ' coming miracle. neither town is found in the old or in josephus or in any other non - christian source prior to mark. ancient location is unknown. against this, there are other possibilities for the name. on the other hand, figs are commonly grown around jerusalem, and place names with \" fig \" as a component are known. this reference, which reverses the order of the two cities of and bethany as they currently are situated and has jesus entering the city from the northeast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4557862770589001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.465195"} {"text": "figs are commonly grown around jerusalem, and place names with \" fig \" as a component are known. this reference, which reverses the order of the two cities of and bethany as they currently are situated and has jesus entering the city from the northeast even though bethany and bethpage are in the southeast, is often considered a error by exegetes that demonstrates the writer ' s unfamiliarity with the area. given the problems pre - industrial peoples often have relating locations to each other, i am dubious of the \" error \" interpretation. note how the rsv has translated the verse as vaguely as possible, to minimize the problems. ot construction is evident here in the writer ' s decision to jesus ' entry into jerusalem from the mount of olives, reflecting the belief in ancient judaism that the messiah would begin his work on the mount of olives ( josephus records individuals actually attempting to this out ). this is based on the passage in zech 14 : 4 : | v1 : in this section of mark, bethany functions as a base from which jesus mounts forays into the heart of enemy territory, the temple and jerusalem. just three narrative sites occupy the gospel from here on in, bethany, the mount of olives, and jerusalem ( myers 1988, p349 - 350 ). | as the mount of olives and the temple mount face off throughout the rest of the gospel of mark, so in the ot mountains frequently face each other in paired opposition, for example, horeb and carmel in 1 kings 18 and 1 kings 19, and ebal and gerizim in the pentateuch. | 2 : and said to them, \" go into the village opposite you, and immediately as you enter it you will find a colt tied, on which no one has ever sat ; untie it and bring it. | this passage is created out of the old testament. zech 9 : 9 | v2 : as helms ( 1988, p103 ) observes, it is also miraculous to imagine that jesus could simply hop on a colt that has never been ridden before ( v2 ). | stephen smith ( 1996 ) also sees affinities between this passage and 1 kings 1 : 33 - 48, where david shows that solomon will be his successor by making him ride a mule down to gihon where the priest and the prophet are waiting to annoint him. many exegetes have noted, an unridden colt signifies a colt for the king, since no one but the king was allowed to ride the colt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4443120177967643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.466176"} {"text": "a mule down to gihon where the priest and the prophet are waiting to annoint him. many exegetes have noted, an unridden colt signifies a colt for the king, since no one but the king was allowed to ride the colt without his express authorization. | 3 : if any one says to you, ` why are you doing this? ' say, ` the lord has need of it and will send it back here immediately. ' \" | rsv has translated away a markan play on words. the greek actually says \" its master has need of it \" where master could refer to either jesus or the owner of the creature. j. duncan and m. derrett ( 2001 ) write : | 8 : and many spread their garments on the road, and others spread leafy branches which they had cut from the fields. | gundry ( 1993 ) notes : the scene as presented is historically implausible. the scene also recalls the entry of simon maccabaeus into jerusalem in 1 mac 13 : 51, as well as the entry of messianic pretender menahem into jerusalem and to the temple as told in josephus. that the references to the colt cease after v7. thus some exegetes have argued that the passage conflates two different stories, one about a colt, the other with jesus on foot. | 9 : and those who went before and those who followed cried out, \" hosanna! blessed is he who comes in the name of the lord! | these praises are taken from the septaugint versions of psalm and 148 : 1 ( helms 1988, p 104 ) ; the greek of the two texts is the same both ( eulogemenos ho erchomenos en onomati kuriou ). psalm 118 was written during maccabaean times to celebrate the entry of simon maccabaeus into jerusalem but was traditionally attributed | 11 : and he entered jerusalem, and went into the temple ; and when he had looked round at everything, as it was already late, he went out to bethany with the twelve. | note that while there may be a crowd of some kind, only jesus is said to have entered jerusalem. although some have objected that the romans would probably not permitted a man the crowd acknowledged king to enter the city to crowds, price ( 2003, p 292 ) argues that what is really going on is a of markan irony. the crowd is simply giving out the hosanna! as part of the usual pass", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44244070403571234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.467196"} {"text": "man the crowd acknowledged king to enter the city to crowds, price ( 2003, p 292 ) argues that what is really going on is a of markan irony. the crowd is simply giving out the hosanna! as part of the usual passover wish that the davidic messiah would come and restore the davidic monarchy. and sure enough, in front of them, is the davidic messiah - - but the crowd doesn ' t know. to them, jesus is just one of of thousands of entrants to the city for the passover festival, who like thousands of others, to be arriving on a donkey. scene, the \" crowd \" does not acknowledge that jesus is the messiah, in luke, they clearly do. however, the vast distance being traversed during jesus entrance, as well as the presence of both straw and may be signals that mark did not frame it the way price is note also that in mark there is no crowd. v9 says \" and those who went before and those who out... \" implying that the speaking is done not by a crowd but most probably by disciples who have come into jerusalem. with jesus. no crowd is ever directly mentioned, just the \" many \" who spread their garments on the road or lined it with branches. regardless of how one reads the entry, the salient fact is that the romans had a low tolerance for even the slightest whiff of sedition, and would have dealt with it ruthlessly. as brent kinman ( 1994 ) concedes while attempting to defend the historicity of the incident, even among scholars who accept the historicity of the story, the reality of roman touchiness on the subject of sedition creates apprehension. kinman goes on to argue that since pilate ' s coming up to jerusalem must have been an extravagant affair, jesus ' entry must have paled beside it. while this approach is the distilled essence of speculation, kinman does bring up one common point, that the gospel portrayals need not be read as having the crowd in its entirety acknowledge jesus the savior. against this is gundry ' s observation of the sheer length of jesus dramatic entrance, as well as the details of the crowd laying things at his feet the whole way. in any case, as we have seen, this passage is created off of the old testament. at the level of the overall framework, beginning with the arrival in jerusalem the parallels to the cycle become ever denser. here the writer of mark begans to rely more more on that cycle for his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4619966371174586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.468308"} {"text": "this passage is created off of the old testament. at the level of the overall framework, beginning with the arrival in jerusalem the parallels to the cycle become ever denser. here the writer of mark begans to rely more more on that cycle for his plot structure and the details of his story ( brodie 2000, p92 ) : the e - e cycle also explains some of the stranger details of the writer of mark has also modeled this on the sequence in zechariah 14. duff ( 1992 ), who connects the entrance into the city to zech 14, summarizes that text below. note how the sequence in this text resembles this section of the gospel of mark, with the entrance into jerusalem from the mount of olives, down a processional highway, accompanied by his holy ones. at the detail level, the passage is a creation off of the 1 samuel 9 and 1 sam 10 : and 1 sam 10 : 2 - 7 : the scene may also represent a common convention of greek drama, the hyporcheme, as proposed by bilezekian ( 1977 ) : duff ( 1992 ) also points out that the procession surrounding the entrance of the warrior - king into the city was originally modeled on greek epiphany processions, in which the deity enters the city. frequently the entering king is either greeted as a god, or performs sacrifices that \" function as an act of appropriation \" ( p60 ). this pericope consists of two chiastic structures looking more or less like this : the presence of the supernatural juxtaposed with ot creation the level of detail and of the plot structure, along with the presence of mark literary creation ( the doublet of v1 - 6 ), and the conventionality of the entry in greco - roman culture indicate that there no support for historicity in this pericope. | 12 : on the following day, when from bethany, he was hungry. 13 : and seeing in the distance a fig tree in leaf, he went to see if he could find anything on it. when he to it, he found nothing | | but leaves, for it was not the season for figs. 14 : and he said to it, \" may no one ever eat fruit from you again. \" and his disciples heard it. | | 13 : and seeing in the distance a fig tree in leaf, he went to see if he could find anything on it. when he came to it, he found nothing but leaves, for it was not the season for fig", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48285221564149644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.469302"} {"text": "heard it. | | 13 : and seeing in the distance a fig tree in leaf, he went to see if he could find anything on it. when he came to it, he found nothing but leaves, for it was not the season for figs. | perhaps the scene is based on psalm 37 : 35 - 6. more likely is micah where \" the imagery of a search for figs is a figure for god ' s search righteous israelites, and the image of a barren or withered fig tree is occasionally used to represent national failure as a manifestation of judgment \" ( brown 2002 ). also standing behind this may be hosea 9 : 15 - 6, where the wicked are driven from the house of the lord and the image of barrenness is found in conjunction with the temple : | v13 : jesus ' search for fruit on the fig tree is usually interpreted as an allegory based on the use of the fig tree to represent israel in the ot, including jeremiah 8 : 13, 29 : 14, joel 1 : 7, hosea 9 : 10, and 9 : 16. for example, jeremiah 8 : 13 notes : | v13 : as oakman ( 1993 ) points out, the cursing is scientifically absurd. normally, when leaves are present on a fig tree, there is fruit. thus, an allegorical meaning is deduced. | v13 : thomas l. thompson ( 2005, p78 ) points out that the writer is saying that it is not the tree but jesus who is out of season. the righteous ( israel ) should be ready for the messiah whenever he comes. he also observes that jer 24 : 1 - 10 offers a scene of two baskets of figs outside the temple, one representing the remnant of good people who will be taken into exile when jerusalem is destroyed, the other representing the very bad. | v13 : jan sammer notes : this pericope ' s chiastic structure is impossible to clearly the wrter ' s a brackets are typically geographical movements, and there is nowhere else in the gospel where jesus makes so many movements in so short a volume of text. or all the movements may constitute a single a bracket. that would work very nicely. but the writer did not leave us enough examples to unravel his thinking on this matter. this pericope is the \" a \" section of one of the gospels ' most famous chiasms, an a - b - a ' structure that sandwiches the cleansing of the temple between the cursing of the fig tree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4862068906300224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.470246"} {"text": "his thinking on this matter. this pericope is the \" a \" section of one of the gospels ' most famous chiasms, an a - b - a ' structure that sandwiches the cleansing of the temple between the cursing of the fig tree. the presence of the supernatural and creation from the ot indicate that there is no support for historicity in this pericope. | 15 : and they came to jerusalem. and he entered the temple and began to drive out those who sold and those who bought in the temple, and he overturned the tables of the money - changers and the seats of those who sold pigeons ; 16 : and he would not allow any one to carry anything through the temple. 17 : and he taught, and said to them, | | \" is it not written, ` my house shall be called a house of prayer for all the nations '? but you have made it a den of robbers. \" 18 : and the chief priests and the scribes heard it and sought a way to destroy him ; for they feared him, because all the multitude was astonished at his teaching. 19 : and when evening came they went out of the city. | | 15 : and they came to jerusalem. and he entered the temple and began to drive out those who sold and those who bought in the temple, and he overturned the tables of the money - changers and the seats of those who sold pigeons ; | from nehemiah 13 : 8 - 9 : | v15 : the lord has come to his house, as promised in mal 3 : 1 at the beginning of the gospel. | | v15 : the verb \" drive out \" also links the text back to hosea 9 : 15 : activity of \" plundering \" the temple may well relate back to the plundering of the strong man ' s house in mk 3 : 27. as exegetes have noted, the temple, fundamentally an economic institution, was the center of the economic life of jerusalem, driving employment for many petty producers like bakers, incense makers, goldsmiths, and so forth ( myers 1988, p300 ). moneychanging was a normal and sanctioned activity, necessary because the foreign coinage carried by pilgrims from overseas for donations to the temple had to be changed to a coin acceptable to the temple. as crossan ( 1992 ) writes : some conservative exegetes have argued that non - temple related money - changing probably went on as well, and that jesus was targeting such unsanctioned and purely commercial transactions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4664253067526508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.471174"} {"text": "coin acceptable to the temple. as crossan ( 1992 ) writes : some conservative exegetes have argued that non - temple related money - changing probably went on as well, and that jesus was targeting such unsanctioned and purely commercial transactions. | 16 : and he would not allow any one to carry anything through the temple. | the greek says \" vessels \" by which the sacrificial equipment of the temple is meant, not \" merchandise \" as a number of translations will have it. from nehemiah 13 : 8 - 9 | v16 : this story also has an interesting parallel in 2 maccabees. there the story is told of the high priest onias iii, revered by the jews for his righteousness. in 2 macc 4 : 32 - 4 onias attempts to prevent menelaus from stealing vessels from the temple. later onias is killed after being tricked into leaving his sanctuary near antioch. after his death, in 2 macc 15 : 11 - 16, he visits the jewish leader judas maccabeaus in a dream. like jesus, he saved the temple vessels from being plundered, was betrayed and killed, and then appeared to his followers after his death. strangely, josephus informs us that his brother ' s name was jesus ( later jason ). daniel 9 : 26, the famous passage where the messiah is \" cut off, \" is generally held to refer to onias iii. | josephus ( against apion, | 17 : and he taught, and said to them, \" is it not written, ` my house shall be called a house of prayer for all the nations '? but you have made it a den of robbers. \" | | v17 : the writer of mark has jesus shouting out parts of the old testament while overturning benches and preventing people from carrying the sacrificial vessels around an area that is thousands of square yards in size. | the writer has yoked together two diametrically opposed visions of the temple. in the passage from isa 56 the temple is presented as an inclusive institution where yhwh ' s promise even encompasses foreigners and outcasts, but the passage from jeremiah 7 cited in the second half of v17 is a diatribe on the corruption of the temple that foresees its destruction just as the previous shrine at shiloh was destroyed ( myers in addition to the reference to destroyed temples, the passages surrounding jer 7 : 11 contain important themes from the gospel of mark, including abominations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46464368229525216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.472091"} {"text": "temple that foresees its destruction just as the previous shrine at shiloh was destroyed ( myers in addition to the reference to destroyed temples, the passages surrounding jer 7 : 11 contain important themes from the gospel of mark, including abominations on the heights ( in the holy temple of god ) : and the bridgegroom : duff ( 1992 ), observing the citation of isaiah on prayer, points out that jesus gives instructions on what is right outside the temple in hans dieter betz ( 1997 ), one of many scholars who accepts this incident as historical, notes : buchanon ( 1991 ) also points out that there is no message in mk 11 : 17 that jesus wanted those present to understand that the temple must be destroyed. taking his point further, one could argue that the first half of his remarks indicate the opposite. term \" robber \" here refers more correctly to those who steal by violence. the term is used extensively in josephus and most probably refers to the jewish insurgents of the roman - jewish war of 66 - 70, who occupied the temple at the height of the siege of jerusalem ( marcus, complaint of jesus here is in another chreia - like utterance in which jesus provides both the setting and the response : q : shouldn ' t this be a place of prayer? a : but you ' ve made it a den of thieves! the structure of this periocope is a simple chiasm : this is perhaps the most important single event in mark outside the crucifixion, for in many interpretations it triggers the authorities ' actions against jesus. even when rejected as historical, scholars believe that there is an underlying kernel of history. therefore it will be analyzed in some detail. there are several reasons to think that the author of mark invented this story. first, there is the historical improbability of the temple the temple area itself is tremendous in size, more than 12 football across and capable of holding tens of thousands of people. looking at fredriksen ( 2000 ) has recently explained why she has altered her on its historical probability : price ( 2003, p295 ) points out that the temple covered 35 acres, the size of 34 football fields. as josephus notes, there were roman auxiliaries on call in the antonia right nearby. the moneychangers undoubtedly had their own and servants, and so did the local priests. it is therefore unlikely jesus could have generated an incident there that was prolonged enough for anyone to notice. there were too many warm bodies to squelch it it got", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43545752848020397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.473040"} {"text": "moneychangers undoubtedly had their own and servants, and so did the local priests. it is therefore unlikely jesus could have generated an incident there that was prolonged enough for anyone to notice. there were too many warm bodies to squelch it it got rolling. a further problem, as buchanon ( 1991 ) points out, is that the temple was not merely the main religious institution of the jewish religion, it was also the national treasury and its best fortress. the temple ' s importance should not be underestimated : all three sides in the internal struggle during the jewish war fought to gain control of the temple. not only is it highly unlikely that jesus could have simply strolled in and gained control of the temple, it is also highly unlikely that anyone would have permitted him to leave unmolested after such a performance. an additional problem is provided by the awkwardness of v17, which has jesus teaching as he is tossing out the moneychangers. it is almost comic to imagine jesus shouting out parts of the old testament while overturning benches and preventing people from carrying the sacrificial vessels around an area that is thousands of square yards in size. note that jesus turns over the tables as if there were only a handful of them, rather than some tables. david seeley ( 2000 ) notes many of the practical arguments in addition to the commonsense issue of implausibility, as crossan has noted in the birth of christianity, a story may be labeled invented when, on every level, it shows obvious literary derivation. speaking of the passion story, he writes : \" the individual units, general sequences, and overall frames of the passion - resurrection stories are so linked to prophetic fulfillment that the removal of such fulfillment leaves nothing but the barest facts... \" ( 1998, p. 521 ). the temple cleansing is one such story ; indeed, the combination of ot creation and markan redaction leaves nothing at all, not even the barest facts. at its lowest level, the individual details of the story itself, the temple cleansing is composed of two basic strands, one of markan redaction, the other of ot literary invention. the temple cleansing in part is taken from the story of nehemiah and the temple, and borrows from it two key details : first, jesus overturns the benches of the moneychangers, just was displeased and threw tobias ' furniture out of the rooms that had been given to him ( nehemiah 13 : 9 ). troughton", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48468926963326164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.474034"} {"text": "two key details : first, jesus overturns the benches of the moneychangers, just was displeased and threw tobias ' furniture out of the rooms that had been given to him ( nehemiah 13 : 9 ). troughton ( 2003, p14 ) writes : in the next verse ( 13 : 9 ) nehemiah returns the sacred vessels back to the rightful place, just as jesus prevents the vessels from being moved out of the precincts ( mk 11 : 16 ). \" nehemiah 13. 4 - 9 details the threat to the temple cult through accommodation of \" foreign influences, \" notes troughton ( 2003, p6 ), clearly paralleled in jesus ' attack on the merchants as a den of robbers. further borrowing of details from the ot is apparent in the that jesus ' utters : ' my house will be called a house of prayer for all nations ' but you have made it ' a den of robbers. ' - - which isaiah and jeremiah. the word \" robbers \" used here is better translated as \" insurrectionists. \" some have seen a reference to the occupation of the temple by jewish zealots during the siege of jerusalem in 70 ce. jeremiah passage containing 7 : 11 mark quoted in v17 is also quoted by ben ananias in book vi of josephus wars. some exegetes have argued that jesus may be modeled after jesus ben ananias. earl doherty ( 1999, p248 - 58 ) has identified other ot cites that may the basis for this passage, including malachi 3 : 1, hosea 9 : 15, and of these, the most likely is zech 14 : 21, a classic example of markan hypertextuality, which is temple - focused. there the nations of the world are pictured worshipping at the jerusalem temple. further, zech 14 : 4 will be cited later in the gospel. numerous exegetes have linked zech 14 : 21 to this passage ( duff 1992, p65 ). krause ( 1994 ) has also detected the shaping hand of hosea 9 behind the fig tree and temple sequence. note how the sequence contains both the fig tree and a driving out of individuals from the temple. the other details of the story are redaction of the author of mark and contain no items of historical value. at the next level, the level of intermediate structure, the writer of mark using the ot. the story of jesus closely parallels the elijah - elisha in kings. thomas brodie ( 1998, p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48005544570928027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.474982"} {"text": "author of mark and contain no items of historical value. at the next level, the level of intermediate structure, the writer of mark using the ot. the story of jesus closely parallels the elijah - elisha in kings. thomas brodie ( 1998, p92 ) explains. at the climax of the two legend cycles, the temple is cleansed ( jesus drives out the jehu kills the priests of ba ' al ). both are annointed ( 2 kings 9 ), with cloaks on the ground ( 2 kings 9 ), wait before taking over ( 2 9 : 12 - 13, mark 11 : 11 ), challenge the authorities ( 2 kings 9 : 22 - 10 : 27 ), 11 : 11 - 12 : 12 ), and money given to the temple ( 2 kings 12 : 5 - 17, mark 12 : 41 - 44 ). as brodie puts it ( p93 ) : at the highest level, the overall story structure, the writer of mark is again relying on the elijah - elisha cycle. jesus north - to - south movement generally parallels the movements in the elijah. where jesus departs this movement, so does elijah. as the eec narrative approaches so does jesus, and the parallels intensify. a second narrative source for this might well be 1 & 2 maccabees, where in 11 : 1 - 9 the writer parallels simon ' s entry into jerusalem in 1 macc 13, and then in 11 : 15 - 19 he parallels the story of onias iii and the temple vessels in to sum up : markan redactional elements are obvious in \" on reaching jerusalem \" ( v15 ) and v18 ( the conspiracy and crowd amazement ) and v19. the whole passage is typical of the writer of mark. \" overturning the tables \" and \" not permitting vessels to be carried out of the courts \" are taken from nehemiah. these two details would not be transmitted by oral tradition ; they exhibit clear literary dependence. hence, the writer of mark had to have added them via ot construction. jesus ' words cite two different ot authors and cannot be oral transmission ; they exhibit literary dependence. the use of the elijah - elisha narrative for both the plot of the current set of pericopes and the overall framework of mark is another example of literary construction that could not have been transmitted. the entire \" event \" smacks of either markan redaction or literary dependence on every level. here is the text broken out in detail : a final knock against this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4417458399799541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.475949"} {"text": "mark is another example of literary construction that could not have been transmitted. the entire \" event \" smacks of either markan redaction or literary dependence on every level. here is the text broken out in detail : a final knock against this is event is that josephus does not it, nor does paul ( neither jesus ' temple cleansing nor his predictions of the temple ' s destruction ), nor, apparently, did justus of tiberias, of galilee ( who does not mention jesus at all ). no source other than gospels mentions this event. paula fredrikensen ( 2002 ) notes : in summary, although judgments of outright fiction are generally implied rather than stated in this commentary, here it is clear that what we are looking at is a fiction from the hand of the writer of mark. the silence in the external sources, the presence of ot creation in what is generally considered the \" historical information \" in this pericope, the markers of the writer ' s redactive habits, the presence of literary structures that culminate the elijah - elisha cycle in the gospel of mark, and the strong historical implausibility of this event indicate that there is no history whatsoever in this pericope. | 20 : as they passed by in the morning, they saw the fig tree withered away to its roots. 21 : and peter remembered and said to him, \" master, look! the fig tree which you cursed has withered. \" 22 : and jesus answered them, \" have faith in god. 23 : truly, i say to you, whoever says to this mountain, ` be taken up and cast into the sea, ' and does not doubt in his heart, | | but believes that what he says will come to pass, it will be done for him. 24 : therefore i tell you, whatever you ask in prayer, believe that you have received it, and it will be yours. 25 : and whenever you stand praying, forgive, if you have anything against any one ; so that your father also who is in heaven may forgive you your trespasses. \" | | 23 : truly, i say to you, whoever says to this mountain, ` be taken up and cast into the sea, ' and does not doubt in his heart, but believes that what he says will come to pass, it will be done for him. | recalls paul ' s words in 1 cor 13 : 2. seeley ( 2000 ) observes : this observation is also echoed by duff ( 1992 ), who sees the mountain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4707346144852084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.477976"} {"text": "he says will come to pass, it will be done for him. | recalls paul ' s words in 1 cor 13 : 2. seeley ( 2000 ) observes : this observation is also echoed by duff ( 1992 ), who sees the mountain saying as further condemnation of the temple. | 25 : and whenever you stand praying, forgive, if you have anything against any one ; so that your father also who is in heaven may forgive you your trespasses. \" | | v25 : this is the only time \" your father in the heavens \" occurs in mark. though it is attested in all manuscripts, it is mostly likely a marginal gloss that found its way into the text, since the language is matthean rather than markan ( ludemann 2001, p79 ). | thomas l. thompson ( 2005 ) writes : the commentary on prayer is set up by the supernatural events fig tree. the idea of forgiveness of tresspasses was a common one in antiquity. this pericope completes an a - b - a ' chiasm set up by the previous interaction with the fig tree. because of the presence of the supernatural and the banality of the injunction to forgive, as well as the relationship to paul, there is no support for historicity in this pericope. | 27 : and they came again to jerusalem. and as he was walking in the temple, the chief priests and the scribes and the elders came to him, 28 : and they said to him, \" by what authority are you doing these things, or who gave you this authority to do them? \" 29 : jesus said to them, \" i will ask you a question ; answer me, and i will tell you by what authority i do these things. 30 : was the baptism of john from heaven | | or from men? answer me. \" 31 : and they argued with one another, \" if we say, ` from heaven, ' he will say, ` why then did you not believe him? ' 32 : but shall we say, ` from men '? \" - - they were afraid of the people, for all held that john was a real prophet. 33 : so they answered jesus, \" we do not know. \" and jesus said to them, \" neither will i tell you by what authority i do these things. \" | | 27 : and they came again to jerusalem. and as he was walking in the temple, the chief priests and the scribes and the elders came to him, |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4309551030450115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.478897"} {"text": "\" neither will i tell you by what authority i do these things. \" | | 27 : and they came again to jerusalem. and as he was walking in the temple, the chief priests and the scribes and the elders came to him, | | v27 : it is implausible that jesus is walking in the temple, which two paragraphs ago he has just trashed. | | 30 : was the baptism of john from heaven or from men? answer me. \" | note that jesus refers to the baptism of john. could the writer be implying a double meaning? recall that in mark, baptism can mean \" sacrificial death. \" the writer seems, from the subsequent verses, to be discussing the baptism john offered, not the one he was given by herod. but nevertheless, the double meaning is present. this entire pericope consists of markan redaction, with the of chief priests, scribes, and elders out to get jesus. it is highly that determined enemies of jesus would have accepted the answer given 11 : 33 ; it is unlikely therefore that an account of remembered history simply have broken off without a far longer exchange. the exchange shows a variant on the chreia form, in this case the teacher is shown besting his adversaries with a clever question rather than a clever this pericope begins a block of 5 stories that doubles the block of 5 controversy stories in mark 2 and 3. it is also john the baptist ' s last appearance in mark. the implausibility of the situation should become apparent if one thinks about the political sensitivity of the question jesus has just asked : jesus has just queried the jerusalem temple leadership what they think of someone the writer informed us 5 chapters ago was executed by herod, the potentate of the territory next door, who held his tetrarchy by roman largesse. the writer of mark seems unaware of the political implications of having jesus asking the jewish authorities whether they think a recently executed political prisoner was a real prophet. the focus instead is on the source of jesus ' authority. mark mcvann ( 1994 ) reads this as an honor - shame conflict. the temple ' s honor, slandered by jesus ' cleansing of it, must be avenged, and so the authorities challenge jesus hoping to impugn his status as a true prophet, but instead jesus shames them. mcvann observes that jesus does this by referring to john ' s baptism, which was as insulting to the temple as jesus ' own acts, since", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43520200228995765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.479827"} {"text": "jesus hoping to impugn his status as a true prophet, but instead jesus shames them. mcvann observes that jesus does this by referring to john ' s baptism, which was as insulting to the temple as jesus ' own acts, since it represented a way for the people to be brought into the community of god without the temple structure as an the jesus seminar ( funk et al 1997 ) observed : this pericope is part of a structure that extends into the next chapter ; implausibility of the situation both from a political standpoint, and the fact that jesus has just trashed the temple, as well as the presence of several habitual features of the writer ' s style, all indicate that there is no support for historicity in this john paul heil ( 1997 ) writes : i agree completely. the writer of mark has a powerful focus on the temple which he reveals in two ways. first, the writer mentions the temple in the text of the gospel itself. the first of twelve uses of word \" temple \" in mark comes in mark 11 : 11, when jesus arrives in jerusalem. this is followed by several mentions in jesus ' cleansing of the temple in mark 11 : 15 - 19. in mark 11 : 27 - 33 jesus is pictured walking in the temple. again in mark 12 : 35 - 44 the action takes place in the temple. in mark 13 : 1 - 31 jesus makes his famous prophecy of the temple ' s destruction. more references follow in jesus ' arrest, before the jewish authorities, and crucifixion. from jesus ' entrance into jerusalem forward, the temple is one of the most important threads in markan discourse. if the reader returns to malachi to see the context, the temple is present : the writer has cleverly located three important themes from the gospel here : the coming of the messenger of the lord, the convenant, and the temple. however, in order to place them all together, the reader is required to return to the old testament to view the passage in context. if you read on to malachi 3 : 2, there the coming of the messenger of the lord is compared to a refiner ' s fire that will purge and purify. in literary terms the gospel of mark is a hypertext, a text that is based on, yet transvalues, another text, termed the hypotext. a modern example is kurt vonnegut ' s slaughterhouse - 5, which parallels the gospels, but transvalues them. instead of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4485755107822333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.480759"} {"text": "text that is based on, yet transvalues, another text, termed the hypotext. a modern example is kurt vonnegut ' s slaughterhouse - 5, which parallels the gospels, but transvalues them. instead of the dynamic jesus rushing around palestine healing the sick and raising the dead and bringing a message of the kingdom of god, we have the helpless billy pilgrim, who takes no action on his own, has no control over his own miraculous abilities, and brings a message that there is nothing that we can do about life. in the gospels jesus dies and saves the world, but in slaughterhouse - 5 billy pilgrim lives and the world ( dresden ) dies. similarly, the gospel of mark is built off the old testament, but reconstructs and recontextualizes its citations to focus them on jesus and on the events of the writer ' s time. one strong aspect of markan hypertextuality is its relentless focus on the temple in jerusalem. it also contains citations that refer to plundered, destroyed, and occupied temples and altars. given this, the writer of mark is most probably writing at a time after the temple was destroyed. thomas l. thompson ( 2005 ) highlights the importance of the \" plundered temple \" theme for understanding messianism : this temple - focus of markan citations is found in many places in the gospel of mark. in mark 4 : 1 - 20 the writer gives us one of the most famous and enigmatic passages in the gospel, 4 : 11 - 12. this passage parallels isaiah 6 : 10 in the septuagint : if we go back to the context, however, we once again see the temple. the words that jesus speaks are uttered by a voice in the temple. once again, when we return to the old testament, we find the temple. sometimes the writer ' s temple focus is not as obvious as in the citations above. let ' s take a look at mk 3 : 1 - 6. this passage parallels 1 kings 13 : 4 - 6 : if you start with the text from mark, and return to the text from 1 kings 13, you notice that while the action in mark takes place in a synagogue, in 1 kings it occurs in an altar. if you go back to the proceeding action in 1 kings 13, you will see two interesting passages : the man of god prophesies that the priests of the high places will die, as would come true in the writer of mark ' s time when the temple was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5053079368205016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.481680"} {"text": "back to the proceeding action in 1 kings 13, you will see two interesting passages : the man of god prophesies that the priests of the high places will die, as would come true in the writer of mark ' s time when the temple was destroyed. note further that jeroboam ' s sin, like the romans ', was to appoint \" anyone who wanted \" to be a priest. this led to the downfall of the kingdom, just as the temple fell. this passage offers a temple, but one that will be plundered and destroyed. in mark 12 : 1 the writer offers a different nod to the temple. here he opens the parable of the tenants with a quotation from isaiah 5 : compare this to isaiah 5 : however, the reader will search in vain for a reference to the temple in this passage. that is because the reference resides not in the text of isaiah but in jewish tradition : the tower represents the temple, and the vat the altar. as heil ( 1997 ) reads the parable jesus presents : there is no way to know for sure, but perhaps the writer was probably not only familiar with the jewish torah, but also the traditional readings of it as well. in the episode of the temple cleansing ( mk 11 : 15 - 19 ) the writer echoes nehemiah 13 : 8 - 9 in describing jesus ' actions of overturning the furniture and stopping the vessels from leaving the temple : the action here is taking place in the temple, making the temple focus obvious, but there is an additional aspect : tobiah is a foreigner. the temple is occupied by a foreigner, perhaps once again a reference to political conditions in the time of the writer of mark. similarly, two verses later, in mark 11 : 17, the writer gives us a double helping of his temple - focused hypertextuality : in 11 : 17 the writer yokes together two diametrically opposed visions of the temple. the first half of the passage is from isaiah 56. it presents the temple as an inclusive institution where god ' s promise even encompasses foreigners and outcasts. by contrast, the second half of the passage cites jeremiah 7, a diatribe on the corruption of the temple that foresees its destruction just as the previous shrine at shiloh was destroyed. both hypertextual themes, the temple itself, and violence in and against it, are present in this passage. these same themes of violence and plundered temples crop out in other places in mark. in the sanhedrin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46885194294237564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.482587"} {"text": "##loh was destroyed. both hypertextual themes, the temple itself, and violence in and against it, are present in this passage. these same themes of violence and plundered temples crop out in other places in mark. in the sanhedrin trial ( mark 14 : 53 - 65 ) the high priest responds to jesus ' affirmation of his identity with : this appears to recall the scene in 2 kings 11 : 14 when athaliah, the queen, is standing at the temple when the true king josiah, who had been hidden there, is brought out. the full text runs : once again, we see the juxtaposition of familiar themes from mark : the true king, the temple, and violence. these same things may pop up again in mark 16 : 5, whose young man has been identified with the heavenly young men in 2 macc 3 who save the temple from being plundered and destroyed. although in the gospel of mark the temple rises to narrative prominence in the second half of the gospel, through the use of a hypertextuality that is strongly temple - focused, the writer of mark makes its presence known throughout his gospel. | | home | | topical index | | next chapter commentary on the gospel of mark | chapter 1 | | chapter 9 | | home | | chapter 3 | | chapter 11 | | topical index | | chapter 4 | | chapter 12 | | chapter 5 | | chapter 13 | | references | chapter 6 | | chapter 14 | | chapter 7 | | chapter 15 | | contact author | chapter 8 | | chapter 16 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46653846850959785, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.483154"} {"text": "we astronomers like to toy with the ideas of life and of death. we name distant objects after gods of the dead and underworld, like orcus or pluto, we eagerly discuss cannibalistic galaxies and gamma ray bursts that would wipe out civilizations for light years in radius. we talk about catastrophic impacts and the possible slow death of the entire universe. but, usually, it is just a vicarious show. nothing that we study out there in the universe will is likely to actually affect anything down here on earth. nothing that we do is really a matter of life and death. except for this week. this week, for the sake of astronomy, seven people will strap themselves on to the top of a controlled explosion and launch themselves almost 200, 000 stories into the air. if all goes well, they \u2019 ll spend nearly two weeks confined to a tiny container holding the only patch of livable space for 400 miles in any direction, before they drop back to earth in a flaming descent that transforms into a supersonic glissade to the ground. the seven are the astronauts on the final space shuttle servicing mission to the hubble space telescope. if they are able to carry out everything on their extensive list, they will leave behind an enormously capable telescope capable of years more of distinguished and fascinating scientific inquiry. astronomers the world over will rejoice, but i will rejoice a bit more than average. a year ago, i proposed to the committee in charge of the hubble space telescope that they allow me to spend a significant amount of time on the telescope to use one of the brand - new instruments being put in by the astronomers to study the origin of the kuiper belt. it was a bit of a long shot, i thought. these committees tend to favor things such as figuring out the origins of distant things, like galaxies, or the universe itself. our local neighborhood is often overlooked. but the committee liked the idea and now all that stands between me and getting to use this fantastic new instrument in space is the fact that the instrument itself is currently sitting in florida. at least as of this moment. but come blast - off it and the seven astronauts will be on their way to space. this moment almost never happened. if i were in charge, it never would. after the 2003 space shuttle columbia break up over texas, nasa declared that the only safe way to fly the space shuttle was to go to the space station where it could be inspected and, if problems were found, astronauts could temporarily stay while repairs or rescues were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5388935583502712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.488256"} {"text": "the 2003 space shuttle columbia break up over texas, nasa declared that the only safe way to fly the space shuttle was to go to the space station where it could be inspected and, if problems were found, astronauts could temporarily stay while repairs or rescues were mounted. but because of their very different orbits, you can \u2019 t get to the space station if you go to the space telescope. thus, there would be no more flights to the space telescope and it would soon plummet to the earth and burn up in the atmosphere. there was a great outcry. hubble is invaluable! hubble is a national treasure! it seemed as if every astronomer out there had stories to tell about why hubble was spectacular. i agreed. i had my own stories, even. many of the fabulous finds about dwarf planets over the past decade have been made by or aided by the hubble space telescope. and there are many many more things that i still want to do with it. and then i said that it was ok to let it die. hubble had had a spectacular decade and a half, and if it was not safe to refurbish it anymore we astronomers needed to celebrate its legacy, mourn its loss, but accept that it was for the best. this was no longer an abstract matter of galactic life and cosmic death : this was a matter of real life and, quite possibly, death. this actually mattered. i grew up in huntsville, alabama, a thoroughly dedicated space town, and reminders that things do not always go as planned are strewn throughout the city. the high school to which i went was named after gus grissom, who died during a pre - launch test of the apollo 1 mission. ed white and roger chaffee \u2013 who died along side grissom \u2013 have their own schools just across town. you can see the challenger school from the back deck of my parent \u2019 s house. i love space exploration. i love human space exploration. i grew up on it. i wanted to be part of it. i became an astronomer because of it. i understand \u2013 i think \u2013 the risks, and am even willing to accept them. sometimes. but not blindly. i feel that many of the astronomers pushing and pushing and pushing to get the shuttle to fly to the space telescope never once thought about the risks, never drove around a town with schools memorializing astronauts who never came home. this actually mattered. what are the risks of catastrophic failure, as the worst - case scenario is known?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4654468338595389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.489177"} {"text": "shuttle to fly to the space telescope never once thought about the risks, never drove around a town with schools memorializing astronauts who never came home. this actually mattered. what are the risks of catastrophic failure, as the worst - case scenario is known? i have heard absurdly precise estimates of 1 chance in 187, though i neither know how these numbers are arrived at nor put much faith in them. i do know that this next mission is designated sts - 125 \u2013 the 125th shuttle flight. two have ended in disaster. that \u2019 s 1 in 64. while that \u2019 s not quite russian roulette with a six - shooter and a single bullet, neither is it a short drive to the office in light traffic. it was worth thinking hard about this. this actually mattered. in the end, the tea leaves were clear from the beginning. the outcry was too loud for the hubble to be allowed to fall from the sky. the space shuttle would go after all. it \u2019 s probably good that i wasn \u2019 t in charge. i don \u2019 t think i ever want to be in the position of making decisions that could directly lead to someone never coming home to their family again. but someone has to make those decisions. i would have chosen differently, but i understand the choice. the astronauts themselves know what they are getting in to and are itching to go. who am i to say no? and, since the decision is made and they are indeed going, i \u2019 ll be the one watching from down here on earth cheering loudly, remembering the excitement i \u2019 ve felt with every blast off i remember from apollo on. and this time i \u2019 ll be cheering even more loudly, thinking about the years of discovery ahead and the origins of the kuiper belt and things about which i have not even begun to dream. you will likely not be surprised to learn that i am a non - religious person. i draw my spiritual inspirations from etruscans and inuits and small children and the full moon itself. and yet, when searching for the right incantation, the right words of encouragement and amulet against harm, the best one that comes to mind describes something that those seven astronauts will both have in an almost literal sense and certainly need in the intended sense : godspeed, sts - 125, godspeed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47047789490437086, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.490130"} {"text": "october, over the last several years has been observed as national breast cancer awareness month throughout not only the united states but worldwide. the purpose of this observance is to increase awareness of the disease and to raise funds for research into its cause, prevention, diagnosis, treatment and a cure. information and support are also offered to those affected by breast cancer. increased awareness and education of symptoms are the best preventive measures anyone, female or male, can have in the fight against breast cancer. breast cancer month supporters hope that an increased knowledge will lead to earlier detection of the disease which in turn will increase the long - term survival rate and that money raised for breast cancer will produce a reliable, permanent cure for the disease. fundraisers are sponsored and held throughout the month in the moberly area to help raise funds for mammograms and other options of detection as well as for treatment of the disease. fundraising events include foot races, walk - a - thons, bicycle rides, and many more. the pink ribbon is a symbol of breast cancer awareness. it may be worn to honor those who have been diagnosed with breast cancer, or to identify products that the manufacturer would like to sell to consumers that are interested in breast cancer. pink ribbons, which can be made inexpensively, are sometimes sold as fundraisers, much like poppies on remembrance day. the pink ribbon is associated with individual generosity, faith in scientific progress and a \" can - do \" attitude. it encourages consumers to focus on the emotionally appealing ultimate vision o a cure for breast cancer, rather than on the fraught path between current knowledge and any future cures. throughout the years breast cancer awareness campaigns have been highly effective in getting attention for the disease. breast cancer receives significantly more media coverage than other prevalent cancers, such as prostate cancer. people are now talking about the ' fight ' against breast cancer. the awareness campaign is about raising people ' s awareness to increase the chance of early detection and thus decrease the fatality rate of breast cancer. the moberly monitor - index is sponsoring special \" pink pages \" on each thursday in october to help raise awareness and to share survivor stories with readers. check out today ' s page 9 for information on breast cancer awareness month.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5038339515355743, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.493819"} {"text": "because of their white ancestry, members of the hemings family have been negotiating the color line ever since they left monticello. many of sally hemings \u2019 s descendants, in particular, have had to continually assert or defend or adjust their racial identity in a society that insisted on a simple division into black or white. the hardening of racial attitudes by the beginning of the twentieth century into the so - called \u201c one drop \u201d rule made the situation ever more difficult. while sally hemings \u2019 s son eston and his family determined to live as white people in the mid - nineteenth century, most of her son madison \u2019 s descendants continued to identify themselves as black, even though their appearance was racially ambiguous. for generations, they found spouses whose light complexions and caucasian features matched their own. only toward the end of the twentieth century, did they begin to resemble what one descendant called a \u201c rainbow coalition. \u201d george ( jack ) pettiford \u2019 s moment of truth came when he was inducted into the navy in world war ii. when an official tried to put him in a white unit, he insisted that he serve with other blacks. as his widow, jacqueline pettiford, remembered, he kept being pushed toward the white side and had to keep going back to the black side, saying, \u2018 this is my line. i want to be what i am. \u2019 madison hemings \u2019 s great - granddaughter patricia roberts was often questioned about her ethnicity and some people suggested, \u201c you don ' t have to be black, you could be whatever you want. \u201d under no circumstance did she ever consider passing for white, she said. \u201c that was the way we were brought up, to take pride in who we were. \u201d almost without exception, hemings descendants interviewed for the getting word project \u2014 whatever they looked like \u2014 were proud to say, \u201c i am black. \u201d \" we spoke always about who we were \" peggy preacely describes her family ' s emphasis of their african american heritage. theme : racial identity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4925131940878417, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.498092"} {"text": "on hearing recently how one institution uses personality tests in training and teambuilding activities, my first reaction was to think such tests would be a terrible idea for teaching. but then, i thought, maybe an awareness of personality types could be very helpful in communicating with students. let \u2019 s look at the pros and cons of personality tests as related to teaching music \u2014 first the cons, then the pros, and finally a few ideas for how to find some tests and include them in your teaching. 1. the downside of personality tests the teacher \u2019 s job is to rise above personalities as teachers we \u2019 re always trying to rise above people \u2019 s differences, facilitate communication with students and among them. rather than to accept and solidify personality types, teachers try to change them, to shape them. every teaching day, i coax students to see things in new ways. for example, some want to control every movement before they \u2019 re satisfied, but i have to show them that there are sometimes other priorities \u2014 sometimes they need to get a feel for the continuity of a phrase and not control every note within it at the expense of the flow of music. this might mean i am teaching a very concrete personality see things in a more intuitive way. would i be less likely to try to do that if i \u201c knew \u201d the student \u2019 s personality was classified as not receptive to what i was offering? tests can freeze someone \u2019 s self - perception a student \u2019 s self - perception can be either your best helper or the worst obstacle. there are times when a student can make a real breakthrough by focusing on their ears and hands and closing their eyes. but if they are convinced they are a visual person, they might refuse to try. if a personality test tells them they are, say, a \u201c concrete - sequential \u201d person, they may not be open to trying a physical exercise that is about muscle memory and cannot be verbally analyzed. taking these tests too seriously can cross a line into personal judgment that can easily take you away from a focus on learning music. personality tests are not so accurate in polling, or science and math, the more samples you have, the more accurate your results will be. i think this is also true of personality tests \u2014 the more categories there are, the more realistic the results. you may have heard of 8 emotional intelligences, or tests with 5 personality types ; i saw one list of 20 personalities, and there are tests where 4 sliding scales are combined into 16 possible results. the least accurate measurements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.473919638076572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.503692"} {"text": "the more realistic the results. you may have heard of 8 emotional intelligences, or tests with 5 personality types ; i saw one list of 20 personalities, and there are tests where 4 sliding scales are combined into 16 possible results. the least accurate measurements of personality are probably those which reduce everybody to only 2 types, such as right brain / left brain, or male / female. one friend told me of a personality test which was based on handwriting and drawing. she said that if you draw with a squiggly, haphazard line, you are considered \u201c artistic \u201d and \u201c disorganized \u201d! clearly a test devised by someone who knows very little of artists! and yet, this test probably had some impact on its unfortunate subjects. 2. the upside of personality tests adding flexibility and focus to teaching methods if you knew that you were teaching a very intuitive student, you might have more patience in explaining something detailed, or you might approach the subject differently. if your student is extroverted, you might consider a more engaging and less judgmental presentation, allowing the extrovert a chance to blast through a new exercise a few times before focusing on needed improvements. in other words, knowing something of the student \u2019 s disposition could change your approach from the start, rather than trying a new skill the same way as usual with limited success. it could save you having to reinvent the wheel with each student. in many ways, of course, good teachers recognize personalities and adapt to them, but it \u2019 s certainly possible that if the teacher is aware of different personality types, he / she might come up with new ideas for communicating, with increased patience, less frustration, and maybe even have more fun doing it. here is a link to descriptions of 16 personality types that might be of interest. matching teacher \u2019 s personality to students what about the teacher taking a personality test? if the teacher has a sense of his / her own personality traits, it might be easier to match up with the learning needs of each student. again, most teachers have a sense of how to do this without taking a test, but it can be helpful to read through some of the personality groups and think about how your personality might best work with each of them. engaging students to solve their own problems if you have students take personality tests, and they have some ideas about their own characteristics, students might feel more engaged in solving their own problems. for example, if a students finds that he / she is considered more on the introverted side but also judgmental,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4739152411412607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.504971"} {"text": "students take personality tests, and they have some ideas about their own characteristics, students might feel more engaged in solving their own problems. for example, if a students finds that he / she is considered more on the introverted side but also judgmental, maybe that will help the student work on avoiding too much self - judgment while learning new skills. some organizations use personality tests as icebreakers \u2014 gathering similar personality types into groups with something to share and laugh about, while underlining that other personality types are out there and need to be respected. sometimes this can make people more articulate about what they want and how they want to approach what they do, knowing that others would do things differently \u2014 in other words, it can make them feel more engaged. 3. using personality tests use voluntarily or as a game it seems clear that requiring a personality test of your students would be an intrusion. but offering it as a game, or as a voluntary option, or offering them links to online tests, could be fun for them. in the right circumstances, it could even be used as an icebreaker by putting similar students together, as long as you and they keep a sense of humor about the fact that no personality test can really measure a person. finding personality tests one fun \u201c personality \u201d test is the horoscope ; after all, it has 12 possibilities, and can even be broken into sun and moon signs. but again, a sense of humor would be necessary to keep this \u201c test \u201d from being taken too seriously. it could be the basis of a fun activity at a music party or a large class. there are several online personality tests, such as the big five test, a jung typology test, another jung - style test, the gregorc learning styles test, or the meyer - briggs test. try them, have fun, and try them with some students. but keep a light touch. as mentioned above in the downside of personality tests, if anyone takes these tests too seriously, they can easily place artificial limits on who they think they are, and on what they can become.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4720793627055826, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.505932"} {"text": "| spreading the word on skimboarding - responsibly | a group of local grade 4 students are taking it to the beach! arrowview elementary \u2019 s garbage busters club has turned its focus towards keeping local beaches healthy. expanding their focus from clean communities, students have designed and created posters to help educate skimboarders about eelgrass and beach conservation. \u201c one of the things we \u2019 ve learned as part of our nearshore beach study is the huge impact that we have on creatures which live in our beach areas, \u201d says student teacher janet richards. with help from mvihes \u2019 michele deakin, students learned about the eelgrass beds along the beach tide line and how skimboarding over and through this fragile eco habitat can adversely affect animals and plants. students brainstormed ideas to educate skimboarders to use the beach responsibly including using non - toxic waxes, placing ramps and structures away from the eelgrass beds, and using barren pools instead of tide lines. a new colourful poster campaign will help spread the word to the thousands of beach users this summer. \u201c the students understand that if we take care of this important resource, it will be there when they get older, \u201d says teacher jodi waters. look for the student posters around parksville and qualicum beach including businesses which support recreational activities along the beach. this project is part of the nearshore education program offered by mvihes with the support of the town of qualicum beach, the city of parksville and georgia basin living rivers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44950121380085506, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.507577"} {"text": "until recently, most archaeologists viewed human - animal relationships primarily in terms of their dietary role. but the social and symbolic functions of animals and meat may often be of equal or even greater importance, writes nerissa russell in her newly released book \" social zooarchaeology : humans and animals in prehistory \" ( cambridge university press ). russell, a cornell associate professor and chair of anthropology, cautions that ignoring the importance of these factors results in interpretations of data \" that are just plain wrong. \" - business - may 24 zahn prize competition gives undergraduates the opportunity, mentoring to launch startups - business - may 24 women donate less to charity than men in some contexts - life sciences - may 24 driving and hands - free talking lead to spike in errors - life sciences - may 24 two researchers named shaw scientists - arts - may 24 gold shovels dig into another transformative building at stanford - administration - may 24 gov. dayton signs into law request by u of m to fund tuition freeze, enhance critical research - life sciences - may 24 copper on the brain - business - may 24 ualberta leaders to receive province \u2019 s highest honour - medicine - may 23 the art of holistic health care - literature - may 23 stanford scholar sheds light on greek immigrant \u2019 s rags - to - riches story - literature - may 23 stanford classics in theater brings the mishaps and mania of euripides \u2019 the cyclops to hollywood - life sciences - may 23 ucla live - tweets surgery to implant brain pacemaker while patient strums guitar guilt, gender play major roles in human - animal relations animals have always played myriad roles in human societies : as wealth, companions, spirit helpers, sacrificial victims, totems, centerpieces of feasts, objects of taboos and more. but when russell began writing \" social zooarchaeology \" a decade ago, few people paid attention to more than \" protein and calories. \" while that has changed, russell \u2019 s book is the first to provide a systematic overview of social zooarchaeology, the study of past human - animal relations. the deep feeling of kinship people have with animals is nearly universal, says russell. \" animals are never neutral objects. even in industrialized agriculture, people have very strong reactions about them. \" in societies that rely on hunting, it \u2019 s understood that being a good hunter requires thinking like the prey. but identifying closely with an animal you \u2019 re going to kill does not lead to an easy conscience,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48810337740150755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.514405"} {"text": "have very strong reactions about them. \" in societies that rely on hunting, it \u2019 s understood that being a good hunter requires thinking like the prey. but identifying closely with an animal you \u2019 re going to kill does not lead to an easy conscience, especially when it \u2019 s clear the animal has some level of sentience. as a result, guilt - - and how to deal with it - - underlies many human - animal relations, says russell. she notes that sacrifices where the animal takes the place of the human and hunting rituals that put the hunter in the place of the hunted are responses to this guilt. gender, too, has played a major role in human - animal relations, according to russell. equating hunting with sex seems to be nearly universal ethnographically and historically, she says, adding that guilt and gender are pervasive themes throughout the book. it covers such topics, for example, as the metaphors of women as prey and hunter as lover, the identification of women with animals, and the resurgence of hunting or of art depicting hunting during times of change when gender roles are threatened. understanding the long history of human - animal relationships has relevance today, says russell, who admits to frustration that most western discussions of animal and human relations are narrow in scope. \" either an animal is a pet or it \u2019 s an object. a lot of the political impasses we get into that involve animals come from being only able to see those two categories. \" \" social zooarchaeology \" is intended for reference and college classroom use. it has already been chosen as the text for an archaeology course being taught this spring at new york university. linda b. glaser is staff writer for the college of arts and sciences. last job offers - medicine - 25. 5 radiology - assistant, assoicate or full professor wot ( aa3465 ) - medicine - 25. 5 pediatric dentistry - clinical assistant professor, salaried ( nn0355 ) - medicine - 25. 5 pediatric dentistry - clinical assistant professor, dental pathway ( aa3463 ) - pedagogy - 25. 5 asst professor management - civil engineering - 25. 5 assistant or associate professor in urban planning - agronomy - 24. 5 assistant professor of food science - medicine - 23. 5 medical oncology - assistant, associate, or full professor wot ( aa3464 ) - media sciences - 23. 5 political science - assistant or associate professor ( aa3462 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4715432285496042, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.515374"} {"text": "why not see what your family crest could look like based on your own family characteristics? - first enter your family name. - then enter your family motto. don ' t have one? be creative! - choose two crest colours based on the family characteristics offered. remember if you choose the same qualities for both colours it will be the same colour! - choose a shield based on the family characteristics offered. - choose an icon based on the family characteristics offered. - enjoy your new family crest! right click on your mouse to save your new family crest. have you done something cool with your crest? send us your photos of how you used your newly purchased family crest and enter a prize draw for a $ 30 amazon voucher. coat of arms history traditional family crests stemmed from heraldic arms, also known as coat of arms or armorial bearings. heraldic arms were common throughout europe in the middle ages ( the 1000 years between the 5th and the 16th century ). historically heraldic arms were a design belonging to a particular person or group of people. these designs tended to be used by knights and noble men to identify them apart from enemy soldiers. in such traditions these coat of arms were passed from father to son or from wife to daughter. over time the use of such crests moved from the military to families, regions and other institutions such as educational institutions. in times past your own family ancestors would have approached a heraldic artist or officer of arms to design your family crest. you can do a family search using marriage records and obituaries, or obits, to learn more about your ancestry and the origins of your family crest. your ancestors would have chosen attributes of that family that the officer of arms would depict in the family crest. these attributes would tend have been depicted through various shield designs, colour ( s ) and symbols, known as \u2018 charges \u2019, such as animals and plant designs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4378813055712588, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.517371"} {"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. defending planet earth : near - earth - object surveys and hazard mitigation strategies or regional effects near the time and place of the impact, but could include, for large impacts, global climate change or tsunamis. but how large an impact and what kind of impact could cause these effects is still uncertain. a research program is needed to address all of these issues in order to assess and quantify the risks associated with the neo impact hazard. the ability to mitigate the impact hazard, or even to define appropriate strategies for mitigating the hazard, likewise depends on the acquisition of the new knowledge and understanding that could be gained through a research program. even if the only viable mitigation approach to an impending impact is to warn the population and to evacuate, better information is needed for making sound decisions. under what conditions should warning be provided and when, and who should evacuate? if, however, there are available active mitigation options, like changing the orbit of an impactor, again better information is needed : one must be able to predict with confidence the response of an impactor to specific forms of applied forces, impacts of various types and speeds, or various types of radiant energy, such as x rays. the required information goes beyond the basic physical characterization that determines the size and mass of the impactor and includes surface and subsurface compositions, internal structures, and the nature of their reactions to various inputs. just as the scope of earthquake research is not limited only to searching for and monitoring earthquakes, the scope of neo hazard mitigation research should not be limited to searching for and detecting neos. a research program is a necessary part of an neo hazard mitigation program. this research should be carried out in parallel with the searches for neos, and it should be broadly inclusive of research aimed at filling the gaps in present knowledge and understanding so as to improve scientists \u2019 ability to assess and quantify impact risks as well as to support the development of mitigation strategies. this research needs to cover several areas discussed in the previous chapters of this report : risk analysis ( chapter 2 ), surveys and detection of neos ( chapter 3 ), characterization ( chapter 4 ), and mitigation ( chapter 5 ). the committee stresses that this research must be broad in order to encompass all of these relevant and interrelated subjects. recommendation : the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5335776759230193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.521298"} {"text": "detection of neos ( chapter 3 ), characterization ( chapter 4 ), and mitigation ( chapter 5 ). the committee stresses that this research must be broad in order to encompass all of these relevant and interrelated subjects. recommendation : the united states should initiate a peer - reviewed, targeted research program in the areaof impact hazard and mitigation of neos. because this is a policy - driven, applied program, it should not bein competition with basic scientific research programs or funded from them. this research program shouldencompass three principal task areas : surveys, characterization, and mitigation. the scope should includeanalysis, simulation, and laboratory experiments. this research program does not include mitigation spaceexperiments or tests that are treated elsewhere in this report. some specific topics of interest for this research program are listed below. this list is not intended to be exhaustive : analyses and simulations of ways to optimize search and detection strategies using ground - based or space - based approaches or combinations thereof ( see chapter 3 ) ; studies of distributions of warning times versus sizes of impactors for different survey and detection approaches ( see chapter 2 ) ; studies of the remote - sensing data on neos that are needed to develop useful probabilistic bases for choosing active - defense strategies when warning times of impacts are insufficient to allow a characterization mission ( see chapter 4 ) ; concept studies of space missions designed to meet characterization objectives, including a rendezvous and / or landed mission and / or impactors ; concept studies of active - defense missions designed to meet mitigation objectives, including a test of mitigation by impact with the measurement of momentum transfer efficiency to the target ( see chapter 5 ) ; research to demonstrate the viability, or not, of using the disruption of an neo to mitigate against an impact ; the technological development of components and systems necessary for mitigation ; analyses of data from airbursts and their ground effects as obtained by dedicated networks, including military systems and fireball ( brighter than average meteor ) observations ; also analyses and simulations to assess", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5545062202079163, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.522192"} {"text": "herbivory induces massive metabolic reconfigurations in plants. such changes mediate tissue repair, resource allocation and defence. induced plant - defences constitute an array of changes decreasing the plant ' s palatability i. e. directly via toxins and accumulation of proteins that interfere with herbivore digestion but also indirectly via volatile signals that attract the herbivore ' s natural enemy. however, because these defences decrease herbivore fecundity and survival they impose selection pressure on herbivores which in turn are sometimes selected to increase their resistance, something which can only happen when there is sufficient genetic variation. indeed herbivore resistance to plant defences, as to pesticides, occurs frequently. however, recently convincing data emerged that some herbivores do not become resistant to plant defence products directly but, like some virulent pathogens, suppress host plant defences. since the ability to sabotage host plant defences was discovered for several arthropod species independently it might well be a common phenomenon. this notion is strongly supported by the fact that we discovered inducing individuals and suppressing individuals of the tomato pest, the two - spotted spider mite tetranychus urticae, to co - occur in the same population. hence we selected two distinct near - isogenic mite lines via consecutive mother - son crossings, of which one performs poorly on tomato because it induces the classic ja - dependent defence - response whereas the other thrives on tomato because it suppresses those same defences and thus is referred to as being ' stealthy '. however, the stealthy strain is not stealthy in all aspects since it also up regulates genes. this provides the unique opportunity to re - establish the ability of the plant to recognize a stealthy mite via arrangement of promoters induced by stealthy - mites with suppressed potent defence genes by means of genetic engineering. we propose to clone ( 1 ) tomato promoters up regulated during stealthy mite feeding to ( 2 ) reengineer the plant ' s defence by fusing these promoters to the defence genes that stealthy mites suppress. we will follow two parallel research lines, one aimed at foliar defence genes and promoters ( part i ), the other at trichome specific genes and promoters ( part ii ). plants with a ( partially ) restored defence response to stealthy mites we will test for their performance during infestation with other herbivores, for pathogen resistance and fruit production. this research program will highly enrich our fundamental understanding of how plant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49745341849232416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.524720"} {"text": "destroying a dangerous asteroid with a nuclear bomb is a well - worn trope of science fiction, but it could become reality soon enough. scientists are developing a mission concept that would blow apart an earth - threatening asteroid with a nuclear explosion, just like bruce willis and his oilmen - turned - astronaut crew did in the 1998 film \" armageddon. \" but unlike in the movie, the spacecraft under development \u2014 known as the hypervelocity asteroid intercept vehicle, or haiv \u2014 would be unmanned. it would hit the space rock twice in quick succession, with the non - nuclear first blow blasting out a crater for the nuclear bomb to explode inside, thus magnifying its asteroid - shattering power. \" using our proposed concept, we do have a practically viable solution \u2014 a cost - effective, economically viable, technically feasible solution, \" study leader bong wie, of iowa state university, said wednesday at the 2012 nasa innovative advanced concepts ( niac ) meeting in virginia. [ 5 reasons to care about asteroids ] when, not if earth has been pummeled by asteroids throughout its 4. 5 billion - year history, and some of the strikes have been catastrophic. for example, a 6 - mile - wide ( 10 kilometers ) space rock slammed into the planet 65 million years ago, wiping out the dinosaurs. earth is bound to be hit again, and relatively soon. asteroids big enough to cause serious damage today \u2014 not necessarily the extinction of humans, but major disruptions to the global economy \u2014 have hit the planet on average every 200 to 300 years, researchers say. so humanity needs to have a plan in hand to deal with the next threatening asteroid, many scientists stress. that plan should include deflection strategies, they say. given a few decades of lead time, a threatening space rock could be nudged off course \u2014 perhaps by employing a tag - along \" gravity tractor \" probe, or even by painting the asteroid white and letting sunlight give it a push. but humanity also needs to be prepared for an asteroid that pops up on scientists ' radar just weeks before a potential impact. that scenario might demand the nuclear option that wie and his colleagues are working to develop. a one - two punch nasa engineers identified 168 technical flaws in \" armageddon, \" wie said. but one thing the movie got right is the notion that a nuke will be far more effective if it explodes inside an asteroid rather than at its surface. ( at a depth of 10 feet, or 3 meters, the bomb ' s destructive power would be about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48268721786985114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.529939"} {"text": "thing the movie got right is the notion that a nuke will be far more effective if it explodes inside an asteroid rather than at its surface. ( at a depth of 10 feet, or 3 meters, the bomb ' s destructive power would be about 20 times greater, wie said. ) so wie and his team came up with a way to get the bomb down into a hole, without relying on a crew of spacewalking roughnecks to bore into the space rock. the haiv spacecraft incorporates two separate impactors, a \" leader \" and a \" follower. \" as haiv nears the asteroid, the leader separates and slams into the space rock, blasting out a crater about 330 feet ( 100 m ) wide. the nuke - bearing follower hits the hole a split - second later, blowing the asteroid to smithereens. simulations suggest the explosion would fling bits of space rock far and wide, leaving only a tiny percentage of the asteroid ' s mass to hit earth, wie said. this is no pie - in - the sky dream : the researchers have received two rounds of funding from the niac program, and they say their plan is eminently achievable. \" basically, our proposed concept is an extension of the flight - proven $ 300 million deep impact mission, \" wie said, referring to the nasa effort that slammed an impactor into comet tempel 1 in 2005. demonstration mission coming? the haiv project is still in its early stages, and much more modeling and developmental work is needed. but wie and his colleagues are ambitious, with plans for a bomb - free flight test in the next decade or so. space news from nbcnews. com teen ' s space mission fueled by social media science editor alan boyle ' s blog : \" astronaut abby \" is at the controls of a social - media machine that is launching the 15 - year - old from minnesota to kazakhstan this month for the liftoff of the international space station ' s next crew. - buzz aldrin ' s vision for journey to mars - giant black hole may be cooking up meals - watch a ' ring of fire ' solar eclipse online - teen ' s space mission fueled by social media \" our ultimate goal is to be able to develop about a $ 500 million flight demo mission within a 10 - year timeframe, \" wie said. the team ' s current work involves analyzing the feasibility of nuking a small but still dangerous asteroid \u2014 one about 330 feet ( 100 m ) wide \u2014 with little warning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5003812405420559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.530967"} {"text": "but, first, a little background. remember when people talked about the \" 3 - rs, \" reading, writing, and ' rithmetic, as the basic ingredients of a sound education? well, there ' s every reason to add a fourth \" r \" to this list an 8 - letter word that is frequently the focus of controversy, confusion, and even anxiety, for educators, as well as for parents. that word is research! by itself, and without mention of how it is being used, this \" r \" word commands a sense of authority, and causes us to stop and think and listen. after all, what could be better than making decisions based on the systematic investigation of a particular question and getting at the truth about a particular problem? indeed, we live in a society that is driven by all kinds of data, from the nutritional data on food packages to financial data to data derived from medical tests that report on such things as levels of cholesterol. and we have all come to expect that experts around us are making recommendations and decisions based on factual information that has been organized for analysis so that meaningful conclusions may be drawn. even though most of us are not intimately familiar with the types of research done by the biomedical community ( tissue samples, test tubes, microscopes, and such ), we trust ( or at least hope ) that it is \" cutting edge \" and that it translates directly into results that are used by our doctors. research - based practices in medicine are the best offense and defense when it comes to staying healthy. the same argument can be made for research in the educational community. after all, don ' t we want colleges of education to prepare teachers who are versed in the most effective, research - based practices? shouldn ' t we depend upon classroom educators to be experts in the delivery of instruction that is based upon carefully researched, tested and proven strategies? there is much that we still do not know about how best to teach and support children, adolescents, and adults with ( and without ) learning disabilities. and unfortunately, less than 0. 01 % of our nation ' s overall annual education budget is spent on research, compared with 5 - 15 % typically spent by corporations. the good news, however, is that there is much that we do know that has not yet found its way into the hands of parents and educators. we are confident that this column will help teachers to expand their repertoire of research - based practices. and we are sure that parents will use this column to arm themselves with information about proven practices", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5026501701547896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.534250"} {"text": "soon after the fukushima accident last month, i stated publicly that a nuclear event of this size and catastrophic potential could present a medical problem of very large dimensions. events have proven this observation to be true despite the nuclear industry ' s campaign about the \" minimal \" health effects of so - called low - level radiation. that billions of its dollars are at stake if the fukushima event causes the \" nuclear renaissance \" to slow down appears to be evident from the industry ' s attacks on its critics, even in the face of an unresolved and escalating disaster at the reactor complex at fukushima. proponents of nuclear power \u2013 including george monbiot, who has had a mysterious road - to - damascus conversion to its supposedly benign effects \u2013 accuse me and others who call attention to the potential serious medical consequences of the accident of \" cherry - picking \" data and overstating the health effects of radiation from the radioactive fuel in the destroyed reactors and their cooling pools. yet by reassuring the public that things aren ' t too bad, monbiot and others at best misinform, and at worst misrepresent or distort, the scientific evidence of the harmful effects of radiation exposure \u2013 and they play a predictable shoot - the - messenger game in the process. 1 ) mr monbiot, who is a journalist not a scientist, appears unaware of the difference between external and internal radiation let me educate him. the former is what populations were exposed to when the atomic bombs were detonated over hiroshima and nagasaki in 1945 ; their profound and on - going medical effects are well documented. internal radiation, on the other hand, emanates from radioactive elements which enter the body by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption. hazardous radionuclides such as iodine - 131, caesium 137, and other isotopes currently being released in the sea and air around fukushima bio - concentrate at each step of various food chains ( for example into algae, crustaceans, small fish, bigger fish, then humans ; or soil, grass, cow ' s meat and milk, then humans ). after they enter the body, these elements \u2013 called internal emitters \u2013 migrate to specific organs such as the thyroid, liver, bone, and brain, where they continuously irradiate small volumes of cells with high doses of alpha, beta and / or gamma radiation, and over many years, can induce uncontrolled cell replication \u2013 that is, cancer. further, many of the nuclides remain radioactive in the environment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5178604543132801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.541498"} {"text": "provide evidence of large and significant impacts on human health and the environment \u2013 is arrogant and irresponsible. scientists can and should argue over such things, for example, as confidence intervals around individual estimates ( which signal the reliability of estimates ), but to consign out of hand the entire report into a metaphorical dustbin is shameful. further, as prof dimitro godzinsky, of the ukranian national academy of sciences, states in his introduction to the report : \" against this background of such persuasive data some defenders of atomic energy look specious as they deny the obvious negative effects of radiation upon populations. in fact, their reactions include almost complete refusal to fund medical and biological studies, even liquidating government bodies that were in charge of the ' affairs of chernobyl '. under pressure from the nuclear lobby, officials have also diverted scientific personnel away from studying the problems caused by chernobyl. \" 4 ) monbiot expresses surprise that a un - affiliated body such as whomight be under the influence of the nuclear power industry, causing its reporting on nuclear power matters to be biased. and yet that is precisely the case. in the early days of nuclear power, who issued forthright statements on radiation risks such as its 1956 warning : \" genetic heritage is the most precious property for human beings. it determines the lives of our progeny, health and harmonious development of future generations. as experts, we affirm that the health of future generations is threatened by increasing development of the atomic industry and sources of radiation \u2026 we also believe that new mutations that occur in humans are harmful to them and their offspring. \" after 1959, who made no more statements on health and radioactivity. what happened? on 28 may 1959, at the 12th world health assembly, who drew up an agreement with the international atomic energy agency ( iaea ) ; clause 12. 40 of this agreement says : \" whenever either organisation [ the who or the iaea ] proposes to initiate a programme or activity on a subject in which the other organisation has or may have a substantial interest, the first party shall consult the other with a view to adjusting the matter by mutual agreement. \" in other words, the who grants the right of prior approval over any research it might undertake or report on to the iaea \u2013 a group that many people, including journalists, think is a neutral watchdog, but which is, in fact, an advocate for the nuclear power industry. the iaea ' s founding papers state : \" the agency shall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5181097128300693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.544449"} {"text": "on to the iaea \u2013 a group that many people, including journalists, think is a neutral watchdog, but which is, in fact, an advocate for the nuclear power industry. the iaea ' s founding papers state : \" the agency shall seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity through the world. \" monbiot appears ignorant about the who ' s subjugation to the iaea, yet this is widely known within the scientific radiation community. but it is clearly not the only matter on which he is ignorant after his apparent three - day perusal of the vast body of scientific information on radiation and radioactivity. as we have seen, he and other nuclear industry apologists sow confusion about radiation risks, and, in my view, in much the same way that the tobacco industry did in previous decades about the risks of smoking. despite their claims, it is they, not the \" anti - nuclear movement \" who are \" misleading the world about the impacts of radiation on human health. \" \u2022 helen caldicott is president of the helen caldicott foundation for a nuclear - free planet and the author of nuclear power is not the answer see, for example, wj schull, effects of atomic radiation : a half - century of studies from hiroshima and nagasaki ( new york : wiley - lis, 1995 ) and de thompson, k mabuchi, e ron, m soda, m tokunaga, s ochikubo, s sugimoto, t ikeda, m terasaki, s izumi et al. \" cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors, part i : solid tumors, 1958 - 1987 \" in radiat res 137 : s17 - s67 ( 1994 ). this process is called bioaccumulation and comes in two subtypes as well, bioconcentration and biomagnification. for more information see : j. u. clark and v. a. mcfarland, assessing bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms exposed to contaminated sediments, miscellaneous paper d - 91 - 2 ( 1991 ), environmental laboratory, waterways experiment station, vicksburg, ms and h. a. vanderplog, d. c. parzyck, w. h. wilcox, j. r. kercher, and s. v. kaye, bioaccumulation factors for radionuclides in freshwater biota, ornl - 5002 ( 1975 ), environmental sciences division publication,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5236512434668352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.545944"} {"text": "august 28, 2010 for the soul of france : culture wars in the age of dreyfus by frederick brown ( knopf, 304 pp., $ 28. 95 ) the phrase \u201c culture wars \u201d has a peculiarly contemporary and american sound. its very hyperbole captures something about our over - excited political culture. it summons up images of sarah palin denouncing liberal elites to the tea party convention, or of hippies facing off against riot police. it triggers associations with a series of \u201c hot button \u201d american issues : gay marriage, abortion, gun control, prayer in schools. yet \u201c culture wars \u201d are in fact endemic to western modernity. they may be defined as conflicts that divide a country less along regional, confessional, racial, economic, or even ideological lines than according to more inchoate but easily grasped disagreements over basic values, assumptions, and beliefs. the long - standing russian disputes between westernizers and slavophiles qualify as a culture war. germany came close to inventing the phrase with its kulturkampf ( \u201c culture struggle \u201d ) of the late nineteenth century, although that particular battle had a distinctly confessional and anti - catholic accent. and it certainly fits modern france. it was in 1820 that the historian augustin thierry memorably observed that \u201c we believe we are one nation, but we are actually two nations on the same soil, two nations at war in their memories and irreconcilable in their hopes for the future. \u201d of course, those who bemoan culture wars are usually waging them at the same time, and thierry himself offers a good illustration. he may have been commenting on the harsh divisions that persisted even after the revolutionary and napoleonic traumas, but he was also helping to deepen them, through a particularly corrosive variety of historical mythmaking. a secular liberal, he meant \u201c two nations \u201d in the most literal possible sense, for he cast his conservative aristocratic enemies as literal aliens \u2014 invading \u201c franks \u201d who had remained racially distinct from and socially opposed to the country \u2019 s native gauls since late antiquity. his solution to the problem of france \u2019 s culture wars was simple : victory over the intruders. by the late nineteenth century, few french people still believed that they could trace their problems directly back to the fifthcentury. but the country \u2019 s culture wars were still very much in progress, and frederick brown is quite right to use the phrase in the subtitle of his wonderful book. in fact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4815970012578189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.564834"} {"text": "that they could trace their problems directly back to the fifthcentury. but the country \u2019 s culture wars were still very much in progress, and frederick brown is quite right to use the phrase in the subtitle of his wonderful book. in fact, france \u2019 s great modern culture wars arguably stretched over an even longer period, taking shape before the french revolution and lasting into the mid - twentieth century. of course, the genealogy of the contending parties is anything but clear. resisters and vichyites were not the same thing as dreyfusards and anti - dreyfusards, who in turn differed from mid - nineteenth - century republicans and legitimists, restoration - era liberals and \u201c ultras, \u201d revolutionary jacobins and counter - revolutionaries, and the philosophes and anti - philosophes of the enlightenment. yet there were still strong continuities, which the participants themselves recognized. at any moment, france had millions of inhabitants who saw their country as the natural home of reason, of enlightenment, of science, and of cosmopolitan openness to the world. and it had millions of others who insisted it was properly a land of catholic faith and mission, of monarchical tradition, and of a closed, organic social structure. between the two sides, there was rarely much common ground. as brown shows, the late nineteenth century saw two major - and related \u2014 shifts in the country \u2019 s long cultural quarrel. the first was the consolidation of the secular republic. between 1789 and 1871, france had lurched erratically back and forth between monarchy, republic, and bonapartist empire, experiencing three revolutions, five coups d \u2019 etat, and two regime - changing military debacles in the process, as well as countless smaller insurrections. the constitution changed so often that, according to a long - standing joke, the french national library kept its copies in the \u201c periodicals \u201d section. in 1870 - 1871, napoleon iii \u2019 s second empire collapsed after its humiliating defeat in the franco - prussian war, and even as the victors proclaimed the new german empire in the hall of mirrors at versailles, politicians in paris founded the third republic. it got off to an extremely rocky start : in the spring of 1871, parisian radicals rebelled against it and created the alternative government of the commune, which the republic bloodily suppressed. for several years thereafter, a conservative legislature seemed on the verge of restoring the monarchy yet again, only to have the project founder on the intransigence of the pretender to the throne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4779032201368348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.565823"} {"text": "government of the commune, which the republic bloodily suppressed. for several years thereafter, a conservative legislature seemed on the verge of restoring the monarchy yet again, only to have the project founder on the intransigence of the pretender to the throne, the feeblest of the bourbons, who refused to reign under the revolution \u2019 s tricolor flag. republicans also averted the threat of yet another coup, by the charismatic general georges boulanger, and by the 1890s the regime finally seemed to rest on solid ground. its supporters meanwhile proceeded with an ambitious program to remove the catholic church from public life, establishing a system of free, state - run primary education and then, in 1905, formally separating church and state. the opponents of the republic never accepted its legitimacy, but increasingly \u2014 and this is the second shift that brown recounts \u2014 they found another target for their outrage. in 1886, a third - rate journalist named edouard drumont published la france juive, or jewish france, which became one of the greatest best - sellers in french history, going through 140 editions in just two years and making the fortune of the flammarion publishing house. france had of course known anti - semitism before, but in the 1880s it began to take on an astonishing new virulence, and became ever more central to french life. drumont and his followers spun out bizarre and tortuous conspiracy theories, eventually involving a secret jewish syndicate they dubbed the sanhedrin, and a secret rabbinic association called the kahal, supposedly bent on world domination. ( the idea helped to inspire the russian secret police \u2019 s elders of zion. ) when a prominent bank, closely linked to conservatives and the church, went bankrupt in 1882, the anti - semites blamed jewish financiers. when an early french - financed attempt to dig a canal in panama collapsed amid scandal a few years later, with some jewish figures playing a role, it was a \u201c jewish disaster. \u201d drumont founded a newspaper, la libre parole, to advance his views, and everywhere it found evidence of further jewish plots. when a flood drove drumont out of his paris apartment in 1910, he blamed it on deforestation financed by cousins of the rothschilds. his message spread throughout the country, relayed in large part by catholic clergy. \u201c we are being pillaged, dishonored, exploited, and emptied by the jew, \u201d brown quotes, almost at random, from a diocesan newsletter. \u201c servile, slithering, artful, filthy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42323371864509224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.566791"} {"text": "large part by catholic clergy. \u201c we are being pillaged, dishonored, exploited, and emptied by the jew, \u201d brown quotes, almost at random, from a diocesan newsletter. \u201c servile, slithering, artful, filthy, and vile when he is the weaker one, he becomes arrogant when he has the upper hand, as he does now. the jew is our master.... when one of these vultures swoops down on the finances of a people, he pilfers, ransoms, tears, flays, strangles. \u201d in this mephitic climate, it is hardly surprising that when the french intelligence services came across evidence of a high - placed german mole in the french army in 1894, suspicion immediately fell on a jewish officer. army officials quickly conducted a kangaroo court - martial of alfred dreyfus, failing to disclose exculpatory evidence. dreyfus received a life sentence, to be served on devil \u2019 s island, where such sentences were usually short. and then, what had started as a simple, albeit egregious miscarriage of justice turned into the affair. as the extent of official misconduct became clear, in large part thanks to the heroic efforts of dreyfus \u2019 s family, desperate officers brazenly forged further evidence against him. they even went so far as to protect the real mole, ferdinand esterhazy, when his guilt became apparent, to preserve the honor of the army. the question of alfred dreyfus dominated headlines and public discussion, divided families, and seemed once again to threaten the republic \u2019 s survival. it took many years, a tortuous series of trials, and an unprecedented campaign for public opinion \u2014 exemplified by the dreyfusard emile zola \u2019 s j \u2019 accuse, his famous open letter to the president of the republic \u2014 before dreyfus finally won exoneration in 1906. but the real significance of the dreyfus affair derives from the torrent of sheer smoking venom that flowed from the mouths and the pens of the anti - dreyfusards. a few years ago the french sociologist and historian pierre birnbaum skillfully demonstrated its full, horrifying extent in a book called the anti - semitic moment. in virtually every corner of the country, jews were vilified and threatened, and mobs paraded in the street calling for their deaths. an anti - semitic league founded by drumont flourished, with hundreds of branches throughout france. outside observers reacted with horror, including", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42724301344337146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.567867"} {"text": "of the country, jews were vilified and threatened, and mobs paraded in the street calling for their deaths. an anti - semitic league founded by drumont flourished, with hundreds of branches throughout france. outside observers reacted with horror, including the austrian jewish journalist theodor herzl, who drew the lesson that jews could live normal lives only in a homeland of their own, and went on to found the zionist movement. for french jews themselves, the dreyfus affair had a more ambiguous conclusion. after all, dreyfus was finally vindicated. justice, and the republic, prevailed in the end. and despite the outpouring of anti - semitism, the affair led to surprisingly little bloodshed. in metropolitan france, not a single jew lost his life, although two were killed in french algeria. fittingly enough for this most verbal of countries, the dreyfus affair was a pogrom of words. still, the place of the jews in france hardly seemed secure. as historians have often remarked, at the turn of the twentieth century, the european country that seemed most likely to perpetrate a holocaust was not germany or austria, but france. frederick brown devotes the longest chapter of his learned book to the dreyfus affair, and rightly so, for it was by far the greatest battle in these culture wars. brown does not enter into debate with other historians, or offer opinions on the largest historical issues posed by the affair \u2014 for instance, whether this new anti - semitic moment differed in fundamental ways from earlier waves of european jewhatred. he is content to tell the story, cogently and clearly. his narrative, though, certainly suggests a connection between anti - semitism and the consolidation of the republic. it notes that contemporaries themselves saw jews as symbols of the republican order, and anti - semitism as a stalking horse for its opponents ( in the words of the anarchist louise michel, as \u201c a pretext by means of which monarchist catholics might put the republic in mortal danger \u201d ). but he lets readers draw their own conclusions. he follows much the same strategy in the rest of the book. he does not try to give an exhaustive history of french cultural conflict in the late nineteenth century. instead, he offers readers a somewhat meandering but consistently instructive series of episodes and sketches, starting with the controversies around ernest renan \u2019 s attempt to write a \u201c historical \u201d life of jesus, in the 1860s, which scandalized observant catholics. he gives short,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4721703655090759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.569047"} {"text": ". \u201d as befits the author of celebrated lives of flaubert and zola, brown is at his best in biographical mode. he does particularly well with the industrious, methodical engineer gustave eiffel, creator of the eponymous tower. as the book reminds us, initially the eiffel tower received as much criticism as applause, and not only from the surprisingly numerous artists who denounced it as \u201c an odious column of bolted metal. \u201d the project originally came about as part of an exhibition marking the centenary of the french revolution, and celebrating the triumph of reason and science. and as its frame rose high above the city, it all too obviously challenged the other great parisian construction project of the period : the lugubrious basilica of the sacred heart, or sacre - coeur, which was beginning to loom over the city from the heights of montmartre. ( it was not finished until 1914. ) the catholic church originally conceived of sacre - coeur as a reminder of and \u201c expiation \u201d for the city \u2019 s sins during the commune, when the city \u2019 s archbishop was taken hostage and then shot. brown has a particularly brilliant sketch of georges boulanger, the charismatic and vainglorious general who came close to seizing power at the end of the 1880s. boulanger initially posed not as a combatant in france \u2019 s culture wars but as an \u201c apolitical \u201d solution to them, and in this regard he resembled a succession of generals who tried to play similar roles throughout modern french history, bonaparte and de gaulle most successfully. french republicans and monarchists alike have historically distrusted populist appeals to the crowds, preferring to put their faith in impersonal institutions. but boulanger, like bonaparte, defied these conventions, highlighting his own heroic life story ( including feats of derring - do in algeria and indochina, and a serious wound incurred during the italian war of independence ), and making carefully planned appearances astride a splendid black charger. as brown nicely remarks, he knew how to create \u201c the illusion of depth. \u201d the figure of the charismatic general in politics actually came closer to the nineteenth - century american political model than to the french \u2014 and not coincidentally, as brown notes, boulanger formed many of his political ideas during a visit to the unitedstates in 1881. \u201c when left alone, \u201d brown writes, \u201c he concluded that jacksonian democracy worked better than french republicanism. \u201d by the end of the decade, however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4411609500484506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.571495"} {"text": "formed many of his political ideas during a visit to the unitedstates in 1881. \u201c when left alone, \u201d brown writes, \u201c he concluded that jacksonian democracy worked better than french republicanism. \u201d by the end of the decade, however, boulanger had lost faith in democracy of any sort, and slipped closer to the far right. his story ended farcically, as his opponents charged him with attempting to subvert the republic and embezzling money from the war ministry, and his political movement quickly collapsed. in 1891, stricken by grief at the death of his mistress, he traveled to her graveside in brussels, leaned back against her tombstone, and blew his brains out. boulanger could not bring the culture wars to an end. neither could dreyfus \u2019 s vindication in 1906. and despite a so - called \u201c holy union \u201d in 1914 - 1918, neither could world war i, which brown briefly discusses at the very end of his book. in fact, in the 1920s and 1930s the conflicts turned viciously and destructively ideological, with the rise of the french communist party, the formation of various fascist and reactionary groups, and a right - wing attempt to overthrow the republic in 1934. the culture wars ended only when the catholic monarchist right made its pact with the devil under vichy, not only accepting nazi rule but also taking advantage of it to make a final reckoning with its enemies, notably the jews. vichy authorities arrested and deported some 76, 000 jews, nearly all of whom died in the extermination camps. the liberation in 1944 left these culture warriors largely discredited, and despite occasional stirrings since then, the battles of the age of dreyfus are well and truly over. since 1944, in fact, france has known a remarkable degree of cultural consensus. this does not always appear obvious from the american media \u2019 s coverage of the country, which mostly seems to feature riots, protests, and strikes. but vocal opposition to government reforms, such as the recent attempts to shake up higher education, or to loosen labor laws, amounts in large part to a traditional form of french political theater, and does not point to any fundamental division over values, assumptions, or beliefs. catholicism, a principal player in the older culture wars, has a shockingly small place in french public life today. in one recent poll, only slightly more than half the population described themselves as even nominally catholic. gay rights and abortion evoke very little passion, as compared to the united states. neither does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43458563788722604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.572501"} {"text": "has a shockingly small place in french public life today. in one recent poll, only slightly more than half the population described themselves as even nominally catholic. gay rights and abortion evoke very little passion, as compared to the united states. neither does the large role taken by government throughout society, including in areas such as health care. to be sure, the problems related to immigrant populations, and particularly the challenge posed by radical islam, have generated tremendous anxieties. but with the exception of a relatively small minority, most french people agree in general terms about the need to \u201c integrate \u201d these populations. if the muslim population continues its present rate of expansion ( a doubtful proposition ), and if radical islam flourishes within it, then a new and virulent set of culture wars could well break out in the future, as christopher caldwell has warned. but for the moment, thankfully, this future is anything but assured. so france is no longer the \u201c two nations on the same soil \u201d that augustin thierry described almost two centuries ago. thierry \u2019 s essay itself now appears somewhat ironic, for it was mostly not about france at all, but about the united states. thanks to the american revolution, thierry argued, \u201c america has expelled from its shores the nation that claimed to rule over it, \u201d and therefore achieved the sort of ethnic unity and freedom that the divided french could only dream of. but the two countries \u2019 more recent history has demonstrated all too clearly that culture wars are not merely the remnants of ancient ethnic animosity. they can bubble up from within a seemingly homogeneous, consensual body politic, and split it dangerously apart. it is happening all too obviously in the united states today, and as a result thierry \u2019 s lament about \u201c two nations on the same soil \u201d is now our own. we must hope that the divisions begin to heal before our culture wars turn as vicious and ugly as the ones that frederick brown has described. or has that already happened? david a. bell, a contributing editor to the new republic, teaches history at princeton.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44633454796391125, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.573344"} {"text": "by analyzing tissues harvested from organ donors, columbia university medical center ( cumc ) researchers have created the first ever \" atlas \" of immune cells in the human body. their results provide a unique view of the distribution and function of t lymphocytes in healthy individuals. in addition, the findings represent a major step toward development of new strategies for creating vaccines and immunotherapies. the study was published today in the online edition of the journal immunity. t cells, a type of white blood cell, play a major role in cell - mediated immunity, in which the immune system produces various types of cells to defend the body against pathogens, cancer cells, and foreign substances. \" we found that t cells are highly compartmentalized \u2014 that is, each tissue we examined had its own complement of t cells, \" said study leader donna l. farber, phd, professor of surgical sciences at cumc and a principal investigator with the new columbia center for translational immunology ( ccti ), directed by megan sykes, md. \" the results were remarkably similar in all donors, even though these people were very different in terms of age, background, and lifestyle. \" the researchers also discovered a receptor that is expressed on the surface of \" tissue - resident \" t cells but not on circulating t cells. using this marker, dr. farber and her colleagues established that the blood is its own compartment. \" in other words, t cells found in circulation are not the same as t cells in the tissues, \" said dr. farber.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48582482730963983, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.574864"} {"text": "61. 1. statement of the principle of typification. each nominal taxon in the family, genus or species groups has actually or potentially a name - bearing type. the fixation of the name - bearing type of a nominal taxon provides the objective standard of reference for the application of the name it bears. 61. 1. 1. no matter how the boundaries of a taxonomic taxon may vary in the opinion of zoologists the valid name of such a taxon is determined [ art. 23. 3 ] from the name - bearing type ( s ) considered to belong within those boundaries. 61. 1. 2. objectivity provided by typification is continuous through the hierarchy of names. it extends in ascending order from the species group to the family group. thus the name - bearing type of a nominal species - group taxon is a specimen or a set of specimens ( a holotype, lectotype, neotype or syntypes [ art. 72. 1. 2 ] ), that of a nominal genus - group taxon is a nominal species defined objectively by its type ; that of a nominal family - group taxon is the nominal genus on which its name is based. 61. 1. 3. once fixed, name - bearing types are stable and provide objective continuity in the application of names. thus the name - bearing type of any nominal taxon, once fixed in conformity with the provisions of the code, is not subject to change except in the case of nominal genus - group taxa as provided in article 70. 3. 2, of nominal species - group taxa as provided in articles 74 and 75, and by use of the plenary power of the commission [ art. 81 ]. 61. 2. name - bearing types of nominotypical taxa. the name - bearing type of a nominal taxon is also the name - bearing type of its nominotypical taxon [ arts. 37. 1, 44. 1, 47. 1 ], and the fixation of a name - bearing type for one constitutes fixation for the other also. 61. 2. 1. if different name - bearing types are fixed simultaneously for a nominal taxon and for its nominotypical taxon, the fixation for the taxon at higher rank takes precedence. 61. 3. name - bearing types and synonymy. 61. 3. 1. if nominal taxa with different name - bearing types are referred to a single taxonomic taxon, their names are subjective synonyms at the rank of that taxon ( but need not be synonym", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5539938998090428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.581052"} {"text": ". name - bearing types and synonymy. 61. 3. 1. if nominal taxa with different name - bearing types are referred to a single taxonomic taxon, their names are subjective synonyms at the rank of that taxon ( but need not be synonyms at a subordinate rank ). example. the different name - bearing types of psittacus elegans gmelin, 1788 and platycercus flaveolus gould, 1837 are considered to belong to a single taxonomic species of rosella parrot of which platycercus elegans ( gmelin, 1788 ) is the valid name. although the names are subjective synonyms at the rank of species, they are not synonyms at the subordinate rank of subspecies of platycercus elegans, for which the valid names are pl. e. elegans ( gmelin, 1788 ) and pl. e. flaveolus gould, 1837. 61. 3. 2. if two or more objectively synonymous generic names have been used as the basis for names in the family group, the family - group names are objective synonyms. 61. 3. 3. if two or more nominal genus - group taxa have the same type species, or type species with different names but based on the same name - bearing type, their names are objective synonyms. 61. 3. 4. if two or more nominal species - group taxa have the same name - bearing type, their names are objective synonyms. 61. 4. designation of a subgenus or subspecies as a name - bearing type. if a nominal subgenus is fixed as the name - bearing type of a nominal family - group taxon, it is deemed to have been raised first to the rank of genus. if a nominal subspecies is fixed as the name - bearing type of a nominal genus - group taxon, it is deemed to have been raised first to the rank of species. example. planigale troughton, 1928 ( mammalia ) was established with the species p. subtilissima ( lonnberg, 1913 ), p. tenuirostris troughton, 1928 and p. ingrami ( thomas, 1906 ) and the subspecies p. ingrami brunnea troughton, 1928. in the original description, the latter \" subspecies of ingrami \" was designated the type of planigale by the term \" genotype \". p. brunnea troughton, 1928 is the type species by original designation, not p. ingrami ( thomas, 1906 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4981273291934204, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.581897"} {"text": "environmental news : media centermain page | archive for immediate release press contact : dr. susan subak, 202 - 289 - 2417 if you are not a member of the press, please write to us at firstname. lastname @ example. org or see our contact page. major changes ahead due to global warming, says new federal report mid - atlantic region may be particularly vulnerable washington ( june 12, 2000 ) - the first comprehensive assessment of global warming ' s potential impact on the united states warns that some u. s. ecosystems are likely to disappear entirely as a result of climate change. the 145 - page overview, \" climate change impacts on the united states, \" was released today for public comment by the u. s. global change research program. researchers at pennsylvania state university released a companion overview on the mid - atlantic region earlier this year that details the potential harm caused by rising temperatures and sea levels on an area stretching from southeastern new york state to north carolina. the mid - atlantic regional assessment overview report is available on the web at http : / / www. essc. psu. edu / mara /. \" the mid - atlantic assessment shows that many of the region ' s distinct natural features could deteriorate as a result of changing climate, \" says susan subak, a senior research associate at the natural resources defense council. \" whether we ' re talking about chesapeake bay fisheries and recreational areas or southern appalachian forest and bird habitats, rising temperatures would put further stress on natural systems in this populous region. cutting our consumption of fossil fuels, particularly from vehicles and electricity, would limit the increase of heat - trapping gases in the atmosphere, and help prevent the worst - case scenarios. \" the national assessment evaluates global warming ' s potential impact on 20 geographic areas and five sectors : agriculture, coastal areas, forests, human health and water resources. the draft report ' s main findings include : - continued growth in worldwide emissions is likely to increase average temperatures across the united states by 5 - 10 degrees fahrenheit by 2100. - some ecosystems, such as alpine meadows in the rocky mountains and some barrier islands, are likely to disappear entirely, while others, such as forests of the southeast, are likely to experience major species shifts or break up. - drought is an important concern in every region and many regions are at risk from increased flooding and water quality problems. snowpack changes are especially important in the west, pacific northwest, and alaska. - climate change and the resulting rise in sea level are likely to exace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.472660148773271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.585884"} {"text": "important concern in every region and many regions are at risk from increased flooding and water quality problems. snowpack changes are especially important in the west, pacific northwest, and alaska. - climate change and the resulting rise in sea level are likely to exacerbate threats to buildings, roads, powerlines, and other infrastructure in climatically sensitive places, such as low - lying coastlines. - climate change will very likely magnify the cumulative impacts of other stresses, such as air and water pollution and habitat destruction. for some systems, such as coral reefs, the effects are very likely to exceed a critical threshold, bringing irreversible damage. - heat stress from higher summer temperatures, more frequent and extensive flooding, and extended ranges of disease - bearing insects may increase the risk of illness and pose additional challenges to the public health care system. some adverse impacts will be unavoidable because heat - trapping gases are long - lasting in the atmosphere, and because emissions already have changed our climate. these impacts will be aggravated by other stresses on the environment and by changing socioeconomic conditions. the national assessment offers americans suggestions on preparing for global warming. one of the most important is to limit the impact of development on the environment, especially in areas vulnerable to species and habitat loss. by reducing these stresses, we can support the capacity of natural ecosystems and communities to respond to a changing climate. more than 250 scientists assisted in the national assessment, and countless other experts and stakeholders contributed to the workshops and to the technical review of the documents. there will be a 60 - day public comment period after the report is released. the natural resources defense council is a national, non - profit organization of scientists, lawyers and environmental specialists dedicated to protecting public health and the environment. founded in 1970, nrdc has more than 400, 000 members nationwide, served from offices in new york, washington, los angeles and san francisco. sign up for nrdc ' s online newsletter nrdc gets top ratings from the charity watchdogs - charity navigator awards nrdc its 4 - star top rating. - worth magazine named nrdc one of america ' s 100 best charities. - nrdc meets the highest standards of the wise giving alliance of the better business bureau.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4465041395258853, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.587148"} {"text": "press release 10 - 142 gulf oil spill : nsf awards grant to study effects of oil and dispersants on louisiana salt marsh ecosystem researchers measuring impacts of short - and long - term exposure in extensive gulf coast marshes august 16, 2010 as oil and dispersants wash ashore in coastal louisiana salt marshes, what will their effects be on these sensitive ecosystems? the national science foundation ( nsf ) has awarded a rapid response grant to scientist eugene turner of louisiana state university and colleagues to measure the impacts on gulf coast salt marshes. the researchers will track short - term ( at the current time, and again at three months ) and longer - term ( at 11 months ) exposure to oil and dispersants. the coast of louisiana is lined with extensive salt marshes whose foundation is two species of spartina grass. in brackish marshes, spartina patens is the dominant form. it ' s locally known as wiregrass, marsh hay and paille a chat tigre ( hair of the tiger ). in more saline marshes closer to the gulf of mexico, spartina alterniflora, also called smooth cordgrass and oyster grass, takes over. a tall form of this wavy grass grows on the streamside edge of the marsh ; a shorter form grows behind it. in their nsf study, the biologists will document changes in these critically - important spartina grasses, as well as in the growth of other salt marsh plants, and in marsh animals and microbes. field investigators will collect samples three times at 35 to 50 sites and analyze the oil and dispersants after each expedition. the first field effort is now underway. \" data are being collected that may be used as indicators of the long - term health of the salt marsh community, \" says turner. \" from these data, we will obtain information that precedes potentially far - reaching changes. \" this exceptionally large oil spill and subsequent remediation efforts are landmark opportunities to learn about short - and long - term stressors on salt marsh ecosystems. \" salt marsh stressors, such as those from oil spills, can have dramatic, visible, and immediate direct impacts, turner says, on marshes and surrounding uplands. \" they also have indirect effects because, as oil and dispersants begin to degrade, they enter food webs via primary consumers such as suspension - feeding oysters, deposit - feeding bivalves, and grazing gastropods, \" says david garrison of nsf ' s division of ocean sciences, which funded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4647065370677096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.591470"} {"text": "socrates tryon ( 1816 - 1855 ) socrates hotchkiss tryon lived in vermont, iowa, and hawaii before coming to oregon in 1849. he settled on land located between portland and oregon city, and in 1975, his claim became the tryon creek state natural area. tryon was born in pawlet, vermont, on january 24, 1816, to jesse tryon and laura hotchkiss. after graduating from castleton medical college, he married frances safely. the couple moved to linn county, iowa, in 1838, where tryon was the county \u2019 s first doctor. in 1840, he became clerk of iowa ' s third judicial district. in the early 1840s, tryon left his family in iowa to travel to the hawaiian islands, where he practiced medicine, and returned to iowa in 1844. he served as a delegate to iowa \u2019 s second constitutional convention in 1846 ; his first child, socrates jr., was born the same year. tryon sold his land three years later and traveled to oregon with his father and two brothers. frances tryon and socrates jr. sailed to san francisco, where frances operated a boarding house and waited for word on whether or not tryon wanted to stay in oregon. in oregon, tryon took out a donation land claim of 645 acres bordering the west side of the willamette river south of portland. the claim contained most of a canyon forested with virgin cedar and douglas - fir, as well as the creek that ran through it. tryon built a house and sawmill and established a small farm on the land. his father died in 1850. frances and their son joined socrates in 1851 after the great fire swept through san francisco. their second child, sallie, was born in late 1851. tryon reportedly died of sciatic rheumatism in 1855. he had set aside $ 4, 000 for the children \u2019 s education, but frances \u2019 s second husband, a mr. young, stole the inheritance. frances managed to put her children through school by working the farm herself and doing laundry for the girls \u2019 school in lake oswego. the children sold the land to the oregon iron company for $ 7, 000 in 1874. the creek running on the property continued to be called tryon creek, and tryon \u2019 s house, built in the greek revival style, stood at 250 stampher road until it was torn down in the 1990s. written by : lachlan johnson brevik, denis. \u201c tryon - l archives. \u201d rootsweb,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3963978788573662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.596920"} {"text": "every year, dogs bite about 4. 7 million people, most of them children between ages five and nine. postal workers are also common victims. last year, 5, 577 postal employees were attacked in more than 1, 400 cities, according to the united states postal service. with 27 dog attacks last year, portland ranked 13th ( tying with brooklyn, n. y. ) out of the u. s. p. s. list of the top 25 cities for dog attacks. the ovma says such attacks are preventable. the key is to make sure the dog receives proper behavioral training and socialization, and kids should know how to safely approach and live with dogs. thanks to the ovma for these tips on ways to keep children safe : - never come near a dog you don \u2019 t know \u2013 especially if it is tethered to something, behind a fence or confined in a car. - don \u2019 t ever play with a dog without adult supervision. - never disturb a sleeping dog, or one who is eating or caring for puppies. - don \u2019 t chase or tease a dog. - always ask a dog \u2019 s owner if it \u2019 s ok to pet a dog. - never pet or touch a dog before it has a chance to see and sniff you. - don \u2019 t ever turn away and run from a dog, and don \u2019 t scream. - instead, remain still : stand without moving with your hands at your sides. don \u2019 t make eye contact with a dog. if you sense it \u2019 s about to attack, find something to put between you and the animal such as a backpack or blanket. - if a dog knocks you down, curl your body into a ball and put your hands over your face. get help immediately. if you \u2019 re a dog owner : - know that dogs that spend lots of time alone or chained up are likely to become dangerous. well - socialized dogs, on the other hand, are much less likely to bite. - a dog with a history of aggressive behavior shouldn \u2019 t be in a home with children. - never, ever leave infants or toddlers alone with a dog for any length of time. period. read about how to introduce a pet to a new baby here. - if your child seems afraid about the prospect of a dog in the house, it may not be the right time. - make sure your dog is spayed or neutered. neutered dogs are less likely to show aggressive behavior. - the u. s. p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42151122324674795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.599243"} {"text": "on the holiest day of the year, the day of atonement, the holiest of people, the high priest, entered the holiest of places, the holy of holies, and made atonement for all israel. it was a moment on which the fate of israel depended. for their destiny depended on g - d ; and g - d in turn sought their obedience. yet a sinless nation is inconceivable. that would be a nation of angels, not women and men. so a people needs rituals of collective repentance and remorse, times at which it asks g - d for forgiveness. that is what the day of atonement was when the temple stood. it is difficult, perhaps impossible, for us to understand the crisis represented by the destruction of the second temple by the romans in the year 70ce. it was, to be sure, a military and political disaster. that, we have no difficulty in imagining. but it was also a spiritual catastrophe. judaism and the jewish people survived. we would not be here otherwise. but that survival was by no means assured at the time. how does a nation defined in terms of a religion centred on the temple and its sacrifices live on after the loss of its most basic institutions? that is the question of questions. the destruction of the first temple was no less tragic. but in those days, israel had prophets \u2013 men like jeremiah and ezekiel \u2013 who gave the people hope. there were no such prophets in the first century ce. to the contrary, from the time of the maccabees onwards, prophecy gave way to apocalypse : visions of the end of days far removed from the normal course of history. the prophets, despite the grandeur of their visions, were for the most part political realists. the apocalyptic visionaries were not. they envisaged a metaphysical transformation. the cosmos would be convulsed by violent confrontation. there would be a massive final battle between the forces of good and evil. as one of the dead sea scrolls discovered in qumran put it : \u201c the heavenly host will give forth in great voice, the foundations of the world will be shaken, and a war of the mighty ones of the heavens will spread throughout the world \u201d. people foresaw disaster. josephus tells us about one of them. four years before the war against rome, \u201c at a time of exceptional peace and prosperity \u201d, a certain jeshua son of ananias, \u201c a very ordinary yokel \u201d, began to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4380998007827652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.608104"} {"text": ". josephus tells us about one of them. four years before the war against rome, \u201c at a time of exceptional peace and prosperity \u201d, a certain jeshua son of ananias, \u201c a very ordinary yokel \u201d, began to cry \u201c woe to jerusalem \u201d wherever he went. people beat him ; the authorities had him sentenced to corporal punishment ; yet he continued his lament undaunted : \u201c all the time till the war broke out he never approached another citizen or was seen in conversation, but daily as if he had learned a prayer by heart he recited his lament : \u2018 woe to jerusalem \u2019... for seven years and five months he went on ceaselessly, his voice as strong as ever and his vigour unabated \u201d, until he was killed by a rock flung by a roman engine during the siege. what does a nation do in the wake of \u201c sacrificial crisis \u201d, the loss of its rituals of atonement? we are in a position to trace this precisely, because of the exceptionally candid confession of one who chose another way, paul of tarsus, the first and greatest theologian of christianity. paul tells us that he was obsessed by guilt. he said of himself that he was \u201c sold as a slave to sin \u201d. the good he sought to do, he failed to do. the sin he sought to avoid, he committed. the very fact that he was commanded to do something, provoked in him the opposite reaction, an overwhelming desire to do it. so powerful was this antinomian streak within him that it led him to conceive of a religion without commands at all \u2013 quite unlike the sermon on the mount, in which the founder of christianity said : \u201c do not think that i have come to abolish the law or the prophets... i tell you the truth, until heaven and earth disappear, not the smallest letter, not the least stroke of a pen, will by any means disappear from the law until everything is accomplished. anyone who breaks one of the least of these commandments and teaches others to do the same will be called least in the kingdom of heaven... \u201d paul famously attributed the sinful nature of humanity to the first sin of the first human being, adam. this sin was lifted by the death of the messiah. heaven itself had sacrificed the son of g - d to atone for the sin of man. g - d became the high priest, and his son the sacrifice. paul lived and taught shortly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4639297723211431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.609042"} {"text": ". this sin was lifted by the death of the messiah. heaven itself had sacrificed the son of g - d to atone for the sin of man. g - d became the high priest, and his son the sacrifice. paul lived and taught shortly before the destruction of the second temple, but his teaching \u2013 like that of the members of the qumran sect and josephus \u2019 visionary jeshua \u2013 fully anticipates that catastrophe and constitutes a pre - emptive response to it. what would happen when there were no more physical sacrifices to atone for the guilt of the nation? in their place, for paul, would come the metaphysical sacrifice of the son - of - g - d. in paul, sacrifice is transcendentalized, turned from an event in time and space to one beyond time and space, operative always. judaism could not take this route, for many reasons. first, because the message of the binding of isaac ( genesis 22 ) is that g - d does not allow us ( let alone him ) to sacrifice sons. second, because not one, but all, members of the people of the covenant are sons or daughters of g - d : \u201c my child, my firstborn, israel \u201d ( exodus 4 : 22 ). third, because despite the many messianic movements to which it has given rise, the jewish answer to the question, \u201c has the messiah come? \u201d is always, \u201c not yet \u201d. while there is still violence and injustice in the world, we cannot accept the consolation of believing that we live in a post - messianic age. only against this background can we appreciate the astonishing leap implicit in the famous statement of rabbi akiva : rabbi akiva said : happy are you, israel. who is it before whom you are purified and who purifies you? your father in heaven. as it is said : and i will sprinkle clean water upon you and you shall be clean. and it further says : you hope of israel, the lord. just as a fountain purifies the impure, so does the holy one, blessed be he, purify israel. according to rabbi akiva specifically, and rabbinic thought generally, in the absence of a temple, a high priest and sacrifices, all we need to do is repent, to do teshuvah, to acknowledge our sins, to commit ourselves not to repeat them in the future, and to ask g - d to forgive us. nothing else is required : not a temple,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4593934473445751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.611069"} {"text": "all we need to do is repent, to do teshuvah, to acknowledge our sins, to commit ourselves not to repeat them in the future, and to ask g - d to forgive us. nothing else is required : not a temple, not a priest, and not a sacrifice. g - d himself purifies us. there is no need for an intermediary. what christianity transcendentalized, judaism democratized. as the yiddish dramatist s. ansky put it : where there is true turning to g - d, every person becomes a priest, every prayer a sacrifice, every day a day of atonement and every place a holy of holies. this really was the parting of the ways between judaism and christianity. at stake were two quite different ways of understanding the human person, the nature of sin, the concept of guilt and its atonement, and the mediated or unmediated relationship between us and g - d. judaism could not accept the concept of \u201c original sin \u201d since jeremiah and ezekiel had taught, six centuries before the birth of christianity, that sin is not transferred across the generations. nor did it need a metaphysical substitute for sacrifice, believing as it did in the words of the psalmist ( ps. 51 : 17 ) : \u201c the sacrifices of g - d are a broken spirit ; a broken and contrite heart, o g - d, you will not despise \u201d. we are all sons or daughters of g - d, who is close to all who call him in truth. that is how one of the greatest tragedies to hit the jewish people led to an unprecedented closeness between g - d and us, unmediated by a high priest, unaccompanied by any sacrifice, achieved by nothing more or less than turning to g - d with all our heart, asking for forgiveness and trusting in his love. excerpt from yom ha ' atzmaut address 5765 \u2013 kinloss, london may 2005 why, when the whole history of the 20th century tells us what happens when hate is unchecked, when lies are told in the media as truth - as they were in the case of jenin - when universities discriminate against this or that one, we know what happens at the end of that path that begins that way. why do these things still happen? do we still - after 60 years of holocaust education, 60 years of anti - racist legislation, 60 years of inter - faith activity - have to defend the right of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4407124059179059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.612307"} {"text": "the end of that path that begins that way. why do these things still happen? do we still - after 60 years of holocaust education, 60 years of anti - racist legislation, 60 years of inter - faith activity - have to defend the right of the jewish people to be? all too often, in defence of israel against defamation, we, the jewish people have had to stand alone. no people should be left to face hate alone. as martin luther king said, \" in the end we will remember, not the words of our enemies but the silence of our friends. \" ki sarita im elokim ve ' im anashim vetuchal you shall be called israel, for you have wrestled with god and with men. consider the five overriding problems that will face all humanity in the 21st century : first, the environment : israel was the first country in the modern world to plant trees, not cut them down, to reforest not deforest. long before ecology had entered the moral imagination, the jewish people were turning a land that for centuries lay desolate into a fertile landscape of farms and forests and fields. problem two : asylum seekers : israel is the only country other than the united states built out of asylum seekers. they came from 103 different countries, speaking 82 different languages, and out of that global mixture of refugees a great nation was born. terror : israel ' s security fence, so often described as a wall, is the only effective non - violent protection against terror yet devised in this age of global terror. fourth, economic divisions : according to harvard university ' s professor of economic history, david landes, only one country in the world has moved in 50 years from being a third world economy to a first world economy : and that is israel. and fifthly and lastly, democratic freedom : not only is israel the only genuine democracy in the middle east, but it has sustained its democratic freedoms under strains and stresses that would have broken the back of weaker cultures. if there were justice in the world, israel, a tiny country of indomitable courage, would be seen as the role model among the nations, not the pariah among the nations. ki sarita im elokim ve ' im anashim vetuchal - the struggle continues and is part of what it means to be a jew. yet today, this evening is a religious moment, and of all the words in the religious vocabulary of am yisrael and torat yisrael the key one is the word emunah.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46923160871455805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.613286"} {"text": "medical history and physical exam for a slow heart rate a doctor will ask you questions about your medical history and do a physical exam to evaluate your symptoms. the information gained from your medical background and physical exam may provide important clues about your symptoms. it also can help a doctor recommend specific tests to help diagnose and treat your condition. if the doctor thinks you have reference bradycardia opens new window, he or she may ask : - what symptoms have you had? - how long did the symptoms last? - what were you doing when you first noticed the symptoms? were you eating, coughing, bending over? - did anything make the symptoms better or worse, such as slow, deep breathing or holding your breath? - did you take your pulse when you had the symptoms? if you did, how fast or slow was your heart beating? was it beating regularly? - do you ever have chest pain? - have you ever lost consciousness? - does physical activity bring on your symptoms or make them worse? - has there been a change in your ability to exercise? - have you had a tick bite recently or noticed any rashes? - what medicines are you currently taking? - do you drink alcohol or smoke? do you use any illegal drugs? if so, how much? - do you have a family history of heart disease? during a physical exam, the doctor or another health professional will : - take your blood pressure. - check your pulse, to see how fast your heart is beating and to find out whether the rhythm is regular. - listen to your heart through a stethoscope. if he or she hears any reference murmurs opens new window, or extra heart sounds, it may mean that your heart ' s conduction system has been damaged. - listen to your lungs through a stethoscope. certain sounds may indicate fluid buildup ( edema ) or lung disease. - check for swelling in your neck veins, legs, ankles, and abdomen, which is a sign of fluid buildup and possible reference heart failure opens new window. why it is done the medical history and physical exam are needed for a doctor to find out whether you have a slow heart rate. they are also important to help discover whether you have any underlying conditions or complications. normal findings include the following : - blood pressure and pulse rate are normal. - breathing and heart rhythm and rate are normal. - you have no signs of fluid buildup in the body ( fluid buildup is a sign of heart failure ). abnormal findings that may suggest a problem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4479172224715177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.618421"} {"text": "- blood pressure and pulse rate are normal. - breathing and heart rhythm and rate are normal. - you have no signs of fluid buildup in the body ( fluid buildup is a sign of heart failure ). abnormal findings that may suggest a problem from a slow heart rate include : - low blood pressure. - a slow or irregular pulse. - abnormal heart sounds. - sounds heard when listening to the lungs, which may indicate a backup of blood in the lungs caused by heart failure. if the physical exam and medical history strongly suggest a very slow or irregular heartbeat, you will have more testing. what to think about it is important to provide your doctor with detailed information about your symptoms, past medical history, and lifestyle. it may help to write down some of the symptoms you have recently had. your doctor might ask you to keep a reference diary of symptoms. before your visit, write down all of the medicines you are currently taking. also, write down other details about your medical history. be sure to include nonprescription medicines, including diet supplements or herbal remedies. bring the information to your scheduled appointment. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : june 2, 2011 | | medical review : | | reference e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine reference rakesh k. pai, md, facc - cardiology, electrophysiology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44187833903692164, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.618992"} {"text": "modeled after the amber alert system, this network helps locate wanderers. relatives of people with dementia or alzheimer \u2019 s disease often have the nagging fear that their loved one might wander away and get lost. it \u2019 s estimated that more than 9 of 10 people with dementia who leave the house alone are likely to be unable to find their way home without assistance, giving caregivers and other relatives endless moments of anxiety until their loved one is found. the silver alert system is designed to provide some reassurance to anxious relatives that their missing seniors can be reunited with them. the silver alert is patterned after the amber alert system, but instead of missing children this one informs the public about missing seniors with mental impairments. silver alert system : how it works on a local level, the silver alert system works much like the amber alert. the missing person incident is reported to the local police. personal health information may be necessary, and it should show that the person ( age 60 or older ) suffers from dementia or is otherwise mentally impaired. relatives should also provide other details that would help in tracking down the missing senior. after verification, the local police inform the state agency tasked to issue alerts. a statewide silver alert is then issued by the state agency. in many states, it \u2019 s the department of public safety ; in some others, the alert is issued by the state police, highway patrol or department of law enforcement, the state bureau of investigation, a state center for missing persons or even the state attorney general. once issued, the alert is displayed on electronic highway signs and broadcast on radio and television. there is one difference, however. in the case of amber alerts, alerts of missing children immediately interrupt regularly scheduled programming. as currently implemented in the states that have a silver alert system in place, the message does not break into regular programming, but is announced on air only during commercial breaks, which occur every hour or half - hour. to protect privacy, many states require the personal health information to be deleted once the alert has passed. silver alert system : states setting the trend silver alert was started in colorado in 2006. by the end of 2008, 12 other states had implemented a silver alert system : delaware, florida, georgia, kentucky, louisiana, missouri, north carolina, ohio, oklahoma, rhode island, texas and virginia. this year, several more states, including indiana, michigan, mississippi, new hampshire, new jersey, new york, pennsylvania, tennessee and washington are considering legislation to set up their own silver alert programs. success rates have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.466303115586811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.625209"} {"text": "rhode island, texas and virginia. this year, several more states, including indiana, michigan, mississippi, new hampshire, new jersey, new york, pennsylvania, tennessee and washington are considering legislation to set up their own silver alert programs. success rates have been impressive, although not all states have made their specific results available. georgia has issued 68 silver alerts and all the missing seniors were found. there have been 27 alerts in florida ( which ranks second after california as having the highest population of seniors in the us ) and all were found, with six being specifically attributed to the alerts. silver alert system : going national legislation has been filed in congress that would create a national network for silver alerts and provide $ 10 million in federal funding to help states with their programs. the bill, known as the national silver alert act 2009, was approved by the house last february ; it is now awaiting action in the senate. many organizations believe the need for silver alerts can only increase in coming years. the proportion of elderly in america will expand as the huge baby boomer generation moves into retirement range. wandering is one of the symptoms of alzheimer \u2019 s disease, which currently affects at least 5. 2 million americans. the alzheimer \u2019 s foundation estimates that at least 60 percent of them \u2014 3 million people \u2014 are likely to wander in the course of their disease. further statistics indicate that, among people with dementia who wander, at least 50 percent could suffer serious injury or die if they remain missing for more than 24 hours. like a missing child, a missing elder can be a family \u2019 s worst nightmare. time is of the essence in these situations. the silver alert system is one way to help get seniors back before any harm can come to them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4443874109531642, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.625964"} {"text": "my baby is 3 - 1 / 2 months old and has a cold. we think it was due to exposure to cold weather because we had to go out in the snow just two or three days before she got it. the doctor told us that it ' s a virus and we can bathe her, take her out, or do whatever we want. will bathing her when she ' s having cold aggravate the condition, and was her cold caused by exposure to cold weather? doctors usually say that colds are caused by viruses and not by exposure to the cold, and parents often believe the other is true. to a certain extent, i think both are right. we ' ve learned a lot from the experience of scientists stationed in mcmurdo station in antarctica. there, they are very very cold and catch no colds at all... unless someone with a cold arrives. then it spreads very quickly. exposure to cold weather changes the way that our bodies fight off viruses. the protective mucus and cilia in the respiratory tract do not function as well. so if you get exposed to a virus in those conditions you ' re more likely to catch it. breathing cold air seems to be the toughest on the system. bathing your baby is okay, as long as she doesn ' t get too chilled. the information on this web site is designed for educational purposes only. it is not intended to be a substitute for informed medical advice or care. you should not use this information to diagnose or treat any health problems or illnesses without consulting your pediatrician or family doctor. please consult a doctor with any questions or concerns you might have regarding your or your child ' s condition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48604645509456745, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.629343"} {"text": "disney turns your body into a touch screen touching and swiping on your smartphone or tablet is so 2011. what if you could select a new song, craft a text message, or launch an app without ever touching your gadget? disney research has stepped away from creating animatronic creatures to investigate more complex uses for touch - based technology, and it landed on a system known as touche. a five - minute video ( below ) details some of the uses for touche, but one of the more interesting options is using the body as a touch screen of sorts. rather than pulling your mp3 player out of your pocket, for example, simply touch your finger to your palm to advance a playlist or increase the volume. the user would likely be wearing a wristwatch - esque sensor to pick up movement, according to a paper from disney researchers munehiko sato, ivan poupyrev, and chris harrison. the trio recently won best paper at the 2012 acm sigchi conference on human factors in computing systems. \" for example, making a ' shh ' gesture with index finger touching to the lips, could put the phone into silent mode, \" they wrote. \" putting the hands together, forming a book - like gesture, could replay voicemails. \" another somewhat hilarious ( though possibly traumatizing ) option the researchers laid out for touche was \" food training. \" the technology works with liquids, so let ' s say you were trying to get junior to eat his cereal with a spoon. did he stick his finger in the bowl? a buzzer signals that he ' s doing it wrong. chopsticks? nope, another jarring buzzer. trying with a spoon, however, prompts a soothing tone to signal that he is eating the cereal correctly. touche could also help people use their doorknobs as an away message in the office, researchers said. are you on the phone? anyone who touches your doorknob could see a \" do not disturb \" message illuminate on the door. if you step away, meanwhile, different pressure could produce different messages - a light touch means \" back in 5 \" but closing the door with a full grip on the doorknob signals that you ' re \" gone for the night. \" in the home, how about sensors in your couch? sit down and the tv turns on. lights dim the longer you watch, with the tv and lights turning off completely should you fall asleep. touche is still in the concept phase,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49700267096998335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.633899"} {"text": "the revolutionary aquac protein skimmers do not use venturis, downdraft tubes, or air pumps ; they employ the patented \" spray injection system. \" this innovation allows the protein skimmer to efficiently draw in much more air than any other of the top protein skimmers. this coupled with the superiorly designed compact reaction chamber yields results that will literally blow the waste out of your water. how does spray injection work? in 1998, jason kim ( owner and founder of aquac ) developed a patented process of protein skimming which has come to be known as spray injection. unlike previous forms of skimming, our spray injection method enables huge amounts of air and water to be processed with a relatively small pump. although it is a simple process, there is still some confusion as to how the spray injector works. imagine that you ` re washing your car \u2013 you ` ve got a bucket full of soapy water and a garden hose with a fast - moving stream of water. by placing your thumb over the end of the hose, you can disrupt the stream into a turbulent, high \u2013 pressure spray. now direct that spray down into the bucket of water, and you ` ll generate a massive amount of bubbles and air flow. that is exactly how our spray injector works. the skimmer body acts as a water reservoir \u2013 the bucket in the example above. water is pumped through the spray injector, which has a special nozzle that fans the water out into a pressurized spray. this spray shoots into the skimmer body, generating millions of tiny air bubbles. as the bubbles are formed, more air is sucked into the skimmer as a result of the local drop in pressure and the process continues. most other forms of protein skimming rely on special valves or media to generate the air flow, and these parts quickly become clogged with salt, dust, or even mineral deposits. the aquac spray injector is a relatively large nozzle that resists clogging, and when combined with a pump prefilter, can be considered maintenance free. the redesigned and improved ev series skimmers raise aquac ` s spray injection skimming ( u. s. patent # 6, 156, 209, # 6, 436, 295 ) to a new level in terms of efficiency, performance, and value. a new baffling system combined with a significantly larger mixing box results in far less turbulence and increased contact time. the net effect is a dramatic increase in skimmer performance despite a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47804251093166983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.641323"} {"text": "to a new level in terms of efficiency, performance, and value. a new baffling system combined with a significantly larger mixing box results in far less turbulence and increased contact time. the net effect is a dramatic increase in skimmer performance despite a drop in pump pressure requirements. aquac ` s molded spray injector now generates a significantly larger number of microbubbles, boosting overall performance to unbelievable levels considering such low pump pressure requirements. features : - flexible design for in - sump or external applications. - the new ev series skimmers are designed to run in sumps without being raised. the output gate valve has been increased to a height of 10 \" ( ev - 120 / 180 models ), which means that as long as your sump level is 9 \" or lower you will not need to worry about fluctuations having an impact on skimming consistency. the powerful ev - 120 can sit in water as deep as 9 \". - the addition of a precision ball valve for airflow control allows the aquarist to fine tune the skimmer ` s output. unlike most other high performance skimmers in this class, the ev is remarkably silent. the spray injection system does not generate the sucking noises typical of venturi and beckett units. - the john guest \" speedfit \" fitting is a great feature you will only find on aquac ozone - equipped skimmers. this fitting is standard on models ev - 240 and above, and can be ordered on the ev - 120 / 180. aquarists may also connect their calcium reactor effluent line to the skimmer ` s speedfit connection. the ph of a calcium reactor effluent typically falls between 6. 5 - 6. 9, and over time the addition of this low ph effluent can have a deleterious effect on the system ` s ph level. by dosing your effluent directly into the skimmer, excess co2 will be \" blown off \" into the atmosphere and the tank ph will remain unaffected. - the improved \" twist - lock \" collection cup and cap makes for a secure, flanged connection without the need for set screws or other locking type unions. simply twist to crack the seal ( epdm gaskets ) and removal requires a scant \u00bc \" clearance. the new ev series skimmers can be operated with aquac ` s auto - waste container, which are available in 2. 5 and 5 liter sizes. - increased contact time = more protein removal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4903908206365622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.642305"} {"text": "removal requires a scant \u00bc \" clearance. the new ev series skimmers can be operated with aquac ` s auto - waste container, which are available in 2. 5 and 5 liter sizes. - increased contact time = more protein removal. the size of the mixing box has been increased on all models by approximately 40 %. to accommodate the extra foam the skimmers now feature taller and wider reaction towers, as well. - height : 20 \" - recommend pumps : mag drive 7 or rio 3100 - footprint : 5. 75 \" x 9 \" - foam tower : 5 \" od - tank size : 75 - 180 gallons - jg fitting : optional 1 / 4 \" jg fitting - bubble size :. 03 \u2013. 05mm - water flow - thru rate : 275gph - volume of foam produced : 135cu. in. - 3 / 4 \" hose barb water input - 1 \" gate valve output - 5 / 8 \" collection cup drain - 3 / 8 \" threaded air inlet - gate valve exit is 8 \" high | ev 120 / 180 skimmer | | ev 240 skimmer | aquac protein skimmers in use | this is one reef aquariums where the aquac prototypes are tested on. | at the time of the picture, this aquarium had been running with an aquac ev90. note that this aquarium is fairly heavily stocked. after this picture was taken, quite a bit more livestock has been added to this aquarium. currently, an aquac ev150 is running on this well - overstocked tank. aquac feels that this the ev150 is probably not neccessary for the tank, but they feed their tank quite aggressively to keep all the fishes that has been added healthy and wanted to keep maintenance at a minimum. according to aquac, maintenance on this aquarium has been extremely low. the aquac ev - 150 protein skimmer working on our aquairum : please note the dry consistency and quantity of the foam being collected by the aquac protein skimmer. this drain cup is being filled on a daily basis. there is a convenient collection cup drain connector that allows you to drain the the waste collected in collection cup into a waste container. this particular model stands only 20 \" tall, so it is extremely easy to place this skimmer underneath most aquarium stands. even the model ev200 fits very easily under most aquarium stands. the aquac ev skimmer working in one of our customer ` s tank :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41567000766076173, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.644006"} {"text": "nama : ( lit. ' name ' ) : ' mind ', mentality. this term is generally used as a collective name for the 4 mental groups ( arupino khandha ), viz. feeling ( vedana ), perception ( sanna ), mental formations ( sankhara ) and consciousness ( vinnana ). within the 4th link ( nama - rupa ) in the formula of the paticcasamuppada ( q. v. ), however, it applies only to karma - resultant ( vipaka ) feeling and perception and a few karma - resultant mental functions inseparable from any consciousness. as it is said ( m. 9 ; d. 15 ; s. xii, 2 ) : \" feeling ( vedana ), perception ( sanna ), volition ( cetana ), impression ( phassa ), mental advertence ( manasikara ) : this, o brother, is called mind ( nama ). \" with the addition of 2 more mental factors, namely, mental vitality ( jivita ) and concentration ( samadhi ), here ' stationary phase of mind ' ( cittatthiti ), these 7 factors are said in the abhidhammattha sangaha to be the inseparable mental factors in any state of consciousness. for the complete list of all the 50 mental formations of the sankhara - kkhandha ( not including feeling and perception ), s. nama - kaya : the ' mind - group ' ( as distinguished from rupa - kaya, the corporeality - group ) comprises the 4 immaterial groups of existence ( arupino khandha ; s. khandha ). this twofold grouping, frequent in com., occurs first in d. 15, also in pts. m. ( i, 183 ) ; nama - kaya alone is mentioned in sn. 1074. nama - rupa ( lit. ' name and form ' ) : ' mind - and - body ', mentality and corporeality. it is the 4th link in the dependent origination ( s. paticcasamuppada 3, 4 ) where it is conditioned by consciousness, and on its part is the condition of the sixfold sense - base. in two texts ( d. 14, 15 ), which contain variations of the dependent origination, the mutual conditioning of consciousness and mind - and - body is described ( see also s. xii, 67 ), and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5731904573247334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.663341"} {"text": ", as such, something empty, lifeless and inactive ; but by means of their mutual working together, this mental and bodily combination may move about, stand up, and appear full of life and nana : ' knowledge, comprehension, intelligence, insight ', is a synonym for panna ( q. v. ) ; see also vipassana. of knowledge and vision ', is the last of the 7 purifications and a name for path - knowledge ( magganana ), i. e. the penetrating realization of the path of stream - winning, once - returning, non - returning or arahatship. vis. m. xxii furnishes a detailed explanation of it ( s. visuddhi, vii ). in a. iv, 41 nanadassana apparently means the divine eye ( dibbacakkhu, s. abhinna ), being produced through concentrating the mind on light. nanatta - sanna : the ' variety ( or multiformity ) - perceptions are explained under jhana ( q. v. ). nana - vipphara iddhi : the ' power of penetrating knowledge ', is one of the magical powers ( iddhi, q. v. ). understanding ( or comprehension ) of the known ', is one of the 3 kinds of full understanding ( parinna q. v. ). natthika - ditthi : ' nihilistic view ' ( a doctrine that all values are baseless, that nothing is knowable or can be communicated, and that life itself is meaningless ), s. ditthi. is one of the 24 conditions ( paccaya, q. v. ). natural morality : pakati - sila navanga - buddha ( or satthu ) - sasana : nava - sattavasa : s. sattavasa. naya - vipassana : s. kalapa naya : ' right method ', is often used as a name for the noble eightfold path ( s. magga ), e. g. in the satipatthana sutta ( m. 10, d. 22 ). nekkhamma : ' freedom from sensual lust ', renunciation. though apparently from nir + o kram, ' to go forth ( into the homeless state of a monk ) ', this term is in the pali texts nevertheless used as if it were derived from kama, lust, and always as an antonym to kama. it is one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5751552773763472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.665284"} {"text": ", ' to go forth ( into the homeless state of a monk ) ', this term is in the pali texts nevertheless used as if it were derived from kama, lust, and always as an antonym to kama. it is one of the perfections ( s. parami ). n. sankappa, thought free from lust, or thought of renunciation, is one of the 3 kinds of right thought ( samma - sankappa ), the 2nd link of the noble eightfold path ( s. magga, 2 ), its antonym being kamasankappa, nesajjikanga : one of the 13 dhutanga neutral, karmically : avyakata ( q. v. ) ; n. feelings, s. vedana. ' sphere of neither - perception - nor - non - perception ', is the name for the fourth absorption of the immaterial sphere ( arupavacara ), a semi - conscious state, which is surpassed only by the state of complete suspense of consciousness, called ' attainment of extinction ' ( nirodha - samapatti, q. v. ). see jhana ( 8 ). n ' eva - sekha - n ' asekha : ' neither in training nor beyond training ', i. e. neither learner nor master. thus is called the worldling ( puthujjana, q. v. ), for he is neither pursuing the 3 - fold training ( sikkha q. v. ) in morality, mental culture and wisdom, on the level of the first 3 paths of sanctity, nor has he completed his training as an arahat. see sekha. - ( app. ). neyya : ' requiring guidance ', is said of a person \" who through advice and questioning, through wise consideration, and through frequenting noble - minded friends, having intercourse with them, associating with them, gradually comes to penetrate the truth \" ( pug. 162 ). cf. ugghatitannu. neyyattha - dhamma : a ' teaching the meaning of which is implicit, or has to be inferred ' as contrasted with a ' teaching with an explicit or evident meaning ' ( nitattha - dhamma ). in a. i, 60 ( pts ) it is said : \" whoso declares a sutta with an implicit meaning as a sutta with explicit meaning ( and conversely ), such a one makes a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5613744628486983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.666138"} {"text": "nitattha - dhamma ). in a. i, 60 ( pts ) it is said : \" whoso declares a sutta with an implicit meaning as a sutta with explicit meaning ( and conversely ), such a one makes a false statement with regard to the blessed one. \" - see paramattha. nibbana, ( sanskrit nirvana ) : lit. ' extinction ' ( nir + o va, to cease blowing, to become extinguished ) ; according to the commentaries, ' freedom from desire ' ( nir + vana ). nibbana constitutes the highest and ultimate goal of all buddhist aspirations, i. e. absolute extinction of that life - affirming will manifested as greed, hate and delusion, and convulsively clinging to existence ; and therewith also the ultimate and absolute deliverance from all future rebirth, old age, disease and death, from all suffering and misery. cf. parinibbana. \" extinction of greed, extinction of hate, extinction of delusion : this is called nibbana \" ( s. xxxviii. 1 ). the 2 aspects of nibbana are : ( 1 ) the full extinction of defilements ( kilesa - parinibbana ), also called sa - upadi - sesa - nibbana ( s. it. 41 ), i. e. ' nibbana with the groups of existence still remaining ' ( s. upadi ). this takes place at the attainment of arahatship, or perfect holiness ( s. ariya - puggala ). ( 2 ) the full extinction of the groups of existence ( khandha - parinibbana ), also called an - upadi - sesa - nibbana ( s. it. 41, a. iv, 118 ), i. e. ' nibbana without the groups remaining ', in other words, the coming to rest, or rather the ' no - more - continuing ' of this physico - mental process of existence. this takes place at the death of the arahat. - ( app. : nibbana ). sometimes both aspects take place at one and the same moment, i. e. at the death of the arahat ; s. sama - sisi. \" this, o monks, truly is the peace, this is the highest, namely the end of all formations, the forsaking of every substratum of rebirth, the fading away of craving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5517082282622034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.667085"} {"text": "of an ego, or as an eternal state of existence into which an ego or self enters or with which it merges. hence it is said : \" mere suffering exists, no sufferer the deed is, but no doer of the deed is nibbana is, but not the man that enters the path is, but no traveler on it is literature : for texts on nibbana, see path, 36ff. - see vis. m. xvi. 64ff. - anatta and nibbana, by nyanaponika thera ( wheel 11 ) ; the buddhist doctrine of nibbana, by ven. p. vajiranana & f. story ' rebirth ', is a synonym for patisandhi ( q. v. ). - panna ) : ' morality ( concentration, wisdom ) connected with penetration ' ; s. hana - bhagiya - sila. of aversion ', is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight ; s. vipassana ( 4 ), samatha - vipassana ( 2 ), visuddhi ( vi, 5 ). perception ( or consciousness, or view ) of permanency, is one of the 4 perversions nihilistic view : natthika - ditthi ; exercise ' s. kasina. nimitta : mark, sign ; image ; target, object ; cause, condition. these meanings are used in, and adapted to, many contexts of which only the doctrinal ones are mentioned here. 1. ' mental ( reflex - ) image ', obtained in meditation. in full clarity, it will appear in the mind by successful practice of certain concentration - exercises and will then appear as vividly as if seen by the eye. the object perceived at the very beginning of concentration is called the preparatory image ( parikamma - nimitta ). the still unsteady and unclear image, which arises when the mind has reached a weak degree of concentration, is called the acquired image ( uggaha - nimitta ). an entirely clear and immovable image arising at a higher degree of concentration is the counter - image ( patibhaga - nimitta ). as soon as this image arises, the stage of neighbourhood ( or access ) concentration ( upacara - samadhi ) is reached. for further details, s. kasina, samadhi. 2. ' sign of ( previous ) kamma ' ( kamma - nimit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6158127086863119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.668841"} {"text": "of neighbourhood ( or access ) concentration ( upacara - samadhi ) is reached. for further details, s. kasina, samadhi. 2. ' sign of ( previous ) kamma ' ( kamma - nimitta ) and ' sign of ( the future ) destiny ' ( gati - nimitta ) ; these arise as mental objects of the last karmic consciousness before death ( maranasanna - kamma ; s. karma, iii, 3 ). usages ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) are commentarial ( s. app. ). in sutta usage, the term occurs, e. g. as : 3. ' outward appearance ' : of one who has sense - control it is said - that \" he does not seize upon the general appearance ' of an object ( na nimittaggahi ; m. 38, d. 2 ; expl. vis i, 54f ; see sila ). 4. ' object ' : the six objects, i. e. visual, etc. ( rupa - nimitta ; s. xxii, 3 ). also, when in explanation of animitta - cetovimutti, signless deliverance of mind ( s. cetovimutti, vimokkha ), it is said, ' sabba - nimittanam amanasikara ', it refers to the 6 sense - objects ( com. to m. 43 ), and has therefore to be rendered \" by paying no attention to any object ( or object - ideas ). \" - a pleasant or beautiful object ( subha - nimitta, q. v. ) is a condition to the arising of the hindrance of sense - desire ; a ' repellent object ' ( patigha - nimitta ) for the hindrance of ill - will ; contemplation on the impurity of an object ( asubha - nimitta ; s. asubha ) is an antidote to sense - desire. 5. in pts. m. ii, in a repetitive series of terms, nimitta appears together with uppado ( origin of existence ), pavattam ( continuity of existence ), and may then be rendered by ' condition of existence ' ( s. path, nimmana - rati : the name of a class of heavenly beings of the sensuous sphere ; s. deva. nine abodes of beings : s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5640358459508854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.670713"} {"text": "may then be rendered by ' condition of existence ' ( s. path, nimmana - rati : the name of a class of heavenly beings of the sensuous sphere ; s. deva. nine abodes of beings : s. sattavasa. ninefold dispensation : s : sasana. nippapanca : s. papanca. corporeality ', is identical with rupa - rupa, ' corporeality proper ', i. e. material or actual corporeality, as contrasted with ' unproduced corporeality ' ( anipphanna - rupa ), consisting of mere qualities or modes of corporeality, e. g. impermanence, etc., which are also enumerated among the 28 phenomena of the corporeality group. see khandha, summary i ; vis. m. xiv, 73. niraya : lit. ' the downward - path ', the nether or infernal world, usually translated by ' hell ', is one of the 4 lower courses of existence ( apaya, q. v. ). the buddhists are well aware that on account of the universal sway of impermanence a life in hell, just as in heaven, cannot last eternally, but will after exhaustion of the karma which has caused the respective form of rebirth, necessarily be followed again by a new death and a new rebirth, according to the stored - up nirodha : ' extinction ' ; s. nirodha - samapatti, of extinction ', is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight ( vipassana q. v. ). see anapanasati nirodha - samapatti : ' attainment of extinction ' ( s. xiv, 11 ), also called sanna - vedayita - nirodha, ' extinction of feeling and perception ', is the temporary suspension of all consciousness and mental activity, following immediately upon the semi - conscious state called ' sphere of neither - perception - nor - non - perception ' ( s. jhana, 8 ). the absolutely necessary pre - conditions to its attainment are said to be perfect mastery of all the 8 absorptions ( jhana ), as well as the previous attainment of anagami or arahatship ( s. ariya - puggala ). according to vis. m. xxiii, the entering into this state takes place in the following way : by means of mental tranquillity ( samath", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5669631971559692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.671678"} {"text": "obstacles to the mind and blind our mental vision. in the presence of them we cannot reach neighbourhood - concentration ( upacara - samadhi ) and full concentration ( appana - samadhi ), and are unable to discern clearly the truth. they 1. sensuous desire ( kamacchanda ), 2. ill - will ( vyapada ), 3. sloth and torpor ( thina - middha ), 4. restlessness and scruples ( uddhacca - kukkucca ), 5. skeptical doubt ( vicikiccha ; in the beautiful similes in a. v, 193, sensuous desire is compared with water mixed with manifold colours, ill - will with boiling water, sloth and torpor with water covered by moss, restlessness and scruples with agitated water whipped by the wind, skeptical doubt with turbid and muddy water. just as in such water one cannot perceive one ' s own reflection, so in the presence of these 5 mental hindrances, one cannot clearly discern one ' s own benefit, nor that of others, nor that of both. regarding the temporary suspension of the 5 hindrances on entering the first absorption, the stereotype sutta text ( e g. a. ix, 40 ) runs as follows : \" he has cast away sensuous desire ; he dwells with a heart free from sensuous desire ; from desire he cleanses his heart. \" he has cast away ill - will ; he dwells with a heart free from ill - will, cherishing love and compassion toward all living beings, he cleanses his heart from ill - will. \" he has cast away sloth and torpor ; he dwells free from sloth and torpor ; loving the light, with watchful mind, with clear consciousness, he cleanses his mind from sloth and torpor. \" he has cast away restlessness and scruples ; dwelling with mind undisturbed, with heart full of peace, he cleanses his mind from restlessness and scruples. \" he has cast away skeptical doubt ; dwelling free from doubt, full of confidence in the good, he cleanses his heart from \" he has put aside these 5 hindrances, and come to know these paralysing defilements of the mind. and far from sensual impressions, far from unwholesome things, he enters into the first absorption, etc. \" the overcoming of these 5 hindrance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5224463786974535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.674576"} {"text": "hindrances, and come to know these paralysing defilements of the mind. and far from sensual impressions, far from unwholesome things, he enters into the first absorption, etc. \" the overcoming of these 5 hindrances by the absorptions is, as already pointed out, a merely temporary suspension, called ' overcoming through repression ' ( vikkhambhana - pahana ). they disappear forever on entering the 4 supermundane paths ( s. ariyapuggala ), i. e. skeptical doubt on reaching sotapanship ; sensuous desire, ill - will and mental worry on reaching anagamiship ; sloth, torpor and restlessness on reaching arahatship. for their origination and their overcoming, s. a. i, 2 ; vi, 21 ; s. xlvi, 51. see the five mental hindrances, by nyanaponika thera ( wheel 26 ). niyama : the ' fixedness of law ' regarding all things ; cf. tathata. - panca - niyama is a commentarial term, signifying the ' fivefold lawfulness ' or ' natural order ' that governs : ( 1 ) temperature, seasons and other physical events ( utu - niyama ) ; ( 2 ) the plant life ( bija - n. ) ; ( 3 ) karma ( kamma - n. ) ; ( 4 ) the mind ( citta - n. ), e. g. the lawful sequence of the functions of consciousness ( s. vinnana - kicca ) in the process of cognition ; ( 5 ) certain events connected with the dhamma ( dhamma - n. ), e. g. the typical events occurring in the lives of the buddhas. ( app. ). niyata - micchaditthi : ' wrong views with fixed destiny ', are the views of uncausedness of existence ( ahetuka - ditthi ), of the inefficacy of action ( akiriya - ditthi ), and nihilism ( natthika - ditthi ). for details, s. ditthi ; and m. 60, com. ( wheel 98 / 99 ). - ( app. ) niyata - puggala : a ' person with a fixed destiny ', may be either one who has committed one of the 5 ' heinous deeds with immediate result ' ( anantarika", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5654999354831198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.675415"} {"text": "/ 99 ). - ( app. ) niyata - puggala : a ' person with a fixed destiny ', may be either one who has committed one of the 5 ' heinous deeds with immediate result ' ( anantarika - kamma, q. v. ), or one who follows ' wrong views with fixed destiny ' ( niyata - miccha - ditthi, q. v. ), or one who has reached one of the 4 stages of holiness ( s. ariya - puggala ). about the latter cf. the frequent passage : \" those disciples in whom the 3 fetters ( of personality - belief, sceptical doubt and attachment to mere rules and ritual ; s. samyojana ) have vanished, they all have entered the stream, have forever escaped the states of woe ; fixed is their destiny ( niyata ), assured their final enlightenment. \" noble abodes : s. vihara. noble family, passing from n. f. to n. f. : kolankola ; s. sotapanna. noble persons : ariya - puggala noble power : ariya iddhi ; s. noble truths, the 4 : ariya - sacca ; s. sacca. - the 2 - fold knowledge of the n. t. ; s. sacca - nana. noble usages, the 4 : ariya - vamsa is one of the 24 conditions ( paccaya, q. v. ). non - violence : s. avihimsa. not - self : s. anatta. corporeality ', designates the 4 primary elements ( mahabhuta or dhatu ), as distinguished from the ' derived corporeality ' ( upada - rupa ), such as the sensitive organs, etc. cf. khandha, i. nutriment : s. oja, ahara. - ahara is one of the 24 conditions ( paccaya, q. v. ) - n. - produced corporeality ; s. samutthana.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49391180463700113, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.676181"} {"text": "home > bank resources > bank resources publications > compliance corner > 2003 > second quarter soldiers ' and sailors ' civil relief act of 1940 the soldiers ' and sailors ' civil relief act of 1940 ( sscra, or the act ) ( 50 usc 501 ) is a reenactment of a statute originally passed in 1918. the intent of the act is to provide protection for individuals entering or called to active duty in the military service. the act is designed - enable service members to fight a war without having to worry about problems that might arise at home, and - help service members honor pre - service debts, since military income tends to be less than pre - service income. all members of the army, navy, marine corps, air force, and coast guard on active duty and all officers of the public health services authorized for active duty with either the army or navy are covered under the act. the act also covers members of the army and air national guard and u. s. military reserves called to active duty, as well as commissioned officers of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration on active duty. the sscra covers such issues as rental agreements, security deposits, prepaid rent, eviction, installment contracts, credit card interest rates, mortgage interest rates, mortgage foreclosure, civil judicial proceedings, and income tax payments. the following summarizes the relief provisions that might affect financial institutions. - interest rates. under the sscra, service members can cap the interest rates on all obligations that were entered into before beginning active duty at 6 percent. obligations include credit cards, mortgages, and non - federally guaranteed student loans. in order to invoke the 6 percent cap, military members must write the lender requesting relief and provide a copy of current military orders. in addition, service members must demonstrate that active duty materially affects their ability to pay. the cap is lifted a short time after active duty ends and the rate reverts to the rate in effect prior to the cap. - mortgages. a lender may not foreclose on a mortgage if the obligation originated prior to entry into active duty and the service member ' s ability to pay is materially affected by military - installment loans. a lender may not exercise any right or option under the contract to terminate an installment contract to purchase real or personal property or to assume possession of the property for nonpayment, if the obligation originated prior to entry into active duty and the service member ' s ability to pay is materially affected by military - leases.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42034034227550543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.682091"} {"text": "| feb8 - 13, 06 : 53 am | | # 1 | friction conditions on contact point of disc i have some doubts regarding the friction force on a certain situation. imagine a disc over a fixed flat surface. like this : the disc has two motions, rotational and translational but these are independent of each other. i mean the translational motion does not come from the rotation of the disc, imagine an external force that moves the disc. now, with this in mind lets say that the disc is moving from left to right always keeping contact with the surface. at the same time the disc is rotating with an angular velocity clockwise. because of the different movements, at the contact point, there is slip. now to the question itself. what kind of friction do i have at the contact point? do i have rolling or sliding friction at the contact point? and what direction does the friction force have since the disc is moving to the right but at the contact point the direction of rotation is to the left? | similar threads for : friction conditions on contact point of disc | | help with point charges and charge by contact | | introductory physics homework | | 12 | | accumulation point unit disc | | calculus & beyond homework | | 4 | | movement of a point on the perimeter of a disc | | advanced physics homework | | 0 | | point contact diode | | atomic, solid state, comp. physics | | 0 | | contact friction | | introductory physics homework | | 3 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5492961273526598, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.683551"} {"text": "design thinking is a creative process of thinking backwards from people, that leads to design a service, a product or else, based on the conclusions of the knowledge gathered in the process. design thinking starts and ends with people, their needs and problems. thinking backwards from people leads to major rethinking of processes along the way. design thinking is a kind of problem detector and problem solving process. thinking backwards from people requires a through an exhaustive application of logic to all available threats and creativity in the finding of new possibilities. it also requires a systems thinking and vision that ultimately provides ways to anticipate possible futures. thinking backwards from people it ' s a mindset that naturally evolves to innovation : it is in fact choosing to move forward. thinking like a designer is a point of no return : everything a design thinker sees around comes up with this question : how could i improve it?, what if..?. i wouldn ' t call it an obsession, i believe is a extreme passion for ideas that it ' s got something to do with challenging your own capacities. capacities such as : thinking - in - action systems thinking decision making rational analysis empathy - able to connect emotional intelligence creativity applied to any context conceptualize emotions awareness of the world passion for details caring for people fond of chaos market & business & management teamwork long - term vision ultimate question designers must ask to themselves : what is the difference between designing a brochure and designing a dna? and between designing an app and designing a communication plan? designing a website and designing a business strategy? what is the difference between designing a brand and designing a life? not much... it all starts and ends with people. a beautiful, overwhelming, never - ending scenario full of... dots. and you share one of those dots with millions of others like you. are you feeling a little overwhelmed?. who are you? who is with you? what do you want to accomplish? billions of people feel just the same. the big picture above holds together because of known and unknown connections among dots... what if the so called \" flow \" is about stepping from one dot to another? a never ending effort to connect and let the world connect back to you? a design thinking attitude : so this year, why don ' t you think about re - designing your life by building empathy from within and finding ways of connecting with others? \" as a style of thinking, design thinking is generally considered the ability to combine empathy for the context of a problem, creativity in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5600263907214073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.686644"} {"text": "cart : 0 items the power of the stop shot ( part 2 ) the power of the stop shot ( part 2 of 2 ) in part 1 of this 2 - part series, we defined the stop shot and all its wonderful benefits. you learned to use the stop shot to calibrate your stroke, stop the cue ball, and control the slide in the early stages of position play. i promised you that once you were able to execute the stop shot from any distance at any speed, then you would always be able to predict which direction the cue ball is going. by now, i \u2019 m assuming you \u2019 ve had the opportunity to shoot hundreds, maybe thousands of stop shots. have you mastered it yet? are you able to consistently get that cue ball to slide and stop at the point of contact? if you \u2019 ve grasped the concept of a sliding cue ball then you \u2019 re ready for part 2. in this lesson, we will use the same speed and tip position that we learned, to execute a stop shot, to cut shots. before, when the shot was lined up straight in, the cue ball had nothing to do but to stop. it transferred 100 % of its energy into the object ball. now, if you apply that same speed and tip position to cause a sliding ball at the point of contact, you can predict which direction the cue ball will be traveling. where is whitey going? as a basic rule of thumb, when the cue ball is sliding at the point of contact with the object ball, you can trust it will travel at an imaginary perpendicular line from the line of which the object ball is traveling. this diagram illustrates the direction the cue ball slides when it contacts the object ball. obviously, the more extreme the cut angle, the less energy the cue ball transfers to the object ball. therefore, the cue ball will come off at a greater speed. to keep that cue ball on the perpendicular line while controlling the speed, the same theory applies that we used with the stop shot. to achieve the same results, lower speed = lower tip position. all position play begins with understanding the slide zone. when you know which direction the neutral cue ball is going, you can manipulate that line simply by aiming higher or lower. aiming above center causes a rolling cue ball and moves the line forward, above perpendicular. aiming lower to cause backspin brings the cue ball backward below the perpendicular line. when you \u2019 re able to control the rock, not only does it mean you can play better position for your next shot, but think", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49121334577528575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.690278"} {"text": "the line forward, above perpendicular. aiming lower to cause backspin brings the cue ball backward below the perpendicular line. when you \u2019 re able to control the rock, not only does it mean you can play better position for your next shot, but think how handy it will be when you need to avoid a scratch or break out a group of balls. these fine points are what keep players from finishing a run out. things to consider - how clean are the balls? if the balls are dirty they will act as gears upon contact and cling together for a fraction of time before the cue ball slides on the perpendicular line. likewise, if the balls are newly washed, they can become much more responsive. if the balls were just cleaned, you may want to aim a little higher than you would think or bring your speed down. - how worn is the cloth? slippery, new cloth will also make a surprising difference. when a table is freshly recovered, the cue ball tends to slide in place, even though it may be rolling. therefore, this will shift the slide window. you \u2019 ll need to bring your speed down to achieve the desired results. - is the cue ball actually sliding at the point of contact? playing with the aramith pro cup measle cue ball helps you see exactly where the cue ball is sliding at various speeds and distances. you can also easily identify if you \u2019 ve inadvertently hit too high or low based on the cue ball \u2019 s response after it contacts the object ball. - did you cheat the pocket? object balls can still go in even if they don \u2019 t enter the center of the pocket. whichever side of the pocket the object ball enters will shift the perpendicular line of the cue ball. this can be used to your advantage when you need to create more or less angle but always be specific with exactly where you intend to pocket the ball. understanding how to adjust your speed and tip position to manipulate the slide zone will help you predict the path of the cue ball. the next time you \u2019 re in the mile high area and looking for a denver billiard instructor, be sure to look me up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4653865887977773, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.691097"} {"text": "march 11, 2013 a ubiquitous chemical found in plastics, soup can linings, and receipts, bisphenol - a is just one health - compromising substance that has been under fire for many years. while the scientific community has gathered ample evidence regarding bpas toxic effects, the chemical is still widely used today. adding to this evidence, recent research has found that bpa could negatively impact brain development by disrupting a gene responsible for proper nerve cell function. for the study, which was published in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences and conducted by duke university researchers, it was discovered that bpa could negative effect central nervous system development by disrupting a gene called kcc2. with the disruption of this gene, it can no longer properly produce proteins partly responsible for removing chloride from neurons. if chloride can \u2019 t be removed, then the functioning of brain cells is hampered. \u201c our study found that bpa may impair the development of the central nervous system, and raises the question as to whether exposure could predispose animals and humans to neurodevelopmental disorders, \u201d study researcher dr. wolfgang liedtke, m. d., ph. d., an associate professor of medicine / neurology and neurobiology at duke university, said. \u201c our findings improve our understanding of how environmental exposure to bpa can affect the regulation of the kcc2 gene. however, we expect future studies to focus on what targets aside from kcc2 are affected by bpa. this is a chapter in an ongoing story. \u201d the study abstract concludes with : \u201c overall, our results indicate that bpa can disrupt kcc2 gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. beyond increase in basic understanding, our findings have relevance for identifying unique neurodevelopmental toxicity mechanisms of bpa, which could possibly play a role in pathogenesis of human neurodevelopmental disorders. \u201d unfortunately, avoiding bpa is quite as easy as it should be. despite the endocrine - disrupting chemical being linked to reproductive problems, obesity, diabetes, and now negatively altered brain development, the fda rejected bpa \u2019 s ban back in march 2012 \u2013 so now consumers need to look out for the chemical for years to come. but there are still many tips for avoiding bpa and even reversing the negative effects sparked by the chemical. here are a few tips : this post originally appeared at natural society no related posts. this article was posted : monday, march 11, 2013 at 6 : 31", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5066352486918893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.696668"} {"text": "healthed academy report reveals many patient languages not supported by healthcare system one respondent in 3 cites communication and language barriers as key challenges to reaching diverse patient groups clark, n. j., feb. 5, 2013 / prnewswire / - - despite ongoing efforts, healthcare providers looking to meet the needs of culturally diverse patient populations face significant barriers, including a lack of resources in the appropriate languages. the findings come from a report published monday by healthed academy \u2014 the research arm of healthed, a healthcare solutions company rooted in education. healthed academy surveyed almost 200 healthcare extenders \u2014 non - md health professionals who work directly with patients and whose numbers include nurses, dietitians, health educators, nurse practitioners, patient navigators, and social workers. because of their position on the front lines of healthcare, healthcare extenders have unique perspectives into the realities of meeting the needs of multicultural patient audiences. report highlights include : - when asked about the challenges of reaching culturally diverse patient groups, 29 % of respondents cited communication and language barriers - almost half of respondents lack access to patient education materials in the languages they need. just as many respondents ( 18 % ) cited a need for chinese - language materials as for spanish / spanish creole materials - 42 % of respondents translate patient education materials into other languages the report, engaging patients from multicultural backgrounds, also depicts hurdles and approaches that extend beyond language barriers. of the 192 respondents : - when asked about strategies for engaging patients from diverse backgrounds, only 35 % said they use community health workers - only a small minority ( 1 % ) deliver patient education at local pharmacies / drugstores \u2014 this despite a provision in the affordable care act that emphasizes the role of pharmacies in medication therapy management - 51 % of respondents are comfortable with their knowledge of the health beliefs of the cultural groups with which they work \" these findings show that diversity in the united states has a very real and tangible impact on healthcare. there is a lot of work that still needs to be done to ensure that we are meeting the needs of all patients, \" said katherine margolis, phd, director of health behavior strategy and research for healthed. to download a free excerpt or learn more about purchasing the full report, visit www. healthedacademy. com. healthed is committed to creating a healthier world. we foster better health and business results through innovative solutions that are rooted in education. so learning becomes doing. our clients include pharmaceutical brands, medical device companies, health plans, and government organizations. healthed also supports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45174381380603634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.700696"} {"text": "article from : 3 / 9 / 2007 modern machine shop, derek korn, senior editor click image to enlarge a picosecond laser was used to machine this micro - mold that measures 2 mm long by 500 microns wide by 600 microns deep. here are four common laser drilling techniques. single - pulse and percussion offer fast material removal rates, but trepanning and helical drilling provide better hole roundness and accuracy. the ability to produce holes and other features measuring mere microns in size is only one piece of the micromachining puzzle. tiny machined elements on components such as fuel injector nozzles, micro - molds, spinnerettes and masks for electronics production must also have clean edges and burr - free finishes to function properly. it is often important that the machining process does not introduce heat into a workpiece, which could alter the material \u2019 s properties. laser technology has long been capable of machining metals on such a small scale. however, the words \u201c laser micromachining \u201d paint with a broad brush. these systems vary in cost, complexity, robustness and capability to keep pace with industrial production requirements. the picosecond laser is one machining tool that has proven effective for accurately micromachining metals with sufficiently high material removal rates. this laser combines the ease of use and throughput of less - accurate systems with the control and precision of laboratory instruments. chuck ratermann, president of rmpc lasers inc., sheds light on some of the differences between a few of the main laser systems that are used to micromachine metals. to be sure, these devices are appropriate only for select machining applications. but shops serving the medical, electronics and even automotive industries that are looking to set themselves apart from the rest are well - served to know what laser micromachining can bring to the table. three laser types are commonly used for micromachining metals \u2014 nanosecond, picosecond and femtosecond lasers. these lasers are named based on the duration of their beam pulses. for example, each pulse emitted by a femtosecond laser lasts femtoseconds ( a femtosecond is one millionth of a nanosecond, or 10 - 15 of a second ). the beam pulse duration, in addition to the repetition rate ( the number of emitted pulses per second ), are two factors that influence laser usefulness for industrial micromachining applications. nanose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5185916217542021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.707037"} {"text": "and copper. this also enables the laser to machine non - metals such as teflon, diamond, ceramics and glass without microcracking or chipping their surface. the minimal thermal and mechanical effects associated with cold ablation allows for a high repetition rate, which translates to high ablation ( material removal ) rates. the repetition rate of the rapid laser is 500 khz, which means ablation rates for steel can be as much as 1 mm\u00b3 / min for an 8 kw laser. for most micromachining applications, the spot size made with the rapid picosecond laser is between 4 microns and 50 microns, depending upon the feature to be machined. in production situations, the laser can drill through metals as thick as 0. 5 mm or create blind holes or cavities for micromolds as deep as 0. 5 mm. it can be used for surface structuring in the micron range and removal of thin coatings on components without piercing or damaging the underlying substrate. in addition, the laser can be used to \u201c hone \u201d a workpiece to a better surface finish. laser drilling methods there are four common techniques for laser micromachining of metals. these are single - shot, percussion, trepanning and helical drilling. single - shot and percussion are the two fastest drilling methods. because these methods use the raw laser beam for machining, the hole they create is roughly the same as laser beam \u2019 s spot size. these two methods can deliver aspect ratios ( the ratio of a hole \u2019 s length to its diameter ) as large as 10 : 1. however, in trepanning and helical drilling, the beam spot size is smaller than the hole to be machined and the workpiece or beam is maneuvered to create the hole. special beam delivery systems are required for these latter two techniques. during simple trepanning, the laser beam pierces through the material and cuts the hole in one circular movement. helical drilling, a variant of trepanning, does not pierce through the material. in this case, the beam follows a helical path, ablating layers of material gradually with many spiraling passes. although this is the slowest of the laser machining methods, it creates the most accurate holes and crisp edges on beam entry and exit sides. it is also the best option for drilling holes with high aspect ratios, which can be as large as 20 : 1. in addition, trepanning optics allow the beam to create", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5239787518764312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.708965"} {"text": "the most accurate holes and crisp edges on beam entry and exit sides. it is also the best option for drilling holes with high aspect ratios, which can be as large as 20 : 1. in addition, trepanning optics allow the beam to create either positive or negative wall tapers. workpiece fixturing and positioning for laser micromachining systems can be simple or elaborate, depending on the application. new fuel injector nozzle designs that have tapered and angled holes, for example, require multi - axis positioning ( both linear and rotary ) to produce the holes. other sophisticated systems may use a vacuum chuck for flat workpieces. in some instances, though, a basic x - y can be used to position workpieces for laser machining. in addition, double - sided tape or frames might suffice for fixturing thin workpieces. for shops currently using nanosecond lasers with success, mr. ratermann doesn \u2019 t recommend switching to a picosecond laser. although a picosecond laser is more accurate than a nanosecond laser, it is also more costly. for shops considering the addition of a picosecond laser, mr. ratermann suggests sending part samples to a laser supplier to determine the speed and quality the laser can deliver. shops might also consider visiting the laser supplier to determine whether basic workpiece and beam manipulation methods, or a more complex setup, would best suit their particular metal micromachining applications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.517229184559957, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.709763"} {"text": "a regular expression ( regexp ) is a text string that describes some set of strings. functions that handle regular expressions, based on gnu regexp - 0. 12, have been implemented ( for more details, see the gnu documentation about regexp rules ). the functions available from search menu provide search forward or backward and replace. each of them prompts a dialog box to get the target regexp. regular expressions are composed of characters and operators that match one or more characters. here is an abstract of commons operators : | matches one of a choice of regular expressions. [... ] matches one item of a list. [ ^... ] matches a single character not represented by one of the list items. (... ) treats any number of other operators ( i. e. subexpressions ) as a unit. \\ digit matches a specified preceding group. ^ matches the beginning of line. $ matches the end of line. smac provides the following functions : returns the position of the next regular expression regexp, or - 1 if regexp has not been found, or - 2 if regexp is not valid. returns the position of the previous regular expression regexp, or - 1 if regexp has not been found, or - 2 if regexp is not valid. returns the beginning position of the substring n of the regexp found by the previous search call to a regexp. returns the end position of the substring n of the regexp found by the previous search call to a regexp. replaces the regular expression regexp with the string newstring. if the argument regexp is ommited, the previous search call to a regexp is used. it returns 1 on success else 0.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5606259983358071, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.712880"} {"text": "the ground in your garden has been holding moisture all winter. let ' s see if the soil is ready. preparing your garden plot we will want to perform a ' ball test ' to see if it ' s ready to be worked. pick up a handful of soil and squeeze it firmly into a ball. if it sticks together, it ' s still too wet or it may be the clay variety. if you try to work wet clay it will compact hard as a rock. let the garden dry out for a few days longer, especially if it ' s been a wet spring, and test if the ball falls apart easily then the soil is dry enough to be worked. once it passes the ' ball test ' you ' ll have to check it ' s temperature to see if it ' s warm enough for the seeds. - dig 8 \" down ( 20 cm ) at a point near the middle of the garden and put your hand in you can feel if the soil has warmed up or is still chilly to the touch. - refer to the back of your seed packets to see if they prefer to be planted in warm or cool weather. - if you have seeds that are okay to plant in cool weather, you can get started just as spring equinox approaches, march 21. - for seeds that need warmer soil wait a few days and do the test again. - if you want to help the soil warm up faster, put down a layer of thin black plastic. - after a few sunny days, roll back the cover and do the same test again - once your soil is warm to the touch you can prepare your garden plot ready for planting. to prepare your garden plot you will need : your garden plan, a measuring tape, a ball of garden twine, a garden fork and a metal rake. - refer to your garden plan to find the exact location of your garden. - use the measuring tape to mark out the length and width of your plot. - put a stake in the ground at each corner and tie the twine around them to surround your garden on all 4 sides. - use a shovel to remove grass, weeds and rocks from your garden plot inside the twine - if you wish, you can remove the twine. - use the garden fork to turn over the soil and break up any big lumps. - if you have clay, don ' t dig it over, just break up the lumps. - work from the back of the garden toward the front so you don ' t compact the soil you just - now is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42649617824147107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.715459"} {"text": "upgrade to the flash 9 viewer for enhanced content, including the ability to browse & search through your favorite titles. click here to learn more! st. jago - cape de verd islands porto praya - ribeira grande - atmospheric dust with infusoria - habits of a sea - slug and cuttle - fish - st. paul ' s rocks, non - volcanic - singular incrustations - insects the first colonists of islands - fernando noronha - bahia - burnished rocks - habits of a diodon - pelagic conferv\u00e6 and infusoria - causes of discoloured sea. after having been twice driven back by heavy southwestern gales, her majesty ' s ship beagle, a ten - gun brig, under the command of captain fitz roy, r. n., sailed from devonport on the 27th of december, 1831. the object of the expedition was to complete the survey of patagonia and tierra del fuego, commenced under captain king in 1826 to 1830 - to survey the shores of chile, peru, and of some islands in the pacific - and to carry a chain of chronometrical measurements round the world. on the 6th of january we reached teneriffe, but were prevented landing, by fears of our bringing the cholera : the next morning we saw the sun rise behind the rugged outline of the grand canary island, and suddenly illuminate the peak of teneriffe, whilst the lower parts were veiled in fleecy clouds. this was the first of many delightful days never to be forgotten. on the 16th of january, 1832, we anchored at porto praya, in st. jago, the chief island of the cape de verd archipelago. the neighbourhood of porto praya, viewed from the sea, wears a desolate aspect. the volcanic fires of a past age, and the scorching heat of a tropical sun, have in most places rendered the soil unfit for vegetation. the country rises in successive steps of table - land, interspersed with some truncate conical hills, and the horizon is bounded by an irregular chain of more lofty mountains. the scene, as beheld through the hazy atmosphere of this climate, is one of great interest ; if, indeed, a person, fresh from sea, and who has just walked, for the first time, in a grove of cocoa - nut trees, can be a judge of anything but his own happiness. the island would generally be considered as very uninteresting ; but to anyone accustomed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44576366568594017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.729324"} {"text": "sea, and who has just walked, for the first time, in a grove of cocoa - nut trees, can be a judge of anything but his own happiness. the island would generally be considered as very uninteresting ; but to anyone accustomed only to an english landscape, the novel aspect of an utterly sterile land possesses a grandeur which more vegetation might spoil. a single green leaf can scarcely be discovered over wide tracts of the lava plains ; yet flocks of goats, together with a few cows, contrive to exist. it rains very seldom, but during a short portion of the year heavy torrents fall, and immediately afterwards a light vegetation springs out of every crevice. this soon withers ; and upon such naturally formed hay the animals live. it had not now rained for an entire year. when the island was discovered, the immediate neighbourhood of porto praya was clothed with ' rees, 1 the reckless destruction of which has caused here, as at st. helena, and at some of the canary islands, almost entire sterility. the broad, flat - bottomed valleys, many of which serve during a few days only in the season as water - courses, are clothed with thickets of leafless bushes. few living creatures inhabit these valleys. the commonest bird is a kingfisher ( dacelo iagoensis ), which tamely sits on the branches of the castor - oil plant, and thence darts on grasshoppers and lizards. it is brightly coloured, but not so beautiful as the european species : in its flight, manners, and place of habitation, which is generally in the driest valley, there is also a wide difference. one day, two of the officers and myself rode to ribeira grande, a village a few miles eastward of porto praya. until we reached the valley of st. martin, the country presented its usual dull brown appearance ; but here, a very small rill of water produces a most refreshing margin of luxuriant vegetation. in the course of an hour we arrived at ribeira grande, and were surprised at the sight of a large ruined fort and cathedral. this little town, before its harbour was filled up, was the principal place in the island : it now presents a melancholy, but very picturesque appearance. having procured a black padre for a guide, and a spaniard who had served in the peninsular war as an interpreter, we visited a collection of buildings, of which an ancient church formed the principal part. it is here the governors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4355830740115675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.730472"} {"text": "picturesque appearance. having procured a black padre for a guide, and a spaniard who had served in the peninsular war as an interpreter, we visited a collection of buildings, of which an ancient church formed the principal part. it is here the governors and captain - generals of the islands have been buried. some of the tombstones recorded dates of the sixteenth century. 2 the heraldic ornaments were the only things in this retired place that reminded us of europe. the church or chapel formed one side of a quadrangle, in the middle of which a large clump of bananas were growing. on another side was a hospital, containing about a dozen miserable - looking inmates. we returned to the venda to eat our dinners. a considerable number of men, women, and children, all as black as jet, collected to watch us. our companions were extremely merry ; and everything we said or did was followed by their hearty laughter. before leaving the town we visited the cathedral. it does not appear so rich as the smaller church, but boasts of a little organ, which sent forth singularly inharmonious cries. we presented the black priest with a few shillings, and the spaniard, patting him on the head, said, with much candour, he thought his colour made no great difference. we then returned, as fast as the ponies would go, to porto praya. another day we rode to the village of st. domingo, situated near the centre of the island. on a small plain which we crossed, a few stunted acacias were growing ; their tops had been bent by the steady trade - wind, in a singular manner - some of them even at right angles to their trunks. the direction of the branches was exactly n. e. by n., and s. w. by s., and these natural vanes must indicate the prevailing direction of the force of the trade - wind. the travelling had made so little impression on the barren soil, that we here missed our track, and took that to fuentes. this we did not find out till we arrived there ; and we were afterwards glad of our mistake. fuentes is a pretty village, with a small stream, and everything appeared to prosper well, excepting, indeed, that which ought to do so most - its inhabitants. the black children, completely naked, and looking very wretched, were carrying bundles of firewood half as big as their own bodies. near fuentes we saw a large flock of guinea - fowl -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46076295371816156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.731434"} {"text": "to do so most - its inhabitants. the black children, completely naked, and looking very wretched, were carrying bundles of firewood half as big as their own bodies. near fuentes we saw a large flock of guinea - fowl - probably fifty or sixty in number. they were extremely wary, and could not be approached. they avoided us, like partridges on a rainy day in september, running with their heads cocked up ; and if pursued, they readily took to the wing. the scenery of st. domingo possesses a beauty totally unexpected, from the prevalent gloomy character of the rest of the island. the village is situated at the bottom of a valley, bounded by lofty and jagged walls of stratified lava. the black rocks afford a most striking contrast with the bright green vegetation, which follows the banks of a little stream of clear water. it happened to be a grand feast - day, and the village was full of people. on our return we overtook a party of about twenty young black girls, dressed in excellent taste ; their black skins and snow - white linen being set off by coloured turbans and large shawls. as soon as we approached near, they suddenly all turned round, and covering the path with their shawls, sung with great energy a wild song, beating time with their hands upon their legs. we threw them some vintems, which were received with screams of laughter, and we left them redoubling the noise of their song. one morning the view was singularly clear ; the distant mountains being projected with the sharpest outline on a heavy bank of dark blue clouds. judging from the appearance, and from similar cases in england, i supposed that the air was saturated with moisture. the fact, however, turned out quite the contrary. the hygrometer gave a difference of 29. 6 degrees, between the temperature of the air, and the point at which dew was precipitated. this difference was nearly double that which i had observed on the previous mornings. this unusual degree of atmospheric dryness was accompanied by continual flashes of lightning. is it not an uncommon case, thus to find a remarkable degree of aerial transparency with such a state of weather? generally the atmosphere is hazy ; and this is caused by the falling of impalpably fine dust, which was found to have slightly injured the astronomical instruments. the morning before we anchored at porto praya, i collected a little packet of this brown - coloured fine dust, which appeared to have been filtered from the wind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44910072855685146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.732744"} {"text": "impalpably fine dust, which was found to have slightly injured the astronomical instruments. the morning before we anchored at porto praya, i collected a little packet of this brown - coloured fine dust, which appeared to have been filtered from the wind by the gauze of the vane at the masthead. mr. lyell has also given me four packets of dust which fell on a vessel a few hundred miles northward of these islands. professor ehrenberg3 finds that this dust consists in great part of infusoria with siliceous shields, and of the siliceous tissue of plants. in five little packets which i sent him, he has ascertained no less than sixty - seven different organic forms! the infusoria, with the exception of two marine species, are all inhabitants of fresh - water. i have found no less than fifteen different accounts of dust having fallen on vessels when far out in the atlantic. from the direction of the wind whenever it has fallen, and from its having always fallen during those months when the harmattan is known to raise clouds of dust high into the atmosphere, we may feel sure that it all comes from africa. it is, however, a very singular fact, that, although professor ehrenberg knows many species of infusoria peculiar to africa, he finds none of these in the dust which i sent him. on the other hand, he finds in it two species which hitherto he knows as living only in south america. the dust falls in such quantities as to dirty everything on board, and to hurt people ' s eyes ; vessels even have run on shore owing to the obscurity of the atmosphere. it has often fallen on ships when several hundred, and even more than a thousand miles from the coast of africa, and at points sixteen hundred miles distant in a north and south direction. in some dust which was collected on a vessel three hundred miles from the land, i was much surprised to find particles of stone above the thousandth of an inch square, mixed with finer matter. after this fact one need not be surprised at the diffusion of the far lighter and smaller sporules of cryptogamic plants. the geology of this island is the most interesting part of its natural history. on entering the harbour, a perfectly horizontal white band, in the face of the sea cliff, may be seen running for some miles along the coast, and at the height of about forty - five feet above the water. upon examination, this white stratum is found to consist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5108474659620388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.733963"} {"text": "perfectly horizontal white band, in the face of the sea cliff, may be seen running for some miles along the coast, and at the height of about forty - five feet above the water. upon examination, this white stratum is found to consist of calcareous matter, with numerous shells embedded, most or all of which now exist on the neighbouring coast. it rests on ancient volcanic rocks, and has been covered by a stream of basalt, which must have entered the sea when the white shelly bed was lying at the bottom. it is interesting to trace the changes, produced by the heat of the overlying lava, on the friable mass, which in parts has been converted into a crystalline limestone, and in other parts into a compact spotted stone. where the lime has been caught up by the scoriaceous fragments of the lower surface of the stream, it is converted into groups of beautifully radiated fibres resembling arragonite. the beds of lava rise in successive gently - sloping plains, towards the interior, whence the deluges of melted stone have originally proceeded. within historical times, no signs of volcanic activity have, i believe, been manifested in any part of st. jago. even the form of a crater can but rarely be discovered on the summits of the many red cindery hills ; yet the more recent streams can be distinguished on the coast, forming lines of cliffs of less height, but stretching out in advance of those belonging to an older series : the height of the cliffs thus affording a rude measure of the age of the streams. during our stay, i observed the habits of some marine animals. a large aplysia is very common. this sea - slug is about five inches long ; and is of a dirty yellowish colour, veined with purple. on each side of the lower surface, or foot, there is a broad membrane, which appears sometimes to act as a ventilator, in causing a current of water to flow over the dorsal branchi\u00e6 or lungs. it feeds on the delicate sea - weeds which grow among the stones in muddy and shallow water ; and i found in its stomach several small pebbles, as in the gizzard of a bird. this slug, when disturbed, emits a very fine purplish - red fluid, which stains the water for the space of a foot around. besides this means of defence, an acrid secretion, which is spread over its body, causes a sharp, stinging sensation, similar to that produced by the physalia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4859545188462442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.734938"} {"text": "red fluid, which stains the water for the space of a foot around. besides this means of defence, an acrid secretion, which is spread over its body, causes a sharp, stinging sensation, similar to that produced by the physalia, or portuguese man - of - war. i was much interested, on several occasions, by watching the habits of an octopus, or cuttle - fish. although common in the pools of water left by the retiring tide, these animals were not easily caught. by means of their long arms and suckers, they could drag their bodies into very narrow crevices ; and when thus fixed, it required great force to remove them. at other times they darted tail first, with the rapidity of an arrow, from one side of the pool to the other, at the same instant discolouring the water with a dark chestnut - brown ink. these animals also escape detection by a very extraordinary, chameleon - like power of changing their colour. they appear to vary their tints according to the nature of the ground over which they pass : when in deep water, their general shade was brownish purple, but when placed on the land, or in shallow water, this dark tint changed into one of a yellowish green. the colour, examined more carefully, was a french grey, with numerous minute spots of bright yellow : the former of these varied in intensity ; the latter entirely disappeared and appeared again by turns. these changes were effected in such a manner, that clouds, varying in tint between a hyacinth red and a chestnut - brown, 4 were continually passing over the body. any part, being subjected to a slight shock of galvanism, became almost black : a similar effect, but in a less degree, was produced by scratching the skin with a needle. these clouds, or blushes as they may be called, are said to be produced by the alternate expansion and contraction of minute vesicles containing variously coloured fluids. 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5182270486188613, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.735723"} {"text": "a short history of the permanent diaconate the early church traditionally, the beginning of the order of deacons is traced back to the story in acts of the apostles, acts 6 : 1 - 6. whether this pertains to the history of the ordained order of deacons as they developed in the early centuries of the church is in dispute, but it is very much in the spirit in which the diaconate was and has been understood ever since. very early in the history of the church, deacons were understood to hold a special place in the community, along with bishops and presbyters. the role of all ordained ministries is to be modeled on the life of christ, and that of deacons especially was and still is, that of christ the servant. perhaps the earliest reference to deacons in this sense ( ca. 53 a. d.? ) occurs in st. paul ' s letter to the philippians in which he addresses \" all the saints in christ jesus who are at philippi, with the bishops and deacons \". however, it would be a mistake to interpret the servant role too literally as one of \" waiting on tables \". one of the seven first deacons, stephen, was stoned to death because of his bold preaching of the gospel, acts 6 : 8 - 15, 7 : 54 - 60. he is the first recognized martyr of the church, and his feast day is celebrated on december 26. of the remaining seven, those of whom we have historical knowledge, it is clear that their ministry also quickly broadened to preaching and spreading the gospel message. the deacon became the eyes and ears of the bishop, his \" right hand man \". the bishop ' s principal assistant became known as the \" archdeacon \", and was often charged with heavy responsibilities, especially in the financial administration of the local church, above all in distribution of funds and goods to the poor. one measure of the importance of the deacon in the early church is the number of deacons elected pope in the early middle ages. of the thirty - seven men elected pope between 432 and 684 a. d., only three are known to have been ordained to priest before their election to the chair of peter. ( llewellyn ) during the first christian millennium deacons undertook, as the bishops ' assistants, the functions that are today those of the vicar general, the judicial vicar, the vicar capitular, the cathedral chapter and the oeconome, or finance officer. in current canon law these are almost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3771235446395469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.742410"} {"text": "undertook, as the bishops ' assistants, the functions that are today those of the vicar general, the judicial vicar, the vicar capitular, the cathedral chapter and the oeconome, or finance officer. in current canon law these are almost exclusively priests ' functions. ( galles ) john collins, writing in pastoral review, has this to say about the meaning of \" diakonia \" as understood in the early church : \" two final segments : firstly my description of the semantic character of diakon - as applied to deacons in the early church ( from appendix i, diakonia, p. 337 ). as is well known, vatican ii cited this \u201c not unto the priesthood, but unto the ministry \u201d in lumen gentium. thus it was understood that deacons were ordained not for any specific set of duties for serving the needy but to serve the bishop in whatever set of duties he would determine. the circumstances today are, of course, far different than in the early church. the size and complexity of the modern diocese makes such an intimate relationship with the bishop impractical. although deacons serve in a wide variety of settings, including hospitals and prisons, the focus for today ' s deacon is normally parish based. however, he retains the historical tie with his bishop, whose \" servant \" he remains. the major point we should take from a study of early church history and the witness of the early fathers of the church is that they acknowledge the importance of the diaconal ministry. saint ignatius of antioch, about 100 ad, says that it would be impossible to have the church without bishops, priests and deacons. he explains that their task was nothing less than to continue \u2018 the ministry of jesus christ '. beginning as early as the fifth century, there was a gradual decline in the permanent diaconate in the latin church, although it remained, right to the present, a vital part of the eastern churches, both catholic and orthodox. one important factor was simply a failure on the part of both presbyters and deacons to understand the unique value of the diaconate as a distinct order in its own right. deacons with too much power were often self - important and proud. presbyters, on their part, were resentful at the fact that often deacons had power over them! st. jerome demanded to know why deacons had so much power \u2013 \" after all, deacons could not preside at eucharist, and presbyters were really the same as bishops \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4297374896177757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.744229"} {"text": "that often deacons had power over them! st. jerome demanded to know why deacons had so much power \u2013 \" after all, deacons could not preside at eucharist, and presbyters were really the same as bishops \". by the early middle ages, the diaconate was perceived largely as only an intermediate step toward the reception of ordination to the priesthood. it was this prevailing attitude of the \" cursus honorum \" that was most responsible for the decline of the diaconate. the \" cursus honorum \" was simply the attitude of \" rising through the ranks \", following a tradition of gradual promotion, inherited from practices of secular government of the roman empire. most older catholics will be familiar with the many levels of \" minor orders \" and \" major orders \". first came the liturgical rite of \" tonsure \" which conferred upon a man the status of \" cleric \", and made him eligible for ordination. then came the minor orders of porter, lector, exorcist and acolyte. these were ordinations but they were not sacraments. finally came the major orders of sub deacon, deacon and priest. sub diaconate, although a major order, was not a sacrament. the sub deacon did not receive a stole. deacon and priest were, of course, sacramental in character. the whole process is well illustrated in a drawing ( thanks to dr. william ditewig ) : \" then, in 1972, paul vi, following the direction of vatican ii, issued ministeria quaedam, which realigned these things for the latin rite. tonsure was suppressed, and now a person becomes a cleric through sacramental ordination as a deacon ; this was a change to a pattern of more than 1000 years standing! the pope also suppressed the minor orders altogether, converting two of them into \" lay \" ministries no longer requiring ordination ; he also suppressed the subdiaconate, shifting the promise of celibacy to the diaconate. that left only two orders, both sacraments, from the old schema. since vatican ii itself had taught about the sacramental nature of the bishop, we wound up with the three - fold ordained ministry that we have now, all of which are conferred by ordination and all of which confer a sacramental \" character. \" finally, the three orders are further subdivided by those orders that are sacerdotal ( bishop and presbyter ) and the orders that are diaconal ( bishop and deacon ). yes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42419613825183966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.745391"} {"text": "which confer a sacramental \" character. \" finally, the three orders are further subdivided by those orders that are sacerdotal ( bishop and presbyter ) and the orders that are diaconal ( bishop and deacon ). yes, right now, presbyters are also deacons because they were ordained transitional deacons on their way to the presbyterate, but, as guiseppe points out, this could be easily changed, and many are arguing for that ( it ' s not likely anytime soon, but the case still needs to be pushed! ) \" ( ditewig ) the time finally came during deliberations of the second vatican council in 1963, calling for restoration of the diaconate as a permanent level of holy orders. in june 1967 pope paul vi implemented this decree of the council when he published the apostolic letter diaconatus ordinem, in which he re - established the permanent diaconate in the latin church. the council in its dogmatic constitution on the church ( lumen gentium ) returns to the roots of the diaconate which we have previously discussed, roots going back to the new testament and the early church fathers : at a lower level of the hierarchy are deacons, upon whom hands are imposed \" not unto the priesthood, but unto a ministry of service \". for strengthened by sacramental grace, in communion with the bishop and his group of priests they serve in the diaconate of the liturgy, of the word, and of charity to the people of god. it is the duty of the deacon, according as it shall have been assigned to him by competent authority, to administer baptism solemnly, to be custodian and dispenser of the eucharist, to assist at and bless marriages in the name of the church, to bring viaticum to the dying, to read the sacred scripture to the faithful, to instruct and exhort the people, to preside over the worship and prayer of the faithful, to administer sacramentals, to officiate at funeral and burial services. dedicated to duties of charity and of administration, let deacons be mindful of the admonition of blessed polycarp : \" be merciful, diligent, walking according to the truth of the lord, who became the servant of all. \" ( lumen gentium para. 29 ) and so we have come full circle. the permanent diaconate has proved to be a resounding success, growing at an astounding rate throughout the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4218011915088563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.746339"} {"text": "2008 findings on the worst forms of child labor - honduras | publisher | | united states department of labor | | author | | bureau of international labor affairs | | publication date | | 10 september 2009 | | cite as | | united states department of labor, 2008 findings on the worst forms of child labor - honduras, 10 september 2009, available at : http : / / www. refworld. org / docid / 4aba3ed937. html [ accessed 26 may 2013 ] | | disclaimer | | this is not a unhcr publication. unhcr is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of unhcr, the united nations or its member states. | | selected statistics and indicators on child labor | | population, children, 5 - 14 years, 2004 : | | 1, 941, 242 | | working children, 5 - 14 years ( % ), 2004 : | | 5. 4 | | working boys, 5 - 14 years ( % ), 2004 : | | 8. 2 | | working girls, 5 - 14 years ( % ), 2004 : | | 2. 6 | | working children by sector, 5 - 14 years ( % ), 2004 : | | minimum age for work : | | 14 / 16 | | compulsory education age : | | 15 | | free public education : | | yes * | | gross primary enrollment rate ( % ), 2007 : | | 116. 8 | | net primary enrollment rate ( % ), 2007 : | | 96. 4 | | school attendance, children 5 - 14 years ( % ), 2004 : | | 84. 7 | | survival rate to grade 5 ( % ), 2006 : | | 66. 5 | | ilo convention 138 : | | 6 / 9 / 1980 | | ilo convention 182 : | | 10 / 25 / 2001 | | ilo - ipec participating country : | | yes | * in practice, must pay for various school expenses incidence and nature of child labor a may 2008 census by the national statistics institute of honduras reported that the majority of working children in honduras work in agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing. children, especially boys, predominantly work in rural rather than urban areas. children work in melon, coffee, lime, limestone, and sugarcane production, and as deckhands and divers in the lobster industry. children work in mining, selling goods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4328182543221237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.752694"} {"text": ". children, especially boys, predominantly work in rural rather than urban areas. children work in melon, coffee, lime, limestone, and sugarcane production, and as deckhands and divers in the lobster industry. children work in mining, selling goods, begging, and scavenging in garbage dumps. children, predominantly girls, also work as domestic servants, where they are sometimes subject to abuse by third - party employers. commercial sexual exploitation of children is especially problematic in border areas, in major cities, such as tegucigalpa, and in tourist areas, such as san pedro sula and the bay islands. honduras is a transit and source country for children trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation. honduran children are trafficked internally, usually from rural to urban settings. children are also trafficked internationally to neighboring countries, often while en route to the united states. child labor laws and enforcement honduran laws governing the minimum age for work are conflictive. although the constitution and the labor code both set the minimum age for work at 16 years, children may be authorized to work with parental consent when it is indispensable for the subsistence of the family and does not interfere with the child ' s education. furthermore, a 2007 government analysis of the legal minimum age for employment placed the minimum age at 14 years. additionally, the childhood and adolescence code and the child labor regulation assert that no child under 14 years will be authorized to work. all minors between 14 and 18 years of age must receive authorization to work from the secretary of state or the office of labor and social security, and businesses employing children must have a child labor registry. the legal work hours for adolescents are also in conflict. while the constitution prohibits children under 17 years from working more than 6 hours per day and 30 hours per week, the childhood and adolescence code states that minors between 14 and 16 years cannot work more than 4 hours per day, and minors 16 to 18 years of age cannot work more than 6 hours per day. night work is prohibited for children under 18 years. the child labor regulation and the childhood and adolescence code prohibit children from work that is unhealthy or dangerous, even when completed as part of a program of study. minors, except adolescents 16 to 18 years with authorization from the office of labor and social security, cannot engage in work in static positions or on high scaffolding ; underwater diving ; work in tunnels or underground ; agricultural work that implies health risks ; work with heavy machinery, ovens, smelters, heavy presses,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4405961977493834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.753785"} {"text": "labor and social security, cannot engage in work in static positions or on high scaffolding ; underwater diving ; work in tunnels or underground ; agricultural work that implies health risks ; work with heavy machinery, ovens, smelters, heavy presses, or glass ; or in work that involves exposure to toxic substances, vehicular traffic, loud noise, high - voltage electric currents, or garbage. furthermore, in august 2008, the government published a list of specific activities and occupations that are considered hazardous for children under 18 years of age. individuals who violate child labor laws may receive prison sentences of 3 to 5 years and fines. however, according to usdos, child labor laws were not effectively enforced outside of the apparel sector, despite frequent child labor law violations. the child labor regulation prohibits all forms of slavery and practices analogous to slavery, such as the sale of adolescents, debt bondage, and forced labor, including the forced recruitment of adolescents for use in armed conflicts. trafficking in persons under 18 years of age, inside or outside the national territory with the goal of \" commercial exploitation \" is sanctioned by 12 to 19 years in prison and a fine. peacetime military service in honduras is voluntary, and the age of enlistment is 18 years. the law also penalizes the use of children for the production or trafficking of drugs. the penal code criminalizes procuring, especially the recruitment and submission of children to commercial sexual exploitation, as well as domestic and international trafficking of children for commercial sexual exploitation, with penalties of 9 to 15 years of imprisonment. honduran law also prohibits the use of children under 18 years for exhibitions or performances of a sexual nature and in the production of pornography. sexual tourism is punishable by 12 to 18 years of imprisonment and a fine if the victim is a minor. according to usdos, law enforcement officials collaborate with neighboring countries and the united states on anti - trafficking efforts and child sex tourism investigations. current government policies and programs to eliminate the worst forms of child labor the government of honduras launched a national plan of action for the eradication of child labor in may 2008 that will last 7 years. the plan builds upon the work accomplished through the first plan of action ( 2001 - 2005 ) and involves the coordination of many government agencies. honduras is also implementing a 5 - year national plan of action to eradicate commercial sexual exploitation of children, which was introduced in 2008. the plan aims to promote inter - institutional cooperation, justice, and assistance for child victims of commercial sexual exploitation. the government continues to refer child victims to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4625157566631693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.754924"} {"text": "year national plan of action to eradicate commercial sexual exploitation of children, which was introduced in 2008. the plan aims to promote inter - institutional cooperation, justice, and assistance for child victims of commercial sexual exploitation. the government continues to refer child victims to ngos for care. as a member of the central american parliament commission on women, children, youth, and family, the government is participating in a regional plan to support the prevention and elimination of human trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents. the government of honduras participated in regional projects funded by usdol, including a 7 - year usd 8. 8 million project implemented by iloipec which concluded in april 2009 and sought to combat commercial sexual exploitation through a variety of activities, including capacity building and legal reform. in addition, the project targeted 713 children for withdrawal and 657 children for prevention from commercial sexual exploitation in central america. the government also participated in the 4 - year usd 5. 7 million child labor education initiative regional project implemented by care that worked to strengthen the government and civil society ' s capacity to combat child labor through education and withdrew or prevented 4, 105 children from exploitive child labor. during the reporting period, the ministry of education adopted one of the project ' s piloted educational models, nino tutor ( \" child tutor \" ), to implement in every school with the purpose of eliminating child labor and improving the educational attainment of children who have worked or are at risk of working. the government of honduras participated in a usd 550, 000 ilo - ipec project that ended in august 2008 and was funded by the government of canada that focused on combating child labor through strengthening labor ministries. during the reporting period, the government also participated in a phase iii usd 3. 3 million regional project to eradicate child labor in latin america, funded by the government of spain and implemented by iloipec. additionally, with the assistance of unicef, the national commission for family and childhood publishes materials outlining the definitions, dangers, and legal regulations of child labor in honduras.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46775534529273033, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.755775"} {"text": "anatomy of future gold & silver bubble in recent commentaries we \u2019 ve written about the three phases of a bull market and how and why the final phase evolves as it does. valuations, sentiment and market structure all explain why markets take a dramatic upward turn in the final phase after relatively stagnant performance in the previous phase. these are the \u201c micro \u201d behind why a bubble emerges in the final phase. today we want to look at the intermarket driving forces behind the emergence of a bubble. we often write about intermarket analysis, which is an incredibly useful and actionable form of technical analysis. the greater the bubble, the greater role intermarket relationships play in the formation of the bubble. essentially, for a large market to form a bubble, capital needs to flow out of various asset classes and into that particular market. here is a quick example of the technology bubble in the 1990s. we plot the nasdaq, bonds and commodities ( the three major asset classes ). the nasdaq accelerated from 1994 to 2000. in the same time period, bonds were volatile but didn \u2019 t make much progress. commodities were in a nasty bear market from 1996 to 1999. note that bonds surged from 1990 through 1993, a period in which the nasdaq climbed slowly. furthermore, from 1993 to 1996, commodities experienced a very strong bull market. the takeaway is bubbles cannot occur when the asset classes are challenging each other for supremacy. let \u2019 s quickly review the parabolic move in gold, silver and mining equities from 1976 until 1980. interest rates soared in that period ( bond prices declined ) stoking greater fears of inflation. meanwhile, the s & p 500 peaked in q3 1976 and didn \u2019 t bottom until q1 1978. overall, precious metals faced little competition in the late 1970s from conventional heavyweights : bonds and stocks. presently, the strength in each major asset class is holding gold back. with both performing well, who needs gold or commodities? however, the long - term outlook for stocks and bonds is not good. the s & p 500 is nearing major resistance at 1500 - 1600. also, the shortest bear market on record was 13 years ( 1929 - 1942 ). the current bear market looks far more similar to the 1966 - 1982 and 1900 - 1915 bear markets. furthermore, the current pe ratio is 14. the bear market will not end until that reaches single digits in the coming years. moving to bonds, we note a powerful breakout from a two and a half year base. bonds can move quite a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4914235272132392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.760413"} {"text": "markets. furthermore, the current pe ratio is 14. the bear market will not end until that reaches single digits in the coming years. moving to bonds, we note a powerful breakout from a two and a half year base. bonds can move quite a bit higher from here but we \u2019 d be wary of a blowoff top in the next 12 - 18 months. we believe there is plenty of legitimate demand for bonds. the economy is slowing and people are generally scared. also, if you are part of a large institution managing millions, you rely on treasuries for their safety and liquidity. however, consider that foreign purchases are declining and supply will balloon in the coming years. as chris puplava shows, supply is going to increase dramatically in the coming years as debtor nations have to rollover trillions in debt. chris writes : looking at the outstanding debt for the top 10 combined shows that just between now and the end of the year more than $ 5 trillion in debt will mature, or 17 % of their total outstanding debt, and by 2015 nearly 50 % of the top 10 debtor nations total outstanding debt will come due. that is more than $ 15 trillion in debt coming due in the next two and half years! one important point we need to remember is that the majority of gains in a bull market come in the last phase. the nasdaq gained 5 - fold from 1982 to 1994 and then surged more than 7 - fold in the last six years. gold and silver in the late 1970s is another example. there are a handful of data points that support ( on a historical basis ) a parabolic move in the coming years. the following chart shows how much gold would have to rise to back the monetary base. however, an updated calculation puts this at $ 10, 000 / oz! moving along, we see that gold relative to equities ( s & p 500 ) has significant room to advance if it is going to near the 1980 bubble level. note where the ratio was in 1977. presently, gold is struggling to find demand as bonds and the s & p 500 remain in bull markets. however, we believe the cyclical bull market in equities will soon come to an end and that the secular bull market in bonds could form a major peak in the next 12 - 18 months. gold and hard assets have been in a bull market for nearly 13 years. barry bannister \u2019 s research shows that bull markets tend to average 16 - 18 years. steven j williams at cycle pro shows that adjusted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45088718743978146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.761380"} {"text": "june 2004 sky from the keeble observatory we will be unable to view the june 8th \" transit of venus \" from the keeble observatory - the event will be over before the rising sun clears our obscured eastern horizon. you will, however, be able to view it from several global web sites : the exploratorium, in san francisco will carry links to the penteli observatory, near athens, greece. nasa will offer links to several observatories around the world. the european southern observatory will have live coverage, as well. may weather was not kind to comet watchers in the center of the universe. haze on those evenings when it wasn ' t actually cloudy, and clouds and rain on other days, meant that it was unlikely that anyone actually saw comets neat and linear. june weather, typically, will not be any improvement, and the comets are fading rapidly as their orbits carry them away from the sun. there will be others in the future, hopefully more fortuitously positioned. bright comets, like hale - bopp of several years ago, are roughly once per decade. comets have long fascinated humankind. regular meteor showers and the stately motion of the planets through the zodiac could be anticipated. but, what to make of these \" hairy stars \" which persist for months, seemingly at random? ( our word \" comet \" comes from the latin \" coma \" - which means hair! ) aristotle assumed they were atmospheric phenomena, describing them in his treatise on weather. tycho brahe used geometry to show that they were in the realm of the planets ( but not the stars ). it was once church doctrine that these represented harbingers of evil - firebrands hurled by an angry god to warn sinful humankind. indeed, halley ' s comet was high above the battle of hastings, which was certainly bad luck for the english. it might have been considered good luck for the norman victors! tycho got it right, of course. comets are part of our solar system, just as much as are the planets, asteroids, and meteoroids. indeed, meteor showers are residue from comets, which provides us a clue to their origin and makeup. some 5 billion years ago, comets were among the first large aggregate objects to condense out of the cloud of gas and dust which formed our solar system. far from the growing heat source at the center, which was to become our sun, they contain dust and frozen ices of water, methane, and ammonia. we believe these represent the oldest und", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5022234035017965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.767102"} {"text": "cloud of gas and dust which formed our solar system. far from the growing heat source at the center, which was to become our sun, they contain dust and frozen ices of water, methane, and ammonia. we believe these represent the oldest undisturbed remnants of the original pre - solar cloud. pristine material from the time the earth and other planets first formed. fred whipple dubbed them \" dirty snowballs \" and the description is apt. there are two major reservoirs of comets left from these early times. the so - called kuiper belt lies beyond the orbit of distant neptune and lies in the plane of the ecliptic, roughly from 30 to 500 au. ( 1 au - \" astronomical unit \" is the average distance between earth and sun, about 150 million kilometers, or 93 million miles. ) pluto, and recently - discovered sedna are among the largest denizens of this region... yes, pluto is probably just a large comet! far beyond the kuiper belt lies the huge spherical shell called the oort cloud - stretching from 10, 000 to perhaps 100, 000 au. a comet ' s orbit may be disturbed by a collision, or by gravitational perturbations from passing stars or clouds. the comet then falls toward the inner solar system. as sunlight warms the comet, the volatile ices vaporize and carry with them dust and rocks from the nucleus of the comet. these gasses and dust particles are pushed away from the sun by the pressure of sunlight and the streaming solar wind to form the tails of the comet. ultraviolet light ionizes the gas and makes it glow. as the comet sweeps through its orbit the dust from its tail is strewn along its orbit, leaving the debris which makes up periodic meteor showers. lunar phases for june : full moon on the 3rd, at 12 : 20 am ; last quarter on the 9th, at 4 : 03 pm ; new moon on the 17th, at 4 : 27 pm ; first quarter on the 25th, at 3 : 08 pm. summer solstice, when the sun is highest above the equator, will occur at 8 : 58 pm on the 20th. this is sometimes called the \" longest day of the year, \" but it ' s 24 hours just like any other day! in fact, the solstice event will take place after sunset on the 20th! we will experience over 14 hours of sunlight on the 20th and 21st, however. evening planet watching in june is largely jupiter watching. after sunset, jupiter emerges from twilight high to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5329549762290224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.768066"} {"text": "the solstice event will take place after sunset on the 20th! we will experience over 14 hours of sunlight on the 20th and 21st, however. evening planet watching in june is largely jupiter watching. after sunset, jupiter emerges from twilight high to the southwest, about 50 degrees off the horizon. it sets about 1 : 00 am. saturn and mars are above the horizon at sunset, but low to the northwest and probably lost in the horizon clutter and haze. mornings are not promising for planet watching, either. mercury and venus have returned to the pre - dawn sky, but will be very low ( < 10 degrees ) on the northeast horizon at sunrise. an hour or so after sunset at mid - month, the overhead view is essentially out of the plane of the galaxy, which is nearly coincident with the horizon at 8 : 30 pm. castor and pollux are to the west, settling towards the horizon. high above the southern horizon, almost at zenith, is bright arcturus, in the constellation bootes. to the west, just below and to the right of jupiter, you ' ll find regulus, the heart of the lion in the constellation leo. the days around the new moon are a good time to hope for clear skies... maybe a cold front will sweep away the haze enough so that you can use jupiter to find some deeper objects with your binoculars. within 4 degrees to the right and slightly above jupiter you may find several galaxies from the messier catalog - m105, m95, and m96 are all in leo. about 6 degrees above jupiter is another, known as m65. these objects were all catalogued by charles messier to avoid confusing them with comets. we ' ll say more about the messier catalog next month. vega is to the ene about 37 degrees off the horizon and appearing higher each night. it will be prominent in the late summer and autumn skies. near vega, use binoculars to find the ring nebula. below vega rises the constellation cygnus. this marks the plane of the galaxy, and the general direction towards which our sun in moving in its orbit about the distant center of the milky way. for your own monthly star chart, you can direct your web browser to http : / / www. skymaps. com. you will find extensive descriptions of what ' s worth looking for, and you can download and print a single copy for your personal use. copyright 2004 george spagna", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4487967380078072, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.769105"} {"text": "let the tempo come to you the science of starting slowly... to finish ahead the wisdom of starting a race relatively slowly and finishing fast is unquestioned, with the strategy of \" negative splitting \" \u2014 running the second half of the race faster than the first \u2014 yielding world marathon bests for khalid khannouchi and catherine ndereba, a course record for cosmas ndeti at boston in 1994 ( 2 : 07 : 15 ), and a slew of other notable positive outcomes. not only do negative splits typically yield better competitive results, they often mean a quicker post - race recovery, a more finely tuned sense of one \u2019 s limits at any point in a race, and a more pleasurable race experience overall ( e. g., passing runners throughout the race, less physical and mental discomfort ). when we speak of having run negative splits, we universally do so with satisfaction and pride. however, outside of the competitive milieu, our ambition to run negative splits, or otherwise finish more quickly than we start, virtually disappears. if you do your everyday six - miler at 7 : 30 pace, do you really care if you do the first three miles at 8 : 00 pace and the last three at 7 : 00 pace, or rip through the first mile with no warm - up in 6 : 30 and run 7 : 40 \u2019 s the rest of the way? did you notice whether the last four 400 - meter repeats of last week \u2019 s speed workout were faster than the first four? do any of us care about these things? should we? based on scads of empirical evidence, the answer is a resounding yes. distance running observers are quick to point out, for example, kenyan athletes \u2019 formidable training mileage and intensity. often ignored, however, is the well - established tendency of these runners to begin every workout \u2014 interval session, tempo run, or distance run \u2014 at a jog or even a shuffle, picking up the pace only when all physiological systems are fully attuned to the task at foot, with a smooth transition having been made from the resting state to the aerobic state. hammering away from the get - go at whatever pace they will ultimately reach that day is simply not in these runners \u2019 training lexicon \u2014 and with good reason : it detracts from both the training benefit achieved and the maximal workload reached, to say nothing of the effect on recovery time and therefore on subsequent workouts and races. the physiology behind running an evenly paced workout or race is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4888347225365653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.771721"} {"text": "fascinating creatures indeed bentley! cuttlefish belong to the cephalopoda class and includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses ). although they are known as fish, they are mollusks and not fish! recent studies indicate that cuttlefish are among the most intelligent invertebrates. internationally there are 120 species of cuttlefish recognized. i am not sure how many species are in south african waters though! cuttlefish have eight arms and two tentacles furnished with suckers, with which they secure their prey. they have a life expectancy of approximately 2 years and feed on small mollusks, crabs, shrimp, fish, octopuses, worms, and other cuttlefish. they are being preyed upon by dolphins, sharks, fish, seals and other cuttlefish. their cuttle - bones are porous and used for buoyancy by changing the gas - to - liquid ratio in the chambered cuttle - bone. cuttlefish eyes are among the most developed in the animal kingdom. the blood of a cuttlefish is an unusual shade of green - blue. the reason for this is the fact that they use the copper containing protein hemocyanin to carry oxygen instead of the red iron - containing protein hemoglobin that is found in mammals. they have 3 separate hearts to pump their blood. two hearts pump blood to the pair of gills and the third pumps blood to the rest of the body. photo of 2 cuttlefish : herewith something interesting facts about their ability to change colours : cuttlefish are sometimes referred to as the chameleon of the sea because of their remarkable ability to rapidly alter their skin color at will. their skin flashes a fast - changing pattern as communication to other cuttlefish and to camouflage them from predators. this color - changing function is produced by groups of red, yellow, brown, and black pigmented chromatophores above a layer of reflective iridophores and leucophores, with up to 200 of these specialized pigment cells per square millimeter. the pigmented chromatophores have a sac of pigment and a large membrane that is folded when retracted. there are 6 - 20 small muscle cells on the sides which can contract to squash the elastic sac into a disc against the skin. yellow chromatophores ( xanthophores ) are closest to the surface of the skin, red and orange are below ( erythrophores ), and brown or black are just above the irido", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4658370843161284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.774399"} {"text": "laurence cadbury collection assembled at the beginning of the 20th century, the laurence cadbury collection helps show what life was like in a 16th and 17th century house. dating from about 1500 to the early 1900s it comprises furniture and domestic objects, agricultural artefacts, armour, archives and decorative works. on permanent display, the collection includes : this would have been used in a church to store food that parishioners collected for the poor. the food would then be \u2018 doled out \u2019 to them, hence the expression \u2018 on the dole \u2019. 16th century chest dating from 1520 our oldest chest is carved with ornate scenes depicting a variety of strange creatures and mythical beasts. 1592 tester bed plaited reeds or rushes were woven together to create a cover for the bed \u2019 s rope supports. a feather mattress was probably placed on top. this depicts henry viii \u2019 s surrey palace of nonsuch. there was to be \u2018 nonsuch \u2019 like it, but henry died before it was completed. a space - saving piece of furniture with an under - seat storage area and a top that folds down to form a table. this large cupboard, dated 1673, was used for storing tableware. a carved wooden bible box that stored objects of great value, most notably the family \u2019 s bible. a 1713 cupboard with three sections ; the top can be lifted down and used as a bench. 18ft oak table dating from the 1630s, this spectacular 18ft eight - legged table was brought from crook hall, lancashire, in 1921.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39638493436146616, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.778490"} {"text": "the writer nathaniel hawthorne was born on the fourth of july in 1804 and went on from there to establish himself as one of the great contributors to american literature. like forrest gump, he seemed all his life to be surrounded by history. he was descended from a line of notorious puritans, including a judge at the salem witch trials. his college pals included poet henry wadsworth longfellow and future president franklin pierce. henry david thoreau planted hawthorne a vegetable garden as a wedding present. edgar allan poe wrote rave reviews of his books. the mourners at his funeral in 1860 included ralph waldo emerson and oliver wendell holmes. hawthorne spent most of his life in or around the massachusetts towns of salem and concord, both of which played prominent roles in american history. hawthorne ' s books and stories drew heavily from america ' s puritan history. his stories were pointed allegories that took aim at hypocrisy, sin, and corruption. hawthorne ' s most famous novel, the scarlet letter, practically ran through a checklist of the seven deadly sins. his was not a rosy view of human nature. perhaps because of this, hawthorne kept mostly to himself. he was painfully shy and rarely invited anyone to the home he shared with his wife and three children. a friend of his said at the time, \" i love hawthorne, i admire him ; but i do not know him. he lives in a mysterious world of thought and imagination which he never permits me to enter. \" 1 if hawthorne were alive today, he probably wouldn ' t even be on facebook. maybe it ' s easier to know him 150 years after his death, now that we have access to the journals and personal papers he fiercely guarded during his lifetime. picture it : a brilliantly creative man is stuck at an incredibly boring desk job at the boston custom house. he hates it, but he can ' t quit because he has to support his family. it ' s sucking away his energy, his time, and his creativity. yet, in a quintessentially american way, he refuses to give up hope. \" i do not mean to imply that i am unhappy or discontented ; for this is not the case, \" hawthorne confided in his diary on 3 july 1839. \" henceforth forever i shall be entitled to call the sons of toil my brethren, and shall know how to sympathize with them ; seeing that i likewise have risen at the dawn, and borne the fervor of the midday sun, nor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3960090662950608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.783048"} {"text": "benzene is a clear, liquid, petroleum - based chemical that has a sweet smell. benzene poisoning occurs when someone swallows, breathes in, or touches benzene. this is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. if you have an exposure, you should call your local emergency number ( such as 911 ) or the national poison control center at 1 - 800 - 222 - 1222. people may be exposed to benzene in factories, refineries, and other industrial settings. benzene may be found in : seek immediate medical help. do not make a person throw up unless told to do so by poison control or a health care professional. if the chemical is on the skin or in the eyes, flush with lots of water for at least 15 minutes. if the chemical was swallowed, immediately give the person water or milk, unless instructed otherwise by a health care provider. do not give water or milk if the patient is having symptoms ( such as vomiting, convulsions, or a decreased level of alertness ) that make it hard to swallow. if the person breathed in the poison, immediately move him or her to fresh air. before calling emergency determine the following information : patient ' s age, weight, and condition name of the product ( ingredients and strengths, if known ) time it was swallowed poison control, or a local emergency number the national poison control center ( 1 - 800 - 222 - 1222 ) can be called from anywhere in the united states. this national hotline number will let you talk to experts in poisoning. they will give you further instructions. this is a free and confidential service. all local poison control centers in the united states use this national number. you should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. it does not need to be an emergency. you can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. people who work with benzene products should only do so in areas with good air flow. they should also use protective gloves and eye glasses. mirkin db. benzene and related aromatic hydrocarbons. in : shannon mw, borron sw, burns mj, eds. haddad and winchester ' s clinical management of poisoning and drug overdose. 4th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 94. atsdr ( agency for toxic substances and disease registry ). toxicological profile for benzene. update. public health service, u. s. department of health and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5098869110275254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.786446"} {"text": "the science fair concept has been established to : - focus attention on students \u2019 academic achievements - strengthen student motivation and interest in science - promote teacher and public recognition of outstanding science talent - recognize outstanding individual achievements, efforts, potential, and creativity - this event provides a medium for students to apply learned knowledge and skills to solve real problems and answer real - life questions. entering the fair - the competition is open to 4th \u2013 12th grade students. - each elementary school may bring 10 projects to the district fair. - each middle school may bring 15 projects to the district fair - each high school may bring 25 projects to the district fair. - schools will decide how the projects will be selected. most often this will be through a school science fair. - students may work individually or in groups ( no groups of more than 3 ). - students may not participate in more than one project. - all participating schools must be represented by at least one teacher or administrator at the competition. - registration must be submitted for each project entered. - project displays should not show the students names. - only participants, judges, teachers, and fair officials are allowed in the judging area during judging. - exhibits must be brought to, cared for, and removed from the fair by the exhibitor. - the science fair committee and cooperating groups will assume no responsibility for loss or damage to any exhibit. - valuables, such as computers, meters, cameras, microscopes, etc., should not be left unattended. the only time they are required to be part of the exhibit is during the hours of judging. how are the projects judged? the role of judging is not to distinguish winners and losers, but to recognize students who achieve standards of excellence. by encouraging students to strive for their best effort, all participants are winners and grow from the experience. - a team of judges is assigned to each category. during the initial judging, the projects are grouped so that each project is screened by at least two judges. - all students must remain with their projects during the judging to make presentations and explain their study. - all others ( sponsors, teachers, parents, and other students ) are not permitted in the project area while judging is in progress. - all decisions of the judges are final. - final judging information will not be available to participants, parents, or teachers. how are awards given? - every student entering the fair will receive an a certificate of participation. - trophies will be given for the top 3 scores in each category. first and second place winners that are students in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5285117300700065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.789121"} {"text": "some texts are currently available in german only. we apologize for any inconvenience. on display in the friedrichswerder church are sculptures from the early 19th century. built between 1824 and 1830 after plans by karl friedrich schinkel, the friedrichswerder church, with all its works, is the most authentic building of its creator. the reception of antique motif and form is an important feature of the sculptures from the late 18th to the mid - 19th century which are on display here. they are grouped in the exhibition space in a way which is informal and rich in connections so that the observer is given an impression of something like a \" landscaped serenity \". at the centre of the exhibition is the original plaster model for johann gottfried schadow ' s marble sculpture of the prussian princesses. the area of the classical sculptural ideal is represented by emil wolff ' s \" badende \" and heinrich kummel ' s \" fischerknabe \". theodor kalide ' s \" bacchantin auf dem panther \" - a war - damaged torso, the revolutionary modernity of which can be recognised even in this fragmentary form - already exceeds the boundaries of classicism. busts of significant personages from the goethe period complement the sculpture exhibition : immanuel kant, johann wolfgang von goethe, wilhelm and alexander von humboldt and other characters from this significant period in german intellectual history are present. in the gallery of the church, the nationalgalerie ( national gallery ) has put on display a documentary exhibition on the life and work of karl friedrich schinkel. so, at the same time, the building receives recognition : with the friedrichswerder church schinkel realised a central work of german neo - gothic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4556393817965696, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.792836"} {"text": "oil painting id : 62935 1511 - 12 fresco, 215 x 430 cm cappella sistina, vatican \" matthan begat jacob. jacob begat joseph, the husband of mary, of whom was born jesus, who is called christ. \" ( matthew 1 : 15 - 16 ) at the top of the entrance wall of the chapel, to the right of the viewer, next to the eleazar - matthan lunette, there is the one concluding the genealogical sequence of the ancestors of christ in the gospel of st matthew. sullen and perplexed, wrapped in a huge yellow ochre cloak and seemingly withdrawn, the old man - generally believed to be jacob - dominates the family group on the left due to his expressive power and the quality of the colour. similarly, on the right, the female figure, usually thought to be mary, is more prominent than the other members of the holy family and the child holding a mirror. behind mary in the shadow, joseph holds the christ child, who stretches out an arm toward the round mirror held out at the height of his face by a naked female child, possibly an allegory of the church. the compositional schemes of the two neighbouring lunettes correspond : in both there is a female figure in the foreground seen in full, or half, profile and facing the outer wall of the chapel, and a male figure, on the internal side, with his torso seen frontally. artist : michelangelo buonarroti painting title : jacob - joseph, 1501 - 1550 painting style : italian,, religious b caprese 1475 d rome 1564 born : march 6, 1475 died : february 18, 1564 michelangelo was one of the greatest sculptors of the italian renaissance and one of its greatest painters and architects. michelangelo buonarroti was born on march 6, 1475, in caprese, italy, a village where his father, lodovico buonarroti, was briefly serving as a florentine government agent. the family moved back to florence before michelangelo was one month old. michelangelo ' s mother died when he was six. from his childhood michelangelo was drawn to the arts, but his father considered this pursuit below the family ' s social status and tried to discourage him. however, michelangelo prevailed and was apprenticed ( worked to learn a trade ) at the age of thirteen to domenico ghirlandaio ( 1449? c1494 ), the most fashionable painter in florence at the time. after a year michelangelo '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4481627815890279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.803372"} {"text": "however, michelangelo prevailed and was apprenticed ( worked to learn a trade ) at the age of thirteen to domenico ghirlandaio ( 1449? c1494 ), the most fashionable painter in florence at the time. after a year michelangelo ' s apprenticeship was broken off. the boy was given access to the collection of ancient roman sculpture of the ruler of florence, lorenzo de ' medici ( 1449? c1492 ). he dined with the family and was looked after by the retired sculptor who was in charge of the collection. this arrangement was quite unusual at the time. michelangelo ' s earliest sculpture, the battle of the centaurs ( mythological creatures that are part man and part horse ), a stone work created when he was about seventeen, is regarded as remarkable for the simple, solid forms and squarish proportions of the figures, which add intensity to their violent interaction. soon after lorenzo died in 1492, the medici family fell from power and michelangelo fled to bologna. in 1494 he carved three saints for the church of san domenico. they show dense forms, in contrast to the linear forms which were then dominant in sculpture. after returning to florence briefly, michelangelo moved to rome. there he carved a bacchus for a banker ' s garden of ancient sculpture. this is michelangelo ' s earliest surviving large - scale work, and his only sculpture meant to be viewed from all sides. in 1498 the same banker commissioned michelangelo to carve the piet?? now in st. peter ' s. the term piet?? refers to a type of image in which mary supports the dead christ across her knees. larger than life size, the piet?? contains elements which contrast and reinforce each other : vertical and horizontal, cloth and skin, alive and dead, female and male. on michelangelo ' s return to florence in 1501 he was recognized as the most talented sculptor of central italy. he was commissioned to carve the david for the florence cathedral. michelangelo ' s battle of cascina was commissioned in 1504 ; several sketches still exist. the central scene shows a group of muscular soldiers climbing from a river where they had been swimming to answer a military alarm. this fusion of life with colossal grandeur henceforth was the special quality of michelangelo ' s art. from this time on, michelangelo ' s work consisted mainly of very large projects that he never finished. he was unable to turn down the vast commissions of his great clients which appealed to his preference for the grand scale. pope julius ii ( 1443", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3981502439694491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.804576"} {"text": ". from this time on, michelangelo ' s work consisted mainly of very large projects that he never finished. he was unable to turn down the vast commissions of his great clients which appealed to his preference for the grand scale. pope julius ii ( 1443? c1513 ) called michelangelo to rome in 1505 to design his tomb, which was to include about forty life - size statues. michelangelo worked on the project off and on for the next forty years. in 1508 pope julius ii commissioned michelangelo to decorate the ceiling of the chief vatican chapel, the sistine. the traditional format of ceiling painting contained only single figures. michelangelo introduced dramatic scenes and an original framing system, which was his earliest architectural design. the chief elements are twelve male and female prophets ( the latter known as sibyls ) and nine stories from genesis. michelangelo stopped for some months halfway along. when he returned to the ceiling, his style underwent a shift toward a more forceful grandeur and a richer emotional tension than in any previous work. the images of the separation of light and darkness, and ezekiel illustrate this greater freedom and mobility. after the ceiling was completed in 1512, michelangelo returned to the tomb of julius and carved a moses and two slaves. his models were the same physical types he used for the prophets and their attendants in the sistine ceiling. julius ' s death in 1513 halted the work on his tomb. pope leo x, son of lorenzo de ' medici, proposed a marble facade for the family parish church of san lorenzo in florence to be decorated with statues by michelangelo. after four years of quarrying and designing the project was canceled. in 1520 michelangelo was commissioned to execute the medici chapel for two young medici dukes. it contains two tombs, each with an image of the deceased and two allegorical ( symbolic ) figures : day and night on one tomb, and morning and evening on the other. a library, the biblioteca laurenziana, was built at the same time on the opposite side of san lorenzo to house pope leo x ' s books. the entrance hall and staircase are some of michelangelo ' s most astonishing architecture, with recessed columns resting on scroll brackets set halfway up the wall and corners stretched open rather than sealed. michelangelo wrote many poems in the 1530s and 1540s. approximately three hundred survive. the earlier poems are on the theme of neoplatonic love ( belief that the soul comes from a single undivided source to which it can unite again ) and are full of logical contradictions and intricate images. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4321642173832017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.805783"} {"text": "duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a defective gene for dystrophin ( a protein in the muscles ). however, it often occurs in people without a known family history of the condition. because of the way the disease is inherited, boys are affected, not girls. the sons of females who are carriers of the disease ( women with a defective gene but no symptoms themselves ) each have a 50 % chance of having the disease. the daughters each have a 50 % chance of being carriers. duchenne muscular dystrophy occurs in about 1 out of every 3, 600 male infants. because this is an inherited disorder, risks include a family history of duchenne muscular dystrophy. symptoms usually appear before age 6 and may appear as early as infancy. they may include : duchenne muscular dystrophy leads to quickly worsening disability. death usually occurs by age 25, typically from lung disorders. congestive heart failure ( rare ) heart arrhythmias ( rare ) mental impairment ( varies, usually minimal ) permanent, progressive disability decreased ability to care for self pneumonia or other respiratory infections calling your health care provider call your health care provider if : your child has symptoms of duchenne muscular dystrophy symptoms worsen, or new symptoms develop, particularly fever with cough or breathing difficulties genetic counseling is advised if there is a family history of the disorder. duchenne muscular dystrophy can be detected with about 95 % accuracy by genetic studies performed during pregnancy. kliegman rm, behrman re, jenson hb, stanton bf. muscular dystrophies. in : kliegman rm, behrman re, jenson hb, stanton bf. nelson textbook of pediatrics. 18th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 608. neil k. kaneshiro, md, mha, clinical assistant professor of pediatrics, university of washington school of medicine ; and benjamin seckler, md, diagnostic radiologist, poughkeepsie, ny, and president of charley ' s fund ; and luc jasmin, md, phd, department of neurosurgery at cedars - sinai medical center, los angeles, and department of anatomy at ucsf, san francisco, ca. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46039202071274093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.808349"} {"text": "do not misled by the name of water chestnut, it is not at all a member of the nut family but is about the size of a walnut. water chestnuts ( or \u99ac in chinese ) are the knobby root of an aquatic plant that grow in areas also suitable for paddy fields. that is why they are widely found in china and south east asia, where they are said to be planted between rice crops. since harvesting of water chestnuts is pretty labor intensive, no doubt they are less common in regions of high costs of living like japan and australia though these affluent areas also grow abundant rice. nice water chestnuts are firm with no rotten or soft spot. their skins, often muddy, have to be peeled off before cooking. the flavor of water chestnuts is mild yet a little bit sweet. even after cooked, they are still crunchy and juicy. once peeled, do rinse and clean them thoroughly and cover with cold water or their pale - looking flesh may turn rusty. if chilled in fridge, and water is replaced daily, the peeled water chestnuts can be stored for one to two weeks. besides they can also be eaten raw alone as snack. if not taken as a snack or cooking ingredient, you may just boil them in water and add in your preferred amount of sugar ( we often use rock sugar to go with it ) and that will give you a good cup of sweet soup. water chestnuts can also be dried and made into powder form and is known as water chestnut flour or starch. the flour ( like corn starch ) is often used as thickener in chinese cooking, and sometimes for use in making puddings or steamed cakes. a day before, i have used water chestnuts as one of the fillings for preparing some lettuce wraps, just click here to read details of the recipe or leave a comment. to get immediate updates and new recipes from my blog, you may also subscribe them via rss feeds. see you there.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4428727866313067, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.811111"} {"text": "vinca is very drought - tolerant and has an extremely long blooming season. it can also tolerate the highest temperatures we face during the summer growing season. great improvements have been made in vinca flower colors and varieties during the past 25 years. in the 1980s, gardeners had few choices in terms of vinca growth habits, flower colors or disease resistance. in the 1990s, new forms and new flower colors arrived with rapid expansion occurring between 2000 - 2005. vinca flower colors now include pink, deep rose, red, blush, scarlet, white, white with a red eye, lavender blue, peach, apricot, orchid, burgundy and many others. you can have vinca varieties that are upright and vinca varieties that are spreading. plants generally grow 18 - 20 inches tall with a spread of 12 - 14 inches. spreading types, though, have more trailing or ground cover habits and reach only 6 - 8 inches tall ( at the most ) with spreads of 18 - 14 inches. we do have vinca problems in the landscape, and based on the number of calls with vinca issues this spring, this is a bad year for vinca. this is surprising considering we now have disease - resistant varieties and we had a very dry spring and early summer. the main disease culprit is a fungus called phytophthora, which always is present in our soils. it is often responsible for root rots and crown rots, and it attacks many types of plants. this fungus causes a disease seen shortly after planting, but it also can be found later in the year. rhizoctonia is another disease common on vinca in louisiana. it normally shows up in the summer after plants are established. plant pathologists can also find botrytis ( gray mold ) and alternaria ( leaf spot ) on vinca in summer and fall. to get the best performance out of vinca in your landscape, consider the following lsu agcenter recommendations : \u2022 begin with good quality plants. inspect plants obtained from the greenhouse grower or retail garden center for healthy roots. \u2022 select a full - sun location. vinca need at least eight hours of direct sun daily for optimum performance. \u2022 properly prepare the landscape bed to allow for drainage and aeration. raise the bed at least 6 inches if drainage is questionable. if beds are already established, all debris from the previous planting needs to be removed. possibly, mulch should be removed also and add another couple inches of landscape soil prior to planting. \u2022 although late", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.405288362862146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.818508"} {"text": "bed at least 6 inches if drainage is questionable. if beds are already established, all debris from the previous planting needs to be removed. possibly, mulch should be removed also and add another couple inches of landscape soil prior to planting. \u2022 although late april through early may is the ideal first planting date for the spring, you can continue planting vinca through the summer. the main thing to remember is that vinca love warm soil. \u2022 plant so that the top of the root ball is level with or slightly higher than the soil of the bed. proper spacing also is important because a crowded planting limits air circulation and can create conditions more favorable to disease development. space transplants at least 8 - 10 inches apart. the more quickly plants grow together, the higher the likelihood of disease moving through foliage later in the year. \u2022 mulch to decrease splashing of rainfall and irrigation water from soil onto the lower stems and foliage of the plants. bedding plants should be mulched to a depth of about 1 inch. pine straw is the preferred mulch material. \u2022 manage irrigation properly. this is the main culprit in plant decline in commercial landscape beds. vinca need very little irrigation once they \u2019 re established. avoid regular overhead irrigation. even if the landscape bed drains very well, an adequate volume once a week is the most water that should be applied. \u2022 don \u2019 t plant periwinkles in the same bed year after year. rotate them with other summer bedding plants that like sunny locations, such as blue daze, lantana, pentas, angelonia, scaevola, verbena, melampodium or sun - tolerant coleus. varieties of vinca available in louisiana include pacifica, cooler, mediterranean, victory, titan, nirvana and cora series. cooler and pacifica are older varieties that still perform well with correct care. mediterranean vincas spread and should be planted only in hanging baskets and containers. titans have the largest flowers of all the vinca groups. the newer and more expensive nirvana and cora vincas have genetic resistance to phytophthora. a few other vincas we have evaluated at the lsu agcenter recently are not being sold in any significant quantities in louisiana. it is late in the bedding - plant season, but pay attention to vinca in landscapes. are you noticing them looking good or looking bad? try to figure out why a particular planting is performing well or not performing well. vinca can have trouble through the summer and fall if proper practices are not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39423034867446044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.819622"} {"text": "job s. ebenezer, ph. d. president, technology for the poor, 877 pelham court, westerville, ohio - 43081 the original savonius design called for a 7 to 8 inch overlap of the buckets. research at sandia laboratories, however, suggested an overlap of 10 to 15 % of the bucket diameter or in this case 3 inches ( the bucket diameter = 23 inches ). the second modification was the use of an automobile differential at the bottom of the machine to convert the vertical shaft power of the rotor to horizontal shaft power. a water pump or grain grinder could then be connected to the horizontal shaft either directly or via chain or v belt arrangements. the vertical main shaft of the wind machine was connected to the driveshaft of the differential., and one axle shaft of the differential became the horizontal power take off shaft for the wind machine. the other axle shaft was removed and the slip gears were locked. the gear ratio offered by this arrangement was 3 : 1, i. e. for every three turns of the wind machine ' s main shaft, the horizontal shaft turned once. this arrangement provided a high torque, low speed power to run a chain pump and a grain mill. a simple brake mechanism was provided to stop the machine in high winds. a chain pump was constructed using a design proposed by volunteers in technical assistance ( vita ). a drawing of the chain pump constructed is shown below. in order to prevent corrosion of the metal chain, short lengths of nylon ropes were substituted for the lengths of chain between each leather washer. this substitution ;. however, proved to be unsatisfactory as there was much binding and misalignment of the washers as they ascended the pipe. it is suggested that the metal links should not be replaced by light weight ropes as the weight of the links keep the washers taught and aligned well. aside from these alignment problems, the savonius machine performed well. the brace research institute in canada has successfully operated a diaphragm pump made of a tire with a savonius windmill. it is suggested that a diaphragm pump may be better suited for savonius windmill than a chain pump. although the village technology program did not construct and test a chain bucket pump ( shown below ), it is believed that it might perform very well with a savonius windmill. conventional piston pumps can also be used with a savonius windmill. the savonius windmill was also used to grind grain. a small grain mill", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5017866738492124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.826137"} {"text": "shown below ), it is believed that it might perform very well with a savonius windmill. conventional piston pumps can also be used with a savonius windmill. the savonius windmill was also used to grind grain. a small grain mill known as \" corona convertible \" manufactured in columbia, south america, was fitted with a hopper and sprocket. the hopper holds a large amount of grain and can feed the mill automatically. a s shown below, the horizontal shaft of the windmill is connected to the grain mill via a roller chain and sprocket drive. the overall ratio between the wind machine and the grain mill was 5 : 1. the mill turned once for every five turns of the rotor. this wind machine and mill combination successfully ground grain into fine flour. however, the rate of production and wind speed are not known with any accuracy, as this set up was not instrumented. also unknown is the eventual durability of the mill ' s simple cast iron journal bearings. perhaps the use of higher quality mills with better bearings will be required. all factors considered, the savonius design affords a very simple, stable machine requiring little maintenance. the savonius ' power output is relatively low ( about 1 2 hp ), but so is the initial investment for its construction ( about $ 250 of materials ). we highly recommend this machine for use in third world countries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4500391174618946, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.827997"} {"text": "when i was in school at mit and harvard in the 1980s and 1990s, i was taught that there were 100, 000 or so human genes, every one encoding a protein. the properties of those genes were unknown. today, i teach that our genome contains only 21, 000 protein - coding genes. to our surprise, there are thousands of additional genes that don \u2019 t encode proteins. all of these genes have been described in great detail. i was taught that the parts of the genome not encoding proteins were \u201c junk. \u201d today, we know that this junk makes up three - quarters of our functional dna. parts of it help exquisitely control where and when genes are active in the body. i was taught that \u201c genetic diseases, \u201d such as cystic fibrosis, are caused by mutation of a single gene, with only a small handful of these mutations known. today, precise causes are known for 2, 800 of these rare single - gene disorders. i was taught nothing about the more complex genetics of common diseases. today, we are learning at dizzying speed about the interplay of genes and environment in diabetes, heart disease, and other common conditions. in the past three years alone more than 1, 000 genetic risk factors have been found ( an increase of perhaps 50 - fold ), contributing to more than 100 common diseases. such advances would have come far later, if at all, without the human genome project ( see \u201c the human genome, a decade later \u201d ). but a body of knowledge is not its only legacy. it also changed the way biological research is performed. i was trained to view scientific data as the private property of each investigator. human genetics research groups were locked in a \u201c race \u201d to discover each disease gene, and there were winners and losers. this often led to fragmentation of effort and yielded results irreproducible by others. data was collected by hand and stored in paper notebooks. the human genome project held the revolutionary view that data collected should be freely available to all. today this view prevails in genomics and many other fields of biology and medicine. data is shared online by scientists the world over. today, thanks in no small part to the genome project \u2019 s example, investigators working on the same disease often publish together. combining clinical and genetic data this way increases the statistical robustness of the claimed findings and makes for highly reproducible results. of course, knowledge of the human genome alone is not sufficient to cure disease. it will always be the case that creativity,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5596359397744852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.832111"} {"text": "by staff writers ann arbor mi ( spx ) mar 14, 2013 in evolutionary biology, there is a deeply rooted supposition that you can ' t go home again : once an organism has evolved specialized traits, it can ' t return to the lifestyle of its ancestors. there ' s even a name for this pervasive idea. dollo ' s law states that evolution is unidirectional and irreversible. but this \" law \" is not universally accepted and is the topic of heated debate among biologists. now a research team led by two university of michigan biologists has used a large - scale genetic study of the lowly house dust mite to uncover an example of reversible evolution that appears to violate dollo ' s law. the study shows that tiny free - living house dust mites, which thrive in the mattresses, sofas and carpets of even the cleanest homes, evolved from parasites, which in turn evolved from free - living organisms millions of years ago. \" all our analyses conclusively demonstrated that house dust mites have abandoned a parasitic lifestyle, secondarily becoming free - living, and then speciated in several habitats, including human habitations, \" according to pavel klimov and barry oconnor of the u - m department of ecology and evolutionary biology. their paper, \" is permanent parasitism reversible? - critical evidence from early evolution of house dust mites, \" is scheduled to be published online march 8 in the journal systematic biology. mites are arachnids related to spiders ( both have eight legs ) and are among the most diverse animals on earth. house dust mites, members of the family pyroglyphidae, are the most common cause of allergic symptoms in humans, affecting up to 1. 2 billion people worldwide. despite their huge impact on human health, the evolutionary relationships between these speck - sized creatures are poorly understood. according to klimov and oconnor, there are 62 different published hypotheses arguing about whether today ' s free - living dust mites originated from a free - living ancestor or from a parasite - an organism that lives on or in a host species and damages its host. in their study, klimov and oconnor evaluated all 62 hypotheses. their project used large - scale dna sequencing, the construction of detailed evolutionary trees called phylogenies, and sophisticated statistical analyses to test the hypotheses about the ancestral ecology of house dust mites.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5396852535798499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.837868"} {"text": "evaluated all 62 hypotheses. their project used large - scale dna sequencing, the construction of detailed evolutionary trees called phylogenies, and sophisticated statistical analyses to test the hypotheses about the ancestral ecology of house dust mites. on the phylogenetic tree they produced, house dust mites appear within a large lineage of parasitic mites, the psoroptidia. these mites are full - time parasites of birds and mammals that never leave the bodies of their hosts. the u - m analysis shows that the immediate parasitic ancestors of house dust mites include skin mites, such as the psoroptic mange mites of livestock and the dog and cat ear mite. \" this result was so surprising that we decided to contact our colleagues to obtain their feedback prior to sending these data for publication, \" said klimov, the first author of the paper and an assistant research scientist in the department of ecology and evolutionary biology. the result was so surprising largely because it runs counter to the entrenched idea that highly specialized parasites cannot return to the free - living lifestyle of their ancestors. \" parasites can quickly evolve highly sophisticated mechanisms for host exploitation and can lose their ability to function away from the host body, \" klimov said. \" they often experience degradation or loss of many genes because their functions are no longer required in a rich environment where hosts provide both living space and nutrients. many researchers in the field perceive such specialization as evolutionarily irreversible. \" the u - m findings also have human - health implications, said oconnor, a professor in the department of ecology and evolutionary biology and a curator of insects and arachnids at the u - m museum of zoology. \" our study is an example of how asking a purely academic question may result in broad practical applications, \" he said. \" knowing phylogenetic relationships of house dust mites may provide insights into allergenic properties of their immune - response - triggering proteins and the evolution of genes encoding allergens. \" the project started in 2006 with a grant from the national science foundation. the first step was to obtain specimens of many free - living and parasitic mites - no simple task given that some mite species are associated with rare mammal or bird species around the world. the research team relied on a network of 64 biologists in 19 countries to obtain specimens. in addition, klimov and oconnor conducted field trips to north and south america, europe, asia and africa. on one occasion, it took two years to obtain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4995066707832235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.839250"} {"text": "relied on a network of 64 biologists in 19 countries to obtain specimens. in addition, klimov and oconnor conducted field trips to north and south america, europe, asia and africa. on one occasion, it took two years to obtain samples of an important species parasitizing african birds. a total of around 700 mite species were collected for the study. for the genetic analysis, the same five nuclear genes were sequenced in each species. how might the ecological shift from parasite to free - living state have occurred? there is little doubt that early free - living dust mites were nest inhabitants - the nests of birds and mammals are the principal habitat of all modern free - living species in the family pyroglyphidae. klimov and oconnor propose that a combination of several characteristics of their parasitic ancestors played an important role in allowing them to abandon permanent parasitism : tolerance of low humidity, development of powerful digestive enzymes that allowed them to feed on skin and keratinous ( containing the protein keratin, which is found in human hair and fingernails ) materials, and low host specificity with frequent shifts to unrelated hosts. these features, which occur in almost all parasitic mites, were likely important precursors that enabled mite populations to thrive in host nests despite low humidity and scarce, low - quality food resources, according to klimov and oconnor. for example, powerful enzymes allowed these mites to consume hard - to - digest feather and skin flakes composed of keratin. with the advent of human civilization, nest - inhabiting pyroglyphids could have shifted to human dwellings from the nests of birds and rodents living in or around human homes. once the mites moved indoors, the potent digestive enzymes and other immune - response - triggering molecules they carry made them a major source of human allergies. university of michigan darwin today at terradaily. com | the content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are copyright 1995 - 2012 - space media network. afp, upi and ians news wire stories are copyright agence france - presse, united press international and indo - asia news service. esa portal reports are copyright european space agency. all nasa sourced material is public domain. additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by space media network on any web page published or hosted by space media network", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49395730545577216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.840887"} {"text": "early history of logic, science and math. imagine holding history in your hands. now you can. digitally preserved and previously accessible only through libraries as early english books online, this rare material is now available in single print editions. thousands of books written between 1475 and 1700 can be delivered to your doorstep in individual volumes of high quality historical reproductions. the \" hard sciences \" developed exponentially during the 16th and 17th centuries, both relying upon centuries of tradition and adding to the foundation of modern application, as is evidenced by this extensive collection. this is a rich collection of practical mathematics as applied to business, carpentry and geography as well as explorations of mathematical instruments and arithmetic ; logic and logicians such as aristotle and socrates ; and a number of scientific disciplines from natural history to physics. + + + + the below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. this data is provided as an additional tool in helping to insure edition identification : + + + + logicae artis compendium in quo vniversiae artis synopsis, methodo ac forma ad scholarum vsum, qu m fieri potuit, accommodatissim breviter proponitur. sanderson, robert, 1587 - 1663. by robert sanderson. with a final errata leaf., 230, 124, p. oxonii : excudebat iosephus barnesius, 1615. madan, i, p. 104. / stc ( 2nd ed. ) / 21701 latin reproduction of the original in the queen ' s college ( university of oxford ) library + + + + this book represents an authentic reproduction of the text as printed by the original publisher. while we have attempted to accurately maintain the integrity of the original work, there are sometimes problems with the original work or the micro - film from which the books were digitized. this can result in errors in reproduction. possible imperfections include missing and blurred pages, poor pictures, markings and other reproduction issues beyond our control. because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world ' s literature. show more show less", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5730379181242763, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.845130"} {"text": "case study : adderall vs. response cost a six year - old boy in the t. l. c. program was seen by the consulting psychiatrist who recommended tapering the child off of his psycho - stimulant medication ( adderall ) due to his small stature, observable tics, and ongoing difficulties with inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity despite the use of the stimulant medication. prior to tapering the medication, observations were made of this child \u2019 s behavior in the school and cottage settings. frequencies of off - task, inattentive, and impulsive behaviors were counted in each setting over the course of one week. after this data was collected and the child was tapered off the adderall, a response cost program was implemented in the school and cottage settings to specifically target these behaviors. frequencies of off - task, inattentive, and impulsive behaviors were again collected in the cottage and school settings after the implementation of the response cost program. the average rate of off - task, inattentive, and impulsive behaviors per hour were determined from these frequency counts. comparisons were made between the child \u2019 s average hourly frequency of displaying each behavior while on adderall to the child \u2019 s average hourly frequency of displaying each behavior while off adderall and utilizing a response cost program. in all cases the rates of behaviors were lower during the response cost program than they were during the adderall regimen ( see graph below ). it is important to note that the decrease in the average hourly rate of off - task behavior ( t ( 2 ) = 1. 104, p =. 38 ) and impulsive behavior ( t ( 2 ) =. 949, p =. 443 ) was not statistically significant. this finding is not surprising, rather it is to be expected given the limited statistical power to find real differences that comes from using such a small data set ( with only two degrees of freedom ). average hourly frequency of behaviors the truly impressive finding in this single - sample case study is that the average rate of inattentive behavior did significantly decrease ( t ( 2 ) = 4. 062, p =. 05 ). this is particularly noteworthy given the limited amount of statistical power to find real differences with a small data set, as mentioned above. this indicates that, for this child, the intended effect of the response cost program is rather potent when compared to the intended effect of the adderall. furthermore, the response cost program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.499446338689379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.850835"} {"text": "this month, the hubble telescope celebrates twenty years in space. why should we care? and does an orbiting telescope matter to those of us who aren ' t scientists? caroline moore became the youngest person to discover a supernova on november 7, 2008 ( at the age of 14 ). she explains why, yes, the hubble matters. and derrick pitts, chief astronomer at the franklin institute in philadelphia, shares discoveries that the hubble has revealed about the universe, which will blow your mind. caroline ' s eleven facts about the hubble, as well as a nova - sponsored video profile on her own work, are below. to learn more about the hubble, tune in to nova ' s mini - series \" hunting the edge of space. \" caroline moore ' s eleven facts everyone should know about the hubble space telescope : the hubble space telescope was named for the notable astronomer edwin hubble and was launched april 24, 1990. hubble has looked further into space than any other instrument : some 20 billion light years. in 2003, hubble looked at a small patch of space that you could cover with a match head at arms length and found 10, 000 galaxies, where we once thought there was nothing. hubble observations have lead to over 7, 000 scientific articles. every 97 minutes, hubble completes an orbit and as it passes over your house, you can look up and see it as long as you don \u2019 t live in the city. after hubble was launched into orbit, they found it had a tiny flaw. it was just slightly the wrong shape by about 1 / 50th the thickness of a human hair. hubble has been repaired 4 times, by the hubble repairman, john grunsfeld. hubble can see 20 billion light years across the universe, but can \u2019 t see the flag on the moon. hubble weighs 24, 500 lb. on earth, but when in space, you can move it with your finger. hubble, over its lifetime, has cost $ 10 billion. compare this to the cost of cigarettes in the u. s. for one year : $ 157. 7 billion. hubble is not in danger of being demoted to a dwarf space telescope when the james webb telescope comes on line in 2014.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.475712663010128, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.854042"} {"text": "ninety - one years after two americans, robert edwin peary and frederick albert cook, both claimed to have been the first to reach the north pole, experts are still arguing over which of them if either turned the trick. certainty remains elusive. cook ' s case is weaker, not least because cook is such a lousy character witness for himself. a physician, he was, to be sure, also an accomplished outdoorsman. he had served as surgeon on peary ' s first arctic expedition in 1891 and had done some serious mountaineering in the years prior to his north pole assault. but consider the mountaineering as exhibit a against the man : in 1906, cook stated that he had made the first successful ascent of alaska ' s mount mckinley. later, his summit photographs were revealed as fakes, and cook ' s climbing partner recanted his corroboration. exhibit b could be cook ' s conviction for mail fraud, a smear erased sort of by a presidential pardon in 1940, the year of cook ' s death. so that ' s frederick a. cook. peary was no sweetheart either. the u. s. navy commander was unlikable, arrogant and extraordinarily self - involved. a married man with a son and a daughter, he fathered two eskimo children during his arctic adventures. ( though he associated with eskimos during his entire career, peary proved to be no friend to the northern people : as detailed in kenn harper ' s give me my father ' s body : the life of minik, the new york eskimo, in 1897 peary presented six eskimos as \" specimens \" to the american museum of natural history in new york city. four of the group died almost immediately of influenza. ) peary once said of matthew henson, his african american assistant of 22 years, \" henson must go all the way. i can ' t make it without him. \" throughout the arctic, henson cooked, built igloos, tended the dogs and walked every cold and painful step, while his boss was hauled on a sledge by eskimos. but when evidence indicated that henson had quite possibly reached the pole before him, peary never spoke to the man again. so that ' s robert e. peary. cook and peary were right for the task, as the goal they had in sight could be reached only by a driven man of considerable ego. the north pole was the single greatest target for adventurers at the turn of the century.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4294851504367433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.860837"} {"text": "peary. cook and peary were right for the task, as the goal they had in sight could be reached only by a driven man of considerable ego. the north pole was the single greatest target for adventurers at the turn of the century. in the 1890s the norwegian fridtjof nansen sailed his ship to spitsbergen but ultimately failed to reach the pole ; the swede salomon andree tried to reach the pole by balloon but failed ; peary tried for the pole on dogsled but failed. the north pole, floating on a sea 13, 410 feet deep, its surface ice perpetually shifting and drifting, cracking and freezing again, was a cruel siren : by the early 20th century it had already claimed the lives of hundreds of adventurers. peary, 52, felt certain that his 1908 expedition would be his last. his six previous trips to the arctic had earned him considerable renown in 1891 - 92 he had proved greenland to be an island by exploring its northern coast, and his 1905 polar trek had established a farthest - north record but he would remain unfulfilled if he did not reach 90 degrees north. he either did or did not do so on april 6, 1909, after an over - the - ice journey of 37 days, accompanied on the last stretch by henson and four eskimos. before peary could even cable the news, his old colleague cook blindsided him by announcing from the shetland islands that he had stood atop the world a full year earlier. it seemed, initially, that he might have, but the journals he presented as proof were said by experts to have been doctored, and the eskimo guides that cook trotted out as witnesses proved as worthy as his mckinley corroborator. the eskimos finally admitted that cook had, in fact, never left sight of land land that ends hundreds of miles south of the pole. in recent years, peary ' s claim has also come under a cloud : did he get there? were his measurements accurate? the truth may never be known. in 1989 the national geographic society, after commissioning the navigation foundation to spend more than a year investigating 225 cubic feet of documents, announced that peary, who had been made a rear admiral before his death in 1920, had very likely come within five miles of the north pole and perhaps had stood upon the spot itself. whatever the truth is, favor does seem to rest much more comfortably with peary than with cook. as peter freuchen, the noted danish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4597855794128505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.862084"} {"text": "fans of lake st. clair ' s 420 square miles of water connecting lake erie and lake huron want to make it the sixth great lake. they should forget it. at 26 miles long and 14 miles wide at its widest, this lake is important as a link and an established part of the great lakes waterway system. but a great lake? the notion makes no more sense than an effort four years ago to designate lake champlain, which lies between vermont and new york, a great lake. leading the campaign to promote lake st. clair, a puddle in comparison with lakes superior, michigan, huron, erie, and ontario, are two members of the macomb water quality board. their aims are as economic as ecological, as connected to sport fishing as to shipping, and to clean water as to biodiversity. what ' s behind their petition to the great lakes commission is money. lake st. clair ' s characterization as a \u201c great, \u201d though it flies in the face of common sense, would entitle it to federal dollars allocated to the real great lakes for pollution and weed control, to save wetlands, correct contamination from runoff, and help get rid of noxious marine life such as the gobey and the zebra mussel brought in by foreign vessels. but lake st. clair, because it connects lake erie and lake huron, may be entitled to some of this money anyway. if the lake is contaminated, if it harbors alien noxious species, they will be quick to spread to the great lakes. it is a key part of the system. is this money possible? of course it is. the great lakes commission last year set aside a half million dollars in federal funds to correct chronic pollution in lake st. clair. it could use some of its allocations under the great lakes legacy act to keep conditions in lake st. clair comparable to those in the great lakes. and if there is a reason to fix lake st. clair, surely it is easier for congress to fix it than to see this relatively small body of water declared a great lake. michael j. donahue, who heads the great lakes commission, acknowledges that the commission staff has been calling st. clair the sixth great lake for a while, if only to illustrate the importance of the whole water system. but even he concedes that the name is not the issue, that what lake st. clair needs is some kind attention and some recognition because it \u201c might be a lot more important, economically and ecologically, than the five great lakes. \u201d maybe so,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39175631818123946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.864740"} {"text": "christian parents should gather their families together each day for spiritual instruction and prayer. this opportuity must be seized when the children are young. even a child of two will bow his head, and say \" amen \" at the end of a prayer. this catechism has been made available to help you teach your children the word of god. family worship might well include : 1. two or three verses of a hymn 2. the reading of a few verses of scripture 3. catechism questions and answers 4. prayer need not be tedious or long - winded encourage the children to pray. use your imagination to make family worhsip attractive and interesting. the children will sometimes be ready to discuss the catechism answers with you. they will enjoy looking up passages of scripture where the catechism truths are found. pray for the guidance and help of the holy spirit. god will honour you if you are faithful. remember the promise, \" train up a child in the way he should go : and when he is old, he will not depart from it \" ( proverbs 22 : 6 ). 1. q. who made you? a. god made me ( gn 1 : 26, 27, 2 : 7 ; eccl. 12 : 1 ; acts 17 : 24 - 29 ). 2. q. what else did god make? a. god made all things ( gn 1, 31 ; acts 14 : 15 ; rom. 11 : 36 ; col 1 : 16 ). 3. q. why did god make you and all things? a. for his own glory ( ps 19 : 1 ; jer 9 : 23, 24 ; rv 4 : 11, 4 : 15 ). 4. q. how can you glorify god? a. by loving him and doing what he commands ( eccl. 12 : 13 ; mk 12 : 29 - 31 ; john 15 : 8 - 10 ; 1 cor 10 : 31 ). 5. q. why ought you to glorify god? a. because he made me and takes care of me ( rom. 11 : 36 ; rv 4 : 11 ; cf. dan 4 : 39 ). 6. q. are there more gods than one? a. there is only one god ( deut 6 : 4 ; jer 10 : 10 ; mk 12 : 29 ; acts 17 : 22 - 31 ). 7. q. in how many persons does this one god exist? a. in three persons ( mt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4467397727236112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.887463"} {"text": "only one god ( deut 6 : 4 ; jer 10 : 10 ; mk 12 : 29 ; acts 17 : 22 - 31 ). 7. q. in how many persons does this one god exist? a. in three persons ( mt 3 : 16, 17 ; john 5 : 23, 10 : 30, 14 : 9, 10, 15 : 26, 16 : 13 - 15 ; 1 john 5 : 20 ; 2 john 9 ; rv 1 : 4, 5 ). 8. q. who are they? a. the father, the son and the holy spirit ( mt 28 : 19 ; 2 cor 13 : 14 ; 1 pet 1 : 2 ; jude 20, 21 ). 9. q. who is god? a. god is a spirit, and does not have a body like men ( john 4 : 24 ; 2 cor 3 : 17 ; 1 tim 1 : 17 ). 10. q. where is god? a. god is everywhere ( ps 139 : 7 - 12 ; jer 23 : 23, 24 ; acts 17 : 27, 28 ). 11. q. can you see god? a. no. i cannot see god, but he always sees me ( ex 33 : 20 ; john 1 : 18 ; 1 tim 6 : 16 ; ps 139 ; prov. 5 : 21 ; heb. 4 : 12, 13 ). 12. q. does god know all things? a. yes. nothing can be hidden from god ( 1 chron 28 : 9 ; 2 chron 16 : 9 ; lk 12 : 6, 7 ; rom. 2 : 16 ). 13. q. can god do all things? a. yes. god can do all his holy will ( ps 147 : 5 ; jer 32 : 17 ; dan 4 : 34, 35 ; eph 1 : 11 ). 14. q. where do you learn how to love and obey god? a. in the bible alone ( job 11 : 7 ; ps 119 : 104 ; is 8 : 20 ; mt 22 : 29 ; 2 tim 3 : 15 - 17 ). 15. q. who wrote the bible? a. holy men who were taught by the holy spirit ( 2 pet 1 : 20, 21 ; acts 1 : 16 ; 2 tim 3 : 16 ; 1 pet 1 : 10, 11 ). 16. q. who were our first parents? a. adam and eve ( gn 2 : 18 - 25, 3 : 20, 5 : 1,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44006432265509177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.888301"} {"text": ": 16 ; 2 tim 3 : 16 ; 1 pet 1 : 10, 11 ). 16. q. who were our first parents? a. adam and eve ( gn 2 : 18 - 25, 3 : 20, 5 : 1, 2 ; acts 17 : 26 ; 1 tim 2 : 13 ). 17. q. of what were our first parents made? a. god made the body of adam out of the ground, and formed eve from the body of adam ( gn 2 : 7, 21 - 23, 3 : 19 ; ps 103 : 14 ). 18. q. what did god give adam and eve besides bodies? a. he gave them the breath of life and they became living souls ( gen. 2 : 7 ; job 33 : 4 ; eccl 12 : 7 ; zech 12 : 1 ). 19. q. have you a soul as well as a body? a. a soul is not something a person has, it is the person. man was not given a soul, but rather he became a soul. ( gen. 2 : 7 ; mk 8 : 34 - 37, 12 : 30 ). 20. q. can a soul die? a. yes. the soul that continues in sin shall die. ( ezek. 18 : 20 ; mt 10 : 28 ; mk 8 : 34 - 37 ). 21. q. what is your soul? a. my soul includes all of me that should know and love god ( mk 8 : 34 - 38 ; eph. 3 : 16 - 19 ). 22. q. in what condition did god make adam and eve? a. he made them holy and happy ( gn 1 : 26 - 28 ; ps 8 : 4 - 8 ). 23. q. did adam and eve stay holy and happy? a. no. they sinned against god ( gn 3 : 1 - 7 ; eccl 7 : 29 ; hos 6 : 7 where \" men ~ ~ = adam ). 24. 24. q. what was the sin of our first parents? a. eating the forbidden fruit ( gn 2 : 16, 17, 3 : 6 ). 25. q. why did they eat the forbidden fruit? a. because they did not believe what god had said ( gn 3 : 1 - 6 ; cf. heb. 11 : 6 ). 26. q. who tempted them to this sin? a. the devil tempted eve, and she gave the fruit to adam ( g", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4220886004091134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.889209"} {"text": "what god had said ( gn 3 : 1 - 6 ; cf. heb. 11 : 6 ). 26. q. who tempted them to this sin? a. the devil tempted eve, and she gave the fruit to adam ( gn 3 : 1 - 13 ; 2 cor 11 : 3 ; 1 tim 2 : 13, 14 ; cf. rv 12 : 9 ). 27. q. what happened to our first parents when they had sinned? a. instead of being holy and happy, they became sinful and miserable ( gn 3 : 14 - 24, 4 : 1 - 24 ; james 1 : 14, 15 ). 28. q. what effect did the sin of adam have on all mankind? a. all mankind is born in a state of sin and misery ( ps. 5 1 : 5 ; rom. 5 : 12, 18, 19 ; 1 cor 15 : 21, 22 ; 1 john 5 : 19 ). 29. q. what do we inherit from adam as a result of this original sin? a. a sinful nature ( 1 kings 8 : 46 ; ps 14 : 2, 3, 58 : 3 ; eccl 9 : 3 ; mt 15 : 18 - 20 ; john 2 : 24, 25 ; rom. 8 : 7 ). 30. q. what is sin? a. sin is any transgression of the law of god ( 1 john 3 : 4 ; rom. 3 : 20 ; james 2 : 9 - 11 ). 31. q. what is meant by transgression? a. doing what god forbids ( 1 sam 13 : 8 - 14, 15 : 22, 23 ; hos 6 : 7 ; rom. 1 : 21 - 32 ). 32. q. what does every sin deserve? a. the anger and judgment of god ( deut 27 : 26 ; rom. 1 : 18, 2 : 2 ; gal 3 : 10 ; eph 5 : 6 ). 33. q. do we know what god requires of us? a. yes, he has given us his law both in our hearts and in writing ( rom. 2 : 14 - 15 ). 34. q. how many commandments did god give on mt. sinai? a. ten commandments ( ex 20 : 1 - 17 ; deut 5 : 1 - 22 ). 35. q. what are the ten commandments sometimes called? a. god ' s moral law ( lk 20 : 25 - 28 ; rom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4445770732919623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.890155"} {"text": "ten commandments ( ex 20 : 1 - 17 ; deut 5 : 1 - 22 ). 35. q. what are the ten commandments sometimes called? a. god ' s moral law ( lk 20 : 25 - 28 ; rom. 2 : 14, 15, 10 : 5 ). 36. q. what do the first four commandments teach? a. our duty to god ( deut 6 : 5, 6, 10 : 12, 13 ). 37. q. what do the last six commandments teach? a. our duty to our fellow men ( deut 10 : 19 ; mic 6 : 8 ; cf. gal. 6 : 10 ). 38. q. what is the sum of the ten commandments? a. to love god with all my heart, and my neighbor as myself ( deut 6 : 1 - 15 ; 11 : 1 ; mt 22 : 35 - 40 ; james 2 : 8 ). 39. q. who is your neigheb. or? a. all my fellow men are my neighbors ( lk 10 : 25 - 37, 6 : 35 ). 40. q. is god pleased with those who love and obey him? a. yes. he says, ' i love them that love me ' ( prov. 8 : 17 ; ex 20 : 6 ; 1 john 4 : 7 - 16 ). 41. q. is god pleased with those who do not love and obey him? a. no. ' god is angry with the wicked every day ' ( ps 7 : 11 ; mal 2 : 17 ; prov. 6 : 16 - 19 ; 1 cor 16 : 22 ). 42. q. what is the first commandment? a. the first commandment is, you shall have no other gods before me ( ex 20 : 3 ; deut 5 : 7 ). 43. q. what does the first commandment teach us? a. to worship god only ( is 45 : 5, 6 ; mt 4 : 10 ; rv 22 : 8, 9 ). 44. q. what is the second commandment? a. the second commandment is, you shall not make for yourself [ a ] an idol, or any likeness of what is in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the water under the earth. you shall not worship them or serve them ; for i, the lord your god, am a jealous god, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children, on the third and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4587098183817103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.890961"} {"text": "on the earth beneath or in the water under the earth. you shall not worship them or serve them ; for i, the lord your god, am a jealous god, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children, on the third and the fourth generations of those who hate me, but showing lovingkindness to thousands, to those who love me and keep my commandments ( ex 20 : 4 - 6 ; deut 5 : 8 - 10 ). 45. q. what does the second commandment teach us? a. to worship god in the right way, and to avoid idolatry ( is 44 : 9 - 20, 46 : 5 - 9 ; john 4 : 23, 24 ; acts 17 : 29 ). 46. q. what is the third commandment? a. the third commandment is, thou shalt not take the name of the lord thy god in vain ; for the lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain ( ex 20 : 7 ; deut 5 : 11 ). 47. q. what does the third commandment teach us? a. to reverence god ' s name, word, and works ( is 8 : 13 ; ps 29 : 2, 138 : 2 ; rv 15 : 3, 4 ). 48. q. what is the fourth commandment? a. the fourth commandment is, remember the sabbath day to keep it holy. six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work : but the seventh day is the sabbath of the lord thy god : in it thou shalt not do any work, thou nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy man - servant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates : for in six days the lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day : wherefore the lord blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it ( ex 20 : 8 - 11, 23 : 12 ; deut 5 : 12 - 15 ). 49. q. what does the fourth commandment teach us? a. to keep the sabbath holy ( lv 19 : 20, 23 : 3 ; is 58 : 13, 14 ). 50. q. what day of the week is the christian sabbath? a. the first day of the week, called the lord ' s day ( acts 20 : 7 ; rv 1 : 10 ). 51. q. why is it called the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45556827308991465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.891854"} {"text": "50. q. what day of the week is the christian sabbath? a. the first day of the week, called the lord ' s day ( acts 20 : 7 ; rv 1 : 10 ). 51. q. why is it called the lord ' s day? a. because on that day christ rose from the dead ( mt 28 : 1 ; mk 16 : 9 ; lk 24 : 1 - 6 ; john 20 : 1 ). 52. q. how should the sabbath be kept? a. in prayer and praise, in hearing and reading god ' s word, and in doing good to our fellow men ( is 58 : 13, 14 ; acts 20 : 7 ; 1 cor. 16 : 2 ; lk 4 : 16 ; mt 12 : 10 - 13 ). 53. q. what is the fifth commandment? a. the fifth commandment is, honor thy father and thy mother that thy days may be long upon the land which the lord thy god giveth thee ( ex 20 : 12 ; deut 5 : 16 ). 54. q. what does the fifth commandment teach us? a. to love and obey our parents ( mt 15 : 3 - 6 ; eph. 6 : 1 - 3 ; col. 3 : 20 ). 55. q. what is the sixth commandment? a. the sixth commandment is, thou shalt not kill ( ex 20 : 13 ; deut 5 : 17 ) 56. q. what does the sixth commandment teach us? a. to avoid hatred, all that leads to it, and all that follows from it. ( mt 5 : 21 - 24 ; 1 john 3 : 15 ; james 4 : 1 - 3 ). 57. q. what is the seventh commandment? a. the seventh commandment is, thou shalt not commit adultery ( ex 20 : 14 ; deut 5 : 18 ). 58. q. what does the seventh commandment teach us? a. to be pure in heart, language and conduct ( mt 5 : 27, 28 ; eph. 5 : 3 - 5 ; phil. 4 : 8, 9 ). 59. q. what is the eighth commandment? a. the eighth commandment is, thou shalt not steal ( ex 20 : 15 ; deut 5 : 19 ). 60. q. what does the eighth commandment teach us? a. to be honest and not to take the things of others ( ex 23 : 4 ; prov. 21", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4145421017083188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.892696"} {"text": "steal ( ex 20 : 15 ; deut 5 : 19 ). 60. q. what does the eighth commandment teach us? a. to be honest and not to take the things of others ( ex 23 : 4 ; prov. 21 : 6, 7 ; eph. 4 : 28 ). 61. q. what is the ninth commandment? a. the ninth commandment is, thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neigheb. or ( ex 20 : 16 ; deut 5 : 20 ). 62. q. what does the ninth commandment teach us? a. to tell the truth and not to speak evil of others ( ps 15 : 1 - 3 ; zech 8 : 16 ; 1 cor 13 : 6 ; james 4 : 11 ). 63. q. what is the tenth commandment? a. the tenth commandment is, thou shalt not covet thy neigheb. or ' s house, thou shalt not covet thy neigheb. or ' s wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neigheb. or ' s ( ex 20 : 17 ; deut 5 : 21 ; rom. 7 : 7 ). 64. q. what does the tenth commandment teach us? a. to be content with what we have ( phil 4 : 11 ; 1 tim 6 : 6 - 8 ; heb. 13 : 5 ). 65. q. can any man keep these ten commandments? a. no mere man, since the fall of adam, ever did or can keep the ten commandments perfectly ( prov. 20 : 9 ; eccl. 7 : 20 ; rom. 3 : 19, 20 ; james 2 : 10 ; 1 john 1 : 8, 10 ). 66. q. of what use are the ten commandments to us? a. they teach us our duty, make clear our condemnation, and show us our need of a saviour ( 1 tim 1 : 8 - 11 ; rom. 3 : 20 ; gal 3 : 24 ). 67. q. does god condemn all men? a. no. though he could justly have done so he has graciously entered into a covenant to save many ( rom. 3 : 19, 20, 23 - 25 ; john 17 : 11, 12 ; is 53 : 11 ). 68. q. what is a covenant? a. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47500215890925634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.895333"} {"text": "he has graciously entered into a covenant to save many ( rom. 3 : 19, 20, 23 - 25 ; john 17 : 11, 12 ; is 53 : 11 ). 68. q. what is a covenant? a. a covenant is an agreement between two or more persons ( e. g., 1 sam 18 : 3 ; mt 26 : 14, 15 ). 69. q. what is the covenant of grace? a. it is an eternal agreement within the trinity to save certain persons called the elect, and to provide all the means for their salvation ( gn 17 : 1 - 8 ; rom. 11 : 27 ; heb. 10 : 16, 11 ; 13 : 20, 21 ; jer 31 : 31 - 34 ; ez 36 : 25 - 28 ). 70. q. what did christ undertake in the covenant of grace? a. christ undertook to keep the whole law for his people, and to suffer the punishment due to their sins ( rom 8 : 3, 4 ; gal 4 : 4, 5 ; heb. 6 : 17 - 20, 7 : 22, 9 : 14, 15, 13 : 20, 21 ). 71. q. did our lord jesus christ ever sin? a. no. he was holy, blameless and undefiled ( heb. 7 : 26 ; lk 23 : 47 ; heb. 4 : 15 ; 1 pet 2 : 22 ; 1 john 3 : 5 ). 72. q. how could the son of god suffer? a. christ, the son of god, took flesh and blood, that he might obey and suffer as a man ( john 1 : 14 ; rom. 8 : 3 ; gal 4 : 4 ; phil 2 : 7, 8 ; heb. 2 : 14, 17, 4 : 15 ). 73. q. what is meant by the atonement? a. the atonement consists of christ ' s satisfying divine justice, by his sufferings and death, in the place of sinners ( mk 10 : 45 ; acts 13 : 38, 39 ; rom. 3 : 24 - 26, 5 : 8, 9 ; 2 cor 5 : 19 - 21 ; gal 3 : 13 ; 1 pet 3 : 18 ). 74. q. for whom did christ obey and suffer? a. christ obeyed and suffered for those whom the father had given him ( is 53 : 8 ; mt 1 : 21 ; john 10 : 11, 15, 16, 26 - 29", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46537168558166037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.896828"} {"text": ". 74. q. for whom did christ obey and suffer? a. christ obeyed and suffered for those whom the father had given him ( is 53 : 8 ; mt 1 : 21 ; john 10 : 11, 15, 16, 26 - 29, 17 : 9 ; heb. 2 : 13 ). 75. q. what kind of life did christ live on earth? a. christ lived a life of perfect obedience to the law of god ( mt 5 : 17 ; rom. 10 : 4 ; 1 pet 2 : 21, 22 ). 76. q. what kind of death did christ die? a. christ experienced the painful and shameful death of the cross ( ps 22 ; is 53 ; gospel records ). 77. q. who will be saved? a. only those who repent of sin and believe in christ will be saved ( mk 1 : 15 ; lk 13 : 3, 5 ; acts 2 : 37 - 41, 16 : 30, 31, 20 : 21, 26 : 20 ). 78. q. what is it to repent? a. repentance involves sorrow for sin, leading one to hate and forsake it because it is displeasing to god ( lk 19 : 8 - 10 ; rom. 6 : 1, 2 ; 2 cor 7 : 9 - 11 ; 1 thess. 1 : 9, 10 ). 79. q. what is it to believe in christ? a. a person believes who knows that his only hope is christ and trusts in christ alone for salvation ( john 14 : 6 ; acts 4 : 12 ; 1 tim 2 : 5 ; 1 john 5 : 11, 12 ). 80. q. how were godly persons saved before the coming of christ? a. they believed in the saviour to come ( john 8 : 56 ; gal 3 : 8, 9 ; 1 cor 10 : 1 - 4 ; heb. 9 : 15, 11 : 13 ). 81. q. how did they show their faith? a. they offered sacrifices according to god ' s commands ( ex 24 : 3 - 8 ; 1 chron 29 : 20 - 25 ; heb. 9 : 19 - 23, 10 : 1, 11 : 28 ). 82. q. what did these sacrifices represent? a. they were symbolic of christ, the lamb of god, who was to die for sinners ( ex 12 : 46 cf. john 19 : 36 ; heb. 9, heb. 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3893853426503987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.897846"} {"text": ". q. what did these sacrifices represent? a. they were symbolic of christ, the lamb of god, who was to die for sinners ( ex 12 : 46 cf. john 19 : 36 ; heb. 9, heb. 10 ; john 1 : 29 ; 1 cor 5 : 7 ; 1 pet 1 : 19 ). 83. q. what does christ do for his people? a. he does the work of a prophet, a priest and a king ( heb. 1 : 1 - 3 ; rv 1 : 5 ; mt 13 : 57 ; heb. 5 : 5 - 10 ; john 18 : 37 ). 84. q. how is christ a prophet? a. he teaches us the will of god, reveals god to us, and really was god in human flesh. ( deut 18 : 15, 18 ; john 1 : 18, 4 : 25, 14 : 23, 24 ; 1 john 5 : 20 ). 85. q. why do you need christ as a prophet? a. because i am ignorant ( job 11 : 7 ; mt 11 : 25 - 27 ; john 6 : 67 - 69, 17 : 25, 26 ; 1 cor 2 : 14 - 16 ; 2 cor 4 : 3 - 6 ). 86. q. how is christ a priest? a. he died for our sins and prays to god for us ( ps 110 : 4 ; 1 tim 2 : 5, 6 ; heb. 4 : 14 - 16, 7 : 24, 25 ; 1 john 2 : 1, 2 ). 87. q. why do you need christ as a priest? a. because i am guilty ( prov. 20 : 9 ; eccl. 7 : 20 ; rom. 3 : 19 - 23 ; heb. 10 : 14, 27, 28 ; 1 john 1 : 8, 9 ). 88. q. how is christ a king? a. he rules over us and defends us ( ps 2 : 6 - 9 ; mt 28 : 18 - 20 ; eph 1 : 19 - 23 ; col 1 : 13, 18 ; rv 15 : 3, 4 ). 89. q. why do you need christ as a king? a. because i am weak and helpless ( john 15 : 4, 5 ; 2 cor 12 : 9 ; phil 4 : 13 ; col 1 : 11 ; jude 24, 25 ). 90. q. what did god the father undertake in the covenant of grace? a.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3955786075086597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.898603"} {"text": "helpless ( john 15 : 4, 5 ; 2 cor 12 : 9 ; phil 4 : 13 ; col 1 : 11 ; jude 24, 25 ). 90. q. what did god the father undertake in the covenant of grace? a. by his goodness and mercy, god the father elected, and deterom. ined to justify, adopt and sanctify those for whom christ should die ( ex 33 : 18, 19 ; eph 1 : 3 - 5 ; rom. 8 : 29 - 33 ; gal 4 : 4 - 7 ; heb. 10 : 9, 10 ; 1 cor 1 : 8, 9 ; phil 1 : 6 ; 1 thess. 4 : 3, 7, 5 : 23, 24 ). 91. q. what is election? a. it is god ' s goodness as revealed in his grace by choosing certain sinners for salvation ( eph 1 : 3, 4 ; 1 thess. 1 : 4 ; 1 pet 1 : 1, 2 ). 92. q. what is justification? a. it is god ' s regarding sinners as if they had never sinned and granting them righteousness ( zech 3 : 1 - 5 ; rom. 3 : 24 - 26, 4 : 5, 5 : 17 - 19, 8 : 33 ; 2 cor 5 : 21 ; heb. 8 : 12 ; phil. 3 : 9 ). 93. q. what is righteousness? a. it is god ' s goodness as revealed in his law, and as honored in christ ' s perfect obedience to that law. ( ex 33 : 19, 34 : 6 ; ps 33 : 5 ; hos 3 : 5 ; rom. 11 : 22 ). 94. q. can anyone be saved by his own righteousness? a. no. no one is good enough for god ( prov. 20 : 9 ; eccl. 7 : 20 ; rom. 3 : 10 - 23 ; eph. 2 : 8 - 10 ; phil. 3 : 8, 9 ). 95. q. what is adoption? a. it is god ' s goodness in receiving sinful rebels as his beloved children ( john 1 : 12 ; eph. 1 : 5 ; eph. 5 : 1 ; gal 4 : 7, 31 ; 1 john 3 : 1 - 3 ). 96. q. what is sanctification? a. in sanctification god makes sinners holy in heart and conduct so that they will demonstrate his goodness in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46627339142229907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.899386"} {"text": "; gal 4 : 7, 31 ; 1 john 3 : 1 - 3 ). 96. q. what is sanctification? a. in sanctification god makes sinners holy in heart and conduct so that they will demonstrate his goodness in their lives ( john 17 : 17 ; eph. 2 : 10, 4 : 22 - 24 ; phil. 2 : 12 - 13 ; 1 thess. 5 : 23 ). 97. q. is this process of sanctification ever complete in this life? a. no. it is certain and continual, but is complete only in heaven ( phil. 3 : 12 - 15 ; 2 pet 1 : 4 - 8 ; 1 john 3 : 1 - 3 ). 98. q. what hinders the completion of sanctification in this life? a. the scripture says \" the flesh lusts against the spirit so that you cannot do the things you would \" ( gal. 5 : 17 ). 99. q. since we are by nature sinful, how can one ever desire to be holy and to gain heaven where god lives? a. our hearts must be changed before we can be fit for heaven ( eph. 4 : 17 - 24 ; col 3 : 5 - 12 ). 100. q. who can change a sinner s heart? a. only the holy spirit can change a sinner ' s heart. ( john 3 : 3 ; rom. 8 : 6 - 11 ; 1 cor 2 : 9 - 14 ; 2 thess. 2 : 13, 14 ; titus 3 : 5 - 6 ). 101. q. what did the holy spirit undertake in the covenant of a. he regenerates, baptizes, and seals those for whom christ has died ( eph. 2 : 1 - 8 ; 1 cor 12 : 13 ; eph. 1 : 13, 14 ; eph. 4 : 30 ; 2 cor 1 : 22 ). 102. q. what is regeneration? a. it is a change of heart that leads to true repentance and faith ( gal 5 : 22 ; eph. 2 : 5 - 8 ; 2 thess. 2 : 13 ). 103. q. can you repent and believe in christ by your own power? a. no. i can do nothing good without god ' s holy spirit ( john 3 : 5, 6, 6 : 44 ; rom. 8 : 2, 5, 8 - 11 ; 1 cor 2 : 9 - 14 ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.438302509824399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.900195"} {"text": "power? a. no. i can do nothing good without god ' s holy spirit ( john 3 : 5, 6, 6 : 44 ; rom. 8 : 2, 5, 8 - 11 ; 1 cor 2 : 9 - 14 ; gal 5 : 17, 18 ; eph. 2 : 4 - 6 ). 104. q. how does the holy spirit baptize believers? a. he puts them into the body of christ by making them a living part of all those who truly believe in him ( 1 cor 12 ). 105. q. how does the holy spirit seal believers? a. he comes to live within them to guarantee that they will receive the wonders god has promised those who love him ( rom. 8 : 9 - 11 ; eph. 1 : 13, 14 ; eph. 4 : 30 ; 2 tim 1 : 9 ; 2 cor 1 : 22 ). 106. q. how can you receive the holy spirit? a. god has told us that we must pray to him for the holy spirit ( lk 11 : 9 - 13 ; john 4 : 10, 16 : 24 ) ; but the evidence of his presence is seen most clearly in our trusting and loving the lord jesus christ. ( lk 12 : 8 - 10 ; john 3 : 3 - 5, 16, 20, 21, 14 : 17 - 21 ; 1 cor 12 : 3 ; 1 pet 1 : 2 ; 1 john 5 : 6 - 12 ). part 117 107. q. what is prayer? a. prayer is talking with god ( gn 17 : 22, 18 : 33 ; neh 1 : 4 - 11, 2 : 4 ; mt 6 : 6 ; rom. 8 : 26, 27 ). 108. q. in whose name should we pray? a. we should pray in the name of the lord jesus ( john 14 : 13, 14, 16 : 23, 24 ; heb. 4 : 14 - 16 ). 109. q. what has christ given to teach us how to pray? a. the lord ' s prayer ( mt 6 : 5 - 15 ; lk 11 : 1 - 13 ). 110. q. can you repeat the lord ' s prayer? a. \" our father who is in heaven, hallowed be your name. your kingdom come. your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. give us this day our daily bread. and forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4351808289108544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.901293"} {"text": "is in heaven, hallowed be your name. your kingdom come. your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. give us this day our daily bread. and forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. and do not lead us into temptation, but deliver us from evil. \" 111. q. how many petitions are there in the lord ' s prayer? 112. q. what is the first petition? a. \" hallowed be thy name \" ( mt 6 : 9 ; lk 11 : 2 ). 113. q. what do we pray for in the first petition? a. that god ' s name may be honored by us and all men ( ps 8 : 1, 72 : 17 - 19, 113 : 1 - 3, 145 : 21 ; is 8 : 13 ). 114. q. what is the second petition? a. \" thy kingdom come \" ( mt 6 : 10 ; lk 11 : 2 ). 115. q. what do we pray for in the second petition? a. that the gospel may be preached in all the world, and believed and obeyed by us and all men ( mt 28 : 19, 20 ; john 17 : 20, 21 ; acts 8 : 12, 28 : 30, 31 ; 2 thess. 3 : 1 ). 116. q. what is the third petition? a. \" thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven \" ( mt 6 : 10 ; lk 11 : 2 ). 117. q. what do we pray for in the third petition? a. that men on earth may serve god as the angels do in heaven ( ps 67, 103 : 19 - 22 ; john 9 : 31 ; rv 4 : 11 ). 118. q. what is the fourth petition? a. \" give us this day our daily bread \" ( mt 6 : 11 ; lk 11 : 3 ). 119. q. what do we pray for in the fourth petition? a. that god will give us all things needful for our bodies ( ps 145 : 15, 16 ; prov. 30 : 8, 9 ; 1 tim 4 : 4, 5 ). 120. q. what is the fifth petition? a. ' and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them that trespass against us \" ( mt 6 : 12 ; lk 11 : 4 ). 121. q. what do we pray for in the fifth petition? a. that god will pardon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4192420743100411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.902124"} {"text": "forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them that trespass against us \" ( mt 6 : 12 ; lk 11 : 4 ). 121. q. what do we pray for in the fifth petition? a. that god will pardon our sins, and help those who have sinned against us ( ps 51 : mt 5 : 23, 1 john 4 : 20, 21 ). us to forgive 24 ; 18 : 21 - 35 ; 122. q. what is the sixth petition? a. ' and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil \" ( mt 6 : 13 ; lk 11 : 4 ). 123. q. what do we pray for in the sixth petition? a. that god will keep us from sin ( 1 chron 4 : 10 ; ps 119 : 11 ; mt 26 : 41 ). 124. q. how does the holy spirit bring us to salvation? a. he uses the bible, which is the word of god ( 1 thess. 1 : 5, 6, 2 : 13 ; 2 tim 3 : 15, 16 ; james 1 : 18 ; 1 pet 1 : 22, 23 ). 125. q. how can we know the word of god? a. we are commanded to hear, read and search the scriptures ( 1 pet 2 : 2 ; rv 3 : 22 ; mt 21 : 42, 22 : 29 ; 2 tim 3 : 14 - 17 ). 126. q. what is a church? a. a church is an assembly of baptized believers joined by a covenant of discipline and witness who meet together regularly to minister to one another that they might grow \" in the grace and knowledge of the lord \" ( mt 18 : 20 ; acts 2 : 42 ). 127. q. what two ordinances did christ give to his church? a. baptism and the lord ' s supper ( mt 28 : 19 ; 1 cor 11 : 24 - 26 ). 128 q. why did christ give these ordinances? a. to show that his disciples belong to him, and to remind them of what he has done for them ( mt 28 : 19 ; 1 cor 11 : 24 - 26 ) 129. q. what is baptism? a. the dipping of believers into water, as a sign of their union with christ in his death, burial, and resurrection ( john 3 : 23 ; acts 2 : 41, 8 : 12, 35 - 38 ; col 2 : 12 ). 130. q. what is the purpose of baptism? a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43128367543674784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.902968"} {"text": "of their union with christ in his death, burial, and resurrection ( john 3 : 23 ; acts 2 : 41, 8 : 12, 35 - 38 ; col 2 : 12 ). 130. q. what is the purpose of baptism? a. baptism testifies to believers that god has cleansed them from their sins through jesus christ ( acts 22 : 16 ; col 2 : 11 - 14 ). 131. q. who are to be baptized? a. only those who repent of their sins, and believe in christ for salvation should be baptized ( acts 2 : 37 - 41, 8 : 12, 18 : 8, 19 : 4, 5 ). 132. q. should babies be baptized? a. no ; because the bible neither commands it, nor gives any example of it. 133. q. what is the lord ' s supper? a. at the lord ' s supper, the church eats bread and drinks wine to remember the sufferings and death of christ ( mk 14 : 22 - 24 ; 1 cor 11 : 23 - 29 ). 134. q. what does the bread represent? a. the bread represents the body of christ, broken for our sins ( mt 26 : 26 ; 1 cor 11 : 24 ). 135. q. what does the wine represent? a. the wine represents the blood of christ, shed for our salvation ( mt 26 : 27, 28 ; 1 cor 11 : 25 ). 136. q. who should partake of the lord ' s supper? a. the lord ' s supper is for those only who repent of their sins, believe in christ for salvation, receive baptism, and love their fellow men ( mt 5 : 21 - 24 ; 1 cor 10 : 16, 17, 11 : 18, 20, 27 - 33 ; 1 john 3 : 24 - 27, 4 : 9 - 11 ). 137. q. did christ remain in the tomb after his crucifixion? a. no. he rose from the tomb on the third day after his death ( lk 24 : 45 - 47 ; 1 cor 15 : 3, 4 ). 138. q. where is christ now? a. christ is in heaven, seated at the right hand of god the father ( rom. 8 : 34 ; col 3 : 1 ; heb. 1 : 3, 10 : 12, 12 : 2 ). 139. q. will the bodies of the dead be raised to life again? a. yes. ' there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43339367862933825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.903907"} {"text": "( rom. 8 : 34 ; col 3 : 1 ; heb. 1 : 3, 10 : 12, 12 : 2 ). 139. q. will the bodies of the dead be raised to life again? a. yes. ' there shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the faithful and unfaithful ' ( acts 24 : 14, 15 ; john 5 : 28, 29 ; 1 corinthians 15 : 54 - 57 ; dan 12 : 2 ). 140. q. what will happen to the wicked in the day of judgment? a. they shall perish and be destroyed in the lake of fire which is the second death ( psalm 1 : 6 psalm 145 : 20 ; john 3 : 16 ; ps 9 : 16, 17 ; lk 12 : 5 ; rom. 2 : 8, 9, 12 ; 2 thess. 1 : 9 ; rv 20 : 12 - 15 ). 141. q. what will happen to the righteous in the day of judgement? a. they shall receive eternal life and live with god forever ( john 3 : 16 ; john 12 : 25 ; rom. 2 : 8, 9, 12 ; 1 thess. 4 : 17 ; rv 21 : 3 - 4 ). 142. q. in light of these truths, what should you do? a. i should cry out to god for mercy, repent of sin and believe savingly in the lord jesus christ ( lk 13 : 23, 24 ; john 6 : 27 ; acts 16 : 31 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3768434073000235, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.905138"} {"text": "between 1990 and 2001, the number of people in sub - saharan africa living on less than $ 1 a day rose from 227 million to 313 million, and the poverty rate rose from 45 percent to 46 percent. sub - saharan africa has the highest rate of undernourishment in the world, with one - third of the population below the minimum level of nourishment. many countries in sub - saharan africa are : - crippled by disease - exposed to drought - prone climates - located in areas not suitable for irrigation - tackling extreme isolation in mountains and landlocked regions - suffering from poor infrastructure in 2000, the nations of the world committed to the millennium development goals. these goals were agreed to by every country in the world and set time - bound and measurable targets for halving extreme poverty by 2015. in 2005, at the world summit leaders from all 191 un member states recommitted to achieving the millennium development goals, while leaders at the g8 summit in gleneagles agreed to double aid to africa to $ 50 billion per year by 2010 ( roughly $ 70 per african per year ) and to cancel debts for the poorest countries. sub - saharan africa is at the greatest risk of not achieving the goals and is struggling to progress on almost every dimension of poverty, including hunger, lack of education, and prevalent disease. the millennium villages seek to end extreme poverty by working with the poorest of the poor, village by village throughout africa, in partnership with governments and other committed stakeholders, providing affordable and science - based solutions to help people lift themselves out of extreme poverty.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4530952459555585, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.908307"} {"text": "reinforce your understanding of the concepts in patton and thibodeau \u2019 s the human body in health & disease, 6th edition! corresponding to the chapters in the text, this study guide reviews essential medical terminology, concepts and processes related to the anatomy and physiology of the human body, and body function in health and disease. a variety of exercises make it easy to review and apply key concepts, and labeling of anatomy drawings helps you learn anatomical structures and terminology. new! know your medical termsexercises help you learn and understand the various word parts used in medical terminology, as presented in the new language of science and language of medicine word lists in the textbook. matching and fill - in - the - blankexercises enhance your comprehension of chapter content. application questions develop your critical thinking skills and help you apply information to real - world scenarios. updated! did you know? provides fun, interesting facts on a & p topics. a briefsynopsis at the beginning of each chapter previews core concepts that will be covered. crossword puzzle, unscramble and word find activities help you learn new vocabulary terms and their proper spelling. diagrams and labeling exercises reinforce your understanding of where the structures of the body are located. answers to exercises are located in the back of the study guide, along with page - number references to the textbook. by linda swisher, rn, edd ; kevin t. patton, phd, professor of life science, st. charles community college, cottleville, mo, professor of anatomy & physiology instruction ( adjunct ), new york chiropractic college, seneca falls, ny, emeritus assistant professor of physiology, saint louis university medical school, st. louis, mo and gary a. thibodeau, phd, chancellor emeritus and professor emeritus of biology, university of wisconsin, river falls, river falls, wi elsevier is a leading publisher of health science books and journals, helping to advance medicine by delivering superior education, reference information and decision support tools to doctors, nurses, health practitioners and students. with titles available across a variety of media \u2014 print, online and handheld, we are able to supply the information you need in the most convenient format.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5594690683106254, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.914015"} {"text": "trademarks - trademark lawyers a trademark includes any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination used, or intended to be used, in commerce to identify and distinguish the goods of one manufacturer or seller from goods manufactured or sold by others, and to indicate the source of the goods. in short, a trademark is a brand name. use of the tm and sm symbols may be governed by local, state, or foreign laws and the laws of a pertinent jurisdiction to identify the marks that a party claims rights to. the federal registration symbol, the r enclosed within a circle, may be used once the mark is actually registered in the uspto. even though an application is pending, the registration symbol may not be used before the mark has actually become registered. the federal registration symbol should only be used on goods or services that are the subject of the federal trademark registration. a trademark is a type of intellectual property, and typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, or a combination of these elements. there is also a range of non - conventional trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these standard categories. the owner of a registered trademark may commence legal proceedings for trademark infringement to prevent unauthorized use of that trademark. however, registration is not required. the owner of a common law trademark may also file suit, but an unregistered mark may be protectable only within the geographical area within which it has been used or in geographical areas into which it may be reasonably expected to expand. the term trademark is also used informally to refer to any distinguishing attribute by which an individual is readily identified, such as the well known characteristics of celebrities. when a trademark is used in relation to services rather than products, it may sometimes be called a service mark, particularly in the united states. the essential function of a trademark is to exclusively identify the commercial source or origin of products or services, such that a trademark, properly called, indicates source or serves as a badge of origin. the use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use. certain exclusive rights attach to a registered mark, which can be enforced by way of an action for trademark infringement, while unregistered trademark rights may be enforced pursuant to the common law tort of passing off. uspto trademark | uspto trademark application | uspto trademark fees | uspto trademark search | trademarks. gov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49459872758326884, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.917922"} {"text": "parliament ' s imposition of taxes on the north american colonies led to organized opposition by the colonial legislatures. in 1773 parliament passed a tea act giving the east india company a monopoly on the tea sold in the colonies. in december of that year, residents of boston, massachusetts, tossed three shiploads of tea into the harbor rather than let it be landed. in the spring of 1774 parliament retaliated and passed the coercive acts ( known in the colonies as the intolerable acts ). these acts included the boston port act, which closed the port of boson to all commerce effective june 1, 1774, until the tea was paid for and restitution made to royal officials. the massachusetts government act altered the charter of massachusetts to limit town meetings and to allow the king to appoint a military governor in place of the governor elected by the colony ' s assembly, called the general court. word of the closing of the port of boston reached williamsburg when the general assembly was in session in may 1774. although many virginians disapproved of the destruction of the tea, which was private property, they did not approve of closing the port. on may 23, several members of the house of burgesses met in the capitol and drew on seventeenth - century english precedents to draft a resolution calling on virginians to observe a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer on june 1, in sympathy with the people of boston. the house of burgesses passed the resolution on may 24. two days later the royal governor, john murray, fourth earl of dunmore, dissolved the general assembly so that the members could take no further action, but on may 27 many of the former burgesses met and formed an association that pledged them to purchase no goods imported by the east india company except saltpeter and spices. they advised the colony ' s committee of correspondence to transmit the resolution to the other colonies with the suggestion that the colonies appoint delegates to come together in a general congress. unbeknownst to the virginians, letters from boston were on their way. on may 29, the virginia committee of correspondence received a letter from the boston committee of correspondence proposing to halt all trade with great britain. twenty - five burgesses who were still in williamsburg met on may 30 and agreed to summon a convention to meet on august 1, 1774, in williamsburg to discuss the proposal. that convention would be the first virginia revolutionary convention, at which representatives chose virginia ' s delegates to the first continental congress. 1. how many men signed this resolution? do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43967570806108747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.922121"} {"text": "convention to meet on august 1, 1774, in williamsburg to discuss the proposal. that convention would be the first virginia revolutionary convention, at which representatives chose virginia ' s delegates to the first continental congress. 1. how many men signed this resolution? do you recognize any of their names? 2. why do you suppose that the burgesses remaining in williamsburg did not make a decision concerning the boston committee ' s proposal? 3. during this time communication between the colonies was delivered by horse or on ships. consequently, it was considerably slower than today ' s instant communications. how do you think this influenced the decisions that the colonists made? on may 29, a letter from the boston committee of correspondence arrived in williamsburg. this letter, dated may 13, proposed ceasing all trade with great britain, both imports and exports. on may 30, the burgesses remaining in williamsburg met to discuss the letter and determine what action they should take. if you had been a burgess what would you have proposed? why do you think the virginians chose the route they did? virginia independence bicentennial commission. revolutionary virginia : the road to independence, a documentary record, vol 1 : forming thunderclouds and the first convention 1763 \u2013 1774. compiled and edited by william j. van schreeven and robert l. scribner. charlottesville : university press of virginia, 1983. middlekauff, robert. the glorious cause : the american revolution, 1763 \u2013 1789. rev. ed. new york : oxford university press, 2005.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.452018298967393, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.922975"} {"text": "cader / cadair idris is a spectacular mountain reserve with a variety of landscapes and terrain. rugged summits, glacial lakes and a mossy wooded gorge cover over 450 hectares of breathtaking landscape. local folklore describes idris as a giant who lived on this magnificent mountain. the large boulders on the lower slopes are said to be the debris of stone throwing battles between idris and other giants. idris is more likely to have been an important leader in this area, a giant in personality and authority rather than in stature. the reserve lies within snowdonia national park and is part of the cadair idris special site of scientific interest ( sssi ) and special area of conservation ( sac ). the site encompasses the mountain and lower slopes, with a variety of habitats of european importance. these include dry heath, wet heath, blanket bog, woodland and the species - rich marshy grasslands of tir stent common, as well as a number of low nutrient or clear - water lakes. the cliffs support tall herbs growing on the ledges, and a range of plants growing on rock crevices. these habitats support a wide range of species, including slender green feather - moss and marsh fritillary butterfly. while the romantically inclined attribute its features to the work of giants, geologists come up with more prosaic but nonetheless interesting explanations that span hundreds of millions of years. the origin of the rock is volcanic, some of the lavas being poured out under the sea and shaped into bulbuous \" pillows \" that give it the name pillow lava. these are interspersed with layers of ash and other sediments that settled out on the sea bed of the time. the glaciers of the last ice age scoured and scraped at this hard upfolded rock leaving visible scratches on some of the surfaces and hollowing out basins now filled with small lakes such as those at cregennan on the first ' step ' up the mountain, or the supposedly bottomless llyn cau on the south side. amongst this craggy country on the mountain tops there survive rare arctic / alipne flowers, a legacy of the last ice age such as purple saxifrage and least willow ( a ' tree ' that never gets to more than a scrambling shrub ). at the lower level around cregennan the national trust owns two small hill farms where the rough grazing can be managed in the traditional way. a sign of summer here is the arrival of that dainty visitor, the wheatear, often difficult to spot until it displays its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4439004635830128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.926694"} {"text": "some individuals with disabilities require assistive technology ( at ) in order to access computers. hundreds of windows at third - party products are available, making it possible for almost anyone to use windows\u00ae applications, regardless of their disabilities. the microsoft\u00ae windows\u00ae operating systems also provides a core set of basic accessibility features and at applications, which can be deployed on all computers in a computer lab or classroom without additional cost. these applications provide students with basic accessibility features from any workstation, maximizing the inclusiveness of the learning environment. it should be noted that the at applications that are bundled with windows provide only a minimum level of accessibility, not the full set of features that many users require for equal access to the operating system, educational programs, and other software applications. therefore, many educational entities deploy the standard set of windows at on all workstations by default, but additionally 1 ) provide a small number of dedicated workstations that are equipped with commonly requested third party at, and 2 ) are prepared to purchase and install additional at as needed by specific students. it should also be noted that the availability of at does not itself guarantee accessibility. software applications must be designed in a way that is compatible with at and other accessibility features of the operating system. for information about purchasing software products that are accessible, see the accessit knowledge base article how can i tell whether a software application is accessible? the following is a list of basic accessibility features that are included with windows xp. previous versions of windows also included several of these same features. display and readability : these features are designed to increase the visibility of items on the screen. - font style, color, and size of items on the desktop \u2014 using the display options, choose font color, size and style combinations. - icon size \u2014 make icons larger for visibility, or smaller for increased screen space. - screen resolution \u2014 change pixel count to enlarge objects on screen. - high contrast schemes \u2014 select color combinations that are easier to see. - cursor width and blink rate \u2014 make the cursor easier to locate, or eliminate the distraction of its blinking. - microsoft magnifier \u2014 enlarge portion of screen for better visibility. sounds and speech : these features are designed to make computer sounds easier to hear or distinguish - or, visual alternatives to sound. speech - to - text options are also available. - sound volume \u2014 turn computer sound up or down. - sound schemes \u2014 associate computer sounds with particular system events. - showsounds \u2014 display captions for speech and sounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.47344876541910763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.934954"} {"text": "visual alternatives to sound. speech - to - text options are also available. - sound volume \u2014 turn computer sound up or down. - sound schemes \u2014 associate computer sounds with particular system events. - showsounds \u2014 display captions for speech and sounds. - soundsentry \u2014 display visual warnings for system sounds. - notification \u2014 get sound or visual cues when accessibility features are turned on or off. - text - to - speech \u2014 hear window command options and text read aloud. keyboard and mouse : these features are designed to make the keyboard and mouse faster and easier to use. - double - click speed \u2014 choose how fast to click the mouse button to make a selection. - clicklock \u2014 highlight or drag without holding down the mouse button. - pointer speed \u2014 set how fast the mouse pointer moves on screen. - snapto \u2014 move the pointer to the default button in a dialog box. - cursor blink rate \u2014 choose how fast the cursor blinks \u2014 or, if it blinks at all. - pointer trails \u2014 follow the pointer motion on screen. - hide pointer while typing \u2014 keep pointer from hiding text while typing. - show location of pointer \u2014 quickly reveal the pointer on screen. - reverse the function of the right and left mouse buttons \u2014 reverse actions controlled by the right and left mouse buttons. - pointer schemes \u2014 choose size and color options for better visibility. - character repeat rate \u2014 set how quickly a character repeats when a key is struck. - dvorak keyboard layout \u2014 choose alternative keyboard layouts for people who type with one hand or finger. - stickykeys \u2014 allow pressing one key at a time ( rather than simultaneously ) for key combinations. - filterkeys \u2014 ignore brief or repeated keystrokes and slow down the repeat rate. - togglekeys \u2014 hear tones when pressing certain keys. - mousekeys \u2014 move the mouse pointer using the numerical keypad. - extra keyboard help \u2014 get tooltips or other keyboard help in programs that provide it. the accessibility wizard is designed to help new users quickly and easily set up groups of accessibility options that address visual, hearing and dexterity needs all in one place. the accessibility wizard asks questions about accessibility needs. then, based on the answers, it configures utilities and settings for individual users. the accessibility wizard can be run again at any time to make changes, or changes can be made to individual settings through control panel. windows accessibility utilities : - magnifier \u2014 a display utility that makes the computer screen more read", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.514597893918052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.936133"} {"text": "helpnow by brainfuse : live homework help available 1pm to 10pm, 7 days a week. grades 1 - 12, washington state curriculum - aligned, tutoring subjects include english, math, science, spanish, and more. premium content requires a wcls library card - biography in context - - more than 400, 000 biographies on nearly 275, 000 people from around the world and throughout history. - culturegrams - - cultural reports for state, province and country projects. maps, flags, symbols, timelines, history, economy, geography, recipes, population and more. - elibrary - - search or browse more than 1, 500 full text magazines and journals. access pictures, maps and illustrations to enliven homework assignments. includes the world almanac. - gale virtual reference library - - encyclopedias and specialized reference sources for cross subject research. - helpnow by brainfuse - live homework help available 1pm to 10pm, 7 days a week. grades 1 - 12, washington state curriculum - aligned, tutoring subjects include english, math, science, spanish, and more. - history study center - - is a collection of primary and secondary sources on global history from ancient times to the present day. - learningexpress - - interactive online testing for jobs, school & skills with practice tests and courses designed to help students and adult learners. - literature resource center \u2014 a complete literature reference database. rich in biographical, bibliographical, and critical content, provides information on literary figures from all time periods writing in fiction, nonfiction, poetry, drama, history, journalism, and more. - testing & education reference center - - your one - stop shop for test preparation! ebooks, practice tests ( ged, act, sat ) developing career plans and boosting your job skills. - u. s. history in context - - primary documents, secondary sources, and journal articles covering all areas of u. s. history. - worldbook online \u2014 world book sets the standard for providing accuracy, objectivity, and reliability in research materials for both children and adults. available in spanish. - world history in context - - moves chronologically over 5, 000 years from antiquity to the present and geographically around the globe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4925007712551638, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.940259"} {"text": "harbor seal activity and numbers are on the increase as we approach the summer month for pupping or birthing. by late june or early july harbor seals numbers will have peaked and pups will literally be popping out on the beach. check out the blog today! what is a harbor seal haul - out and what are you looking at? harbor seals use specific shoreline areas on a regular basis to haul - out of the water and rest. these resting areas are called seal haul - outs and include : beaches, rocky areas, log booms and floats. some haul - outs are used regularly, while others may be used seasonally or occasionally. time spent on the haul - out is essential for their survival as they rest, dry out, interact and regulate body their temperature. in addition to resting, harbor seals give birth to and nurse their pups on the haul - out, and undergo an annual molt of their pelage or fur. this sealcam is focused on a haul - out in the puget sound and that is used by harbor seals throughout the year for many of the activities described above. a regular viewer may also see many other species of wildlife including perhaps some other fin - footed marine mammals known as pinnipeds. erin d ' agnese is a western washington university graduate student, and has been interning with washington department of fish and wildlife ( wdfw ) marine mammal investigations since 2011. she is collaborating with wdfw biologists on her master ' s project to study pup rearing success of female harbor seals at a longterm study site in south puget sound. her research will study how the success of known females relates to age, body mass, pupping experience and pup care behaviors of the mother. study results may lead to a better understanding of the unique reproductive strategy used by harbor seals and enhance the use of a non - invasive measuring technique on protected marine mammals. erin will be using the wdfw sealcam to aid her in this research and will be posting periodic notes from the field on her project and what she is observing at the harbor seal haulout. check out the blog today! currently, the sealcam has a series of video clips and still photos organized by categories that will help tell you about the life, birth, ecology, diseases and sometimes death of the seals and wildlife that inhabit this fascinating area. as we approach the months of march through june harbor seal presence and activities will intensify leading up to the late june - mid august popping season. the early weeks are challenging for many baby animals,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4517286670715421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.944704"} {"text": "the seals and wildlife that inhabit this fascinating area. as we approach the months of march through june harbor seal presence and activities will intensify leading up to the late june - mid august popping season. the early weeks are challenging for many baby animals, and seals are no exception. during this time period, mortality rates for our harbor seals, according to biologist dyanna lambourn, can reach as high as 50 percent. so, as we experiment with camera technology, you are invited to stay tuned and cheer on this year \u2019 s young seals as they practice swimming and begin their fight for survival during the critical first months of life in puget sound. young pups may become separated from their mother and appear \u201c abandoned \u201d on shore, log - booms, rocks or other haul - out sites. the pup \u2019 s best chance for survival is to stay in the location where its mother expects it to be upon return. to help ensure the pups \u2019 survival, biologists ask that people stay clear \u2014 at least 100 yards away from the animals at all times. if you are concerned about the welfare of any harbor seal, please leave the animal in place, and contact the northwest marine mammal stranding network contact for your area at http : / / www. nwr. noaa. gov / marine - mammals / stranding - maps. cfm or call 1 - 800 - 853 - 1964. please visit the sealcam frequently and send it to the attention of friend. the sealcam is also an important tool used by department biologists to continue to study and add our knowledge of this member of the marine mammal \u2019 s order of pinnipedia or wing or fin - footed mammals. viewing seals responsibly in the wild - if you see a seal on the beach, give it room - use binoculars or a spotting scope if you want to see the animal \" close up \". - the nmfs marine mammal viewing guidelines mandate a minimum approach distance of 100 yards. - the approach distance will reduce the potential for disturbing or stressing a resting or injured animal. - keep pets away. baby seals can easily fall prey to dogs. - to avoid possible injury to seals, dogs should be leashed and kept away from seals on the beach. some diseases are common to both dogs and seals. - older seals may bite in self defense. - people may also be at risk if they come into direct contact with a diseased animal. - it is a federal offense to harass seals in any way. - please go to northwest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4302834022633392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.947784"} {"text": "boldo overview information boldo is a tree that grows in the andes mountains in south america. interestingly, fossilized boldo leaves dating from over thirteen thousand years ago have been found in chile. these fossils have imprints of human teeth, suggesting that boldo has a long history of dietary or medicinal use. boldo is used for mild gastrointestinal ( gi ) spasms, gallstones, achy joints ( rheumatism ), bladder infections, liver disease, and gonorrhea. it is also to increase urine flow to rid the body of excess fluids, reduce anxiety, increase bile flow, and kill bacteria. how does it work? boldo contains chemicals that might increase urine output, fight bacterial growth in the urine, and stimulate the stomach. - achy joints ( rheumatism ). - bladder infections. - liver disease. - fluid retention. - constipation or flushing out of the bowels. - mild stomach or intestinal spasms. - other conditions. boldo side effects & safety boldo might be unsafe when used for medicinal purposes. poisoning by ascaridole, a chemical that occurs naturally in boldo, has occurred in people taking boldo. boldo might cause liver damage when taken by mouth. if you take boldo, use only ascaridole - free preparations. when applied to the skin, boldo can cause irritation. special precautions & warnings : pregnancy and breast - feeding : boldo might be unsafe when used orally in medicinal amounts. ascaridole, a chemical in boldo, can damage the liver. bile duct blockage : boldo seems to be able to increase the flow of bile, a fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. bile passes through small channels ( ducts ) in the intestine where it plays an important role in digesting fats. these ducts can become blocked. there is a concern that the extra bile flow caused by boldo might be harmful in people with blocked bile ducts. liver disease : there is some concern that boldo can damage the liver, especially in people who have liver disease. don \u2019 t use boldo if you have liver problems. surgery : boldo can slow blood clotting, so there is some concern that it might increase the chance of too much bleeding during and after surgery. stop using boldo at least two weeks before a scheduled surgery. moderate interaction be cautious with this combination - lithium interacts with boldo boldo might have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4360872375047067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.952365"} {"text": "there is some concern that it might increase the chance of too much bleeding during and after surgery. stop using boldo at least two weeks before a scheduled surgery. moderate interaction be cautious with this combination - lithium interacts with boldo boldo might have an effect like a water pill or \" diuretic. \" taking boldo might decrease how well the body gets rid of lithium. this could increase how much lithium is in the body and result in serious side effects. talk with your healthcare provider before using this product if you are taking lithium. your lithium dose might need to be changed. - medications that can harm the liver ( hepatotoxic drugs ) interacts with boldo boldo might harm the liver. taking boldo along with medication that might also harm the liver can increase the risk of liver damage. do not take boldo if you are taking a medication that can harm the liver. some medications that can harm the liver include acetaminophen ( tylenol and others ), amiodarone ( cordarone ), carbamazepine ( tegretol ), isoniazid ( inh ), methotrexate ( rheumatrex ), methyldopa ( aldomet ), fluconazole ( diflucan ), itraconazole ( sporanox ), erythromycin ( erythrocin, ilosone, others ), phenytoin ( dilantin ), lovastatin ( mevacor ), pravastatin ( pravachol ), simvastatin ( zocor ), and many others. - medications that slow blood clotting ( anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs ) interacts with boldo boldo might slow blood clotting. taking boldo along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel ( plavix ), diclofenac ( voltaren, cataflam, others ), ibuprofen ( advil, motrin, others ), naproxen ( anaprox, naprosyn, others ), dalteparin ( fragmin ), enoxaparin ( lovenox ), heparin, warfarin ( coumadin ), and others. - warfarin ( coumadin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40598523655954855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.953150"} {"text": "project laser beam ( plb ) is a five - year, multi - million dollar public - private partnership that seeks to eradicate child malnutrition. it brings together the expertise of un agencies with that of fortune 500 companies, and others in the private sector, to work with local governments and companies to find new solutions to old problems. plb was unveiled in september 2009 by plb founding partners wfp, unilever, mondelez international foundation ( formerly kraft foods foundation ), dsm and the global alliance for improved nutrition ( gain ) by us president bill clinton at the clinton global initiative meeting in new york. the pilot projects will focus initially on bangladesh and indonesia. these are countries where there are unacceptably high rates of child malnutrition, but also a demonstrated commitment by the government to tackle the problem. plb partners will be able to assist as these are also countries where they have a presence and the ability to leverage existing resources and knowledge. the projects will centre around three main pillars : food, hygiene and behavioural change. specifically, work will include : fortification of food with micronutrients, products to nutritionally supplement a child \u2019 s diet, ready - to - use foods requiring no water or cooking, sanitation and hand - washing, access to clean water, deworming, immunization, therapeutic feeding for the severely malnourished, education on the benefits of breastfeeding, nutrition education and others as needed. replicate the model plb will employ the many nutritional solutions already available in the marketplace, ensuring they are accessible to those in need. when gaps in products and services are found, plb will call on an ever - growing number of partners to step into the breach and develop new ones for the fight against child hunger in other countries. ultimately, a model will evolve that can be replicated. at the end of the five - year pilot phase, plb \u2019 s model will be replicated in other countries where malnutrition is prevalent, paving the way for generations of children to enjoy the benefits of this concerted, co - ordinated action. the situation compels us to act now. in the wake of the global economic crisis, and increasing climate - related emergencies, families with malnourished children are slipping deeper into the poverty and hunger trap every day \u2014 many for the first time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5441047365217287, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.955601"} {"text": "a new study by emory university ' s rollins school of public health reveals that the chemical compound in non - stick cookware may impact babies ' weight. according to fox news, researchers studied blood samples from 450 british women who were pregnant in 1991 and 1992, looking for the concentration of polyluoroalkyl compounds ( pfcs ). pfcs are a chemical that is commonly found in non - stick cookware items such as frying pans. study researchers claim that mothers who had high levels of this chemical in their blood during pregnancy had lower birth weight babies than other moms. although the babies were smaller to start, at 20 months, these same babies were larger in size than their counterparts. while the study does not conclude why this happens, researchers did suggest that pfcs may impact how fat is metabolized by the body. what does this mean for pregnant moms? simply stated, it suggests that you might want to avoid using non - stick pans and other similar cookware during pregnancy. this chemical is also found in other items such as water - resistant clothes and some packaging products. while it might not be entirely possible to avoid pfcs, pregnant women can do their best to keep their exposure to a minimum. it should be noted that the data collected during this study is 20 years old, meaning that the current levels of pfcs in products ( or the environment ) may not be the same. while pfcs are still in non - stick cookware, researchers believe that the modern push toward environmentalism and more stringent health standards could mean that the amount of this chemical in the general environment is lower. in turn, a lower general environmental level of pfcs may mean that the overall concentration of this chemical would be lower in a pregnant mom ' s blood than that found 20 years ago. given the latest weight statistics from the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), stating that 17 percent of u. s. kids between two and 19 years old are considered obese, it doesn ' t hurt to give your little one the best start possible. if some scientists believe that using non - stick cookware may lead to bigger babies, then avoiding the connected chemical may just be the right way to go. does this research change the way that you cook? would you plan on giving up your favorite non - stick items during pregnancy to keep your child ' s weight down? tell us below in the comments section! photo credit : morguefile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47325298882976374, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.957898"} {"text": "( ara ) - the peak water usage season, which usually begins in late july or early august, arrived early this year with record high temperatures and widespread drought. during the warmer months, the average american uses about four times as much water as they do the rest of the year. more time outdoors translates into more sweat and dirt, which leads to taking more frequent showers and washing additional loads of laundry. meanwhile, outside, fighting heat and lack of rain requires heavy lawn and garden watering. all of the increased activity adds up. fortunately, the plumbing experts at roto - rooter recommend a list of water safety and conservation tips to beat the heat. 1. check the temperature setting on your water heater. it should be set no higher than 125 degrees to prevent scalding and reduce energy use. summer is a good time to turn the temperature down, especially when away on vacation to save on energy costs. 2. replacing an old showerhead can save up to 7. 5 gallons of water per minute without sacrificing water pressure. also, try cleaning mineral deposits from the showerhead by unscrewing it, soaking it in vinegar overnight and then gently scrubbing with a toothbrush to remove deposits. 3. to maximize efficiency with each load of laundry, check washing machine hoses for rupture. turn valves on and off to check for leaks. 4. water should flow freely from outdoor faucets when watering the lawn, washing the car or filling the pool. 5. if everything is operating as it should, be conscious about conserving water. water your lawn before sun up or after sun down to reduce wasted evaporation. 6. if you will be out of town on vacation and have no house - sitters requiring the washing machine, you can shut off the machine ' s water supply. 7. when traveling, install a rain shut - off device on your automatic sprinklers to eliminate unnecessary watering. another useful device is a flood detector that works like a smoke detector, setting off an alarm to warn your house - sitter of a potential flood or leak. 8. make sure that yard drains, gutters and downspouts are cleaned out, open and free of debris. 9. beware of standing water. excess water can result from leaky or broken pipes or a damaged sewer line. standing water is not healthy for children or pets, and is a breeding ground for insects and germs. inspect the yard for areas that are too wet and with unusual plant or grass growth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45361263763241294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.964178"} {"text": "how do people know how old a star is? wow, this is a popular question! scientists have learned a lot about stars, especially the stages in their lives. since a single star can live for billions of years, scientists study several stars at different stages of their lives. certain characteristics of stars are related to each other. the luminosity, temperature, magnitude, spectral class and mass are all related. for example, larger stars are cooler, red in color and are very luminous. all these characteristics are important in determining the age of a star, but scientists found that the composition of a star is the most important. the hertzsprung - russell diagram is a very famous diagram that shows how these characteristics of stars are related. stars are divided into different categories depending on their temperature, size, etc. most stars are either, main sequence, or giants. scientists realized that the compositions of stars were related to the diagram. stars spend most of their lives as a main sequence star. during this time they burn hydrogen in their core. when a star burns hydrogen it creates helium. at some point the star uses up all the hydrogen, and starts to burn helium. the star expands and cools while burning the helium. during this stage a star is called a giant. so why tell you all of this? well, scientists discovered this is a very easy way to compare stars. it is also a great way to tell the age of a star. scientists can look at the spectra of a star and tell its temperature, which is related to the size, etc. in turn, this information reveals how much hydrogen or helium is left inside the star. we know the rate at which stars burn the gases. scientists can now tell how old the star is depending on its composition! submitted by dana, kelly, michael, kelli, tommy, nick, randall, ( ages 11 & 12, north carolina ) windows original artwork shop windows to the universe science store! learn about earth and space science, and have fun while doing it! the games section of our online store includes a climate change card game and the traveling nitrogen game you might also be interested in : most stars fall on a rather wide line ( highlighted in red ) that passes from the lower right to the upper left of the page. this line is called the main sequence. it tells us interesting things about how... more follow along the horizontal curves ( highlighted in red ). these are the locations of the giant stars. giants don ' t behave like main sequence stars. the brightness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47971006423527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.969054"} {"text": "line is called the main sequence. it tells us interesting things about how... more follow along the horizontal curves ( highlighted in red ). these are the locations of the giant stars. giants don ' t behave like main sequence stars. the brightness is constant or even increasing as you... more it depends on which type of motion you are asking about. if you take a birds - eye view from the top of the solar system all the planets orbit around the sun in a counter - clockwise ( or direct ) direction.... more almost everyone has a question or two about living in space. what do astronauts do in space? how do they do everyday things like eat, sleep and go to the bathroom? it ' s important to note that astronauts... more there is a really neat internet program called solar system live that shows the position of all of the planets and the sun for any given day. if you go to that page, you ' ll see an image similar to the... more the picture of the american flag ( the one put there by the apollo astronauts ) is waving ( or straight out ) in the wind. how could that be possible if there is no atmosphere on the moon? was it some sort... more i was wondering if there is a new planet? are there planets ( a tenth planet? ) after pluto belonging to our solar system? what are the names of the new planets discovered in the solar system? are there... more if that is so, the energy released during the big bang must have created many such black holes. therefore most of the energy of the big bang must have disappeared in that form. then how did the universe... more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5245025160328267, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.969787"} {"text": "brandon turley didn ' t have friends in sixth grade. he would often eat alone at lunch, having recently switched to his school without knowing anyone. while browsing myspace one day, he saw that someone from school had posted a bulletin - - a message visible to multiple people - - declaring that turley was a \" f - -. \" students he had never even spoken with wrote on it, too, saying they agreed. feeling confused and upset, turley wrote in the comments, too, asking why his classmates would say that. the response was even worse : he was told on myspace that a group of 12 kids wanted to beat him up, that he should stop going to school and die. on his walk from his locker to the school office to report what was happening, students yelled things like \" f - - \" and \" fatty. \" \" it was just crazy, and such a shock to my self - esteem that people didn ' t like me without even knowing me, \" said turley, now 18 and a senior in high school in oregon. \" i didn ' t understand how that could be. \" a pervasive problem as many as 25 percent of teenagers have experienced cyberbullying at some point, said justin w. patchin, who studies the phenomenon at the university of wisconsin - eau claire. he and colleagues have conducted formal surveys of 15, 000 middle and high school students throughout the united states, and found that about 10 percent of teens have been victims of cyberbullying in the last 30 days. online bullying has a lot in common with bullying in school : both behaviors include harassment, humiliation, teasing and aggression, patchin said. cyberbullying presents unique challenges in the sense that the perpetrator can attempt to be anonymous, and attacks can happen at any time of day or night. there ' s still more bullying that happens at school than online, however, patchin said. and among young people, it ' s rare that an online bully will be a total stranger. \" in our research, about 85 percent of the time, the target knows who the bully is, and it ' s usually somebody from their social circle, \" patchin said. patchin ' s research has also found that, while cyberbullying is in some sense easier to perpetrate, the kids who bully online also tend to bully at school.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44747519364893423, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.972606"} {"text": "we ' ve traveled through the heartland to examine iconic regional barbecue styles, but the birthplace of this nation ' s smoky tradition lies in south carolina. in a marriage of the perfect meat with the perfect cooking process, spanish explorers and their european pigs traveled here in the 17th century and happened upon the american indians and their slow cooking method with smoke. long before the region gained the name it boasts today, people were enjoying tender pork thanks to this merging of cultural traditions. the barbecue developed in south carolina is not unlike that of its northern counterpart \u2014 with one key difference. like north carolinian barbecue, the smoked meat on the coast ( the \" pee dee \" region ) uses the whole hog with a spicy, vinegary sauce applied during cooking. and in the western part of the state along the savannah river, the sauce integrates ketchup while the meat of choice is the moister, fattier shoulder. but travel to the midlands, and you ' ll come across carolina gold : a mustard - based sauce traced to early german settlers in the 18th century. south carolina is perhaps best known for this contribution to barbecue culture, as no other state has adopted mustard sauces with the same fervor. have you tried south carolina - style barbecue and its famed mustard sauce? what did you think? take the tour of america ' s other iconic barbecue regions :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39731530210002913, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.974162"} {"text": "october 3, 2011 | a team that includes ncar scientists anne boynard and alex guenther has found that the rate at which plant canopies emit isoprene, a volatile organic compound, is influenced by circadian rhythms. the discovery has the potential to lead to more accurate predictions of ground - level ozone, which is harmful to human health. for the study, the researchers made measurements of isoprene in malaysia above both tropical rain forest and oil palm plantations. they observed for the first time ever a circadian ( 24 - hour ) rhythm operating in concert across the entire tree canopy, especially in the palm plantation. the finding changes how scientists estimate isoprene emissions from plants, as both the palm plantations and rain forest emit less isoprene than shown by computer models of emissions. this has implications for ground - level ozone, which forms when volatile organic compounds such as isoprene react with nitrogen oxides from automobiles and industry. the researchers incorporated the circadian pattern into the ncar model of emissions of gases and aerosols from nature ( megan ) model to estimate isoprene emissions for input to ozone models. they then compared simulated ground - level ozone to observed ozone measurements from 290 monitoring sites in the united states. they found that model accuracy was significantly improved. accounting for circadian impacts on isoprene emissions could especially improve ozone predictions in isoprene - sensitive regions of the world, which include the united states, mediterranean, middle east, japan, and parts of southeast asia. the research was published in nature geoscience in september. c. n. hewitt, k. ashworth, a. boynard, a. guenther, b. langford, a. r. mackenzie, p. k. misztal, e. nemitz, s. m. owen, m. possell, t. a. m. pugh, a. c. ryan, o. wild, \u201c ground - level ozone influenced by circadian control of isoprene emissions, \u201d nature geoscience, 2011 ; doi : 10. 1038 / ngeo1271", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5091394662761746, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.976662"} {"text": "power supplies and wires for some time i \u2019 ve been wondering how the wire size for power supplies limits the power. so i \u2019 ve done some quick calculations to determine if it \u2019 s a problem. the first type that is of interest are the \u201c inverters \u201d that are used to convert 12vdc to 240vac ( mains power ) to allow electric devices to be operated in a car. i \u2019 ve seen some reports from dissatisfied user about inverters not supplying as much power as expected and i \u2019 ve had problems with my 150w inverter not always supplying my thinkpad ( which definitely doesn \u2019 t draw 150w ). the second type is phone chargers as charging a phone in a reasonable amount of time is always a problem. inverter rating fine print vs laptop psu my thinkpad power supply claims \u201c efficiency level iv \u201d which according to the us epa document describing the efficiency marking protocol for external power supplies means that it is at least 85 % efficient when supplying 50w +. the peak output of the psu is 4. 5a at 20v which is 90w peak output, 90 / 0. 85 = = 106w power drawn. one would hope that wouldn \u2019 t be a problem from a 150w psu. but the fine print on the psu says that it can provide 110w continuously and 150w for 10 minutes. so according to my calculations i \u2019 m within 4w of overloading the psu if my thinkpad uses full power. it also says that it is designed for 13. 8v input. i have no idea how the performance of the inverter changes as the supply voltage changes between the 12. 6v that a 6 cell lead - acid battery is designed to provide and the 13. 8v charge from the car alternator. but i have had occasions when my inverter stopped working correctly presumably due to being unable to supply as much current as my thinkpad draws. as an aside i measured the voltage in my car ( with the engine off ) at 12. 85v from the cigarette lighter socket and 13. 02v directly from the battery. i wonder if there is some sort of overload protection on the cigarette lighter which has a side effect of reducing the voltage. resistance in wires reduces the voltage, but all voltage meters are designed to have a high resistance to prevent that from being an issue. if anyone has an explanation for the 0. 17volt drop then please write a comment! can a car provide 130w from the cigarette lighter socket", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5047394749446561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.989915"} {"text": ", but all voltage meters are designed to have a high resistance to prevent that from being an issue. if anyone has an explanation for the 0. 17volt drop then please write a comment! can a car provide 130w from the cigarette lighter socket? if the inverter is also 85 % efficient ( and it might be less as it has no indication of efficiency on the box ) then when supplying 110w it would draw 110 / 0. 85 = = 129. 4w ( i \u2019 ll round it up to 130w ). the current that goes through a circuit is equal to the voltage divided by the resistance ( see the wikipedia page on ohm \u2019 s law for more information ). this also means that the resistance equals the voltage divided by the current. 12. 85v / 10. 12a = = 1. 27 ohms. note that this is the resistance of the entire circuit, all the wires going to the battery, the circuitry inside the inverter, and the internal resistance of the battery. the inverter \u2019 s cable is 1m long ( 2 meters of wire ) and each wire is about 3. 5mm in diameter including the insulation which means that the copper wire is probably equivalent to a single core conductor that is about 1mm in diameter. according to one of the online guides to resistance wire that is 1. 02mm in diameter will have a resistance of 0. 02 ohms per meter which gives a resistance of 0. 04 ohms. 0. 04 ohms is 3 % of the total resistance of the circuit which doesn \u2019 t seem like it will be a real problem. in practice i \u2019 ve noticed that the connector gets extremely hot when it \u2019 s in use while the cable doesn \u2019 t get warm enough to notice. i suspect that the quality of the connector limits the power that is available but i don \u2019 t have an easy way of measuring this. inverters that are rated at 300w are designed to attach directly to the battery. an inverter that is rated at 300w would draw 300w / 0. 85 = = 352w from the battery. that needs 352w / 13. 02v = = 27. 04a and therefore a circuit resistance of 13. 02v / 27. 04a = = 0. 48 ohms total resistance. i wonder whether dirt on the battery terminals would give a significant portion of that. i \u2019 ve also been wondering about why mobile phones take so long to charge, and now i \u2019 ve finally done the calculations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4695257013409193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.990945"} {"text": "= 0. 48 ohms total resistance. i wonder whether dirt on the battery terminals would give a significant portion of that. i \u2019 ve also been wondering about why mobile phones take so long to charge, and now i \u2019 ve finally done the calculations. the latest standard for mobile phones is to use usb for charging. the wikipedia page about usb says that the standard is for usb 2. 0 to supply up to 500ma at 5v + - 5 %. that means 0. 5a * 5v = = 2. 5w + - 5 %. if we assume that the internal power supply in a phone is also 85 % efficient then that means 2. 5 * 0. 85 = = 2. 125w going to the battery. my samsung galaxy s3 has a battery which is rated at 7. 98wh. according to the wikipedia page about lithium ion batteries the charge / discharge efficiency is 80 % to 90 % \u2013 i \u2019 ll assume that it \u2019 s 85 % for further calculations. if the battery in the phone is 85 % efficient and the phone is doing nothing but charging then the charge time for a regular usb port would be 7. 98wh / 0. 85 / 2. 125w = = 4. 42 hours ( 4 hours 25 minutes ) of charge time. that probably means something closer to 5 hours to totally charge the phone while it \u2019 s running. there are dedicated \u201c charging ports \u201d for usb which can supply up to 1. 5a. the 3rd party charger which came with my phone was rated at 1a and would hopefully be capable of completely charging the phone in less than 3 hours ( but in practice isn \u2019 t ). it \u2019 s interesting to note that macbooks expose the amount of current drawn from a usb port with a gui, so it should be possible to measure a phone charge rate by connecting it to a macbook ( which is cheaper than cutting up a phone cable ). my old samsung galaxy s has a battery which is rated at 5. 55wh, by the same calculations it would take slightly more than 3 hours to charge on a standard usb port or 1. 5 hours on my newest usb charger. in practice it has never got anywhere close to that, i presume that the phone is designed to draw less than 500ma. phone cable resistance the charger that came with my galaxy s has a cable that is about 1. 75m long, the cable is flat and measures just over 1mm thick and about 2mm wide. presumably the wire is equivalent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4935859058775912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.992232"} {"text": "than 500ma. phone cable resistance the charger that came with my galaxy s has a cable that is about 1. 75m long, the cable is flat and measures just over 1mm thick and about 2mm wide. presumably the wire is equivalent to a single core that \u2019 s about 0. 4mm in diameter thus giving it a resistance of about 0. 134 ohm per meter, or 1. 75 * 2 * 0. 134 = = 0. 469 ohm for the cable. the charger is rated at 0. 7a. to supply 0. 7a at 5v the resistance would be 5v / 0. 7a = = 7. 143 ohm \u2013 so about 6. 6 % of the total resistance of the circuit would be in the wire from the charger to the phone. the charger that came with my galaxy s3 has a round cable that \u2019 s just over 3mm thick and about 90cm long. if each wire in the cable is equivalent to a solid wire that is 0. 912mm in diameter then it would be 0. 0264 ohm per meter of wire or 0. 9 * 2 * 0. 0264 = = 0. 0475 ohm. the total circuit resistance would be 5v / 1a = = 5 ohm. so 0. 0475 ohm is less than 1 % of the circuit resistance. the voltage across a part of a circuit is proportional to the resistance ( see the wikipedia page on series and parallel circuits for a good explanation ). basically this means that if 1 % of the resistance of a circuit is in the wire then 1 % of the voltage drop will also be in the wire, so if we have a 5v supply with my galaxy s3 cable then each of the two wires in the cable will have a difference of about 0. 025v between the ends and the phone will receive a supply of 4. 95v, the difference isn \u2019 t something that is worth worrying about. but the cable from my galaxy s has a resistance equivalent to 6. 6 % of the circuit resistance which means that the theoretical charge time will be 6 % longer than it might be \u2013 or 6 % more current will be drawn from the mains than should be needed. the charger that came with my samsung galaxy s isn \u2019 t much good. wasting 6. 6 % of the power in the wire is unreasonable. phones keep getting more power hungry and batteries keep getting larger. there are third party phone batteries and external batteries that are charged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4671920181096656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.993505"} {"text": "came with my samsung galaxy s isn \u2019 t much good. wasting 6. 6 % of the power in the wire is unreasonable. phones keep getting more power hungry and batteries keep getting larger. there are third party phone batteries and external batteries that are charged by usb which have more than twice the capacity of the stock phone batteries \u2013 this means more than twice the charge time. this problem will keep getting worse. the problem of a phone in active use drawing more power than the charger can provide ( and running out of battery while on the charger ) seems likely to stay with us. so while an android phone has the potential to be a great little embedded server it seems that hacking the power supply is going to be a required first step for realising that potential. the decision to make 5v the usb power standard was reasonable at the time as it was the voltage used for most things on the motherboard. the decision to use usb as the phone charging standard was also reasonable, it allows phones to be charged anywhere. the combination of those two decisions isn \u2019 t good for the user. if a higher voltage such as 12v was used then 5 * the power could be supplied through the same wires at the same level of efficiency. it would be really good if cars came with built in inverters and supplied 240vac or 110vac depending on the region they were manufactured for. it \u2019 s becoming a fairly common feature to have a \u201c cigarette lighter \u201d port in the car boot as well as at least two ports inside the car. when a car has three sockets and only one device to actually light cigarettes ( which i suspect is only provided to fill an empty socket ) it \u2019 s very obvious that people want to connect random devices. also having usb charging ports inside the car would be a really good idea ( one for each seat would be good for ingress ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4855239169189305, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.996023"} {"text": "readers may remember the footprints found in mexico that have been dated to about 40, 000 years bp. geotimes has an interesting story on the subject : in summer 2003, researchers matthew bennett of bournemouth university and silvia gonzalez and david huddart of liverpool john moores university in the united kingdom were dating and mapping the geology of the valsequillo basin in mexico, about 130 kilometers south of mexico city, when they came across what appeared to be footprints on the floor of an abandoned quarry. examining the site further, they found the site littered with footprints, bennett says \u2014 269 individual prints of humans and animals intermingled. sixty percent of the footprints appear to be human, with telltale arches and impressions of the heels, balls and toes, and 36 percent of those appear to be child - sized, according to the researchers, whose work is in press in quaternary science reviews. the remaining 40 percent of the prints were from a variety of animals, bennett says, including dogs, big cats and animals with cloven hooves, such as deer and camels. the researchers also found mastodon and mammoth teeth. previously, in the 1960s and 1970s, archaeologists found megafaunal remains, including bones that had been \u201c worked \u201d with tools, scattered throughout the basin. those remains had been unreliably dated to be between 20, 000 and 40, 000 years old, bennett says, so the sites have been somewhat ignored since then. the footprints are preserved in a layer of volcanic ash from the eruption of cerro toluquilla beneath a shallow lake in the valsequillo basin just over 40, 000 years ago. \u201c volcanic ash lithifies quickly, like cement, \u201d bennett says, so when the inhabitants of the lake shores wandered across the mucky ash, their footprints were captured. when lake levels later rose, water washed over the footprints, burying them in lake sediments, he says. \u201c so we have this great stratigraphic sequence \u201d of lake sediments, topped by ash, which is then topped again by lake sediments, bennett says, that can be dated. the dissenting opinion : but michael waters, a geoarchaeologist at texas a & m university in college station, is not convinced. he says that the ash layer is likely much older than 40, 000 years, and should be retested using different methods. furthermore, says waters, who has visited the site, \u201c i have serious reservations as to whether or not these are even footprints, human or animal. \u201d the site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4453738623850968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:40.999134"} {"text": "from the time of alzheimer \u2019 s first description of psychotic symptoms in a patient with alzheimer \u2019 s disease in 1907, psychosis has been recognized as a major clinical syndrome in this illness. the consequences of psychotic symptoms in alzheimer \u2019 s disease may be painful and costly for the affected individuals, those who care for them, and society at large. psychotic symptoms have been linked to greater caregiver distress ( 1 \u2013 3 ) and have been found to be a significant predictor of functional decline and institutionalization ( 4 \u2013 7 ). compared to patients with alzheimer \u2019 s disease without psychosis, those with alzheimer \u2019 s disease and psychotic symptoms are also more likely to have worse general health ( 8 ) as well as a greater incidence of other psychiatric and behavioral disturbances ( 9 \u2013 11 ). psychotic patients tend to have more frequent and problematic behaviors, including agitation ( 12 \u2013 14 ), episodes of verbal and physical aggression ( 10, 15 \u2013 18 ), and anxiety ( 11 ). reviews completed before the early 1990s found that psychotic symptoms were common in dementia, including alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( 19 \u2013 23 ). in their review of 21 studies, for example, wragg and jeste ( 23 ) found that approximately one - third of all patients with alzheimer \u2019 s disease had delusions at some point during their illness, 28 % had hallucinations, and nearly 35 % had other psychotic symptoms that were difficult to categorize. overall, however, the reviewed studies were compromised by sampling deficiencies and methodological problems. wragg and jeste \u2019 s review included studies with as few as nine subjects. moreover, only five of the 21 studies had a sample size larger than 100 subjects. other methodological problems included the use of unreliable or nonvalidated diagnostic criteria for alzheimer \u2019 s disease. consequently, samples included individuals with various types of dementias, and thus generalizability was limited, and findings as they related to alzheimer \u2019 s disease specifically were obscured. imprecise operational definitions of psychosis ( 24 ) and utilization of assessment methods with questionable reliability and validity also undermined these investigations. moreover, all of the studies published before 1990 were cross - sectional or descriptive and thus did not provide data on the incidence or course ( e. g., persistence ) of symptoms. since the early 1990s, research on psychosis of alzheimer \u2019 s disease has advanced considerably. there have been improvements in the development of diagnostic criteria for alzheimer \u2019 s disease and for psychosis of alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( 25 ) and the development of more reliable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5169605199924547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.024236"} {"text": "the early 1990s, research on psychosis of alzheimer \u2019 s disease has advanced considerably. there have been improvements in the development of diagnostic criteria for alzheimer \u2019 s disease and for psychosis of alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( 25 ) and the development of more reliable measures of psychotic symptoms, including the behaviorial pathology in alzheimer \u2019 s disease rating scale ( 26 ) and the neuropsychiatric inventory ( 27 ). larger sample sizes have become available because of increased awareness of the disease and the establishment of alzheimer \u2019 s disease centers. longitudinal data from these centers have become available, and more investigators have undertaken prospective studies on this topic. we reviewed studies published from 1990 through 2003 that investigated psychosis of alzheimer \u2019 s disease with the aim of providing a systematic overview of the current state of knowledge in this area. in so doing, we employed more stringent inclusion criteria than were applied in reviews conducted before the early 1990s. in this article, we summarize findings on the epidemiology of psychotic symptoms in alzheimer \u2019 s disease. delusions and hallucinations are also reviewed separately, and we include findings on other uncategorized psychotic symptoms. in addition, we examine the literature on potential risk factors for psychosis of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. implications of the findings for clinical practice and for future research are discussed. computerized searches using pubmed and psycinfo databases were performed for english - language articles published between 1990 and the end of 2003 with the keywords \" psychosis and alzheimer disease \" and \" psychosis and dementia. \" additional articles were identified by using the \" related articles \" function in pubmed and by cross - referencing identified articles. only empirical investigations reporting data on psychotic symptoms in patients with alzheimer \u2019 s disease were selected. if a given study included subjects with dementias other than alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( e. g., vascular dementia or mixed dementia ), sufficient data on the alzheimer \u2019 s disease group itself ( e. g., number of subjects and a prevalence rate of psychotic symptoms ) must have been provided. in addition, the study design, study setting, some description of the method of diagnosing alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( e. g., national institute of neurological and communicative disorders and stroke and the alzheimer \u2019 s disease and related disorders association criteria ), and description of how psychotic symptoms were measured or defined must have been clearly stated. target symptoms that could not be well categorized as delusions or hallucinations were considered \" other psychotic symptoms. \" using these methods, we identified 55 articles for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5362774559970669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.025419"} {"text": "), and description of how psychotic symptoms were measured or defined must have been clearly stated. target symptoms that could not be well categorized as delusions or hallucinations were considered \" other psychotic symptoms. \" using these methods, we identified 55 articles for review. sample size and subject characteristics the mean sample size in the 55 studies reviewed ( t1 ) was 177 subjects ( median = 135 ; range 27 to 1, 155 ). these findings represent an increase in sample sizes from those in the studies of psychosis in alzheimer \u2019 s disease prior to 1990 that were included in a previous review ( 23 ). in that review, the largest sample size among 21 studies was merely 175 subjects, and the median sample size was 33. in the current review, the mean age of subjects with alzheimer \u2019 s disease was 75. 5 years ( median = 74. 0, range = 69 \u2013 85 ), and the mean level of education was 10. 7 years ( median = 12. 0, range = 6 \u2013 13 ). inclusion of education data was not possible for some studies because of the use of alternative scales of measurement ( e. g., less than high school versus high school ). nearly two - thirds of the total subject sample were women ( mean = 64. 2 % ), although considerable variability in gender distribution was noted across studies, with the proportion of women ranging from 28. 8 % to 83. 4 %. in general, subjects included in the studies tended to have mild or moderate cognitive impairment, as reflected by a mean mini - mental state examination ( mmse ) ( 28 ) score of 15. 5 ( median = 16. 3 ; range 5 \u2013 21 ), although there was considerable variability in this regard across studies as well. relatively few studies provided data on age at onset or the mean duration of illness. these variables may be considered unreliable estimates because they are based on a patient \u2019 s or informant \u2019 s retrospective memory and / or perceptions. although a majority of the reports ( 63. 6 % ) were cross - sectional ( 8, 10, 12, 17, 29 \u2013 60 ), 34. 5 % of the studies provided longitudinal data ( 9, 13, 16, 63 \u2013 78 ). the primary settings for 72. 7 % of the studies were outpatient clinics, alzheimer \u2019 s disease clinical centers, or alzheimer \u2019 s disease research centers ( 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 29 \u2013 32, 34 \u2013 39, 43, 44, 48 \u2013 50, 52, 53, 55, 57", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5437385330091227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.027783"} {"text": "alzheimer \u2019 s disease clinical centers, or alzheimer \u2019 s disease research centers ( 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 29 \u2013 32, 34 \u2013 39, 43, 44, 48 \u2013 50, 52, 53, 55, 57 \u2013 74 ) ; relatively few studies included samples of inpatients ( 33, 41, 45 \u2013 47, 56, 75 ) or a combination of inpatients and outpatients ( 9, 42 ). even fewer reports ( 51, 54 ) included community - based samples, which are often more difficult to obtain. the setting was not clear in one investigation ( 76 ). diagnosis and measurement the national institute of neurological and communicative disorders and stroke and the alzheimer \u2019 s disease and related disorders association criteria ( 77 ) were used most commonly for diagnosis of alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( 8, 10, 12, 16, 31 \u2013 34, 36, 40 \u2013 44, 48, 50 \u2013 55, 57, 61 \u2013 63, 65, 66, 71 \u2013 75 ). both those criteria and the dsm criteria were used together in several studies ( 9, 13, 17, 29, 30, 35, 37, 45 \u2013 47, 50, 59, 63, 64, 67, 69 ). autopsy results, specifically those that utilized criteria of the consortium to establish a registry for alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( 78 ), were used infrequently. numerous measures or tools were used alone or in combination to assess psychotic symptoms. informal or semistructured interviews of patients and / or their caregivers ( such as the national institute of mental health diagnostic interview schedule, the structured clinical interview for dsm - iv axis i disorders, and the initial evaluation form ) were utilized most frequently ( 15 studies ), with an additional six studies incorporating other measures in addition to interviews. the behavioral pathology in alzheimer \u2019 s disease rating scale and the neuropsychiatric inventory, or both, were also used frequently. the median prevalence of psychotic symptoms ( delusions or hallucinations ) in patients with alzheimer \u2019 s disease was 41. 1 % ( range = 12. 2 % \u2013 74. 1 % ). the median prevalence of delusions was 36 % ( range = 9. 3 % \u2013 63 % ). delusions of theft were the most common type of delusions reported ( 50. 9 % of studies ). hallucinations occurred less frequently, with a median prevalence of 18 % ( range = 4 % \u2013 41 % ). visual hallucinations were more prevalent than auditory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.510843856372486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.029737"} {"text": "the most common type of delusions reported ( 50. 9 % of studies ). hallucinations occurred less frequently, with a median prevalence of 18 % ( range = 4 % \u2013 41 % ). visual hallucinations were more prevalent than auditory hallucinations ( median = 18. 7 % and 9. 2 %, respectively ). between 7. 8 % and 20. 8 % of subjects ( median = 13 % ) experienced both hallucinations and delusions. psychotic symptoms not categorized as delusions or hallucinations were reported by 3. 6 % to 38. 9 % of patients with alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( median = 25. 6 % ). most often, this category comprised misidentifications ( frequently considered to be a type of delusion, although it may be a separate phenomenon ). prevalence data are summarized in t1. prevalence is affected by several factors, including the study setting and study design. a higher prevalence of psychotic symptoms tended to occur in inpatient settings ( e. g., acute care hospitals, nursing homes, neurobehavioral units ) ( 31. 2 % to 74. 1 % ) ( 33, 40, 41, 45 \u2013 47, 56, 75 ), whereas lower rates ( 12. 2 % to 65. 2 % ) were noted in patients referred to outpatient memory or research clinics ( 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 29 \u2013 32, 34 \u2013 38, 43, 44, 48 \u2013 50, 52, 53, 55, 57 \u2013 61, 63 \u2013 70, 72 \u2013 74 ). two studies included a community sample ( 51, 54 ), and one reported that 26. 9 % of the subjects experienced psychosis ( 51 ). delusions among inpatients were present in 44. 4 % to 62. 9 % and hallucinations were present in 5. 7 % to 34 %. in outpatient samples, 9. 3 % to 63 % of subjects experienced delusions, and 3. 8 % to 41 % had hallucinations. in the two studies of community - dwelling subjects, 21. 8 % and 22. 7 % had delusions, and 12. 8 % and 13. 1 % had hallucinations. the incidence of psychosis of alzheimer \u2019 s disease refers to the percentage of individuals with alzheimer \u2019 s disease who are initially not psychotic and who develop one or more psychotic symptoms by a specified end - point. no studies before 1990 reported data on incidence. in studies conducted since 1990,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.507865679080117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.031014"} {"text": "alzheimer \u2019 s disease refers to the percentage of individuals with alzheimer \u2019 s disease who are initially not psychotic and who develop one or more psychotic symptoms by a specified end - point. no studies before 1990 reported data on incidence. in studies conducted since 1990, however, seven studies ( 13, 61, 63, 64, 66, 69, 73 ) reported data on incidence over observation periods ranging from 1 to 5 years. paulsen et al. ( 69 ) reported a 1 - year incidence of 20 %. levy and colleagues ( 13 ) reported a comparable incidence of 25 % after 1 year. over a 2 - year period, paulsen and colleagues ( 69 ) reported an incidence of 36. 1 %, and in the study by caligiuri et al. ( 63 ) of neuromotor abnormalities and risk for psychosis, 32. 5 % of subjects developed psychotic symptoms over the course of 2 years. the latter rates are likely comparable because the samples from the two studies overlapped to some extent, given that subjects in both studies were drawn from the same group of individuals enrolled in longitudinal studies at the alzheimer \u2019 s disease research center in san diego. delusions and hallucinations both seem to develop more readily within a 1 - year to 2 - year span, although these data are limited by the small number of studies addressing delusions and hallucinations specifically over more than two assessment points ( 60, 65 ). incidence seemed to plateau after 3 years, as there was little difference between 3 - year ( 49. 5 % ) and 4 - year ( 51. 3 % ) cumulative rates for psychosis in the study by paulsen et al. ( 69 ). in the study by chen and colleagues ( 64 ), 29. 7 % of the subjects developed psychosis over an average of 5 years of follow - up. however, the authors pointed out that subjects were not evaluated the same number of times or at the same time points. the 14. 9 % incidence reported by sweet and associates ( 73 ) was difficult to compare to the findings of other studies because the length of follow - up was not specified. persistence of psychosis of alzheimer \u2019 s disease refers to whether an individual experiences a symptom at two or more consecutive evaluations. again, comparison of rates across studies is limited because variable follow - up periods were used by different researchers. in one study, subjects were evaluated every 3 months over 1 year, and 57 % had psychotic symptoms on at least two occasions ( 13 ). in another study, a similarly high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5380339590532421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.032428"} {"text": "is limited because variable follow - up periods were used by different researchers. in one study, subjects were evaluated every 3 months over 1 year, and 57 % had psychotic symptoms on at least two occasions ( 13 ). in another study, a similarly high persistence of psychosis was found for individuals evaluated at baseline and 1 year later : 44 % for delusions, 26 % for visual hallucinations, and 45 % for auditory hallucinations ( 61 ). psychotic symptoms rarely seemed to persist after several months, however. haupt et al. ( 66 ) reported that after 2 years, psychotic symptoms did not persist in any of 21 subjects who had delusions or in any of 11 subjects who had hallucinations at baseline. the results may have been affected by the small number of patients manifesting psychotic symptoms. furthermore, the authors assessed symptoms at 1 and 2 years but reported persistence on the basis of the presence of a symptom at both time points. a low persistence rate over a 2 - year period was also found by devanand and colleagues ( 9 ), who reported that delusions persisted in only 12. 8 % of 180 subjects and hallucinations in only 5. 6 %. rosen et al. ( 70 ) and zubenko et al. ( 76 ) considered a symptom to be persistent if it was present on any two consecutive annual evaluations conducted over the course of the study ( on average, 2 and 5 years, respectively ). using this definition, these authors reported that 86. 7 % and 84. 6 %, respectively, of the same subject sample had persistent psychotic symptoms. seven studies examined the relationship between african american or black ethnicity and psychosis. five found a positive association ( 8, 16, 31, 36, 52 ), and two found no relationship ( 9, 32 ). bassiony and colleagues ( 31 ) reported that african americans were significantly more likely to have hallucinations than caucasians ; the investigators did not report on other psychotic symptoms. lopez et al. ( 52 ) reported that african americans in the moderate to severe stages of alzheimer \u2019 s disease had significantly more psychotic symptoms than caucasians in the same stages ; the relationship between ethnicity and psychotic symptoms was not significant in mild stages, however. no studies reported associations with any other ethnic groups. associations between risk factors and psychosis are summarized in t2. severity of cognitive impairment ( assessed with the mmse or a similar global cognitive measure ) showed a significant positive association with the presence of psychosis in individuals with alzheimer \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5318453755909318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.034066"} {"text": "other ethnic groups. associations between risk factors and psychosis are summarized in t2. severity of cognitive impairment ( assessed with the mmse or a similar global cognitive measure ) showed a significant positive association with the presence of psychosis in individuals with alzheimer \u2019 s disease in 20 studies ( 8, 9, 12, 13, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 40, 44, 45, 48, 52, 57, 65, 67 \u2013 69, 74 ) and no association in 10 studies ( 10, 33, 39, 42, 47, 50, 51, 58, 62, 70 ). overall, the prevalence of psychosis in general increased as cognitive impairment became more severe. delusions tended to initially become more prevalent as cognitive functioning worsened but then decreased again as cognitive impairment became more severe in later stages of the illness. hallucinations, like general psychotic symptoms, also increased in prevalence as cognitive impairment became more severe. when subjects were categorized as mildly, moderately, or severely cognitively impaired on the basis of mmse scores ( 28 ), a similar pattern was observed. the median prevalence of psychosis was 25. 5 % ( range = 3. 1 % \u2013 50 % ) in mildly impaired individuals ( mmse scores 21 \u2013 25 ), 37 % ( range = 18. 8 % \u2013 56 % ) in those with moderate cognitive impairment ( mmse scores 20 \u2013 11 ), and 49 % ( range = 21. 9 % \u2013 79 % ) in severely impaired subjects ( mmse score 10 or below ). delusions were reported in a median of 23. 5 % ( range = 11 % \u2013 50 % ) of mildly impaired individuals, 46 % ( range = 13 % \u2013 67 % ) of those with moderate cognitive impairment, and 33. 3 % ( range = 23 % \u2013 57 % ) of severely impaired subjects. the median prevalence of hallucinations among those with mild cognitive impairment was 11. 4 % ( range = 9 % \u2013 33 % ) and increased to 19 % in those with moderate cognitive impairment ( range = 13 % \u2013 48 % ) and to 28 % ( range = 16 % \u2013 44 % ) in severely impaired patients with alzheimer \u2019 s disease. other psychotic symptoms occurred in 5. 9 % and 16. 7 % of mildly impaired subjects ( as reported in two studies ), in 43. 5 % of moderately impaired individuals, and in 41. 7 % of those with severe cognitive impairment ( one study ). overall, a statistical examination of the mean prevalence figures for psychotic symptoms and cognitive severity level", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4964781811518881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.035559"} {"text": "reported in two studies ), in 43. 5 % of moderately impaired individuals, and in 41. 7 % of those with severe cognitive impairment ( one study ). overall, a statistical examination of the mean prevalence figures for psychotic symptoms and cognitive severity level revealed a significant difference only between the mean prevalence of hallucinations in mildly and moderately impaired individuals, with hallucinations being more prevalent in the moderately impaired than in the mildly impaired subjects. there were no other significant differences in mean prevalence of symptoms at any other levels of cognitive impairment. education, gender, and family history of dementia or psychiatric disorder were weakly associated with increased risk for psychosis in the majority of reviewed studies. a majority of studies ( 76. 5 % ) found that education level was not correlated with the presence of psychotic symptoms ( 10, 16, 31, 36, 37, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 56, 69 ). in contrast, education level was positively associated with delusions in one study ( 33 ) and negatively associated with psychosis in three ( 8, 32, 52 ). gender was not associated with psychosis in 17 studies presenting these data ( 9, 10, 16, 31, 32, 36, 37, 44, 47, 48, 50, 55, 56, 68 \u2013 70, 76 ), but it was associated with psychosis in seven. of those seven, four found that women were at greater risk for psychotic symptoms ( 45, 51, 63, 65 ) and three found that men had a higher risk for psychosis ( 39, 42, 62 ). of seven studies that investigated the association of family history of dementia and / or other psychiatric disorders and psychosis in alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( 8, 10, 12, 31, 37, 48, 56 ), none found a positive relationship. however, lack of knowledge and diagnostic inaccuracy in diagnosis among family members could have obscured such an association. the relationships between psychosis and patients \u2019 age, age at onset of alzheimer \u2019 s disease, and duration of alzheimer \u2019 s disease were generally equivocal. older age was correlated with psychotic symptoms ( delusions, hallucinations, or both ) in 12 of 25 studies ( 8, 13, 17, 32, 36, 37, 40, 45, 47, 50, 55, 56 ) and was not associated with psychosis in the remaining 13 investigations ( 9, 10, 31, 42, 43, 48, 57, 59, 62, 69, 70, 75, 76 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49580238774767815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.036479"} {"text": "45, 47, 50, 55, 56 ) and was not associated with psychosis in the remaining 13 investigations ( 9, 10, 31, 42, 43, 48, 57, 59, 62, 69, 70, 75, 76 ). in 12 studies reporting on the relationship between age at onset of alzheimer \u2019 s disease and psychotic symptoms, seven studies found no relationship ( 12, 16, 42, 47, 51, 68, 76 ), four found that the later the age at onset of alzheimer \u2019 s disease, the more likely the individual was to experience psychosis ( 40, 45, 56, 75 ), and only one found that an earlier age at onset was associated with psychosis ( 62 ). nine of 17 studies found no relationship between duration of alzheimer \u2019 s disease and the occurrence of psychotic symptoms ( 36, 47, 51, 55, 56, 58, 68, 71, 76 ). the other eight studies, however, found that a longer duration of alzheimer \u2019 s disease was correlated with the occurrence of psychosis ( 12, 17, 31, 32, 34, 37, 39, 45 ). psychotic symptoms were significantly associated with more rapid cognitive decline over time in all nine studies that examined this relationship ( 13, 37, 40, 58, 62, 69 \u2013 71, 74 ), supporting the notion that psychosis may denote a subset of patients with alzheimer \u2019 s disease with a more aggressive course of the disease ( see references 13, 69, 70 ). it is interesting to note that only two of these studies examined the relationship between the rate of cognitive decline and hallucinations or delusions separately, and each found that hallucinations, but not delusions, were significantly associated with more rapid cognitive decline ( 62, 74 ). our review of 55 studies of psychosis in possible or probable alzheimer \u2019 s disease revealed that a sizable proportion ( median 41 % ) of individuals with the disease experience psychotic symptoms at some time during the course of their illness. delusions occurred more frequently ( median = 36 % ) than hallucinations ( median = 18 % ). other psychotic symptoms not categorized as delusions or hallucinations occurred in 25 % of individuals. the incidence of psychotic symptoms seemed to increase with increasing follow - up intervals over the first 3 years. psychotic symptoms tended to be reported in a majority of patients at least over a period of several months but often were not observed beyond 1 or 2 years. african american or black ethnicity and greater degree of cognitive impairment were strongly associated with a higher rate of psycho", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49999507252920244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.037869"} {"text": "psychotic symptoms tended to be reported in a majority of patients at least over a period of several months but often were not observed beyond 1 or 2 years. african american or black ethnicity and greater degree of cognitive impairment were strongly associated with a higher rate of psychosis. psychosis was also associated with a faster rate of cognitive decline. age, age at onset of alzheimer \u2019 s disease, and duration of alzheimer \u2019 s disease were associated with psychosis in approximately one - half of studies. education, gender, and family history of dementia or psychiatric illness showed a weak or inconsistent relationship with psychosis in patients with alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the prevalence rate of psychosis in patients with alzheimer \u2019 s disease found in our review was 41 %. the median rate for delusions was 36 %, which is comparable to the median rate of 33. 5 % reported in one of the only review studies of psychosis in alzheimer \u2019 s disease published before the early 1990s ( 23 ). the rate of hallucinations found in the present review ( 18 % ) represents a decrease from the 28 % reported by wragg and jeste ( 23 ). the fact that prevalence remains high in light of pharmacologic treatment may reflect increased awareness that these disturbances are consequences of alzheimer \u2019 s disease, improved detection, or the use of better criteria and rating scales that allow for psychotic symptoms to be diagnosed with greater accuracy. as an increasing number of patients with alzheimer \u2019 s disease are treated with cholinesterase inhibitors over the coming years, we might expect that the prevalence and incidence of psychosis would decrease, although findings for the efficacy of these drugs in reducing psychotic symptoms specifically have been mixed ( see references 13, 82, 83 ). the fact that psychosis is persistent over a short interval of a few months may reflect the reasonable amount of time it takes to begin typical treatment for psychosis and to observe amelioration of symptoms. to assess the true persistence of symptoms, subjects would have to be enrolled in a placebo - controlled study in which some psychotic patients did not receive the typical treatment for symptoms. in the studies that were reviewed, it was more the exception than the rule that subjects would be excluded if they were taking an antipsychotic drug or cholinesterase inhibitor or that a drug washout period would be invoked. furthermore, there were no means of determining whether the patients who were taking these drugs were being treated optimally, and the extent to which psychotic symptoms persist despite antipsychotic treatment is not known. therefore, persistence values may reflect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49952498127646394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.040205"} {"text": "would be invoked. furthermore, there were no means of determining whether the patients who were taking these drugs were being treated optimally, and the extent to which psychotic symptoms persist despite antipsychotic treatment is not known. therefore, persistence values may reflect the experience of psychosis given current treatments rather than the true persistent nature of psychotic symptoms. few equivocal associations with psychosis emerged from the reviewed studies. the association between african american or black ethnicity and psychosis is intriguing, although it is also limited by the fact that only caucasian samples are available for comparison. issues of acculturation and genetic influences are yet to be adequately examined, highlighting an area in need of exploration. cognitive impairment and the rate of cognitive decline were also found to be strongly associated with psychotic symptoms. the findings of the present review suggest that psychosis represents a developmental feature marking the progression of alzheimer \u2019 s disease or that it represents a distinct disease subtype marked by psychotic symptoms and a particularly rapid disease course. the fact that delusions, specifically, seemed most prevalent in patients with moderate cognitive impairment supports the hypothesis that a certain amount of neuronal integrity must be present for delusions to occur ( see references 48, 84 ). conclusions are limited, however, by a general failure to include severely cognitively impaired subjects in these studies. in addition, the association between psychosis and cognitive impairment and between psychosis and rate of cognitive decline may be influenced by medications, including antipsychotics and cholinesterase inhibitors, the former of which is recommended as a first - line treatment for dementia patients with delusions ( 85 ). yet, a majority of the studies reviewed did not account for the potential effects of medication on cognition and simply reported that these effects were a possible limitation to their findings. a number of studies altogether failed to report what, if any, medications the subjects were taking. the importance of considering medication effects is illustrated in studies of antipsychotic use and cognition. the use of two atypical antipsychotics ( clozapine and risperidone ) in cognitively impaired patients was reviewed by jeste et al. ( 86 ) and gladsjo et al. ( 87 ). jeste and colleagues found that the effects of clozapine on cognition were somewhat conflicting, which they posited was due, at least in part, to the strong anticholinergic activity of clozapine, which is likely to confound or diminish any enhancement of cognitive functioning. berman and colleagues ( 88, 89 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5024778404086911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.041274"} {"text": "they posited was due, at least in part, to the strong anticholinergic activity of clozapine, which is likely to confound or diminish any enhancement of cognitive functioning. berman and colleagues ( 88, 89 ) reported significant increases in mmse scores in patients with schizophrenia or mild dementia treated with risperidone. moreover, cholinesterase inhibitors have been shown to improve cognitive symptoms or temporarily reduce the rate of cognitive decline ( 90 ). certainly, future studies should examine the potential influence of medication use, not only to examine any potential effects, positive or negative, on cognitive functioning but also to elucidate underlying biological mechanisms of psychosis in dementia. furthermore, difficulties in diagnosing patients with lewy body dementia may have led to their inadvertent inclusion in studies of patients with alzheimer \u2019 s disease, thereby affecting the association between some psychotic symptoms and rate of cognitive decline, given that psychotic symptoms, and hallucinations in particular, may occur in nearly one - half of those with lewy body dementia ( 30, 91 ). for many variables that were found not to be associated with psychosis, including age, age at onset, and duration of illness, small standard deviations likely affected the detection of associations. in the case of age and age at onset, few individuals who were younger than age 55 years or who had an early age at onset ( age 55 years or younger ) were included in these studies. similarly, the range and standard deviation for illness duration were restricted ( range = 2. 8 \u2013 7. 7 years, sd = 1. 33 years ), thus limiting the potential to detect a positive association. in addition, many authors noted that age at onset of alzheimer \u2019 s disease was inherently difficult to determine, because it was often an estimate that relied on the failing memory of those with alzheimer \u2019 s disease or the recall and dating by others of behaviors that occurred several years earlier. the results of this review are also limited by problems in assessing psychosis. despite more regular use of accepted diagnostic criteria, some researchers continue to use diagnostic criteria that are nonspecific to alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( e. g., dsm - iii or dsm - iv criteria ). even when accepted criteria are utilized, inconsistencies in interpreting those criteria are evident. presumably, the rates reported herein may underestimate the prevalence of delusions and hallucinations specifically, as evidenced by the fact that from 3. 6 % to 38. 9 % of psychotic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5084307945057618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.042420"} {"text": "sizable proportion of individuals with alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the incidence of psychosis in any sample of patients typically continues to climb during the first 3 years of observation and may persist for several months, pointing to the necessity for early detection and treatment. with recognition of how prominent and devastating psychotic symptoms may be, it becomes increasingly clear that research should continue to focus on the epidemiology of and risk factors for psychosis of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. as alzheimer \u2019 s disease affects a growing number of individuals over time, so too will psychosis as a syndrome. systematic delineation of the epidemiology of and risk factors for psychosis in alzheimer \u2019 s disease may clarify the biological underpinnings of these symptoms and direct indications for early interventions, facilitate patient management, reduce caregiver burden, improve patients \u2019 quality of life, and open the door to discovering the nature of psychosis in other diseases. received nov. 29, 2004 ; revision received feb. 1, 2005 ; accepted feb. 22, 2005. from the department of psychiatry, university of california, san diego ; and the veterans affairs san diego healthcare system, san diego. address correspondence to dr. jeste, department of psychiatry, university of california, san diego, va san diego healthcare system, 9500 gilman dr., mail code 0603v, la jolla, ca 92093 - 0603 ; email @ example. com ( e - mail ). supported in part by nimh grants mh - 66248 and mh - 59101 and by the department of veterans affairs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.529508382020355, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.047303"} {"text": "when i read the pocohontas story to my kids ( we have the disney version ), we usually have a little discussion when we get to the page where pocohontas attempts to dissuade her father ( the local indian chief ) from starting a war with the settlers. the kids are interested in the idea that both people are trying to do the right thing, but they have completely different ideas about what the right thing is. for those of you not familiar with the story, pocohontas has fallen in love with a mercenary on the voyage ( john smith ), and the two of them want to establish peace between the settlers and the natives. the book suggests that peace involves the settlers staying in north america. powhatan, her father, is assembling a war party to drive the settlers away. we can look back in history to better understand who was \" right \". - as the book makes clear, a war between the settlers and the indians is going to lead to many indian casualties, since the settlers have guns and the indians do not. furthermore, most of the settlers are not intending to do harm to the indians, as they ' ve been told they are settling land that has no ownership yet. pocohontas ' efforts end up saving many well - intentioned people ' s lives. - these same settlers would probably understand that, had they landed anywhere in england and built a village where they landed, they would be summarily evicted by whomever owned the land they were on. the racism here is lightly touched on in the book, but it ' s helpful because it ' s pretty easy for the kids to see how convenient it is for the settlers to suppose that nobody in north america owns anything yet. - i usually tell the kids what little i know of the mauri, the indigenous people of new zealand. as i understand it, they immediately made war with white folks who arrived. i suspect that the mauri were territorial in a way that worked better with the white conception of property, and because of that mauri today have a significant representation in the new zealand constitution and legislature, and own very large amounts of new zealand ' s real estate. i expect many native americans would prefer the mauri outcome to their own. - the na ' vi are territorial. they have a few specific high - value trees. my understanding is that most of the north american natives had a much less specific sense of property. - the movie has the natives resisting under human leadership, which is interesting to think", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4666465673677842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.056246"} {"text": "18 ) the story of merriwether lewis and william clark young americans by nellie kingsley the source book entitled, four american heroes, was authored by nellie kingsley, and published by the the werner school book company. this book included the follow titles : 1 ) the story of meriwether lewis and william clark for young americans 2 ) the story of john charles fremont for young americans this review includes only the story of meriwether lewis and william clark for young americans ; the other two are covered in separate articles. this story is an abbreviated account of the expedition of 1804 - 1805 and as the subtitle indicates is for young americans. the publication consists 132 pages of text and approximately 28 black and white / gray scale images. this is an ideal book for the first time exposure to the lewis and clark expedition. the book is short and uncomplicated so it doesn ' t have the same kind of detail and background that a longer work would have ; realistically even a 600 page book could not tell the whole story but it would have much more detail than this short work. beyond grammar school i never remember reading or remembering much about the lewis and clark expedition ( or the corps of discovery ). i think i envisioned it as being a very long backpacking trip. and i probably assumed that for the men of that day and time it was just a picnic. only in my later reading and study have i learned that it was a monumental achievement. the physical strength and endurance the fortitude and courage intelligence and common sense were all common attributes of all the members of the expedition. not only did they have to battle the elements from oppressive heat to freezing cold to dry desert and flowing rivers but they also had to contend with wild animals, especially the dreaded grizzly bear ( whom the indians also feared ) and some hostile indians ( though some indians were also friendly ). it is amazing that only one man was lost during the whole expedition and that was due to an acute case of appendicitis i ' ve read much more detail works and i ' m sure i ' ve absorbed other details through the years but i still found this book to be an interesting and compelling read. it is exciting and definitely includes details and stories that i ' d never heard before ; ( perhaps this is true because of the age of the book or because of my own age and memory. ) for example in the following passage i ' d never heard of this initiation / custom ; ( in fact i didn ' t realize that there were sailors on the expedition ) and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44224926630175837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.063413"} {"text": "of the age of the book or because of my own age and memory. ) for example in the following passage i ' d never heard of this initiation / custom ; ( in fact i didn ' t realize that there were sailors on the expedition ) and the phrase equinoctial line. - - - - at last the platte river was reached. there the sailors carried out a curious custom. it seems that the passing of the platte river is regarded by missouri river boatmen just as the crossing of the equinoctial line is regarded by sailors on the sea. to mark the passing of it every man in the who had never been there before was caught and shaved unless he could stand treat ; to his comrades. or that the kite indians were \u201c so called because they were always flying about. this is an interesting one though kind of bad for the horse : early in august they came to the burial - place of a great and awful chief of the omaha nation named blackbird. he was buried sitting erect on horseback. how about the singing indians : no sooner were the explorers settled than a dozen indians appeared on the opposite bank and began to sing. this was their sign of friendship and their friendship was very genuine. i would be remiss not to mention sacajawea. she and her husband were essential members of the expedition of that there is no doubt. i myself did not know that during that time while she was traveling with them she gave birth to a son and carried him along with her. she was a tough lady! table of contents : introduction i. the two captains ii. the start iii. june and july iv. the first indian council v. the mountain of little people vi. the council with the sioux vii. an indian dance viii. winter among the mandans ix. indian hunts x. the mandan indians xi. the winter xii. fights with grizzly bears xiii. a important decision xiv. making a cache xv. an exciting morning xvi. passing the falls xvii. up the jefferson river xviii. the columbia river reached xix. among the indians xx. hesitation xxi. down the snake river xxii. down the columbia xxiii. fort clatsop and the start home xxiv. ascent of the columbia xxv. crossing the bitter root mountains xxvi. captain lewis ' s adventures xxvii. captain clark ' s adventures xxviii. the end of the great expedition \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4831137666416512, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.064474"} {"text": "polygamy and the quran those people who have modeled their thinking after new testament christianity are, to say the least, a bit surprised ( if not shocked and appalled ) to learn that the religion of islam countenances polygamy. but the christian mind must realize that muhammad \u2019 s islam arose out of arabia in the sixth and seventh centuries a. d. the arab culture was well - known for the practice of polygamy, in which the men were allowed to have as many wives as they desired. the quran addressed this social circumstance by placing a limitation on the number of wives a man could have. the wording of the pronouncement is in a surah titled \u201c women \u201d : \u201c and if ye fear that ye will not deal fairly by the orphans, marry of the women, who seem good to you, two or three or four ; and if ye fear that ye cannot do justice ( to so many ) then one ( only ) or ( the captives ) that your right hands possess \u201d ( surah 4 : 3 ). setting aside the issue of why muhammad himself was exempt from this limitation ( surah 33 : 50 \u2014 see miller, \u201c muhammad \u2019 s polygamy, \u201d 2004 ), the divine origin of the quran is discredited on the basis of its stance on polygamy. in the first place, for all practical purposes, the quran authorizes a man to have as many wives as he chooses, since its teaching on divorce contradicts its teaching on marriage. unlike the new testament, which confines permission to divorce on the sole grounds of sexual unfaithfulness ( matthew 19 : 9 ), the quran authorizes divorce for any reason ( e. g., surah 2 : 226 - 232, 241 ; 33 : 4, 49 ; 58 : 2 - 4 ; 65 : 1 - 7 ). if a man can divorce his wife for any reason, then the \u201c command \u201d that limits a man to four wives is effectively meaningless \u2014 merely restricting a man to four legal wives at a time. theoretically, a man could have an unlimited number of wives \u2014 all with the approval of god! in the second place, jesus declared in no uncertain terms that \u201c whoever divorces his wife, except for sexual immorality, and marries another, commits adultery ; and whoever marries her who is divorced commits adultery \u201d ( matthew 19 : 9, emp. added ). jesus gave one, and only one, reason for divorce in god \u2019 s sight. in fact, even the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4584665204875097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.068512"} {"text": "marries another, commits adultery ; and whoever marries her who is divorced commits adultery \u201d ( matthew 19 : 9, emp. added ). jesus gave one, and only one, reason for divorce in god \u2019 s sight. in fact, even the old testament affirmed that god \u201c hates divorce \u201d ( malachi 2 : 16 ). the teaching of the bible on divorce is a higher, stricter, nobler standard than the one advocated by the quran. the two books, in fact, contradict each other on this point. in the third place, why does the quran stipulate the number \u201c four \u201d? why not three or five wives? the number four would appear to be an arbitrary number with no significance \u2014 at least, none is given. though the passage in question indicates the criterion of a man \u2019 s ability to do justice to those he marries, there is no reason to specify the number four, since men would vary a great deal in the number of women that they would have the ability to manage fairly. the answer may be seen in the influence of the contemporaneous jewish population of arabia. sixth century arabia was a tribal oriented society that relied heavily on oral communication in social interactions. muhammad would have been the recipient of considerable information conveyed orally by his jewish, and even christian, contemporaries. many tales, fables, and rabbinical traditions undoubtedly circulated among the jewish tribes of arabia. the jews themselves probably were lacking in book - learning, having been separated from the mainstream of jewish thought and intellectual development in their migration to the arabian peninsula. the evidence demonstrates that the author of the quran borrowed extensively from jewish and other sources. the ancient talmudic record ( arbah turim, ev. hazaer, 1 ) stated : \u201c a man may marry many wives, for rabba saith it is lawful to do so, if he can provide for them. nevertheless, the wise men have given good advice, that a man should not marry more than four wives \u201d ( see rodwell, 1950, p. 411 ; tisdall, 1905, pp. 129 - 130 ). the similarity with the wording of the quran is too striking to be coincidental. it can be argued quite convincingly that the magic number of four was drawn from currently circulating jewish teaching. miller, dave ( 2004 ), \u201c muhammad \u2019 s polygamy, \u201d http : / / www. apologeticspress. org / articles / 2219. rodwell, j. m., trans. ( 1950 reprint ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.464315994229727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.069521"} {"text": "two - spotted spider mites can be rusty green, greenish amber or yellow and they have eight legs. overwintering females are red or orange. these mites have two ( sometimes four ) black spots on top. they are very small, but still visible. the best way to see them is with a small magnifying glass. the eggs vary from transparent and colorless to opaque straw yellow. if spider mites infest your roses, you will begin to notice a dull appearance to the leaves. the undersides will feel \u201c sandy \u201d or rough. fine webbing will appear on the undersides of leaves and in leaf axils. leaves will begin to lose their color and become dry and lifeless. the leaves soon die and dry up. biology two - spotted spider mites are widely distributed in the united states and feed on over 180 host plants, including roses. once a plant is infested, the mites spread onto nearby crops and ornamentals. two - spotted spider mites pierce the epidermis of the host plant leaf with their sharp, slender mouthparts. when they extract the sap, the tissue of the leaf collapses in the area of the puncture. soon a spot without green color forms at each feeding site. after a heavy attack, an entire plant may become yellowed, bronzed or killed completely. the mites may spin so much webbing over the plant that it becomes entirely covered. though insects and mites are in a group called the arthropoda ( meaning jointed foot ), because jointed legs are common to both, spider mites are not actually insects. being more closely related to spiders, they derive their name from the thin web that some species spin. two - spotted spider mites overwinter as adults in the soil or on hosts such as violets and hollyhocks. in mild winter weather, two - spotted spider mites continue to feed and lay eggs, although development in the winter is much slower than in the summer. in warm weather, six - legged larvae hatch from the eggs. they develop into eight - legged nymphs, which pass through two nymphal stages. after each larval and nymphal stage, there is a resting stage. the adults mate soon after emerging from the last resting stage, and in warm weather the females soon lay eggs. each female may lay over 100 eggs in her life and up to 19 eggs per day. development is most rapid during hot, dry weather. a single generation may require as many as 20 or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46627401034187077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.073253"} {"text": "stage, and in warm weather the females soon lay eggs. each female may lay over 100 eggs in her life and up to 19 eggs per day. development is most rapid during hot, dry weather. a single generation may require as many as 20 or as few as 5 days to reach adulthood and begin producing offspring. control control of spider mites depends heavily upon an understanding of the biology of the mites. the mites are usually found on the underside of leaves. thorough application of a miticide to the underside of the plant foliage is essential for good control. an alternative to chemical controls is a strong water spray applied to the undersides of the leaves every three days during hot weather. miticide applications may be needed 7 to 10 days apart to kill mites that were in the egg and resting stages during the first application. in hot weather, an eye should be kept on the plants to check for reinfestation or for the offspring of mites missed on the first application. if you choose to use a miticide, read the label carefully and apply as directed. mites easily become resistant, so never dilute the miticide \u2014 this will only ensure that future generations of mites can resist the miticides you use. some commonly used miticides are : ( the use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products does not imply endorsement by the american rose society, nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. individuals who use chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. be sure to obtain current information about usage and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. to download the pdf version of this article click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4261747992447427, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.074074"} {"text": "you can ' t teach that two parents are suing the university of california - berkeley over a web site aimed at educating teachers. understanding evolution, a collaborative project of the university of california museum of paleontology and the national center for science education, is \" is a non - commercial, education website, teaching the science and history of evolutionary biology. \" jeanne and larry caldwell, the couple bringing the suit against the site, claim that the site delves improperly into religion. while most debates center around whether or not intelligent design is \" religion in the classroom, \" the caldwells are looking to spin it the other way. the plaintiffs in the case claim that they are not proponents of intelligent design, but they do argue that it is inappropriate for a project that is partially funded by the us government to essentially engage in swaying students towards evolution. in the language of the suit, the site seeks to \" to modify the beliefs of public school science students so they will be more willing to accept evolutionary theory as true. \" how exactly does the website do this? for one, it provides information to teachers, who then teach. one of the aftereffects of teaching is that, ideally, students learn. in the context of a science classroom, this could mean that students are taught evolution, and then they may understand it better. this is the fundament of pedagogy. but that ' s not all. the real gist of the suit, from my own reading, stems from the fact that the site in question makes observations about the religious world around us. for example, the site notes that most forms of christianity and judaism have no fundamental conflict with evolution, and it even links to collected statements from a variety of movements that do not challenge evolution. many scholars have argued that it is important to note that this debate is not \" science versus christianity \" or anything of the sort. rather, they note, creationists and religiously - oriented intelligent design proponents are but a subset of religious people in general. to the caldwell ' s however, pointing out this reality is akin to the government endorsing certain forms of religion over others, namely those that do not have a problem with evolution. to date, courts across the country have rejected the idea that teaching evolution, which is a peer - reviewed scientific theory that as of yet has had little challenge in the way of peer - reviewed academic research, is tantamount to teaching religion. \" the courts in many cases have said evolution is a scientific idea and there is no prohibition on the government", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5233024067520122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.079359"} {"text": "reviewed scientific theory that as of yet has had little challenge in the way of peer - reviewed academic research, is tantamount to teaching religion. \" the courts in many cases have said evolution is a scientific idea and there is no prohibition on the government teaching a scientific idea even if it conflicts ' ' with some people ' s religious beliefs, said university counsel christopher patti. larry caldwell, however, disagrees. his view is that by not teaching students about supposed problems with the fossil record, problems that are dismissed by most specialists in the field, teachers are misleading them. still, caldwell doesn ' t want to see evolution removed from the classroom, but he does believe that alternative views, including those that attribute serious problems to the theory, should also be presented to students. this returns us to the crux of the debate, however, which is whether or not any worthwhile challenges to evolution have been made. yeah, well you can ' t teach that! the university of california finds itself in another controversy over religion, as well. a suit filed federal court in los angeles accuses the university system of discriminating against christians. the association of christian schools international, the calvary chapel christian school in murrieta, calif., and six calvary chapel students have joined forces to seek a legal remedy to what they term \" viewpoint discrimination, \" which is a terse way of saying that they object to the fact that the uc system considered parts of their christian education to be below admittance standards. at issue in the lawsuit are academic standards for admission to the university, specifically uc ' s process for assessing high - school courses to verify that they meet the system ' s college - preparatory course requirements ( known as the a - g requirements ). for a new or substantially revised course to be approved for the a - g list, a high school must submit a request, listing the course curriculum, textbook information, and supplemental materials, to uc for approval. staff at ucop review such applications to make sure that courses meet uc academic standards established by boars. the uc system has approved 43 courses from the school in question, but a select number of courses have not received approval, including science courses that use overtly christian theology books as textbooks. for example, as the ny times has noted, the books spouts peculiar takes on historical figures. thomas jefferson, for instance, is outed as a non - believer, and by scriptural proof, an antichrist. american believers can appreciate jefferson ' s rich contribution to the development of their nation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5485125303990908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.080584"} {"text": "allen, frederick lewis. only yesterday : an informal history of the nineteen - twenties. american heritage new illustrated history of the united states. volumes 13, 14 and 15. bateson, charles. the war with japan. barnhart, michael a. \" japan prepares for total war. \" boghosian, sam. \" on a fine sunday morning. \" brinkley, david. washington goes to war. butow, robert. tojo and the coming of the war. cacutt, len, ed. decisive battles : the turning points of world war ii. chihaya, masataka. japanese historical perspective. choate, pat. agents of influence : how japan ' s lobbyists in the united states manipulate america ' s political and economic system. costello, john. the pacific war 1941 - 1945. daedalus. journal of the american academy of arts and sciences. showa : the japan of hirohito. dower, john w. war without mercy : race and power in the pacific war. fermi, laura. atoms in the family : my life with enrico fermi. friedman, george, and meredith lebard. the coming war with japan. fuchida, mitsuo. i led the air attack against pearl harbor. fussell, paul. wartime. genda, minoru, higeki shinjuwan kogeki, and kaigun kokutai. shimatsu. halberstam, david. the reckoning. hall, john whitney. japan from prehistory to modern times. halsey, fleet adm. william f. admiral halsey ' s story. honan, william h., visions of infamy, the untold story of how journalist hector c. bywater devised the plans that led to pearl harbor. jackson, charles l. on to pearl harbor - - and beyond. james, d. clayton. triumph & disaster 1945 - 1964, the years of macarthur, vol. iii. johnson, chalmers, miti and the japanese miracle. johnson, sheila k. the japanese through american eyes. kahn, david. foreign affairs magazine. \" the intelligence failure of pearl harbor. \" keegan, john. the second world war. ketchum, richard m. the borrowed years 1938 - 1941 : america on the way to war. klingaman, william k. 1941 : our lives in a world on the edge. layton, edwin t. ( rear admiral, u. s. n. ret. ). \" and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4957968598117843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.084388"} {"text": "- 1941 : america on the way to war. klingaman, william k. 1941 : our lives in a world on the edge. layton, edwin t. ( rear admiral, u. s. n. ret. ). \" and i was there \" : pearl harbor and midway - - breaking the secrets. lincoln, edward j. japan ' s unequal trade. lord, walter. day of infamy. writing \" day of infamy. \" manchester, william. american caesar, douglas macarthur. the glory and the dream : a narrative history of america. macdonald, fred j. don ' t touch that dial! : radio programming in american life. millis, walter. new york times magazine. \" two hours that changed history. \" morison, samuel eliot. the rising sun in the pacific. the two - ocean war. potter, e. b. and chester w. nimitz, eds. the great sea war. prange, gordon. at dawn we slept : the untold story of pearl harbor. quarterly journal of military history. hill, douglas, \" countdown to disaster. \" kahn, david, \" why weren ' t we warned. \" warner, denis and peggy. \" the doctrine of surprise. \" young, stephen bower. \" trapped! \" reischauer, edwin o. japan : the story of a nation. sansom, g. h. the western world and japan. schaller, michael. the american occupation of japan. spector, ronald h. the eagle against the sun : the american war with japan. stetson conn, rose engelman & byron fairchild. guarding the u. s. & its outposts. stillwell, paul. u. s. naval institute. \" admiral husband e. kimmel : scapegoat. \" terkel, studs. the good war : an oral history of world war two. this fabulous century. new york : time - life. volume 2 : 1910 - 1920. volume 3 : 1920 - 1930. volume 4 : 1930 - 1940. toland, john. the rising sun, the decline and fall of the japanese empire, 1936 - 1945. trumbull, robert. new york times magazine. \" a sunday that seems like yesterday. \" u. s. strategic bombing survey : the campaigns of the pacific war. wallin, homer n. pearl harbor : why, how, fleet salvage and final appraisal. weintraub, stanley. long day ' s journey", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4729390858348095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.085278"} {"text": "some wonder whether vitamins nutrition supplements are truly necessary? vitamins nutrition supplements are nutritional substances that provide key health benefits. preferably, the supplements benefits are backed up by clinical study results. [ read more ] [ read less ] what we eat daily is important, thus it is key to eat a balanced diet. even if you do regularly eat a balanced diet, there is still the problem of the nutrient value of food declining due to soil depletion over the past few decades. the usda food pyramid recommends women eat 2. 5 cups of veggies a day and men eat 3 cups. however, most adults do not even eat the minimum and thus where high - quality vitamins nutrition supplements come in as a way to make up for poor diet in order to have optimum health. good nutrition supplements do not just contain vitamins and minerals. this is because both men and women need more than just vitamins and minerals. thus good anti - aging natural supplements also contain amino acids, antioxidants, bioflavanoids, neuronutrients, l - carnosine, alpha lipoic acid, acetyl l - carnitine. studies have shown the vitamins nutrition supplements products can effectively support heart, eyes, brain, immune system, and joint health. these days the average life span is longer. the extra years are ideally are active healthy ones filled with energy. the main aspects to having good health include following a balanced diet with vitamins nutrition supplements, getting enough quality sleep, exercising moderately on a regular basis, and managing weight. high - quality nutrition supplements are a good way to help fill the nutrition gaps in a diet. they can help the body get the essential nutrients it needs. vitamins and minerals are just part of what they need. the other nutrients in high - quality supplements provide anti - aging benefits that help improve energy and health to prevent disease. one - a - day type vitamins nutrition supplements are not the ideal way of getting the nutrients our body \u2019 s need. this is because one single tablet cannot possibly have all the nutrients our bodies need the right quantities. if one tablet did, it would be too big to swallow. thus these types of supplements are a waste of money and there are studies to back up their ineffectiveness. however, the extreme of taking a dozen or more individual supplements is also not ideal, as it can be inconvenient as well as expensive. it is also important to know that women and men need different combinations of vitamins. vitamins nutrition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.434841059149645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.089509"} {"text": "december 7, 1941 - - a day that lives in infamy to past generation, december 7, 1941, is a day that will live in infamy, as president franklin delano roosevelt told radio audiences. more than 2400 americans were killed that day. the attack on pearl harbor ( called hawaii operation by the japanese imperial general headquarters ) was, of course, a surprise military strike conducted by the imperial japanese navy against the united states naval base at pearl harbor, hawaii, on the morning of december 7, 1941 ( december 8 in japan ). the attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the u. s. pacific fleet from interfering with military actions the empire of japan was planning in southeast asia against overseas territories of the united kingdom, the netherlands and the united states. the base was attacked by 353 japanese fighters, bombers and torpedo planes in two waves, launched from six aircraft carriers. all eight u. s. navy battleships were damaged, with four being sunk. of these eight damaged, two were raised, and with four repaired, six battleships returned to service later in the war. the japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti - aircraft training ship and one minelayer. 188 u. s. aircraft were destroyed ; 2, 402 americans were killed and 1, 282 wounded. important base installations such as the power station, shipyard, maintenance and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building ( also home of the intelligence section ) were not attacked. japanese losses were light : 29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost, and 65 servicemen killed or wounded. one japanese sailor was captured. the attack led directly to the american entry into world war ii in both the pacific and european theaters. the following day ( december 8 ), the united states declared war on japan. domestic support for non - interventionism, which had been strong, disappeared. subsequent operations by the u. s. prompted germany and italy to declare war on the u. s. on december 11, which was reciprocated by the u. s. the same day. there were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by japan. however, the lack of any formal warning, particularly while negotiations were still apparently ongoing, led president franklin d. roosevelt to proclaim december 7, 1941, \" a date which will live in infamy. \" on december 8, 1941 ( the day after the japanese attack on pearl harbor ), alan lomax, then \" assistant in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42659030250812163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.098505"} {"text": "president franklin d. roosevelt to proclaim december 7, 1941, \" a date which will live in infamy. \" on december 8, 1941 ( the day after the japanese attack on pearl harbor ), alan lomax, then \" assistant in charge \" of the archive of american folk song ( now the archive of folk culture, american folklife center ), sent a telegram to fieldworkers in ten different localities across the united states, asking them to collect \" man - on - the - street \" reactions of ordinary americans to the bombing of pearl harbor and the subsequent declaration of war by the united states. the result, the library of congress ' after the day of infamy : \" man - on - the - street \" interviews following the attack on pearl harbor presents approximately twelve hours of opinions recorded in the days and months following the bombing of pearl harbor from more than two hundred individuals in cities and towns across the united states. a second series of interviews, called \" dear mr. president, \" was recorded in january and february 1942. both collections are included in this presentation. they feature a wide diversity of opinion concerning the war and other social and political issues of the day, such as racial prejudice and labor disputes. the result is a portrait of everyday life in america as the united states entered world war ii. this online presentation of after the day of infamy : \" man - on - the - street \" interviews following the attack on pearl harbor also includes an essay on preseving the recordings, \" making and maintaining the original recordings, \" as well as biographies of the fieldworkers who conducted and arranged the interviews, complete transcripts of the interviews, related manuscripts and original disc sleeves. the presentation was made possible with the support of the franklin and eleanor roosevelt institute and the new deal network. in addition, the veterans history project ( vhp ) of the library of congress american folklife center is an oral history program that collects first - person accounts of military service in world war i, world war ii, the wars in korea, vietnam, and the persian gulf, and the conflicts in afghanistan and iraq. vhp also collects stories of civilians who supported their efforts, including men and women who worked in defense - related industries, and as uso entertainers and red cross workers. vhp relies on volunteers, both individuals and organizations, throughout the nation to contribute veterans \u2019 stories to vhp. in addition to audio - and video - recorded interviews, vhp accepts memoirs, collections of original photographs and letters, diaries, maps,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3985901766213522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.099818"} {"text": "vhp relies on volunteers, both individuals and organizations, throughout the nation to contribute veterans \u2019 stories to vhp. in addition to audio - and video - recorded interviews, vhp accepts memoirs, collections of original photographs and letters, diaries, maps, and other historical documents from world war i through current conflicts. the united states congress created the veterans history project in 2000. in april 2007, the library of congress and public broadcasting service ( pbs ) announced a joint community engagement initiative in conjunction with the broadcast of ken burns \u2019 film, the war, which reiterated the library of congress \u2019 message to the american people to help build the historic record by interviewing a veteran in your family or community. a participant in the project may be a veteran, an interviewer, or person donating a veteran \u2019 s collection ). students in the 10th grade and above may also participate and there are special resources for educators and students. the veterans history project is ongoing, and there is no deadline. to participate, visit this website : http : / / www. loc. gov / vets / \u201c the war / veterans history project field guide to conducting and preserving interviews \u201d ( pdf ) includes information on how to send your collection to veterans history project, including a list of what vhp can and cannot accept and the necessary forms for submitting content. also included are tips on conducting an interview and doing research at the national archives. national wwii memorial registry of remembrance is \u201c an individual listing of americans who contributed to the war effort. \u201d it is maintained by the american battle monument commission as a part of the national world war ii memorial located on the national mall in washington, d. c. 1. article illustration : the u. s. navy battleship uss nevada ( bb - 36 ) beached and burning at 0925 hrs on 7 december 1941 after being hit forward by japanese bombs and torpedoes. 2. pearl harbor attack, 7 december 1941. damage to the forecastle deck of uss nevada ( bb - 36 ), caused by the explosion of a japanese bomb below decks. 3. pearl harbor, hawaii, ( dec. 7, 2002 ) - - pearl harbor attack survivor manual h. magdaleno arrives at the uss arizona memorial to attend the annual dec. 7th commemoration ceremony. sign up for our bi - monthly newsletter accidents happen : protecting & saving family treasures with nancy kraft preserving your personal digital memories with bill lefurgy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4464457291138719, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.100899"} {"text": "animal species : killer whale the killer whale, orcinus orca, is the largest member of the dolphin family. the killer whale is a strikingly marked animal characterised by a body pattern of dramatically contrasting areas of intense black and white. the rounded head, indistinct beak, large pointed teeth and prominent upright dorsal fin complete what is considered one of the oceans most impressive mammals. 9 m, 5 tonnes the killer whale is found in all oceans and seas of the world usually in family groups. they occur in most habitat types from coastal areas to the deep ocean waters, from the tropics to polar regions. feeding and diet these animals are serious meat eaters and one of the most efficient large predators of the ocean. a cooperative hunter, they often work in packs, and will take a broad range of vertebrates including whales, seals, penguins, fish, sea otters, and turtles. killer whales have marked territorial behaviour and home ranges. their prey is determined by what is available in their home ange but they also seek out areas of seasonal abundance such as seal pupping sites. killer whales are a highly social species whose group size and composition is based on the dominance of a female line. the gestation period is thought to be about 15 months after which a single young is born. group cooperation extends to care of the young, which will continue to suckle from the mother for an extended period of up to two years. the breeding season is variable, as is the interval between births. this latter period can be as little as three years or as long as eight. the killer whale has never been the target of serious commercial hunting so the species worldwide is secure. there is some concern about depletion of individual populations and disruption to social structure from captures for the oceanarium trade and limited hunting in some parts of asia, northern europe and the west indies. - baker, a. n. 1999. whales and dolphins of australia and new zealand : an identification guide. allen & unwin, st leonards, australia. - bryden, m., marsh, h. and shaughnessy, p. 1998. dugongs, whales, dolphins and seals. a guide to the sea mammals of australasia. allen & unwin, st leonards, australia. - menkhorst, p. 2001. a field guide to mammals of australia. oxford university press, melbourne, australia. - reeves, r. r., stewart, b. s., clapham, p. j.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4380399152306568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.103804"} {"text": "latine loqui disce sine molestia! learn to speak latin with ease! \u00a1 aprende a hablar latin sin esfuerzo! apprenez a parler latin sans peine! impara a parlare latino senza sforzo! lernen sie latein zu sprechen ohne muhe! you will need to have the following font installed on your system : maybe this font can be downloaded for free from the internet. the alphabet used by the romans of the classical period consisted of the following letters : a b c d e f g h i k l m n o p q r s t v x y z it is basically the same alphabet as is still used today by a majority of languages in the world. the ancient romans already observed a functional difference between the standard i and a more elongated alternative, which would later became j, but didnt conceive of a meaningful distinction between v and u, as was later established, nor did they use other variants like c, n or w. the romans of the classical period had several styles to write the above letters, greatly depending on the materials used to write. as is true for most scripts, nevertheless, these styles can be grouped into two distinct ones. there is a formal one, that we now call capitalis, that was used on monuments, legal documents, public announcements, books for sale, jewelery, and in general whenever the text was meant to endure and might even have some sort of ornamental value. we can see it below used on stone, bronze, plastered walls, papyrus or, later on, parchment, and on many other surfaces and objects. there was a second style, the informal one, that we now call cursiva, that was used for everyday transactions with no ornamental value. this is less well known to most people, because of the precarious nature of the materials on which it was used and the lesser artistic value of the objects where we find it ; but it was in fact the main style most romans would have used in their practical lives. we can see it below on waxen or wooden tablets, wall graffiti or bone, and was used on many similar surfaces. in time there developed a third style, the uncialis, which is just a smaller version of the capitalis with some strong influence of the cursiva. the shapes of the letters of the capitalis style are practically identical with our present capitals, whereas the cursiva may have influenced the evolution of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43250742133408365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.117403"} {"text": "which is just a smaller version of the capitalis with some strong influence of the cursiva. the shapes of the letters of the capitalis style are practically identical with our present capitals, whereas the cursiva may have influenced the evolution of the former into the uncialis, a smaller version which is in turn the predecessor of our lower case characters ; but it is important to understand that, in roman times, the difference between the capitalis and the cursiva, or even the later uncialis, was not at all comparable to the difference we now make between capitals and lower case when we use capitals at the beginning of some words, or for titles, in texts otherwise written in lower case. they were just different styles to write the same single case of letters, and were equivalent rather to the duality that exists between our printing and our handwritten letters. they would of course not have been mixed in any one piece of writing, as we would not type some letters and write others by hand within the same text, let alone the same word. just like the arabs or the japanese, therefore, in spite of a variety of writing styles, the romans didnt either have an equivalent to our meaningful alternation between capitals and lower case within the same piece of writing in any of them, nor did they write any differently the first letter of a sentence or proper name and the rest. the romans, in order to save space, given the high cost of most of the materials they wrote on, used the so called ligatur\u00e6, i. e. groupings of letters written as a cluster by sharing a common stroke. there were many of them : ae could be found as \u00e6, and similarly an, tr, vm and many others could appear fused together in groups of two, three and even more letters. the romans had only two diacritics, and they didnt use any of the two with any regularity. the romans would often write without even separating the words with spaces, as we have seen above in several instances. moreover, they certainly never distinguished sentences or phrases using commas, semicolons, colons or stops, neither did they know of question or exclamation marks, brackets, inverted commas or any other diacritic we are used to. in fact, the only sign they used, and only in the more elegant writings, like monumental ones, was a dot they used not as final stop, but to separate single words. we have also seen this on the inscriptions above.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4347759695111267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.118456"} {"text": "used to. in fact, the only sign they used, and only in the more elegant writings, like monumental ones, was a dot they used not as final stop, but to separate single words. we have also seen this on the inscriptions above. this dot could sometimes take more sophisticated shapes, as a little ivy leaf, for instance, as below. the romans of the most sophisticated period of classical culture used, as much in monumental writing as in more domestic texts, a sign called apex, identical to what we nowadays know as acute accent ( \u00b4 ). this sign, nevertheless, was not used to indicate the accent or stress in the word as in a minute number of modern vernaculars, but to mark long vowels ( see the file on pronunciation ), as is still done today in languages like icelandic, hungarian, czech and many others. latin spelling nowadays it is obvious that the writing practices of the romans of the classical period were rather primitive in comparison with present ones. some people believe for that reason that our spelling habits are vernacular, and therefore somehow spurious and artificially imposed on latin subsequently. they forget that most of our spelling customs are the natural development of roman practices and were organically furthered throughout history by people who spoke and wrote in latin, in order to achieve greater clarity and distinction when reading and writing latin itself, not the vernacular languages ; and these usages passed on from latin to the vernaculars, and not the other way around. the ancient difference in shape between a shorter and a more elongated i ( i / j ), the latter of which, already in antiquity, was frequently used in the cursiva in word - initial position, often corresponding to the consonantal sound, as can be seen in the illustrations above, was formalised in later periods for this useful function specifically, thus allowing for complete transparency as regards the difference in pronunciation between the first sound in janua and in iambus, or in meaning between forms like perjerat and perierat. the previously meaningless difference between the pointed v of the capitalis and the rounded u of some forms of cursiva or of the uncialis was equally put to the service of a more transparent spelling. it was thus finally possible duly to distinguish vowels from consonants. other variants that could be allocated no distinctive phonetic value, like a taller or shorter t or a more or less stretched s, were either kept for merely aesthetic purposes or eventually dropped as functionally improductive. some ligatures like \u00e6 or were likewise preserved to help distinguish the corresponding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4551413135538779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.119823"} {"text": "distinctive phonetic value, like a taller or shorter t or a more or less stretched s, were either kept for merely aesthetic purposes or eventually dropped as functionally improductive. some ligatures like \u00e6 or were likewise preserved to help distinguish the corresponding diphthongs from the hiatuses ae and oe, whereas many others were abandoned. the separation of words by means of spaces was found to be such a useful device that few contemporaries would be able to read without it ; and the rich variety of signs of punctuation introduced also in later stages of the history of latin helped reading with the necessary pauses, and allowed us to distinguish the component parts of sentences, or to determine beyond doubt whether we are confronted with a statement, an exclamation or a question. finally, the distinction between capitals and lower case brought in not only a certain elegance, but also some further clarity to grammar ( highlighting proper names ) and to discourse structure ( marking the beginnings of sentences ). there has most unfortunately arisen, nevertheless, and for all the wrong reasons, a fashion of spelling fundamentalism that, abandoning a more than reasonable tradition of centuries of latin writing, purports to go back to the writing usages of the ancient romans. this is as absurd as wanting to give up the use of paper or the modern book, and claiming that something is not classical latin unless its written on papyrus rolls. it should be obvious to anyone that we can be completely respectful of ancient culture and cultivate the purest form of classical latinity while using more developed methods of writing than our ancestors had at their disposal and which are moreover the result of centuries of latin tradition. of course, since fundamentalists rarely guide themselves by reason, the return to the old usages doesnt follow any further criteria than their own arbitrary whim, and they sometimes are purists and sometimes not, as they please. thus, some have set about eliminating the distinction between i and j as non - roman, but they are only too happy against all logic to keep that between v and u. others consider that the use of capitals should be eliminated, and they do use lower case letters at the beginning of sentences, but they then arbitrarily keep capitals for proper names or even adjectives. of course, none of those purists has dared to admit the fact that a return to ancient usage would imply writing everything rather in capitals than in lower case, and that they would in fact have to stop using any punctuation at all. the saddest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5200525626596622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.120987"} {"text": "of those purists has dared to admit the fact that a return to ancient usage would imply writing everything rather in capitals than in lower case, and that they would in fact have to stop using any punctuation at all. the saddest aspect of the modern spelling mess is that it has nothing to do with latin. it originates in attempts at spelling reforms that seemed to make perfect sense in a vernacular like italian, but which some people felt the need to force also upon latin, with deplorable consequences. while most european languages, including latin, felt very comfortable with the century - old usage of i and j, and v and u, as all those letters represented clearly different sounds or appeared in clearly different syllabic contexts, in italian the use of i and j had become so complicated by conflicting and arbitrary uses without too much relation with any phonetic reality that people struggled to determine when a word had to be written with i and when with j. italian being a language with otherwise very straightforward spelling principles, a pressure arose therefore to drop the use of j. now, this absolutely sensible measure for italian was unnecessarily applied also to latin by people who were persuaded that latin must be spelt as modern italian. obviously, they could never have convinced the international latin using community on such grounds, so they started to contrive specious justifications : that the sound of the vowel and the semivowel were similar enough ( even though it is exactly the same difference that i and j have in german and many other languages that have never considered dropping the spelling distinction ), that it brought latin spelling closer to ancient practices ( although, as we have explained, the distinction between i and j has in fact a much more ancient history than that of u and v ), etc. of course, they never mentioned that every single one of those reasons applies with exactly equal force to the latin pair i / j ( where [ i ] differs from [ j ] ) and to the pair u / v ( where [ u ] differs from either [ w ] or [ v ], however we care to pronounce it ), which the italians had no intention to simplify because in italian it made sense to continue to use both letters in the latter case. as the international community began to drop the use of j in a quest for ancient purity, it became more and more obvious to everyone who hadnt given up the human capacity to reason, that it made absolutely no sense in latin to drop the j without dropping also the v", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4952725572270455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.122042"} {"text": "began to drop the use of j in a quest for ancient purity, it became more and more obvious to everyone who hadnt given up the human capacity to reason, that it made absolutely no sense in latin to drop the j without dropping also the v ; so, having genuinely assimilated the specious excuses of the italians to bring latin spelling closer to roman times, the best philologists around the world felt it absolutely necessary to do without v too, and many critical editions of classical texts are now published that way. we have thus a traditional i / j / u / v system, which was foolishly undermined and turned into just i / u / v in accordance with some vernacular spelling reforms, but in a move that has now inevitably but most unfortunately backfired ( certainly against the expectations of those who promoted the use of i / u / v ) into an ugly i / u system as the only reasonably acceptable outcome. not only that, following the same perverse train of thought, many now feel the need also to drop the use of capitals in latin texts. where this absurd nonsense will take latin spelling is difficult to foresee, but we cannot but lament that the narrow - minded whim of a nation with the most arrogant attitude towards the language of our common civilisation has managed to bring absolute chaos to an elegant, sensible, and century - long latin spelling tradition. we consider that our spelling usages were developed through millennia according to criteria of utility and clarity, which it is as absurd as it is unnecessary to renounce. even if some certainly rude spirits could consider giving up aesthetic developments like the distinction between capitals and lower case, it seems absolutely preposterous to eliminate usages that reflect better the pronunciation of the language and help reading. indeed, we should avoid as non - transparent spelling those practices which, with the specious excuse of being truer to ancient practices or following vernacular considerations, disregard centuries of legitimate latin spelling tradition and prefer to hinder learning of the latin language by failing to represent transparently its different sounds. using one and the same letter i to represent both the vowel [ i ] and the consonant [ j ] may be true to the most ancient practices, but it is as unfortunately as unnecessarily non - transparent because it doesn ' t allow to distinguish which is which in words like \" iam \" ( where the i represents a semivowel, pronounced as english y in yes ) and \" iambus \" ( where the i represents a vowel, pronounced as english i in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49719825452437516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.123103"} {"text": "allow to distinguish which is which in words like \" iam \" ( where the i represents a semivowel, pronounced as english y in yes ) and \" iambus \" ( where the i represents a vowel, pronounced as english i in it ), etc. non - transparent spelling makes that more and more people nowadays fail to learn the language properly as they are preposterously kept in the dark about the sounds the words they read and write actually contain ( we ' ve heard many a professor, let alone students, pronounce \" iam \" rhyming with ian and \" iambus \" starting as yummy ). using i for the vowel and j for the semivowel is conversely a much more transparent spelling, which is justified by centuries of latin spelling tradition and which allows us to see immediately which is which by writing \" jam \" but \" iambus \", etc. equally using the same ae combination both for the diphthong in \" aereus \" ( where the ae represent a diphthong, pronounced in one syllable, rather like english eye ) and the hiatus in \" aerius \" ( where the ae represent an hiatus, pronounced in two syllables, rather like english a in father followed by the e in error ), etc. is sadly non - transparent ( and leads to error just as many ). using \u00e6 for the diphthong and ae of the hiatus, or at least ae for the diphthong but ae for the hiatus, is a much more transparent spelling and it allows us to see immediately which is which by writing \" \u00e6reus \" but \" aerius \" ( or \" aereus \" but \" aerius \" ), etc. as inconsistent spelling we must avoid spelling practices that choose to be transparent in some cases but not in others with no legitimate phonetic or historical reason to do so in one case and not in the other whatsoever, as when some people choose to distinguish the vowel [ u ] from the semivowel [ w ] by writing the former as u and the latter as v, which is a nicely transparent practice, rather than spelling both as u, which would be non - transparent, and they don ' t care in this case not to be true to ancient practices ; but then, with no phonetic or historical reason to do so, they choose not to to distinguish the vowel [ i ] from the semivowel [ j ] by writing the former as i and the latter as j, which would be nicely transparent practice, rather than spelling both as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5319793464867932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.124099"} {"text": "historical reason to do so, they choose not to to distinguish the vowel [ i ] from the semivowel [ j ] by writing the former as i and the latter as j, which would be nicely transparent practice, rather than spelling both as i, which is non - transparent. equally choosing to distinguish the diphthong \u00e6 from the hiatus ae in a usefully transparent way, rather than writing both as ae, but at the same time not distinguishing the diphthong from the hiatus oe and writing both non - transparently as oe, would be also inconsistent. finally, indicating the length of the vowels in writing was something that the ancient romans didn ' t need to do because they just knew which was which, either because they were native speakers or because they could learn to pronounce the words by listening to native speakers. the use of the apex in ancient inscriptions or manuscripts is therefore quite haphazard. for us, on the other hand, using a more thorough form of spelling, consistently marking all long vowels, is much more poignantly required if we aspire ever to learn to pronounce the words correctly. there was one case, nevertheless, when even ancient native speakers advocated that the use of the apex is actually necessary ( cf. quint. inst. 1, 7, 2s ), and that is when when a difference of length in a vowel can produce a different meaning in a word, as in \" malus \" and \" malus \" or \" liber \" and \" liber \" or \" rosa \" and \" rosa \" or \" loqueris \" and \" loqueris \". we must certainly never omit such necessary apices. it is absolutely unnecesary to give up our spelling lore, on any grounds ; and we advocate the full reinstatement of our century - long, sensible spelling tradition, in the interests of transparency, consistency, and thoroughness.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47449814582618, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.124957"} {"text": "james ford rhodes ( 18481927 ). history of the civil war, 18611865 1917. an unfriendly attitude toward the recruitment of the army, for political prisoners, for persons suspected of any disloyal practice, the privilege did not exist. it was suspended for one year, ten months and twenty - one days by executive assumption and for the rest of the period by the authorization of congress. the provocation for the use of arbitrary power was, all things considered, about equal in the confederacy and the union. in the union the disloyal secret societies were larger and more dangerous, and the public criticism of the administration more copious and bitter. there was, too, the organized political party which made a focus for the opposition and developed vallandigham, who had no counterpart at the south. but these considerations are balanced by the circumstance that in the south was the seat of war which was never but for brief periods moved north of mason and dixons line and the ohio river. civil administration is everywhere relaxed, wrote judge campbell as early as october, 1862, and has lost much of its energy, and our entire confederacy is like a city in a state of siege, cut off from all intercourse with foreign nations and invaded by a superior force at every assailable point. where armies stand in opposition disloyalty may give the enemy aid and comfort so substantial as to decide an impending battle ; far from the front it is apt to spend itself in bluster, threats and secret midnight oaths. in the confederacy there was practically no important place east of the mississippi river which was not at one time or another invaded or threatened by the invader. the courts, it is true, were open in the south, but, owing to the disorganized state of society, the interruption of trade and the passage of stay laws by the states, they tried few commercial cases but confined themselves to criminal jurisdiction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4762848088563044, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.127605"} {"text": "alternative processes : silver gelatin print with martha casanave for the next few days, we will feature a mini - series of posts on alternative processes in photography. today, martha casanave joins us to talk about her silver gelatin print posted above. if this interests you and you ' d like to expand your creative pallette, the f295 annual symposium might be the spot for you to do so. martha casanave series \u201c coastal pinholes \u201d - silver gelatin print - 4 x 5 pinhole camera the silver gelatin process was invented by richard leach maddox in 1871 and was considerably improved upon by charles harper bennett in 1878. the gelatin silver print was the most popular print process throughout the twentieth century and is still used widely by artists today. gelatin silver paper ( black and white paper ) has an emulsion of silver chlorides suspended in gelatin. to create a print, the paper is exposed to light ( commonly with an enlarger through a negative ), immersed in developer which reduces the silver to form the image, and fixed with sodium thiosulfate. the concept of a pinhole camera was used prior to the invention of photography for scientific purposes, however came to the photographic world with the advent of gelatin plates. a pinhole camera is a lensless camera with a single aperture ; any light - proof box can easily be converted to a pinhole camera by poking a small hole in one side of the box. light passes through the pinhole and projects the inverted image on the back wall of the box, where film or paper is exposed. casanave creates her work by placing her pinhole camera directly in the sand. referring to coastal pinholes she states, \u201c the wide - angle, distorting view of most pinhole cameras is utilized best from low angles. working this way also takes me back to my childhood, when i played with toys and lived closer to the ground, and further from reality. the near indefinite depth of field of pinhole cameras allows me to play with visual elements of near and far. the time dilations \u2014 long, long exposures \u2014 allow water to become cloud, person to become ghost \u201d. martha casanave and many other 21st century photographers will be discussing their work at the 2012 f295 symposium : continued explorations of 21st century photography", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5212453236941661, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.130183"} {"text": "filed under : creativity \u2014 piotr @ 2 : 42 pm april 15, 2012 i have greatly enjoyed watching the very entertaining talk by john cleese on creativity. even if you \u2019 re in it only for the jokes, it \u2019 s worth 36 minutes of your life. a few main takeaways from john \u2019 s talk : 1. creativity is linked to the ability to play. 2. people can be described in terms of two modes : open and closed. creativity is _ not _ possible in the closed mode. 3. we mostly operate in the \u201c closed \u201d mode : filled with tention, purposeful, manic and not creative. 4. \u201c open \u201d mood is marked by : being playful, less serious, relaxed, curious, etc. 5. alexander flemming discovered penicillin in the \u201c open \u201d mode \u2013 he became curious why the bacterial culture did not grow in one of the petri dishes. 6. hitchcock often used to tell random stories to relax people around him, claiming they tried too hard. 7. we need to be in the \u201c open \u201d mode when pondering a problem. 8. once we find a solution, we must switch to the \u201c close \u201d mode \u2013 because it \u2019 s the best for \u201c exectution \u201d [ potr : this reminds me of key ideas on innovation and creativity from \" innovators dilemma \" by clayton c. - great read btw ] 9. we too often get stuck in the \u201c closed \u201d mode, attaining a tunnel vision. this is particularly prevalent among politicians. how many psychiatrist does it take to change the light bulb? only one \u2026 but the light bulb really needs to change. 10. the are conditions under which creativity can be released. to attain the \u201c open \u201d mode you require : - you need to create space for your creativity to flourish. - pick a specific start and end time to your \u201c creative \u201d time. this will help you to seal yourself off from distractions. - play is secluded and marked by limitedness. - create an oasis for yourself by setting the boundaries of space and time. become separate from everyday life just for a few moments. - it \u2019 s easier to do trivial things which are not important, that to do important things. therefore, clear off unimportant distractions. - it takes some time for your mind to quiet down. 30 minutes is not enough for your creative time. - cleese suggest about 1 1 / 2 hour sessions. - take a break ( e. g. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5378356079950499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.136261"} {"text": "wrong \u201d or \u201c i don \u2019 t like that \u201d. always be positive. and build on what \u2019 s been said. \u201c would it be even better if \u2026? \u201d \u201c i don \u2019 t quite understand that \u2026 can you just explain it again? \u201d try to establish as free an atmosphere as possible. 13. japanese creativity \u2013 unstructured, lack of pressure, first people to give their views are the most junior - they can speak freely without contradicting what \u2019 s already been said by those more important. 14. creativity is like humour \u2026 in a joke, the laugh comes at a moment when you connect two frames of reference. 15. having a new idea is connecting to separate ideas that creates a new meaning. 16. new connections are significant if they generate a new meaning. 17. when you play, you can try randomly invent new juxtapositions. then use your intuition to sense which are significant or meaningful. 18. deliberately crazy connections can be called \u201c intermediate impossibles \u201d. however stupid or wrong or absurd they seem, they are the stepping stones to an idea that is right. if you really don \u2019 t know how to start or you get stuck, start generating random connections that may lead to some new ideas. 19. finally : how to stop your subordinates from being creative. filed under : technology \u2014 piotr @ 8 : 19 pm april 11, 2012 jesper richter - reichhelm of wooga ( facebook games maker ) shares the lessons he learned in scaling their game platforms to handle millions of users. wooga \u2019 s game, called monster world, is currently heading for 2 million daily users. veeery impressive! i aplaude their choice of ruby language for running the backend logic and interfacing with flash front - end and mysql database ( s ). i was also happy to learn how they \u2019 d overcome mysql scaling issues. hint : they used a ( now hugely ) popular in - memory key - value store called redis. redis is an awesome piece of technology, and in hindsight, seems like a perfect fit for a high - throughput / mega - popular facebook game like monster world. sounds interesting to you??? the full video is here for your pleasure. where did we come from? i find the explanation that we were made in stars to be deep, elegant, and beautiful. this explanation says that every atom in each of our bodies was built up out of smaller particles produced in the furnaces of long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5870112969407342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.138423"} {"text": "ray kurzweil : well if we talk about what is it that we should train children and adults ' cause i think we need lifelong education to do. it ' s not rote learning, which unfortunately it ' s still the model of education throughout much of the world. i think actually the united states is better than a lot of other areas interms of having more flexible approaches to what it is we ' re trying toget children to do. many areas of the world are really still have a model of education of rote learning, which is obsolete because we carry all that information on our belts. we don ' t need to remember it all. but we do need to be able to solve actual problems with knowledge. we need to find the right knowledge ; yes, we have search engines to help us and the search engines will get better, but really need the right strategies to find the right information. we need to be able to create new knowledge. knowledge is doubling every 13 months by some measures. and knowledge isn ' t just a database. knowledge is a symphony or a jazz band or a poem or a novel or a new scientific insight or an invention. these are also examples of knowledge. my philosophy ofeducation is learn by doing. singularity university, which i co - founded with peter diamandis and i ' m chancellor of \u2013 has that philosophy with the core curriculum is the students self - organizing into small teams and they take on a grand challenge like to solve the water problem of the world and maybe they will actually succeed indoing that \u2013 the goal is to actually do \u2013 solve major challenges inten years. or maybe they ' ll solve a piece of it, or maybe they won ' tsolve it at all, but they ' ll still learn something. if i think about what i ' ve learned in my career, it ' s from my own projects and whether they succeed or fail, that ' s really the best way to learn. and there ' s versions of that we can bring into every level. we certainly see many college kids started major revolutions, including political revolutions but also technological revolutions, with no equipment other than their notebook computer or their phone. directed and produced by : jonathan fowler & elizabeth rodd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5319267329563915, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.140819"} {"text": "virginia and kentucky resolutions ( 1798 ) these resolutions argued that the federal government had no authority to exercise power not specifically delegated to it in the constitution. they were passed by the legislatures of kentucky and virginia in response to the alien and sedition acts of 1798 and were authored by thomas jefferson and james madison, respectively. in an analysis of the principle of federalism, the resolutions made the case that the states had the power to nullify unconstitutional federal laws. the kentucky resolution declared in part, \u201c [ t ] he several states who formed that instrument [ the constitution ], being sovereign and independent, have the unquestionable right to judge of its infraction ; and that a nullification, by those [ states ], of all unauthorized acts \u2026. is the rightful remedy. \u201d the virginia resolution said that by enacting the alien and sedition acts, congress was exercising \u201c a power not delegated by the constitution, but on the contrary, expressly and positively forbidden by one of the amendments thereto ; a power, which more than any other, ought to produce universal alarm, because it is levelled against that right of freely examining public characters and measures, and of free communication among the people thereon, which has ever been justly deemed, the only effectual guardian of every other right. \u201d the ideas in the virginia and kentucky resolutions became a precursor to john c. calhoun \u2019 s arguments about the power of states to nullify federal laws. however, during the 1830s nullification controversy, madison rejected the legitimacy of nullification, and maintained that it was not part of the virginia position in 1798.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4418286051325245, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.142519"} {"text": "this is another image i found on google + all lines are absolutely straight, parallel and perpendicular but why does it appear to have a curvature? related : how does this illusion work? like these questions : ) many of these illusions come from prof. akiyoshi kitaoka, a japanese psychologist and expert for gestalt psychology. on his website you ' ll find some more fascinating illusions and questions to ask here ; ) the illusion above is named cafe wall illusion and the newest model to explain those illusions is the contrast - polarity model. short explanation from his webpage : the paper explained it better to me : this explains why you perceive a tilt. if you position the smaller squares now in distinct edges of the big squares, you can achieve 2 - and 3 - dimenional illusions. here you see a increasing of the tilt due to more smaller squares : here you can see that the positioning of the smaller squares is critical to achieve the 3d effect of the orignial bulge effect in your question : notice that gestalt psychology is a non - reductionistic theory approach and investigates mainly the phenomenology and underlying gestalt laws of visual perception. how these gestalt laws developed on a deeper level is a question of neurobiological evolution similar to, \" why have some species of apes color - vision and some not \". the ellipses in the explaining picture above show you, that our cognitive visual machine somehow tries to group divided objects ( square and line of same contrast / brightness ) in one line and we see a tilt. i ' m guessing here, but this is probably due to cognitive brain algorithm that saves things and objects we see and perceive mainly by countor and shapes, rather than pixel by pixel like a computer and digital camera do it, which of course don ' t perceive any tilt or 3d illusion in any of those trick images : ) read the papers for more explanations and examples, not behind a paywall :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5522529881338892, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.146794"} {"text": "for many americans and almost all new yorkers, one of the staples of thanksgiving day is waking up at a semi - reasonable hour to watch the macy \u2019 s thanksgiving day parade, an annual event wherein people gather to march down the streets of new york city from central park west to herald square accompanied by massive balloons, elaborately decorated floats, and the deafening sounds of holiday camaraderie. started by immigrants in the 1920s who wanted to celebrate their newfound american heritage and emulate the festive gatherings of their ancestors in europe, the parade has become an annual tradition, complete with a live television broadcast, musical acts, performances by broadway players, and millions of new yorkers and out - of - towners celebrating the season. the history of the macy \u2019 s thanksgiving day parade is a long and storied one, and numerous changes have been implemented since its inception almost a century ago. did you know that it was originally called the macy \u2019 s christmas parade and is just one of many thanksgiving day parades that take place around the country? or how about that live animals were used for the first few years before the balloons were introduced? the parade would continue to grow and develop over the years until its current incarnation. despite these many, many changes, every year since the first parade jolly old saint nick awaits at the end, presumably to usher in another season of mass consumerism. take a look at the infographic below to learn a number of interesting, bizarre, and downright hilarious facts about this time honored thanksgiving day tradition. click to enlarge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.35759412827293197, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.148522"} {"text": "i \u2019 m delighted to be working with state folklorist maggie holtzberg in lowell this summer. on the summer solstice, maggie and i went to visit jonas stundzia at his home in lawrence to learn about rasos svente, the dew festival, and the ways lithuanians celebrate the longest day of the year. he will be demonstrating how to make floral head garlands at this year \u2019 s lowell folk festival. garlands, or wreaths, are an important part of this solstice festival, also known as the festival of saint john. jonas is a wealth of folklore. when we got to his house, he welcomed us with a traditional lithuanian greeting. from a decorative ceramic pitcher, he poured water over our hands, and held out a woven lithuanian cloth to dry them. he then offered us cucumbers dipped in honey and small cups of samagonas ( rye moonshine ). he said that cucumbers dipped in honey are eaten as a summer treat only in the northeast area of lithuania. jonas showed us his garden blooming with plants native to lithuania, including wild sorrel, used in making soup ; ruta ( rue ), the national flower ; wild onions ; and lavender. his garden also had winter rye, used for christmas decorations ; parsley ; mint ; wild straw ; and wild dahlia. he showed us a large oak garland he had made. oak is considered a male tree and oak garlands are usually reserved for men. we tried it on anyway, and it was heavy! in lithuania, garlands made of wild flowers, healing herbs, and grasses are used in the solstice festival to adorn the head, decorate the homestead, float candles on the water, and burn in the bonfire. jonas had made another large circular garland with linden and yellow flowers which symbolize the sun. lithuanians consider linden a female plant ; this wreath could be worn by a woman, or decorated with lit candles to be floated on the water on the evening of the rasos svente festival. the points of light guide the sun back home to earth. wreaths symbolize the circle of life. circles and wheels are important in lithuanian mythology. in one pre - bronze age myth the sun travels across the sky pulled by a goat. jonas told us that lithuanian rituals and language go back to proto indo - european times. they still survive today because lithuania was geographically isolated far up north on swampy land that nobody else wanted. lithuanian is an ancient language, but still living, unlike sanskrit or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44805193582797015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.152105"} {"text": "told us that lithuanian rituals and language go back to proto indo - european times. they still survive today because lithuania was geographically isolated far up north on swampy land that nobody else wanted. lithuanian is an ancient language, but still living, unlike sanskrit or latin. on the summer solstice, lithuanians give kupole staffs to friends and neighbors to protect and bless their homes. jonas showed us a kupole staff he had made with healing herbs : nettle ( good for healing arthritis and a relaxation ) ; wormwood ( good for the nerves ) ; southern wort ( a nerve relaxant used to make absinthe liquor ) ; mountain ash ( considered a male plant, used in the celebration of st. john ) ; and belladonna ( a medicinal nightshade ). next, he showed us decorative iron saule, which means \u201c sun. \u201d one had a circle, which represents the sun ; branches which represent the tree of life ; jagged thunderbolts ; curved snakes ; and roots representing the earth. in lithuania, snakes are symbols of life. gyvate means snake ; gyvas means life. the first animals to appear from mother earth in the spring are the toad and the snake. thunderbolts allude to the god of thunder who creates rain, and therefore gives life. other saule he showed us had christian crosses. he said that roman catholics had adopted and reinterpreted the form of the saule and used them in cemeteries to decorate gravestones. in the same way, the pre - christian kupole staff transformed into a similar, but smaller and more compact staff used on palm sunday. the rituals of the rasos svente festival also were adopted into saint john \u2019 s day celebrations. we look forward to hearing more of his stories at his demonstration tent at the folk festival in july. all photos by maggie holtzberg.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4604051654715249, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.152845"} {"text": "ta - da! look at that wonderful floor puzzle your child just completed!! it \u2019 s big, and beautiful, and \u2026 finished? not necessarily! floor puzzles are a wonderful educational activity on their own, but did you know there are some additional ways you can use these large projects to sneak - in some extra learning? here are three tips for each level of floor puzzle : beginner, intermediate ( 24 - 50 piece ) and advanced ( 100 piece ). these puzzles typically have fewer, and larger, puzzle pieces \u2013 which is great for younger puzzlers. after your child is finished, work together to : - identify and name all the colors used in the puzzle - count how many objects ( animals, symbols, people ) are in the puzzle - group similar objects together ( animals, people, big things, little things ) intermediate floor puzzles puzzles with up to 50 pieces can be a wonderful accomplishment for your child. but, once complete, there are many ways you can encourage further learning. try : - seeking patterns in the puzzle : are there objects or colors that repeat? - creating a story about the puzzle : use storytelling paper to write down what \u2019 s happening in the puzzle. ( for example, for the solar system puzzle below, write a story about what it would be like to visit each planet! ) - identify and compare sizes of objects in the puzzle : what is the biggest? what is the smallest? advanced floor puzzles massive puzzles are so much fun to accomplish, and after you \u2019 ve spent all that time putting it together, it would be a shame to take it apart! here are ways to keep enjoying your 100 piece floor puzzle. - measure the puzzle and talk about inches versus feet ( how many feet long is the puzzle? how many inches? ) - stare at the puzzle for a certain period of time, then look away and try to recreate the puzzle on a piece of paper from memory. - grab your encyclopedia, and do some research on the images or objects that appear in the puzzle. for example, if it \u2019 s the underwater floor puzzle above, look up different species of fish, or find out what plants live in the ocean and what purposes they serve. what are your favorite ways to play, and learn, with floor puzzles? share your ideas in the comments below, or join the conversation on melissa & doug \u2019 s facebook page!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46484231602729675, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.155193"} {"text": "highways of the future ( may, 1938 ) highways of the future by e. w. murtfeldt picture a 15, 000 - mile network of twelve - lane motor speedways spanning the nationa\u20ac \u201d three of them linking the atlantic and pacific coasts, six more crisscrossing the country north and south a\u20ac \u201d and you will have an idea of the vastness of a spectacular highway plan proposed by senator robert j. bulkley of ohio. requiring twenty - five years for completion, the mammoth gridiron of superhighways would change long - distance driving from a motorist \u2019 s nightmare of snarled traffic into a reality of fast, safe transportation. it would represent an impressive start toward an era of scientifically constructed speedways, and crashproof cars of radical new design to run upon them, foreseen by leading experts for the not - too - distant future. what will transcontinental touring be like, say, fifty years from now? recently dr. miller mcclintock, director of the harvard university bureau for street traffic researcha\u20ac \u201d the man who is recognized as the nation \u2019 s foremost authority on traffic problemsa\u20ac \u201d gave a startling preview of the momentous changes he sees ahead. rear - end collisions, he foresees, will be made impossible by a new expedient. pushing down the brake pedal on a car of the future will operate a stop light that emits infra - red rays. these invisible light rays, picked up and distinguished from ordinary light by a photo - electric cell on the front of a following car, will energize an electric circuit and apply its brakes automatically. electric cables, buried beneath the pavements of superhighways, will govern the movement of cars. one set of electromagnetic impulses will control the car \u2019 s speed. another set will lock its steering gear against any attempt to make a dangerous turn from one lane to another. eventually, the cable system may even be adapted to take over steering altogethera\u20ac \u201d allowing the driver to release the wheel, sit back, and make himself comfortable until he chooses to switch back again to manual control. at night, the superhighways will light up of their own accord, section by section, as a car travels over them. \u201c electric eyes \u201d spaced along the road will turn on the glareless illumination whenever a car passes, shutting it off at other times to conserve electricity. imagine a typical section of this superhighway of the future. straight as a shaft of light,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5237385403100983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.167914"} {"text": "electric eyes \u201d spaced along the road will turn on the glareless illumination whenever a car passes, shutting it off at other times to conserve electricity. imagine a typical section of this superhighway of the future. straight as a shaft of light, ten or more broad lanes of concrete stretch across the countryside, passing around cities and towns, bridging railroads, canals, and crossroads. streamline busses roar along a center strip that splits the speedway, separating streams of private cars traveling in both directions. for cars moving at different speeds, each one - way pavement is divided into separate safety, accelerating, cruising, and express lanes. hop into a 1988 - model car and take an imaginary spin down one of these amazing foolproof roads. perhaps you arrived at the transcontinental artery by plane, swooping down on one of the concrete flight strips lining the boulevard, or settling to an automatic, radio - controlled landing on a spacious airport built close to a major highway intersection. driving up the clover - leaf approach onto the elevated highway, you glide first into the slow - speed safety lane, edge over into the accelerating strip, and turn the steering wheel to swing into the cruising lane. but nothing happens. your car refuses to respond to the wheel, and suddenly you learn why as another automobile whips by on your left at sixty miles an hour. suspended in service tunnels below the pavement, cables operating on an electromagnetic principle control a mechanism attached to the steering gear to prevent the car from turning left until the adjacent cruising lane is free from traffic for a safe distance. you try the wheel again. this time the car swings over into the cruising lane and immediately picks up speed. you haven \u2019 t stepped on the gas, but the speedometer needle creeps steadily upward and freezes on the sixty mark. a second set of buried electromagnetic cables is taking over control of your speed, since cars in the cruising lane must go no more and no less than sixty miles an hour. but other automobiles are still flying past you on the express lane to your left. now you swing the wheel over, confident that the car will respond only if turning is safe. in the express lane, your speed automatically steps up to the 100 - mile - an - hour limit. fifty yards of special nonskid pavement flies by underneath your car every second. unless you switch back to a slower lane, you can maintain that pace hour after hour, for you \u2019 ll never see a traffic light, a railroad crossing, a street intersection, or even a curve sharp enough", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5500009534639476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.170108"} {"text": "flies by underneath your car every second. unless you switch back to a slower lane, you can maintain that pace hour after hour, for you \u2019 ll never see a traffic light, a railroad crossing, a street intersection, or even a curve sharp enough to slow you down. at twilight, overhead lamps will bathe the road in light. sleet cannot form on the chemically coated windshield of the car. if you run into fog, chemical vapor escaping from tiny jets in the roadway will clear a lane of visibility. so your top speed of 100 miles an hour is also your average speeda\u20ac \u201d fast enough to let you have breakfast in new york, lunch in ohio, dinner in iowa, and a midnight snack not far from the colorado state line. as your car eats up the miles in the express lane, you notice on your left a steel barrier that divides you from the broad two - way center lane reserved for express bus traffic. built into the middle of this bus roadway at the outskirts of cities and towns, and at railroad and route junctions, are station platforms, served by moving stairways from waiting rooms below. here passengers change from interstate busses to local lines to be whisked into cities and towns adjacent to the main highway. still farther to the left, traffic is speeding along at a controlled pace in the duplicate one - way road section for cars traveling in the opposite direction. but as you marvel at the efficient handling, safety, and speed of this 1988 traffic, it suddenly dawns on you that this superhighway has no roadside markers, no painted warnings on the pavement, not even a signpost to direct you along the route. you search in vain for any of the familiar signs that in 1938 were almost as much a part of the highway as the pavinga\u20ac \u201d \u201c sharp curve, \u201d \u201c winding road, \u201d \u201c steep hill \u201d a\u20ac \u201d these signs, and the necessity for them, have disappeared from main routes years ago. \u201c but how do i find my way around? \u201d you ask your guide. \u201c how do i know where to turn off for middletown or cen - terville? is every motorist a mind reader these days? \u201d your guide smiles and suggests that you swing off the traveled lanes and nose into one of the parking bays that line the shoulder of the road. \u201c take a look at that dashboard, \u201d he advises as you pull up to a stop out of the stream of traffic. at first glance you spot a few of the familiar dials and instrumentsa\u20ac \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4816135087303527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.171397"} {"text": "that line the shoulder of the road. \u201c take a look at that dashboard, \u201d he advises as you pull up to a stop out of the stream of traffic. at first glance you spot a few of the familiar dials and instrumentsa\u20ac \u201d speedometer, fuel gauge, ammeter. after a little study you figure out a few of the othersa\u20ac \u201d tachometer, tire - pressure gauge, engine - temperature meter. but what is that row of colored lights, and what is that white screen just over the windshield? \u201c since the old days when all cars had gear - shifts and burned gasoline for fuel, \u201d he explains, \u201c science has stripped the welter of directional and warning signs off the highway and put the essential ones right on the dashboard of each car. at 100 miles an hour, roadside markers would be no more legible than hen tracks, anyway. the law now requires every automobile to be equipped with standard, pretuned, ul - trashort - wave radio and television units. on small four - lane side roads, traffic signals are indicated by the colored lights here on the panel. \u201c miles before you reach any superhighway junction, \u201d your guide continues, \u201c your television set picks up the junction transmitter. all you have to do is glance at the viewing screen to find out where the crossroads will take you and how far it is to the next turn - off. and in case you get confused somehow, it \u2019 s simply a matter of throwing that switch lever to put you in two - way radio communication with highway - patrol headquarters. they \u2019 ll tell you where you are, how far it is in hours and minutes to your destination, and where to make the correct turn off the highway. \u201d in congested areas, you find out, i highways are built on elevated structures over railroad lines. the top deck is reserved for private cars, while busses run on a lower level, and streamline trains race along on the tracks beneath. train passengers transfer at metropolitan terminals to bus platforms for transportation to local stations in city suburbs and villages. traffic experts realize that a superhighway similar to the one just described must eventually be constructed a\u20ac \u201d not only to handle an ever - increasing volume of vehicular traffic, but also to end the highway slaughter that in the last fifteen years has taken almost twice as many lives as the total lost in all the wars the united states has fought since the founding of the republic. accident statistics show that in many cases the driver is at fault, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4581224150344056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.172486"} {"text": "the highway slaughter that in the last fifteen years has taken almost twice as many lives as the total lost in all the wars the united states has fought since the founding of the republic. accident statistics show that in many cases the driver is at fault, but the great majority of crashes can be traced ultimately to the roads over which we drive. better, safer highways are a vital necessity, and extensive road - development programs, now being pushed by state as well as federal authorities, may lead toward the highspeed superhighways of the future. already the state of pennsylvania is pointing the way by authorizing the construction of what has been called the greatest road engineering project ever undertaken in the united statesa\u20ac \u201d a 164 - mile, $ 80, 000, 000 toll boulevard stretching through the allegheny mountains from harrisburg to pittsburgh. the proposed route will follow a $ 10, - 000, 000 railroad right of way, hacked out of the forests in the 1880 \u2032 s, and on which not one length of track has ever been laid. built during a bitter feud between rival railroad interests, and abandoned after they concluded a truce, the unused roadbed runs through nine rock tunnels along its route for a total tunnel length of more than seven miles. engineers \u2019 reports indicate the startling advantages the toll road will have over present traffic routes through the mountains and suggest some of the features that may be expected in future superhighways. from harrisburg west to pittsburgh, cars now have to climb nine - percent grades for a total of 13, 880 feet. over the new boulevard, cars will ascend a total of only 3, 940 feet up grades that never exceed three percent. the route will eliminate four railroad and twenty - six highway grade crossings. three quarters of its length will be entirely free from curves. on one straightaway, motorists will drive for forty miles without meeting a single bend in the road. ultimately, the pennsylvania toll road may serve as one link in the transcontinental chain of highways proposed by senator bulkley and now being studied by a committee. this whole federal network would also operate under a toll system, scaled to the rate of about one tenth of a cent a passenger mile, in addition to a flat fee of twenty - five cents for each car entering the highway. thus you would pay a quarter to get on the boulevard at new york and ninety cents to drive the 900 miles to chicago, if you were alone in the car. federal police would man the toll gates and patrol the road. since every car would be required to stop at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4705277600533303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.173534"} {"text": "with various dangers lurking in corners and cabinets, our kitchen and backyards can be a minefield of poisons for our pets, especially with the easter season ( plants ) and planned egg hunts just around the corner. the aspca animal poison control center handles thousands of cases every year involving pets exposed to toxic substances, many of which involve everyday household products. don \u2019 t leave it up to fido or fluffy to keep themselves safe from the easter festivities and consider keeping them away from your annual easter egg hunt... those plastic eggs filled with chocolate are an accident waiting to happen! while fruits are a healthy choice for adults, it is not necessarily true for the four legged members of our families, depending upon the fruit. according to recent studies, grapes and raisins top the list of the ten most common plants that poison pets. the top ten list includes : 1. grapes and raisins 3. marijuana (... you don ' t say? ) 4. lily (.. mind those easter lilies! ) 7. sage palm 8. macadamia nuts 10. hydrangea ( another popular easter plant ) for more information on keeping your pet safe from harmful foods, plants and the surprising danger of common household substances, visit the american society for the prevention of cruelty to animals if your resident fido or fluffy absolutely must sink their teeth into a fruit or vegetable, may we suggest a muttropolis squeaky carrot patch pal ( above ) for their enjoyment.....", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3844940613298905, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.175009"} {"text": "ant trails, airborne chemicals, wood vibrations \u2014 scientists have a long history of borrowing clever communication techniques from the animal kingdom. inspired by the odd social habits of a cave - dwelling cricket, scientists have now taught robots to communicate by firing rings of pressurized air at each other. the cricket in question is the african cave cricket ( phaeophilacris spectrum ), which rapidly flicks its wings to launch donut - shaped air rings, a type of vortex, to both potential mates and enemies. reduced to two kinds of messages, its \u201c language \u201d is pretty simple : it sends isolated vortices to threaten its rival, and a rapid sequence of vortices to woo would - be lovers. when andy russell, an engineer at monash university in australia, learned about the cricket, he thought this technique would improve robots \u2019 ability to communicate in noisy environments \u2014 but that wasn \u2019 t the only benefit. \u201c like the cave crickets, there may be times when a robot does not want its communications intercepted, \u201d russell told new scientist. researchers speculate that the cricket uses vortices to communicate undetected by predators \u2014 so why not robots? chris melhuish, a researcher at the bristol robotics laboratory in the uk said, \u201c this could be a useful addition to the communication armoury of future robotic systems. \u201d the science of vortices reaches back to 1858, when william rogers first described vortex rings, and scientists have been dazzled ever since by how far these rings can travel. they form when a slug of air or liquid is shot out of a small nozzle into a region of still air or liquid : as the slug travels out of the nozzle, the low - pressure build - up on the outside of the slug causes the edge to curl, eventually forming a donut shape that can then propagate quite a distance. ( dolphins are natural masters of the art ; humans aren \u2019 t bad ourselves, and we can use toys to make big rings. ) russell co - opted cricket communications with the science of vortices by equipping a squat, roughly 6 - inch tall, cylinder - shaped robot with eight air disturbance sensors, sending binary messages via a separate vortex generator, which isn \u2019 t quite as high - tech as it sounds : it \u2019 s pretty much like a loudspeaker cone, sending pulses of air outward through a less than one - inch aperture. because it \u2019 s difficult to track an pulse of air \u2014 it is invisible, after all \u2014 the engineers burned incense to see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.55554820407126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.180201"} {"text": "s pretty much like a loudspeaker cone, sending pulses of air outward through a less than one - inch aperture. because it \u2019 s difficult to track an pulse of air \u2014 it is invisible, after all \u2014 the engineers burned incense to see the air disturbances in progress. by themselves, these air pulses don \u2019 t say much \u2014 but when sent in a series of binary coded pulses, they can be used to communicate with other robots. in this study, for example, the scientists sent a sequence of 1, 000 vortices to relay the binary coded word for \u201c vortex \u201d over a distance of nearly 12 inches. in addition to sending messages through varied pulses, the sensors could detect both the direction and range of the sender : the message direction was gathered by sensing which of the eight sensors were triggered, while the robot calculated distance by analyzing the lag between the fast - and slow - moving vortices. sensing air disturbances is all fine and dandy, but what happens when you \u2019 re in a breezy environment? the scientists equipped the robot with a plastic film attached at only one end to take care of that : when hooked up to an optical sensor, the robot can detect the difference between laminar ( typical of breezes ) and turbulent flow ( typical of the vortices ). but despite their valiant efforts, the common error was still missed vortices : as the rings of air traveled, breezes from the room \u2019 s ventilation system would sometimes trigger a phantom vortex, sending unintentional messages. while not perfect, the scientists nevertheless demonstrated that such robot - to - robot communication is possible. in addition to fixing the errors, the researchers want to construct a smaller vortex generator \u2014 one closer to the size of its inspiration, the wing - flick of the cave cricket. discover : when robots live among us discoblog : how to speak a language that your robot will understand discoblog : japan wants to send a tweeting companion - bot to the space station discover : evolving a conscious machine image : wikimedia commons / traitor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5888917255929055, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.181127"} {"text": "libraries, supermarkets, classrooms \u2026 the world is full of places that look very similar, and yet our brains always seem to keep track of where we are. in a new study published in the journal of neuroscience, researchers at princeton university and ohio state university have uncovered one way in which the brain does this. similar - looking places can be distinguished from each other because of differences in what we experience when navigating to them. as we head toward a destination, our brains catalogue details such as other nearby buildings, the look of the doorway, even the people nearby. the researchers discovered that the parahippocampal cortex, a part of the visual system that analyzes the current scene in front of us, also incorporates the details leading up to the scene, or its \u201c temporal context. \u201d as a result, even when two scenes look identical, we create different memory traces for them when their temporal contexts are different. ultimately, this can help our brains to keep track of where we are in the world. learn more about nicholas turk - browne \u2019 s research at princeton university. journal citation : turk - browne nb, simon mg, sederberg pb. scene representations in parahippocampal cortex depend on temporal context. j neurosci. 2012 may 23 ; 32 ( 21 ) : 7202 \u2013 7.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5796968478769509, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.182818"} {"text": "how do you engage children in ways that help them verbalise their thinking and help them learn? the children organise their own day and always make time for their \u2018 own time \u2019 or free inquiry. this provides me with so much evidence of learning. during these sessions i observe the children to see : where their passion [... ] molly is in england and we all miss her very much. the good news is we can stay in touch and continue learning together. the children decided the best way to share their maths with molly was to make her a video. they decided what they wanted to share. here it is. the children decided [... ] there were some spring balances being given away. i took some and put them out. the video is a condensed version of 45 minutes of sustained inquiry into measuring and weighing. be aware of : the mathematical language being used the thinking skills being developed the problem solving the cooperation children make their own video of how to do a number boggle. click on the title to learn more. this is an explanation of the process children go through as they learn. the focus is on mathematics, but the process applies to all curriculum areas. please click on the title to find out more if you write a letter you will need \u2026 integrating language arts and mathematics. this simple task turned into a big inquiry.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4917341548171128, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.184233"} {"text": "giant marble harvests energy from sun and moon it looks like a giant, glass marble. but this globe is no game. it \u2019 s a sun - tracking, solar energy concentrator created by barcelona - based architects rawlemon and, according to the designers, is able to collect not just sunlight but moonlight as well. the weatherproof sphere is designed to rotate and follow the sun across the sky. it \u2019 s so sensitive to light that at night, it can even harvest moonlight and convert it into electricity. andre rawlemon, the architect and designer, says his spherical, sun - tracking glass globe is able to concentrate sunlight and moonlight up to 10, 000 times and that the system is 35 percent more efficient than photovoltaic designs that track the sun. one of rawlemon \u2019 s idea is to build these globes into the exterior walls of buildings and use them to generate electricity. other products to invest in when this technology reaches full commercialization potential : bounty and windex. seriously though, the ability alone to convert moonlight to electricity could be a game changer for the manufacturers of photovoltaic cells where typical solar panels offer a range of 8 to 12 hours of usable daylight for the generation of electricity. coupled with products that offer greater efficiency and other simple behavioral aspects like turning off computers and monitors ( or at least put in stand - by ) when they \u2019 re not being used could add up to significant savings and longer - term environmental benefits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5161450990768025, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.185859"} {"text": "bycatch refers to the unwanted sea life people catch when they \u2019 re fishing for something else. bycatch wastes 7 million metric tonnes of sea life every year. the vast majority of bycatch \u2014 already dead when it hits the deck \u2014 is just discarded. killing hundreds of thousands of juvenile fish not big enough for legal take can undermine the entire fishery. bycatch is heavy when boats use destructive fishing gear such as massive trawl nets that scrape the bottom of the ocean and capture virtually everything in their path. the 1. 4 billion baited hooks set in longline fisheries every year kill a great deal of non - target animals including sea turtles, sharks, birds, and marine mammals. blue ocean institute \u2019 s seafood choices guide \u2019 s methodology for assessing wild - caught seafood uses bycatch as one of its five core criteria. and for years blue ocean has worked with scientists, regulators, fishing industry leaders, and conservationists to reduce the unintended catch of marine life. we promote effective, practical solutions for the benefit and balance of ocean ecosystems. new fishing methods or low - cost equipment changes can help animal populations recover. bycatch is a serious challenge to healthy fisheries worldwide but by choosing fish from low - bycatch fisheries, consumers can be part of the solution. 3 things you can do to fight bycatch : 1. eat sustainably caught seafood 2. support the use of fishing gear that avoids bycatch 3. know the issues other ways to you can make a difference. links & videos discards in the world \u2019 s marine fisheries, fao fisheries what is bycatch?, noaa fisheries service global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards, fao fisheries eye of the albatross, carl safina noaa releases first national bycatch report, noaa impacts of bottom trawling on fisheries, tourism, and the marine environment, oceana millions of sea turtles killed due to bycatch, discovery millions of already endangered turtles are accidentally killed each year as a result of global fisheries. the truth about bycatch, greenpeace many sea creatures are the helpless victims of bycatch. they are caught in fishery operations and are usually tossed overboard either already dead or severely injured. bycatch management and discard reduction a film by the global environment facility funded, un development programme implemented, food and agricultural organization of the united nations executed project,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47483374937526474, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.188334"} {"text": "so many competent new zealand climbers came out of otago, and it is interesting to look back at the origins of mountaineering in otago, and wider afield so see why? the n. z. alpine club, formed in 1891, was the first organised mountain club in new zealand. several more were formed early last century, particularly after the first world war - - the tararua tramping club in 1919, the otago tramping & mountaineering club in 1923 and the auckland tramping club in 1925. in canterbury, a christchurch tramping & mountaineering club was formed in 1925. later its male members formed the canterbury mountaineering club. with the southern alps well traversed regularly by maori in search of greenstone, food and for the general draw of what lays over the ridge, early new zealand mountaineers and trampers generally ignored a lot of information available in maori records and folklore. here is an extract from my article on maori mountaineers of south westland. http : / / bobmckerrow. blogspot. com / 2008 / 03 / maori - mountaineers - of - south - westland. html the mana and beauty of the pounamu was an added attraction to cross the divide again and again, all the while gathering further alpine experience. their pre - european glossary of snow and ice, whilst not as comprehensive as the inuit ( eskimo ), certainly proved that they had rubbed their paraerae ( sandals ) on the high mountain passes. whenuahuka described the permanent snow on the high peaks and hukapapa was the name for the huge snowfields. the snow slides from the high peaks were hukamania, and as they grew and took on avalanche proportions, they became hukahoro. the glaciers that drained the snowfields were called hukapo, the glacial sediment waiparahoaka and the snow - fed water, waihuka. kipakanui, or ice, was seen in the shady valleys in winter, and the thick ice which never saw the sun was named waiuka, meaning solid water. one hundred and thirty years later, southland mountaineer stan mulvaney wrote of how this was a very difficult task. more on james mckerrow so with this background of rugged maori travellers, surveyors, runholders, goldminers and explorers, the spirit of the hills started a new era with malcolm ross of dunedin heading for mt earnslaw in 1885 on an expedition which was characteristic of the ' pluck and daring ', colonial ingenuity and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42867628855293655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.200710"} {"text": "new club immediately started with a flourish, and forthwith set out to walk. there was an immediate rush of new members, and at the end of the first year the roll was 157. the first tramp was planned for saturday afternoon, september 1. about 50 members assembled at ross creek reservoir and set off up the pineapple track to flagstaff - a clear sunny day, with a cold south - westerly wind, the kind we know so well. the following saturday some 60 persons gathered at the gardens corner for a climb of signal hill and down the other side to burkes ; and this was followed the next day by a trip to whare flat, where various parties converged on a pleasant river - bank below mcquilkan ' s ( long since washed out by floods and ruined by the invading gorse ). ben rudd at his hut with otago tramping club visitors 1923. a fortnight later while one group climbed mt. cargill, two others set off for whare flat - one of which made the journey successfully, but the other was stopped and warned off by ben rudd, the old hermit whose property was long afterwards purchased by the club. scott gilkinson was one of those cut - off and still remembers the feelings of alarm as they encountered the stocky, bearded little man with the shot - gun. as a result of this, the club arranged with ben rudd that he would cut a track through the manuka scrub, thus providing a route to whare flat while keeping members well away from ben ' s property. for this he was paid the princely sum of \u00a35, and the track was under very by 1930 then, the club was well established as a force in the community. whereas previously trampers had been looked on almost as cranks, or at best as rare curiosities, their activities were now accepted as rational and respectable. the ' thirties, and the onset of the depression, saw the club ready to play its part. at 4350 feet ( 1325 m ) above sea level big hut. in 1946 the otago ski club opened this spacious 70 - bunk ski lodge near the summit of the rock and pillar range. the otago university tramping club, then the otago tramping and mountaineering club, took over the hut in the 1980s and did repairs that kept the elements out. on the local scene there was extensive development of active interest in the mountains. for seven years the otago tramping club had been building up its activities. the otago university tramping club was functioning \u2014 very actively", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42514502551117483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.202976"} {"text": "and did repairs that kept the elements out. on the local scene there was extensive development of active interest in the mountains. for seven years the otago tramping club had been building up its activities. the otago university tramping club was functioning \u2014 very actively in some years, more modestly in others. under the influence of ellis, miller, boddy, aitken and others, otago men had been taking an active interest in the higher mountains in north - west otago. at the end of 1930 the otago section of the n. z. alpine club was formed in dunedin, this being the start of a long period of friendly co - operation between trampers and mountaineers. in 1932, as a result of five weeks of continuous ski - able snow on flagstaff, the otago ski club was formed ; the tramping club \" learned with interest of its formation and extended to it its good wishes for a successful future \". the three clubs operating in their respective fields worked in well together, with some members common to all, and with members of one of the clubs not infrequently becoming interested in the others. 4 x2s on the frame, huts were built. on christmas trips 90 lb packs were not uncommon. photo : bob mckerrow interest in organised christmas trips reached a peak in 1947 when no less than three expeditions were planned rockburn - olivine, hopkins and ahuriri, with 50 to 60 members involved. gordon mclaren and murray douglas climbed mt ward ( third ascent ) - the first major ascent to be made by the climbing enthusiasts. a high standard of safety was maintained on all these trips and no incident of any sort occurred, despite the numbers in the field. christmas 1948 saw another club camp in the wilkin valley. pack horses took half a ton of stores to jumboland base camp and their owner charged \u00a397 for the privilege. every part of the wilkin and its tributaries were visited, and several good climbs made, including the first ascent of the inaccessible pickelhaube in the south wilkin. jack hoskins and scott gilkison made a first crossing from the west coast via the waiatoto, pearson saddle and south wilkin. the rees, dart, matukituki, rockburn, hollyford and ahuriri were also visited by other parties. aspiring was climbed by gordon mclaren and party, and murray douglas climbed mt cook - the club ' s first major post - war ascents. john armstrong carried on the tradition of capable and innovative presidents with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44031840463934563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.204013"} {"text": "ahuriri were also visited by other parties. aspiring was climbed by gordon mclaren and party, and murray douglas climbed mt cook - the club ' s first major post - war ascents. john armstrong carried on the tradition of capable and innovative presidents with entrepurnurial skills, a sense of adventure, and an even bigger sense of humour. on january 8th and 9th, 1966, six club members climbed mt cook - m. jones, g. kampjes, j. armstrong, g. hasler, i. meyer and h. laing. although club members had climbed cook before, and have since climbed far more formidable peaks, this does serve to give some idea of the standards reached during this period. a change in attitudes was noticed in 1966, and is evidenced in the following report which is worth a place in history : at a lively extraordinary general meeting held on october 26, 1966, the grandiose plans of the committee, led by radical president john armstrong, were amended. chief guide james consented to remain in the cabinet, as tramping is still an ' approved ' sport. the following motion was passed after hours of discussion and much amendment. \" this club should continue to encourage tramping, climbing, ski mountaineering and ski - ing without detriment to the club ' s prime aim of tramping. \" bob cunninghame : \" there has been a considerable change in the last five years. there was next to no climbing up until that time. \" gerry kampjes : \" five or six years ago there was little ambition in the club and less than half the number of people. \" graeme hasler : \" safety is of paramount importance. we must have a balanced club \" laurie kennedy : \" something must suffer if we run a climbing course \" jim freeman : \" people now have more money and are able to spread out into areas and sports not previously possible. now less scope for tramping. climbing is the natural outcome of tramping \" alan thomson : \" need to support tramping \" arthur james : \" far better to have a small specialist club where you know most of the people rather than a large social ski - ing and climbing organisation. \" jim cowie : \" if the o. t. c. does not run an instruction course in climbing there is little incentive for the likes of me to remain in the club. \" roger conroy : \" let ' s change the name to the otago tramping and mountaineering club \" ross adamson : \" too much advertising on ski -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4227503983098567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.204979"} {"text": "in climbing there is little incentive for the likes of me to remain in the club. \" roger conroy : \" let ' s change the name to the otago tramping and mountaineering club \" ross adamson : \" too much advertising on ski - ing by word of mouth and publications \" photo : bob mckerrow ( l ) graeme lockett and keith mcivor on the summit of mt. huxley, easter 1967. photo : jim cowie christmas 1967 - 68 saw club trips led by john armstrong and bruce mason to the north routeburn, north col and rockburn, other ' s going on to fohn saddle and the beansburn. parties led by john fitzgerald went to martins bay, big bay, pyke, alabaster pass, olivines, cox saddle, hidden falls, park pass and rockkburn. trevor pullar looked after a party from the arawata river to mlilford heads, laurie kennedy ' s party went into the olivines whilst jim cowie, keith mcivor and bob mckerrow spent 10 days in the cook region and 10 days at aspiring. graeme hasler also, was back in the cook area. all in all, a fantastic amount of tramping and climbing was achieved during this season - on a scale which was to continue until the end of the ' 60 ' s. club member boh mckerrow was a member of the 1968 andean expedition, and in return for some assistance from the club, provided interesting accounts of his exploits. the number of club members who went south to the antarctic during the ' 60s included ken gousmett, keith mcivor, bob mckerrow and frank graveson. a large number of members have tramped and toured overseas, with some distinguishing themselves on the climbing scene. two names that spring to mind readily are bob mckerrow and murray jones. a recent bulletin of the ot & mc shows a very active club with membership rising and the nursery alive and well. thanks to lee davidson for permission to use extracts from her publication : the spirit of the hills : mountaineering in northwest otago, new zealand, 1882 - 1940. thanks also to the otago tramping and mountaineering club to use freely from their history :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4217734045785354, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.205810"} {"text": "yesterday i responded to novelist laurie halse anderson \u2019 s question about whether john adams actually wrote about 1777 as \u201c the year of the hangman. \u201d i quoted adams \u2019 s words from over a decade later indicating that unspecified, untraceable \u201c tories \u201d had said that 1777 \u201c had three gallowses in it, meaning the three sevens. \u201d however, adams didn \u2019 t write \u201c the year of the hangman, \u201d and neither did anyone else i can find in the 1770s. the label doesn \u2019 t appear the archive of americana database of period newspapers and pamphlets. nor is it in the adams family letters, the george washington papers, and the other digital databases i usually check for period usage. in fact, the earliest use of that phrase for 1777 that i found through google books is lynn montross \u2019 s the reluctant rebels : the story of the continental congress, 1774 - 1789, published in 1950. that book includes a chapter titled \u201c year of the hangman, \u201d and at one point says, \u201c it was the year of the hangman, and the gallows jokes exchanged in the state house were not so humorous after the imprisonment of [ richard ] stockton... \u201d as far as i can tell, montross coined that phrase ; i haven \u2019 t uncovered an earlier usage. he didn \u2019 t say the words came from 1777, only that it reflected how the patriots saw their situation that year. but then the same words appeared in other books, with the growing implication that it was a genuine period phrase : - the 1966 encyclopedia of the american revolution, edited by mark boatner, included an entry on \u201c hangman, year of the. \u201d - one part of the river and the rock : the history of fortress west point, 1775 - 1783, authored by dave richard palmer in 1969, carried that title. - the phrase \u201c year of the gallows \u201d comes from a character \u2019 s mouth in thomas fleming \u2019 s 1976 novel liberty tavern. - john s. pancake \u2019 s 1777 : the year of the hangman ( 1977 ) quotes adams \u2019 s original letter to explain its subtitle. - gary blackwood \u2019 s the year of the hangman ( 2002 ) is an alternate history marketed to teen - aged readers. - the strategy game shown above, designed by ed wimble, is \u201c an operational study of the campaign for philadelphia. \u201d - most recently, glenn f. williams \u2019 s award - winning military history year of the hangman : george washington \u2019 s campaign against the iroquois was published", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4601973541780327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.209128"} {"text": "kathryn stockett is the author of the help. it \u2019 s a fictional story about a black woman who goes to work for a white family in post civil rights era mississippi. coincidentally, ms. stocket was born in 1969 and grew up in jackson, mississippi and had a black maid who took care of her white family. although based on her childhood experiences, the story is not about her childhood or about her family \u2019 s housekeeper demetrie. ms. stockett says that even though she grew up in a town with a one to one black white ratio, she never had a black friend or a black neighbor or a black person in her school or any interaction with black people other than their maid demetrie. the black woman went to work for her family fourteen years before ms. stockett was born. she actually went to work for her grandmother and stayed for more than thirty years. the only relationship with black people that ms. stockett experienced was the one where the white people, a complete family unit with parents and children, hire a black woman, a woman without any interactions with her own black family or community, to wait on them. ms. stockett claims that her black maid was one of the closest people to her. from her perspective, their maid was treated like a queen who wanted for nothing. she adored the black maid as much as she adored her own mother. while her mother was always busy, demetrie stood in and played games with the white children and never got cross. it was the black maid who knew to rock them when they had stomachs aches. it was demetrie who went with the children to the doctor because demetrie knew how to get the children to sit still for their injections and whatever procedures they needed. black demetrie knew the young ms. stockett and her siblings better than the parents did. but on the other hand, ms. stockett admits to some embarrassment at her inability to truly appreciate the complex nature of the role demetrie had to play in their lives. for more than thirty years this black woman waited on this family. every single day that ms. stockett saw her only black friend the maid, the black woman would be seen wearing nothing other than her stark white maid uniform. ms. stockett was blissfully ignorant of the true nature of the relationship she and her family had with the hired help. ms. stockett says that the maid knew the unwritten rules of acceptable and unacceptable black behavior established by the white people of mississippi. she writes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4063564288021911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.215708"} {"text": "was blissfully ignorant of the true nature of the relationship she and her family had with the hired help. ms. stockett says that the maid knew the unwritten rules of acceptable and unacceptable black behavior established by the white people of mississippi. she writes that while laws supporting segregation were erased, the rules supporting segregation were not. in order for the black maid to be accepted in certain white people circles, she had to have that white uniform. in order for black people to exist among these white people, they had best submit and accept their secondary status. but stuck in the oblivious world of her childhood, ms. stockett wants to maintain her claim that demetrie was a queen. the black maid wasn \u2019 t allowed to use the same bathroom facilities of the white people. the black woman had to use a bathroom located on the side of the house. the black woman was not allowed to use the same utensils as the white family. the black woman wasn \u2019 t allowed to wear anything but her white uniform. the black woman sacrificed a life with her own family in order to keep her job. does ms. stockett honestly think that this black woman felt like she was the recipient of royal treatment as she cleaned behind white people? ms. stockett and her family never saw their black housekeeper as an equal. they never appreciated her as a valued member of their family. she was the help and she was only the help. like many black people who are admired by people in the white community, the reason white people admire these black people is because these black people are accepting their position as nothing more than the staff to white people. unfortunately, by being the go to person for white people, demetrie allowed ms. stockton and her family to develop an impression that the natural order of things was that black people are treated like royalty when they are given the privilege to wait on white people. if someone hired ms. stockett \u2019 s mother to be their servant, if they forced ms. stockett \u2019 s mother to use an outhouse and eat with her own special set of eating utensils because she was not allowed to share the eating utensils of everyone else, i seriously doubt if ms. stockett would think that they were treating mom like a queen. if her mother had to surrender her identity and wear nothing but a white uniform in order to be accepted i doubt if she would mistake it for anything other than what it truly is, a not so subtle reminder that the dreams and goals of the help takes a back seat to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4545387734532925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.216724"} {"text": "surrender her identity and wear nothing but a white uniform in order to be accepted i doubt if she would mistake it for anything other than what it truly is, a not so subtle reminder that the dreams and goals of the help takes a back seat to the whims of the employer. back in the day black people who completely devoted themselves to their white employers or owners were called house negroes. some black people were more than happy to adapt to whatever life the white establishment defined as acceptable for black people. a lot of these black people were more willing to identify with the white family that would make them use the outhouse and eat off their own supper dish instead of identifying with the black community full of their peers that had to work out in the field. some black people would embrace the subjugation of the black community. unfortunately, i have little doubt that if ms. stockett \u2019 s black friend was alive today, demetrie would absolve her white family of anything and everything that could have been construed as poor treatment. the black maid demetrie made her choice some time ago. more than likely there would be no hard feelings. ms. stockett can feel safe that there was nothing but love between her and the only black person she ever knew in her life who wasn \u2019 t allowed to use the bathroom in the house or eat off the same plates as white people but was somehow treated like a queen. most house negroes were more than happy to support the subjugation of black people as long as they lived better than the general subjugated population.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4521975689855957, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.217419"} {"text": "scientific name : coenonympha tullia rests with wings closed. some have row of \u2018 eyespots \u2019 on underwings, like ringlet, but some don \u2019 t. the large heath is restricted to wet boggy habitats in northern britain, ireland, and a few isolated sites in wales and central england. the adults always sit with their wings closed and can fly even in quite dull weather provided the air temperature is higher than 14b : c. the size of the underwing spots varies across its range ; a heavily spotted form ( davus ) is found in lowland england, a virtually spotless race ( scotica ) in northern scotland, and a range of intermediate races elsewhere ( referred to aspolydama ). the butterfly has declined seriously in england and wales, but is still widespread in parts of ireland and scotland. size and family - family \u2013 browns - small / medium sized - wing span range ( male to female ) - 41mm - listed as a section 41 species of principal importance under the nerc act in england - listed as a section 42 species of principal importance under the nerc act in wales - classified as a northern ireland priority species by the niea - uk bap status : priority species - butterfly conservation priority : high - european status : vulnerable - protected in great britain for sale only the main foodplant is hare ' s - tail cottongrass ( eriophorum vaginatum ) but larvae have been found occasionally on common cottongrass ( e. angustifolium ) and jointed rush ( juncus articulatus ). early literature references to white beak - sedge ( rhyncospora alba ), are probably erroneous. - countries \u2013 england, scotland and wales - northern britain and throughout ireland - distribution trend since 1970 \u2019 s = - 43 % the butterflies breed in open, wet areas where the foodplant grows, this includes habitats such as ; lowland raised bogs, upland blanket bogs and damp acidic moorland. sites are usually below 500m ( 600m in the far north ) and have a base of sphagnum moss interspersed with the foodplant and abundant cross - leaved heath ( the main adult nectar source ). in ireland, the butterfly can be found where manual peat extraction has lowered the surface of the bog, creating damp areas with local concentrations of foodplant.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.425070917045283, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.220564"} {"text": "we said on the getting started page that html is nothing more than a box of highlighters that we use to carefully describe our text. this is mostly the entire story. normally our content is just text we want to define in some way. but what if our content is not just text? what if, let \u2019 s say, we have a bunch of images that we want to include on the page? we certainly can \u2019 t type in 4 - thousand pixels on the keyboard to make up a 200x200 - pixel image \u2026 motivation and syntax when the content we want is not text, then we have to have of including that content on the page. the most common example is an image. the problem, however, is that html tags are like highlighters \u2014 they have an opening tag and a closing tag. between the opening and closing tags fits the data that is \u201c highlighted \u201d by the tag. if we were to have an < image > tag in html ( we don \u2019 t have that tag \u2014 one close to it though ), what would go \u201c inside \u201d of it? what might you replace the stuff with inside of it simply doesn \u2019 t make sense for an < image > tag to exist like all the other html tags because the other html tags define something else while image is, itself, something that can be defined. the image tag and all such manner of tags are called \u201c element \u201d tags because, just like the name implies, the tags are themselves the elements all their own. for all intents and purposes you can treat element tags just like text. if your content is like the words in a textbook and regular html is like a pack of highlighters, then these special element tags are indeed like the text and not like the highlighters at all. the xml standard says that every tag must be closed. but we have this new breed of tags that really don \u2019 t make sense to be closed. what we have is a compromise between the two extremes. we have a self - closing tag. the tag is just like the tags we learned about on the general syntax page with two exceptions. - there is no closing tag - there is a > to indicate that the tag is self - closing. so this looks like : ( there is commonly a space before the /, but again spacing after the name of the tag is arbitrary. ) you might imagine that there could be a tag that produces the copyright symbol ( \u00a9 ). there isn \u2019 t ( we \u2019 ll get to special characters later ). but if there were,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5119304162925832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.228415"} {"text": "spacing after the name of the tag is arbitrary. ) you might imagine that there could be a tag that produces the copyright symbol ( \u00a9 ). there isn \u2019 t ( we \u2019 ll get to special characters later ). but if there were, you might imagine there being an element tag called copyrightsymbol that we could use right in line with our text to produce a \u00a9 images on web sites take the form of image files stored on a server. much like line breaks, images are element tags that are treated like text. the difference is that the image element tag is replaced by the actual image file. we mentioned the ( non - existent ) < image > tag earlier in our discussion on the necessity of the element - style tags. the real tag to include an image on the page is < img >. this tag makes little sense if used without its let \u2019 s say we have the image image1. jpg,, uploaded to the same folder as our html file. to include the image on the page, all we have to insert is : < p > < img src = \". / image1. jpg \" / > < / p > which would be rendered ( displayed ) like : and, again, images are like text \u2014 they go right in with your content : < p > this is image1 : < img src = \". / image1. jpg \" / >. cool, right? < / p > this would be rendered like : this is image1 :. cool, right? ( more information on how to reference your images using different paths depending on where your images are stored can be found on the internet file management page of the web publishing at the uw online curriculum. ) if your images contribute to the content of your site, then you should provide an alt attribute for your images. the alt attribute is a text version of your image. usually it is just a concise sentence describing the image. the alt attribute will be used if your image is unavailable for any reason ( e. g. if you delete the image file, if your viewers can \u2019 t see images, etc. ) if we had a picture of a dog jumping into a lake called spot. jpg, we might use the following html to place it on the page : < p > a picture i took : < img src = \". / spot. jpg \" alt = \" spot jumping into a lake. \" / > < / p > if your image is purely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4605507720219173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.229480"} {"text": "to place it on the page : < p > a picture i took : < img src = \". / spot. jpg \" alt = \" spot jumping into a lake. \" / > < / p > if your image is purely a visual element ( e. g. an icon next to a download link or an image used in your page \u2019 s layout ), then you don \u2019 t need to provide an alt attribute. if your web design work is sponsored by the university, be sure to check out the uw \u2019 s page on web site accessibility by clicking here. the spacing rules of html say that when we break the line in the source code ( e. g. using the enter key on the keyboard ), we don \u2019 t also break the line on the rendered ( displayed ) version of the page. this is why the following two blocks of code : < p > this is text. this is more text < / p > < p > this is text this is text < / p > \u2026 are considered equivalent. they will both be displayed by the web browser in exactly the same way : this is text. this is more text < br / > element tag. the following block of code :.. is rendered like : < p > in what particular thought to work i know not ; < br / > but in the gross and scope of my opinion, < br / > this bodes some strange eruption to our state. < br / > < / p > in what particular thought to work i know not ; but in the gross and scope of my opinion, this bodes some strange eruption to our state. above we imagined that there was an html element tag called copyrightsymbol that would be used to produce a copyright symbol ( \u00a9 ). if there were such a tag, we might have the following html : < p > this page is copyright ( < copyrightsymbol / > ) 1989 by george orwell < / p > there turns out to be so many such symbols that the creators of html decided to create a whole group of \u201c special symbols \u201d ( or \u201c special characters \u201d ). these characters are used in the place of any character you cannot type using a standard us - english qwerty keyboard. they are also used in the place of some \u201c reserved \u201d characters ( like the less - than and greater - than signs, <, and > ). there are many such characters. they all start with an ampersand ( & ) and end with a semicolon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44927984256372044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.230445"} {"text": "docetism. the term \" docetism \" comes from the greek word dokeo ( i seem, i appear ), and was first used by serapion, bishop of antioch ( 190 - 208 ), to refer to certain heretics of the early church. in its earliest expression, docetism apparently grew out of the difficulties of explaining how the son of god could be subject to the vicissitudes of humanity, including suffering and death. the earliest docetists would explain that christ only seemed or appeared to suffer, for he only seemed to be mortal and fleshly as other humans. in reality, they would argue, he is god and, therefore, not truly subject to the problems of humanity. it is generally assumed that the emphasis on the reality of christ ' s physical body in john 1 : 14, 1 john 1 : 1 - 4 and 4 : 1 - 3, and 2 john 7 is a refutation of this incipient heresy. during the second century, the positions of docetists were multiplied and amplified into various gnostic systems, including some that denied the substantive reality of the incarnate christ, and others that stated that the heavenly christ descended upon the mortal jesus at his baptism and departed when jesus was before pilate. the crucifixion scene described in the apocalypse of peter is an example of the latter, portraying the spiritual savior laughing above the cross while soldiers nail the mortal jesus to the tree. among those especially charged with docetism were cerinthus and marcion. there is also a docetic portrayal of jesus in some anti - christian writings of the mandaean gnostics. irenaeus and tertullian, both writing in the late second century, attacked this heresy, and tertullian claimed that some valentinians were guilty of docetism. photius ( ninth century ) charged clement of alexandria with docetism, but clement rebuked the denial of christ ' s flesh in his own writings. c. wilfred griggs click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4666292460187476, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.233744"} {"text": "janet barresi state superintendent if you ' re a parent, do you know how your childs ' school is doing? what if the school received an annual report card \u2013 a grade of a to f \u2013 just like the report cards students receive? if you heard that a school had an academic performance index ( api ) score of 921, would you know what that means? two measures, senate bill 348 and house bill 1456 have either passe committee or a floor vote in the oklahoma legislature to give parents and citizens an easy - to - understand way to compare schools and to see how their childrens ' schools are doing. api measures performance and progress in schools or districts and is based on factors including state tests scores ; attendance, dropout and graduation rates ; act scores and participation ; advanced placement ( ap ) credit ; and college remediation rates in reading and mathematics. the possible scores range from 0 to 1, 500. but the api can be confusing. by contrast, under house bill 1456, schools would receive a letter grade based on student performance results from a combination of state tests and end - of - instruction tests, gains made in reading and mathematics ; and improvement shown by students who had previously scored in the lowest 25th percentile of the state. state grades would be assigned as follows : \u2022 a would mean schools are making excellent progress ; \u2022 b would mean schools are making above average progress ; \u2022 c would mean schools are making satisfactory progress ; \u2022 d would mean schools are making less than satisfactory progress ; \u2022 f would mean schools are failing to make adequate progress. florida has had success with a similar plan since 1999, and test scores have risen over the past decade. in 2009, a record number of schools scored an a and the number of schools graded f was at its lowest in three years. a grading system for oklahoma schools will provide much - needed transparency. families will have a better idea of how schools rate and they will also have the tools to find the best educational opportunities in their area. i ' ve heard concerns from some who say this new system of grading schools would cause competition among schools \u2013 to which i say, absolutely! competition spurs excellence. it works in the private sector whe businesses compete. and it will work for schools, too.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4762571586625365, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.237590"} {"text": "according to my understanding, it is a roman adaptation of the epitrachelion and orarion - essentially priestly neck - garments. i wouldn ' t read too much into the clothing style itself, as it changes infrequently and often erratically and illogically. but the garment itself, functionally, is simply the symbol of the priesthood or diaconate, but styled differently. it ' s also important to note how simple they can be, so it is likely that they were adapted as priestly garments some time after they were in common use by aristocracy. the interesting part is that while in the orthodox tradition the stole is two different garments for the priest and deacon, in the west it is almost the same garment simply worn differently, albeit with the final effect being identical : the priest ' s is symmetrical and comes down like a beard, and the deacon ' s is asymmetrical and worn like a sash. this suggests a common origin to all of the stoles, but does not tell us what the proto - garment was, or if one of the two was the proto - garment. i would be inclined to assume the orthodox garments, partly because of the oriental churches ( non - chalcedonians ) : etc... the naming is western ( stole ) but it seems like the garment is mostly unchanged and similar to the eastern orthodox one.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4703163228111856, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.240157"} {"text": "| title | | the national pictorial primer, or, the first book for children ( p. 42 ) | | publisher | | george f. cooledge & brother | | publisher location | | united states - - new york - - new york | | publication date | | 1850 - 1859? | | image production process | | relief prints - - wood engravings | | notes | | illustrated with uncolored wood engravings. | includes illustrated alphabets and lessons that cover a wide variety of subjects including history, the natural sciences, moral behavior, religion, and pastimes and occupations. the stories also warn of the evils and consequences of drinking, fighting, playing with guns, playing too close to fires, imprisonment, and worshipping false gods. this lesson is about four boys who try to steal watermelons from a farmer ' s garden and are punished. the lesson ends by reminding children that \" it is as bad to steal from your neighbor ' s field as it is to take money out of his purse. \" the illustration shows the young boys trying to escape over a fence with their stolen watermelons. in the background is the farmer and his watchdog. the illustration at the top of the page depicts the bay of new york, \" one of the finest harbors in the world. \" | contextual notes | | george f. cooledge & brother published at 323 pearl st., franklin square, new york, from 1844 to 1871. | | subjects ( lcsh ) | | readers ( primary ) | | category | | primers ( instructional books ) | | digital collection | | children ' s historical literature collection | | digital id number | | chl1341 | | repository | | university of washington libraries, special collections division | | repository collection | | children ' s historical literature collection pe1119. a1 n36 1850 | | physical description | | 48 p. : illustrated ; 19. 5 x 12 cm. | | digital reproduction information | | photographed from original book in tiff format using a canon eos digital rebel xti / eos 400d, resized and enhanced using adobe photoshop, and imported as jpeg2000 using contentdm ' s software jpeg2000 extension. 2009. | | exhibit checklist | | exhibit checklist l. 24 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4329446110880214, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.242305"} {"text": "picture this : flourishing soybean fields. green leaves, thick canopy, strong stands and roots, an abundance of pods. optimal moisture, not too hot, not too cold. no disease or pest incidence. the best possible soybean - growing environment you can imagine. now picture this : reality. though the optimal growing conditions may exist, the odds of no pests and disease are pretty small, and chances are you ' ll deal with a variety of them through the growing season. to alleviate the pain and pressure, though, university and extension personnel have a wealth of data and advice to help combat those pesky pests and dreadful diseases. last growing season certainly saw its share of pests and disease, along with not - so - optimal growing conditions around soybean - producing regions of the u. s. from stink bugs in the south to soybean cyst nematode ( scn ) in the north, growers had their hands full of managing beans under reality conditions. \u201c minnesota was very dry in much of the soybean growing areas, and diseases did not develop as they normally do, \u201d says dean malvick, university of minnesota extension plant pathologist. \u201c though 2007 was not a representative year, disease problems did exist, including scn, sds, brown stem rot, charcoal rot \u2014 due to dry weather \u2014 phytophthora and fusarium root rot. \u201d he expects much of the same this year, including white mold, if minnesota has near - normal rainfall, except for charcoal rot. kentucky experienced plenty of charcoal rot and scn. \u201c charcoal rot is always associated with drought, and much of kentucky was in serious drought during the second half of the summer in 2007, \u201d says don hershman, extension plant pathologist for university of kentucky. \u201c scn is always present, but the effects are worst when plants are under drought stress. \u201d missouri fields had an elevated number of stink bugs, along with white grubs, says wayne bailey, university of missouri extension entomologist. soybean aphid was also present, and reached economic infestations in a few counties and in fields with potassium deficiencies. pathologists and entomologists from across the south and the midwest have given their predictions about what to watch in 2008. granted no one can provide a solid outlook, but here ' s what they recommend you watch for this year. symptoms : plant sap is removed via sucking from the small, yellowish, glob - shaped aphid, causing leaves to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4240937914227635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.248923"} {"text": "in 2008. granted no one can provide a solid outlook, but here ' s what they recommend you watch for this year. symptoms : plant sap is removed via sucking from the small, yellowish, glob - shaped aphid, causing leaves to wilt and curl. if numbers are high, leaves may become yellow and distorted ; the plant may be stunted, covered in dark, sooty mold. from seedling to blooming, aphids will colonize tender leaves / branches, later moving down to colonize near the middle / lower underside of leaves and stem. time of attack : v1 - v2 on upper leaves, petioles, stem ( scout twice / week ) ; r1 - r4 on undersides of mid - canopy leaves, stems. conditions favoring : northern states with cooler summer temps ; fields with previous aphid populations ; late plantings ; crops stressed by hot, dry weather ; high overwintering populations. management : foliar - applied insecticide when populations reach 250 / plant and continue to increase and 80 % of field is infested ; time treatment to maximize effectiveness. beneficial lady beetles could help in control. species : redbanded, southern green, brown, green symptoms : flat pod syndrome and delayed maturity ; brown and green species attack pods and seeds. feeding punctures cause small brown / black spots. young seeds can be deformed or undersized ; older seeds become shriveled and discolored. time of attack : r1 - r7 reproductive stages. conditions favoring : high populations of bugs and vulnerable growth stages ; common along louisiana and texas gulf coast. management : cultivar selection and planting date. rescue insecticide treatments when threshold reached while scouting. populations also partially suppressed by predators and parasitic wasps. bean leaf beetle symptoms : feeding is identified by small, round holes between veins. entire pods may be clipped and the outside layer of pod tissue entirely consumed. beetles feed on plants at all stages of development. overwintering populations feed on cotyledons and leaves. the next generation feeds on leaves and the final generation feeds on leaves and pods. time of attack : all season ; first generation : late v, early r ; second generation : pod - fill stage. conditions favoring : early planting and above - normal summer temperatures. late - planted fields and below - normal temps can cause better conditions for second - generation beetle pod feeding. management : timely application of rescue treatment if sampling / defoliation threshold is reached. symptoms : leaves appear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45096593407829266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.249928"} {"text": "planting and above - normal summer temperatures. late - planted fields and below - normal temps can cause better conditions for second - generation beetle pod feeding. management : timely application of rescue treatment if sampling / defoliation threshold is reached. symptoms : leaves appear sandblasted. heavily infested leaves turn red - brown and die. webbing may be present on undersides of leaves. heavy infestation causes leaves to wilt and die. time of attack : v2 - r7. conditions favoring : drought conditions. management : treatment by air or ground application if infested areas increase in size ( no established threshold ). cool, wet weather conditions may reduce infestation. sudden death syndrome symptoms : leaves become brown, with veins remaining green ; leaf blades drop off but petioles remain attached. brown to gray discoloration of internal taproot. time of attack : during pod set and fill. conditions favoring : cool, wet conditions throughout summer ; well - fertilized fields ; early planting / maturity ; soil compaction ; fields with history of sds ; co - infection with scn. management : resistant cultivars ; avoid early planting \u2014 wait until soils are warmer and drier ; eliminate soil compaction. symptoms : small, black sclerotia form on lower stem and roots, both internally and externally. early season infection produces red - brown lesions. premature plant death ; plants wilt and eventually die. time of attack : r3 - r6. conditions favoring : extended periods of hot, dry weather. management : reduced plant populations ; rotation ; planting fullest maturity group ; irrigation, if available. no way to stave off damage in drought year. soybean cyst nematode symptoms : difficult to spot in high - yielding fields or when soil moisture is optimal. yellowing and stunting of plants ; white to yellow lemon - shaped cysts on roots. time of attack : as soil warms and root systems develop. conditions favoring : those that favor soybean growth. may first appear near field entrances, flooded areas, weedy areas, high - ph spots, lower - yielding areas. moisture and fertility stress can enhance disease. management : crop rotation, resistant varieties ( rotate resistant varieties, as well ), introduction prevention. test soil samples. symptoms : seed rot. seedlings may grow poorly, turn yellow and die. dieback of young plants with damping - off of lower stem. management : seed treatments ; delayed planting until soils are warmer / dr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47231158134424855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.251490"} {"text": "who needed the holy land when they could fight a crusade on their doorstep? throughout the 12th century, danish forces raided the northern coasts of germany and poland time and time again. the aim was to fight the region \u2019 s pillaging pagans, the wends, a mixture of tribes that in turn attacked the danish coastline with regularity \u2013 raids that were particularly unwelcome during a danish civil war from 1146 - 57. despite times of peace, trade and even intermarriage between the danes and the wends ( harald bluetooth was indeed married to a wendish princess ), they were feared and hated by all in denmark. in 1147 pope eugene iii declared the second crusade in an attempt to reconquer the holy land from the muslims in the middle east. concurrently, holy war was also made a universal principle. this meant that any war waged against the enemies of god \u2013 such as the heathen wends - was now viewed by the church as a holy war and would grant the christian warriors divine privileges. the danish crusades were quickly proclaimed. the warring parties laid down their arms and put the civil war on hold, so they could do god \u2019 s biding. they joined the princes and dukes of northern germany in the fight against the heathens in their backyard. the saxons had been granted permission to fight the wends by a powerful abbot, bernard of clairvaux, rather than joining the second crusade to the holy land, as other germans had done. their decision made good financial sense. expeditions against the wends were much easier to organise and considerably cheaper than joining the crusade to the holy land. it also opened the door to a future taxation of their defeated neighbours. alas, it did not go very well for the christian forces. the danes and the saxons were unable to defeat the wends and ended up negotiating a peace agreement. the wends agreed to release their prisoners and accept the christian faith as their own, but almost as soon as the saxons and danes turned their backs, they returned to their pagan ways and escalated their attacks on the coasts of denmark, which was once again embroiled in civil war. but they hadn \u2019 t reckoned on valdemar the great, who became king of denmark in 1157 after decisively ending the civil war in victory. he immediately launched an attack on the wends, whose attack on denmark had never stopped during the civil war, and over the next 15 years he completed approximately 20 expeditions against the wends. he joined forces with his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40940268926119944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.257294"} {"text": "ending the civil war in victory. he immediately launched an attack on the wends, whose attack on denmark had never stopped during the civil war, and over the next 15 years he completed approximately 20 expeditions against the wends. he joined forces with his old enemy henry the lion, the duke of saxony, in a shaky alliance. rather than just guarding themselves against wendish aggression, the two leaders expanded into the wendish areas. henry the lion was more successful, since he had a large population that he could use to colonise the newly conquered areas. valdemar, on the other hand, could not find danes willing to accept the task of settling in the wendish areas. it was simply too dangerous. the danish activity culminated with the historic conquest of the pagan stronghold of arkona in 1168. the fall of arkona signalled the danish conquest of the island of rugen and is described in detail by the danish chronicler saxo. he described how king valdemar and archbishop absalon ( the founder of copenhagen no less ) had the pagan idol svantevit destroyed. not only was the big wooden idol chopped to pieces, they used the pieces as firewood and cooked the victory feast for the troops with it, whilst the pagan temple was stripped of its treasures. the population of rugen was then christened and the island remained under danish rule until 1325, while the danish church remained in charge of ecclesiastical matters until 1660. to this day, danish scholars are still arguing whether or not the danish expeditions against the wends were crusades. the motives seem to have been very mixed indeed. an example is the conquest of arkona, which was characterised by pillaging and taxation of the area on one hand, but also the building of churches and other religious institutions on the other hand. historians agree that the expedition of 1147 can rightly be called a danish crusade as it was initiated by the pope, who promised indulgence. but that is about it. some historians believe that all the danish expeditions were crusades based on their claim that religious motives were the main reason for the expeditions. they believe that the pope \u2019 s proclamation of a holy war as a universal principle was still valid after the second crusade ( 1147 - 49 ). other historians, in contrast, point to the viking - like manner of the expeditions and argue that saxo only described the expedition in 1147 as a crusade, whilst the others were described as conquests driven by vengeance against the pillaging wends. they believe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4258085478021296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.258737"} {"text": "it is possible to use a hash function to construct a block cipher with a structure similar to des? because a hash function is one way and a block cipher must be reversible ( to decrypt ), how is it possible? migrated from security. stackexchange. com nov 8 ' 12 at 12 : 26 it is possible to build a block cipher out of a great many things. if you want to use a hash function, the classic trick is to follow a feistel structure, which is, incidentally, the same kind of structure than what des uses. the schematics on the wikipedia page are quite clear ; you would use the hash function for the \" f \" part, which combines one ( sub ) key and one half of the current block, to produce a value which is to be xored with the other half of the current block. the beauty of the scheme is that the \" f \" function is always invoked in the same direction, both for encryption and for decryption. therefore, it can be a one - way function, like a hash function. luby and rackoff have demonstrated in 1988 that the feistel scheme offers remarkable security with as little as four rounds, provided that the \" f \" function is \" perfect \" and that the cipher block size is big enough ( to get the standard \" 128 - bit security \" out of the luby - rackoff proof, you need 256 - bit blocks ). of course, any concrete hash function cannot be really \" perfect \" ( see for instance this answer ) and there are a lot of subtle details which can destroy the security of the best thought cipher structure. as usual, you are strongly advised not to build your own crypto ( unless you are quite clear with yourself that you do it for learning and not to actually protect any data of value ). also, if you build such a cipher, you will probably notice that the resulting performance is disappointing. with a secure hash function like sha - 256, you could expect an encryption bandwidth roughly 20 times lower than what aes would get you. it is possible to use a hash function like ( sha family, for instance ) in ofb or cfb ( and possibly ctr ), by using the hash function ( with the key as part of the input! ) in the place of the block cipher encryption. that said, thomas is right - - do not build your own crypto. just use a normal block cipher. you ' ll get better performance ( especially if it ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6148597117435848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.267378"} {"text": "who we are what is the ctbt? the comprehensive nuclear - test - ban treaty ( ctbt ) bans nuclear explosions by everyone, everywhere : on the earth ' s surface, in the atmosphere, underwater and underground. why is the ctbt important? it makes it very difficult for countries to develop nuclear bombs for the first time, or for countries that already have them, to make more powerful bombs. it also prevents the huge damage caused by radioactivity from nuclear explosions to humans, animals and plants. over 2000 nuclear explosions from 1945 to 1996 over 2000 nuclear tests were carried out between 1945 and 1996, when the ctbt opened for signature : by the united states ( 1000 + ), the soviet union ( 700 + ), france ( 200 + ), the united kingdom and china ( 45 each ). three countries have broken the de facto moratorium and tested nuclear weapons since 1996 : india and pakistan in 1998, and the democratic people \u2019 s republic of korea ( dprk ) in 2006 and 2009. ctbt almost universal but has yet to become law many attempts were made during the cold war to negotiate a comprehensive test ban, but it was only in the 1990s that the treaty became a reality. the ctbt was negotiated in geneva between 1994 and 1996. 183 countries have signed the treaty, of which 159 have also ratified it ( as of february 2013 ), including three of the nuclear weapon states : france, the russian federation and the united kingdom. but 44 specific nuclear technology holder countries must sign and ratify before the ctbt can enter into force. of these, eight are still missing : china, egypt, india, iran, israel, north korea, pakistan and the usa. india, north korea and pakistan have yet to sign the ctbt. the last annex 2 state to ratify the treaty was indonesia on 6 february 2012. headquarters in vienna since the treaty is not yet in force, the organization is called the preparatory commission for the comprehensive nuclear - test - ban treaty organization ( ctbto ). it was founded in 1996, has over 260 staff from over 70 countries, and is based in vienna. it is headed by the executive secretary, tibor toth from hungary. the ctbto \u2019 s main tasks are the promotion of the treaty and the build - up of the verification regime so that it is operational when the treaty enters into force. the annual budget is around us $ 120, 000, 000 or \u20ac82, 000, 000. verification regime to make sure that no nuclear explosion goes undete", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4977169009203481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.271436"} {"text": "up of the verification regime so that it is operational when the treaty enters into force. the annual budget is around us $ 120, 000, 000 or \u20ac82, 000, 000. verification regime to make sure that no nuclear explosion goes undetected the treaty has a unique and comprehensive verification regime to make sure that no nuclear explosion goes undetected. this regime consists of three pillars : the international monitoring system ( ims ) will, when complete, consist of 337 facilities worldwide to monitor the planet for signs of nuclear explosions. over 85 percent of the facilities are already up and running. the ims uses the following four state - of - the - art technologies ( numbers reflect final configuration ) : \u2022 seismic : 50 primary and 120 auxiliary seismic stations monitor shockwaves in the earth. the vast majority of these shockwaves \u2013 many thousands every year \u2013 are caused by earthquakes. but man - made explosions such as mine explosions or the north korean nuclear tests in 2006 and 2009, are also detected. \u2022 hydroacoustic : 11 hydroacoustic stations \u201c listen \u201d for sound waves in the oceans. sound waves from explosions can travel extremely far underwater. \u2022 infrasound : 60 stations on the surface can detect ultra - low frequency sound waves ( inaudible to the human ear ) that are emitted by large explosions. \u2022 radionuclide : 80 stations measure the atmosphere for radioactive particles ; 40 of them also pick up noble gas. only these measurements can give a clear indication as to whether an explosion detected by the other methods was actually nuclear or not. they are supported by 16 radionuclide laboratories. on - site inspections can be dispatched to the area of a suspicious nuclear explosion if the data from the ims indicate that a nuclear test has taken place there. inspectors will collect evidence on the ground at the suspected site. such an inspection can only be requested and approved by member states once the ctbt has entered into force. a large on - site inspection exercise was carried out in september 2008 in kazakhstan and the next one is planned for 2014 in jordan. helping tsunami warning and the environment the huge amount of data collected by the stations can also be used for other purposes than detecting nuclear explosions. they can provide tsunami warning centres with almost real - time information about an underwater earthquake, thus helping to warn people earlier and possibly saving lives. during the march 2011 fukushima power plant accident, the network ' s radionuclide stations tracked the dispersion of radioactivity on a global scale. the data could also help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5475398018319896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.272503"} {"text": "over the weekend, the washington post published a series of articles on the poor health of the chesapeake bay and its tributaries. cleaning up the bay, which has been in serious trouble since the early 1980s is especially complicated since its tributaries pass through multiple jurisdictions ; new york, pennsylvania, maryland, delaware, the district of columbia, virginia, and west virginia all contain part of the watershed, which is fed by two major rivers ( the potomac and susquehanna ) and numerous smaller tributaries. that means that cleanup strategies have to be coordinated among the various stakeholders, which then have to fight their own internal battles over funding and enforcement priorities. in the meantime, work is being left undone. maryland, virginia and pennsylvania all pledged that their farmers would put up fences along streambanks to keep cows out. but they didn ' t make it a legal requirement : officials feared this kind of regulation would be a burden on farmers and would be difficult to enforce.... the problem with cow manure is that it contains nitrogen that feeds algae blooms, which in turn cause dead zones throughout much of the bay. cow manure is just one of many nitrogen or phosphorus sources within the watershed. sources include fertilizers, sewage, detergents, and septic tanks, among others. while the cleanup has effected some reductions in nitrogen and phosphorus, and stabilized some underwater life, it has fallen far short of its goals. but in virginia, many farmers simply didn ' t want the hassle. and reimbursement funding, which came out of state budget surpluses, was often short. from july 2006 to june 2007, virginia turned away 144 farmers who wanted to fence off 84 miles of streambank. now, virginia has reached only about 20 percent of its goal for fencing off streams. across the chesapeake watershed, the figure is 27 percent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4363820149747624, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.274702"} {"text": "published in speaking tree, nov. 28, 2010 the kanda puranam, the tamil version of the sanskrit skanda purana, retells the story of how shiva \u2019 s son, murugan, ( known as kartikeya, in north india ) defeated the demon taraka and his brothers, simhamukhan and surapadman. on his defeat, simhamukhan begs forgiveness so murugan instructs him to turn into a lion and serve as the vehicle of durga. while fighting murugan, surapadman takes the form of a mountain. murugan breaks the mountain into two with his spear. one part of the mountain turns into a peacock that becomes murugan \u2019 s vehicle while the other part becomes a rooster that becomes murugan \u2019 s symbol on his flag. thus, says this narrative, the vehicles of durga and her son, murugan, are actually demons who have been subdued and transformed and become worthy of being associated with the divine. in hindu mythology, every god and goddess is associated with one animal or the other. brahma, the creator, is associated with a swan, vishnu, the preserver, with an eagle, shiva, the destroyer, with a bull. lakshmi, goddess of wealth, is associated with an elephant, saraswati, goddess of knowledge, with a goose, and durga, goddess of power, with lions and tigers. the river - goddesses ganga and yamuna ride a dolphin ( or crocodile ) and turtle respectively. the animals are called vahana, or vehicles, transporting the gods. sometimes, the same animal serves as the insignia on the deity \u2019 s flag. thus shiva, who rides a bull has a flag called vrishabha - dhvaja, which means the flag with the symbol of a bull. at other times, different animals serve as vahanas and as symbols on flags. murugan rides a peacock but has the rooster on his flag. through the animals an idea is communciated. the idea of love and desire in most indian poetry is expressed through the parrot, bees, butterflies and the constellation makara which marks the advent of spring. and so kama, the god of desire, is described as riding a parrot, having bees and butterflies constituting as the string of his bow whose shaft is made of sugarcane, and as having the symbol of makara on his flag. hamsa or geese ( often confused with swans ) is said to have the ability to separate milk from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4543149630130094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.279997"} {"text": "bees and butterflies constituting as the string of his bow whose shaft is made of sugarcane, and as having the symbol of makara on his flag. hamsa or geese ( often confused with swans ) is said to have the ability to separate milk from water. this makes hamsa the symbol of intellectual discrimination and so is associated with saraswati, goddess of knoweldge. rats are an annoying pest and so serve as the symbol of problems. they are also highly fertile. so they are symbols of cascading problems. ganesha, the god who removes obstacles, has the rat as his vehicle ; by mounting the rat and domesticating it as his vehicle, he blocks the problems that plague our life. shiva \u2019 s bull communicates shiva \u2019 s independence, vishnu \u2019 s hawk indicates his mobility and wider vision of things. animals are not just vehicles or symbols of the gods ; they are the forms that the god takes. hanuman, who serves ram, is a monkey. vishnu, for example, turns into fish and turtle and wild boar in order to save the world. the earth - goddess, prithvi, often is seen in the form of a cow. ganesha has the head of an elephant while the ashwini twins have horse heads and ketu, the planetary body associated with anxiety and restlessness, is a headless serpent. in metaphysics, animals are jiva - atmas, souls wrapped in flesh. their flesh is superior to plants because they are mobile. their flesh is inferior to human beings because they do not possess the highly developed brain that enables humans to imagine, love, create and care. it says that only after 84 lakh rebirths is a jiva - atma blessed with human flesh. what distinguishes humans from all other living creatures is our infinite ability to empathize, an ability that is highly limited in animals. by riding on animals, the gods are perhaps reminding us of our ability to overpower our animal instincts of self - preservation and self - propagation and focus on the unique human capability of self - realization which can only happen when we are able to feel for the rest of the world. unfortunately, most of the time we prefer regression to evolution, behave as animals thinking only about survival. in fact, we are worse than animals, for animals think only about survival of their bodies, and do not have the wherewithal to do otherwise. we, on the other hand, spend all our lives working towards survival of our imagined self - image. so long as we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5295521531732871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.281012"} {"text": "cyanobacterial emergence at 2. 8 gya and greenhouse feedbacks d. schwartzman, k. caldeira & a. pavlov approximately 2. 8 billion years ago, cyanobacteria and a methane - influenced greenhouse emerged nearly simultaneously. here we hypothesize that the evolution of cyanobacteria could have caused a methane greenhouse. apparent cyanobacterial emergence at about 2. 8 gya coincides with the negative excursion in the organic carbon isotope record, which is the first strong evidence for the presence of atmospheric methane. the existence of weathering feedbacks in the carbonate - silicate cycle suggests that atmospheric and oceanic co2 concentrations would have been high prior to the presence of a methane greenhouse ( and thus the ocean would have had high bicarbonate concentrations ). with the onset of a methane greenhouse, carbon dioxide concentrations would decrease. bicarbonate has been proposed as the preferred reductant that preceded water for oxygenic photosynthesis in a bacterial photosynthetic precursor to cyanobacteria ; with the drop of carbon dioxide level, archean cyanobacteria emerged using water as a reductant instead of bicarbonate ( dismukes et al., 2001 ). our thermodynamic calculations, with regard to this scenario, give at least a tenfold drop in aqueous co2 levels with the onset of a methane - dominated greenhouse, assuming surface temperatures of about 60\u00b0c and a drop in the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide from about 1 to 0. 1 bars. the buildup of atmospheric methane could have been triggered by the boost in oceanic organic productivity that arose from the emergence of pre - cyanobacterial oxygenic phototrophy at about 2. 8 \u2013 3. 0 gya ; high temperatures may have precluded an earlier emergence. a greenhouse transition timescale on the order of 50 \u2013 100 million years is consistent with results from modeling the carbonate - silicate cycle. this is an alternative hypothesis to proposals of a tectonic driver for this apparent greenhouse transition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5335775223658664, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.283090"} {"text": "from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | part of the politics series on | | communism portal | communism is a social structure in which classes are abolished and property is commonly controlled, as well as a political philosophy and social movement that advocates and aims to create such a society. karl marx, the father of communist thought, posited that communism would be the final stage in society, which would be achieved through a proletarian revolution and only possible after a socialist stage develops the productive forces, leading to a superabundance of goods and services. \" pure communism \" in the marxian sense refers to a classless, stateless and oppression - free society where decisions on what to produce and what policies to pursue are made democratically, allowing every member of society to participate in the decision - making process in both the political and economic spheres of life. in modern usage, communism is often used to refer to bolshevism or marxism - leninism and the policies of the various communist states which had government ownership of all the means of production and centrally planned economies. communist regimes, all inspired only by the leninist current, have historically been authoritarian, repressive, and coercive governments concerned primarily with preserving their own power. as a political ideology, communism is usually considered to be a branch of socialism ; a broad group of economic and political philosophies that draw on the various political and intellectual movements with origins in the work oftheorists of the industrial revolution and the french revolution. communism attempts to offer an alternative to the problems with the capitalist market economy and the legacy of imperialism and nationalism. marx states that the only way to solve these problems is for the working class ( proletariat ), who according to marx are the main producers of wealth in society and are exploited by the capitalist - class ( bourgeoisie ), to replace the bourgeoisie as the ruling class in order to establish a free society, without class or racial divisions. the dominant forms of communism, such as leninism, stalinism, maoism and trotskyism are based on marxism, as well as others forms of communism ( such as luxemburgism and council communism ), but non - marxist versions of communism ( such as christian communism and anarchist communism ) also exist. karl marx never provided a detailed description as to how communism would function as an economic system, but it is understood that a communist economy would consist of common ownership of the means of production, culminating in the negation of the concept of private ownership of capital, which referred to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5982288122900741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.322400"} {"text": "a detailed description as to how communism would function as an economic system, but it is understood that a communist economy would consist of common ownership of the means of production, culminating in the negation of the concept of private ownership of capital, which referred to the means of production in marxian terminology. | it has been suggested that this section be split into a new article titled list of communist ideologies. ( discuss ) | in the schema of historical materialism, communism is the idea of a free society with no division or alienation, where mankind is free from oppression and scarcity. a communist society would have no governments, countries, or class divisions. in marxist theory, the dictatorship of the proletariat is the intermediate system between capitalism and communism, when the government is in the process of changing the means of ownership from privatism, to collective ownership. in political science, the term \" communism \" is sometimes used to refer to communist states, a form of government in which the state operates under a one - party system and declares allegiance to marxism - leninism or a derivative thereof. marxist schools of communism self - identified communists hold a variety of views, including marxism - leninism, trotskyism, council communism, luxemburgism, anarchist communism, christian communism, and various currents of left communism. however, the offshoots of the marxist - leninist interpretations of marxism are the most well - known of these and have been a driving force in international relations during most of the 20th century. like other socialists, marx and engels sought an end to capitalism and the systems which they perceived to be responsible for the exploitation of workers. but whereas earlier socialists often favored longer - term social reform, marx and engels believed that popular revolution was all but inevitable, and the only path to the socialist state. according to the marxist argument for communism, the main characteristic of human life in class society is alienation ; and communism is desirable because it entails the full realization of human freedom. marx here follows georg wilhelm friedrich hegel in conceiving freedom not merely as an absence of restraints but as action with content. according to marx, communism ' s outlook on freedom was based on an agent, obstacle, and goal. the agent is the common / working people ; the obstacles are class divisions, economic inequalities, unequal life - chances, and false consciousness ; and the goal is the fulfillment of human needs including satisfying work, and fair share of the product. they believed that communism allowed people to do what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5837779868185536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.323633"} {"text": "obstacles are class divisions, economic inequalities, unequal life - chances, and false consciousness ; and the goal is the fulfillment of human needs including satisfying work, and fair share of the product. they believed that communism allowed people to do what they want, but also put humans in such conditions and such relations with one another that they would not wish to exploit, or have any need to. whereas for hegel the unfolding of this ethical life in history is mainly driven by the realm of ideas, for marx, communism emerged from material forces, particularly the development of the means of production. marxism holds that a process of class conflict and revolutionary struggle will result in victory for the proletariat and the establishment of a communist society in which private ownership is abolished over time and the means of production and subsistence belong to the community. marx himself wrote little about life under communism, giving only the most general indication as to what constituted a communist society. it is clear that it entails abundance in which there is little limit to the projects that humans may undertake. in the popular slogan that was adopted by the communist movement, communism was a world in which each gave according to their abilities, and received according to their needs. the german ideology ( 1845 ) was one of marx ' s few writings to elaborate on the communist future : \" in communist society, where nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, rear cattle in the evening, criticise after dinner, just as i have a mind, without ever becoming hunter, fisherman, herdsman or critic. \" marx ' s lasting vision was to add this vision to a theory of how society was moving in a law - governed way toward communism, and, with some tension, a political theory that explained why revolutionary activity was required to bring it about. in the late 19th century, the terms \" socialism \" and \" communism \" were often used interchangeably. however, marx and engels argued that communism would not emerge from capitalism in a fully developed state, but would pass through a \" first phase \" in which most productive property was owned in common, but with some class differences remaining. the \" first phase \" would eventually evolve into a \" higher phase \" in which class differences were eliminated, and a state was no longer needed. lenin frequently used the term \" socialism \" to refer to marx and engels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5551041944222643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.324797"} {"text": "with some class differences remaining. the \" first phase \" would eventually evolve into a \" higher phase \" in which class differences were eliminated, and a state was no longer needed. lenin frequently used the term \" socialism \" to refer to marx and engels ' supposed \" first phase \" of communism and used the term \" communism \" interchangeably with marx and engels ' \" higher phase \" of communism. these later aspects, particularly as developed by vladimir ilyich lenin, provided the underpinning for the mobilizing features of 20th century communist parties. marxism - leninism is a version of socialism adopted by the soviet union and most communist parties across the world today. it shaped the soviet union and influenced communist parties worldwide. it was heralded as a possibility of building communism via a massive program of industrialization and collectivization. historically, under the ideology of marxism - leninism the rapid development of industry, and above all the victory of the soviet union in the second world war occurred alongside a third of the world being lead by marxist - leninist inspired parties. despite the fall of the soviet union and eastern bloc countries, many communist parties of the world today still lay claim to uphold the marxist - leninist banner. marxism - leninism expands on marxists thoughts by bringing the theories to what lenin and other communists considered, the age of capitalist imperialism, and a renewed focus on party building, the development of a socialist state, and democratic centralism as an organizational principle. lenin adapted marx \u2019 s urban revolution to russia \u2019 s agricultural conditions, sparking the \u201c revolutionary nationalism of the poor \u201d. the pamphlet what is to be done? ( 1902 ), proposed that the ( urban ) proletariat can successfully achieve revolutionary consciousness only under the leadership of a vanguard party of professional revolutionaries \u2014 who can achieve aims only with internal democratic centralism in the party ; tactical and ideological policy decisions are agreed via democracy, and every member must support and promote the agreed party policy. to wit, capitalism can be overthrown only with revolution \u2014 because attempts to reform capitalism from within ( fabianism ) and from without ( democratic socialism ) will fail because of its inherent contradictions. the purpose of a leninist revolutionary vanguard party is the forceful deposition of the incumbent government ; assume power ( as agent of the proletariat ) and establish a dictatorship of the proletariat government. moreover, as the government, the vanguard party must educate the proletariat \u2014 to dispel the societal false consciousness of religion and nationalism that are culturally instilled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5717677909805703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.325885"} {"text": "' s 1913 work marxism and the national question, praised by lenin. - socialism in one country, - the theory of aggravation of the class struggle along with the development of socialism, a theoretical base supporting the repression of political opponents as necessary. trotsky and his supporters organized into the left opposition and their platform became known as trotskyism. stalin eventually succeeded in gaining control of the soviet regime and trotskyist attempts to remove stalin from power resulted in trotsky ' s exile from the soviet union in 1929. during trotsky ' s exile, world communism fractured into two distinct branches : marxism - leninism and trotskyism. trotsky later founded the fourth international, a trotskyist rival to the comintern, in 1938. trotskyist ideas have continually found a modest echo among political movements in some countries in latin america and asia, especially in argentina, brazil, bolivia and sri lanka. many trotskyist organizations are also active in more stable, developed countries in north america and western europe. trotsky ' s politics differed sharply from those of stalin and mao, most importantly in declaring the need for an international proletarian revolution ( rather than socialism in one country ) and unwavering support for a true dictatorship of the proletariat based on democratic principles. however, as a whole, trotsky ' s theories and attitudes were never accepted in worldwide mainstream communist circles after trotsky ' s expulsion, either within or outside of the soviet bloc. this remained the case even after the secret speech and subsequent events critics claim exposed the fallibility of stalin. maoism is the marxist - leninist trend of communism associated with mao zedong and was mostly practiced within the people ' s republic of china. khrushchev ' s reforms heightened ideological differences between the people ' s republic of china and the soviet union, which became increasingly apparent in the 1960s. as the sino - soviet split in the international communist movement turned toward open hostility, china portrayed itself as a leader of the underdeveloped world against the two superpowers, the united states and the soviet union. parties and groups that supported the communist party of china ( cpc ) in their criticism against the new soviet leadership proclaimed themselves as ' anti - revisionist ' and denounced the cpsu and the parties aligned with it as revisionist \" capitalist - roaders. \" the sino - soviet split resulted in divisions amongst communist parties around the world. notably, the party of labour of albania sided with the people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5394123598209049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.329125"} {"text": "policies of the soviet union. the term was originally meant as a pejorative, and was labeled by moscow as a heresy during the period of tensions between the soviet union and yugoslavia known as the informbiro period from 1948 to 1955. unlike the rest of east europe, which fell under stalin ' s influence post - world war ii, yugoslavia, due to the strong leadership of marshal tito and the fact that the yugoslav partisans liberated yugoslavia with only limited help from the red army, remained independent from moscow. it became the only country in the balkans to resist pressure from moscow to join the warsaw pact and remained \" socialist, but independent \" right up until the collapse of soviet socialism in the late 1980s and early 1990s. throughout his time in office, tito prided himself on yugoslavia ' s independence from russia, with yugoslavia never accepting full membership of the comecon and tito ' s open rejection of many aspects of stalinism as the most obvious manifestations of this. since the early 1970s, the term eurocommunism was used to refer to moderate, reformist communist parties in western europe. these parties did not support the soviet union and denounced its policies. such parties were politically active and electorally significant in italy ( pci ), france ( pcf ), and spain ( pce ). council communism is a far - left movement originating in germany and the netherlands in the 1920s. its primary organization was the communist workers party of germany ( kapd ). council communism continues today as a theoretical and activist position within both left - wing marxism and libertarian socialism. the central argument of council communism, in contrast to those of social democracy and leninist communism, is that democratic workers ' councils arising in the factories and municipalities are the natural form of working class organisation and governmental power. this view is opposed to both the reformist and the leninist ideologies, with their stress on, respectively, parliaments and institutional government ( i. e., by applying social reforms ), on the one hand, and vanguard parties and participative democratic centralism on the other ). the core principle of council communism is that the government and the economy should be managed by workers ' councils composed of delegates elected at workplaces and recallable at any moment. as such, council communists oppose state - run authoritarian \" state socialism \" / \" state capitalism \". they also oppose the idea of a \" revolutionary party \", since council communists believe that a revolution led by a party will necessarily produce a party dictatorship. council communists support a worker ' s democracy, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5092168162951468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.331205"} {"text": "\" state socialism \" / \" state capitalism \". they also oppose the idea of a \" revolutionary party \", since council communists believe that a revolution led by a party will necessarily produce a party dictatorship. council communists support a worker ' s democracy, which they want to produce through a federation of workers ' councils. council communism ( and other types of \" anti - authoritarian and anti - leninist marxism \" such as autonomism ) are often viewed as being similar to anarchism because they criticize leninist ideologies for being authoritarian and reject the idea of a vanguard party. luxemburgism, based on the writing of rosa luxemburg, is an interpretation of marxism which, while supporting the russian revolution, as luxemburg did, agrees with her criticisms of the politics of lenin and trotsky ; she did not see their concept of \" democratic centralism \" as democracy. the chief tenets of luxemburgism are commitment to democracy and the necessity of the revolution taking place as soon as possible. in this regard, it is similar to council communism, but differs in that, for example, luxemburgists don ' t reject elections by principle. it resembles anarchism in its insistence that only relying on the people themselves as opposed to their leaders can avoid an authoritarian society, but differs in that it sees the importance of a revolutionary party, and mainly the centrality of the working class in the revolutionary struggle. it resembles trotskyism in its opposition to the totalitarianism of stalinist government while simultaneously avoiding the reformist politics of modern social democracy, but differs from trotskyism in arguing that lenin and trotsky also made undemocratic errors. luxemburg ' s idea of democracy, which stanley aronowitz calls \" generalized democracy in an unarticulated form \", represents luxemburgism ' s greatest break with \" mainstream communism \", since it effectively diminishes the role of the communist party, but is in fact very similar to the views of karl marx ( \" the emancipation of the working classes must be conquered by the working classes themselves \" ). according to aronowitz, the vagueness of luxembourgian democracy is one reason for its initial difficulty in gaining widespread support. however, since the fall of the soviet union, luxemburgism has been seen by some socialist thinkers as a way to avoid the totalitarianism of stalinism. early on, luxemburg attacked undemocratic tendencies present in the russian revolution. | this section does not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5507083864953588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.332116"} {"text": "soviet union, luxemburgism has been seen by some socialist thinkers as a way to avoid the totalitarianism of stalinism. early on, luxemburg attacked undemocratic tendencies present in the russian revolution. | this section does not cite any references or sources. | please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( november 2008 ) in 1992, juche replaced marxism - leninism in the revised north korean constitution as the official state ideology, this being a response to the sino - soviet split. juche was originally defined as a creative application of marxism - leninism, but after the 1991 collapse of the soviet union ( north korea \u2019 s greatest economic benefactor ), all reference to marxism - leninism was dropped in the revised 1998 constitution. the establishment of the songun doctrine in the mid - 1990s has formally designated the military, not the proletariat or working class, as the main revolutionary force in north korea. all reference to communism had been dropped in the 2009 revised constitution. according to kim jong - il ' s on the juche idea, the application of juche in state policy entails the following : - the people must have independence ( chajusong ) in thought and politics, economic self - sufficiency, and self - reliance in defense. - policy must reflect the will and aspirations of the masses and employ them fully in revolution and construction. - methods of revolution and construction must be suitable to the situation of the country. - the most important work of revolution and construction is molding people ideologically as communists and mobilizing them to constructive action. prachanda path refers to the ideological line of the communist party of nepal ( maoist ). this thought doesn ' t make an ideological break with marxism, leninism and maoism but it is an extension of these ideologies totally based on home - ground politics of nepal. the doctrine came into existence after it was realized that the ideology of marxism, leninism and maoism couldn ' t be practiced completely as it were done in the past. and an ideology suitable, based on the ground reality of nepalese politics was adopted by the party. after five years of armed struggle, the party realized that none of the proletarian revolutions of the past could be carried out on nepal \u2019 s context. so moving further ahead than marxism, leninism and maoism, the party determined its own ideology, prachanda path. having analyzed the serious challenges and growing changes in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5505549442768776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.333137"} {"text": "became one of the dominant forms of anarchist organization, arguing that labor unions, as opposed to communist parties, are the organizations that can change society. consequently, many anarchists have been in opposition to marxist communism to this day. anarchist communists propose that the freest form of social organisation would be a society composed of self - governing communes with collective use of the means of production, organized by direct democracy, and related to other communes through federation. however, some anarchist communists oppose the majoritarian nature of direct democracy, feeling that it can impede individual liberty and favor consensus democracy. christian communism is a form of religious communism centered on christianity. it is a theological and political theory based upon the view that the teachings of jesus christ urge christians to support communism as the ideal social system. christian communists trace the origins of their practice to teachings in the new testament, such as this one from acts of the apostles at chapter 2 and verses 42, 44, and 45 : 42 and they continued steadfastly in the apostles ' doctrine and in fellowship [... ] 44 and all that believed were together, and had all things in common ; 45 and sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all men, as every man had need. ( king james version ) christian communism can be seen as a radical form of christian socialism. also, due to the fact that many christian communists have formed independent stateless communes in the past, there is also a link between christian communism and christian anarchism. christian communists may or may not agree with various parts of marxism. christian communists also share some of the political goals of marxists, for example replacing capitalism with socialism, which should in turn be followed by communism at a later point in the future. however, christian communists sometimes disagree with marxists ( and particularly with leninists ) on the way a socialist or communist society should be organized. karl heinrich marx saw primitive communism as the original, hunter - gatherer state of humankind from which it arose. for marx, only after humanity was capable of producing surplus, did private property develop. in the history of western thought, certain elements of the idea of a society based on common ownership of property can be traced back to ancient times. examples include the spartacus slave revolt in rome. the fifth century mazdak movement in what is now iran has been described as \" communistic \" for challenging the enormous privileges of the noble classes and the clergy, criticizing the institution of private property and for striving for an egalitarian society. at one time or another,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5339039059712509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.338590"} {"text": "in what is now iran has been described as \" communistic \" for challenging the enormous privileges of the noble classes and the clergy, criticizing the institution of private property and for striving for an egalitarian society. at one time or another, various small communist communities existed, generally under the inspiration of scripture. in the medieval christian church, for example, some monastic communities and religious orders shared their land and other property ( see religious communism and christian communism ). these groups often believed that concern with private property was a distraction from religious service to god and neighbor. communist thought has also been traced back to the work of 16th century english writer thomas more. in his treatise utopia ( 1516 ), more portrayed a society based on common ownership of property, whose rulers administered it through the application of reason. in the 17th century, communist thought arguably surfaced again in england. in 17th century england, a puritan religious group known as the diggers advocated the abolition of private ownership of land. eduard bernstein, in his 1895 cromwell and communism argued that several groupings in the english civil war, especially the diggers espoused clear communistic, agrarian ideals, and that oliver cromwell ' s attitude to these groups was at best ambivalent and often hostile. criticism of the idea of private property continued into the age of enlightenment of the 18th century, through such thinkers as jean jacques rousseau in france. later, following the upheaval of the french revolution, communism emerged as a political doctrine. francois noel babeuf, in particular, espoused the goals of common ownership of land and total economic and political equality among citizens. various social reformers in the early 19th century founded communities based on common ownership. but unlike many previous communist communities, they replaced the religious emphasis with a rational and philanthropic basis. notable among them were robert owen, who founded new harmony in indiana ( 1825 ), and charles fourier, whose followers organized other settlements in the united states such as brook farm ( 1841 \u2013 47 ). later in the 19th century, karl marx described these social reformers as \" utopian socialists \" to contrast them with his program of \" scientific socialism \" ( a term coined by friedrich engels ). other writers described by marx as \" utopian socialists \" included saint - simon. in its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement of 19th century europe. as the industrial revolution advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the proletariat \u2014 a new class of urban factory workers who labored under often - hazardous conditions. foremost among", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5256816424051677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.340339"} {"text": "communism grew out of the socialist movement of 19th century europe. as the industrial revolution advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the proletariat \u2014 a new class of urban factory workers who labored under often - hazardous conditions. foremost among these critics were the german philosopher karl marx and his associate friedrich engels. in 1848, marx and engels offered a new definition of communism and popularized the term in their famous pamphlet the communist manifesto. engels, who lived in manchester, observed the organization of the chartist movement ( see history of british socialism ), while marx departed from his university comrades to meet the proletariat in france and germany. growth of modern communism in the late 19th century, russian marxism developed a distinct character. the first major figure of russian marxism was georgi plekhanov. underlying the work of plekhanov was the assumption that russia, less urbanized and industrialized than western europe, had many years to go before society would be ready for proletarian revolution to occur, and a transitional period of a bourgeois democratic regime would be required to replace tsarism with a socialist and later communist society. ( eb ) in russia, the 1917 october revolution was the first time any party with an avowedly marxist orientation, in this case the bolshevik party, seized state power. the assumption of state power by the bolsheviks generated a great deal of practical and theoretical debate within the marxist movement. marx predicted that socialism and communism would be built upon foundations laid by the most advanced capitalist development. russia, however, was one of the poorest countries in europe with an enormous, largely illiterate peasantry and a minority of industrial workers. marx had explicitly stated that russia might be able to skip the stage of bourgeoisie capitalism. other socialists also believed that a russian revolution could be the precursor of workers ' revolutions in the west. the moderate mensheviks opposed lenin ' s bolshevik plan for socialist revolution before capitalism was more fully developed. the bolsheviks ' successful rise to power was based upon the slogans \" peace, bread, and land \" and \" all power to the soviets \", slogans which tapped the massive public desire for an end to russian involvement in the first world war, the peasants ' demand for land reform, and popular support for the soviets. the usage of the terms \" communism \" and \" socialism \" shifted after 1917, when the bolsheviks changed their name to the communist party and installed a single party regime devoted to the implementation of socialist policies under leninism. the second international had dissolved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5265641306002846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.342421"} {"text": "soviets. the usage of the terms \" communism \" and \" socialism \" shifted after 1917, when the bolsheviks changed their name to the communist party and installed a single party regime devoted to the implementation of socialist policies under leninism. the second international had dissolved in 1916 over national divisions, as the separate national parties that composed it did not maintain a unified front against the war, instead generally supporting their respective nation ' s role. lenin thus created the third international ( comintern ) in 1919 and sent the twenty - one conditions, which included democratic centralism, to all european socialist parties willing to adhere. in france, for example, the majority of the french section of the workers ' international ( sfio ) party split in 1921 to form the french section of the communist international ( sfic ). henceforth, the term \" communism \" was applied to the objective of the parties founded under the umbrella of the comintern. their program called for the uniting of workers of the world for revolution, which would be followed by the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat as well as the development of a socialist economy. ultimately, if their program held, there would develop a harmonious classless society, with the withering away of the state. during the russian civil war ( 1918 \u2013 1922 ), the bolsheviks nationalized all productive property and imposed a policy of war communism, which put factories and railroads under strict government control, collected and rationed food, and introduced some bourgeois management of industry. after three years of war and the 1921 kronstadt rebellion, lenin declared the new economic policy ( nep ) in 1921, which was to give a \" limited place for a limited time to capitalism. \" the nep lasted until 1928, when joseph stalin achieved party leadership, and the introduction of the first five year plan spelled the end of it. following the russian civil war, the bolsheviks formed in 1922 the union of soviet socialist republics ( ussr ), or soviet union, from the former russian empire. following lenin ' s democratic centralism, the communist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base ; they were made up only of elite cadres approved by higher members of the party as being reliable and completely subject to party discipline. after world war ii, communists consolidated power in eastern europe, and in 1949, the communist party of china ( cpc ) led by mao zedong established the people ' s republic of china, which would later follow its own ideological path of communist development. cuba, north korea,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5127220786770286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.344113"} {"text": "communists consolidated power in eastern europe, and in 1949, the communist party of china ( cpc ) led by mao zedong established the people ' s republic of china, which would later follow its own ideological path of communist development. cuba, north korea, vietnam, laos, cambodia, angola, and mozambique were among the other countries in the third world that adopted or imposed a pro - communist government at some point. although never formally unified as a single political entity, by the early 1980s almost one - third of the world ' s population lived in communist states, including the former soviet union and people ' s republic of china. by comparison, the british empire had ruled up to one - quarter of the world ' s population at its greatest extent. communist states such as the soviet union and china succeeded in becoming industrial and technological powers, challenging the capitalists ' powers in the arms race and space race and military conflicts. cold war years by virtue of the soviet union ' s victory in the second world war in 1945, the soviet army had occupied nations in both eastern europe and east asia ; as a result, communism as a movement spread to many new countries. this expansion of communism both in europe and asia gave rise to a few different branches of its own, such as maoism. communism had been vastly strengthened by the winning of many new nations into the sphere of soviet influence and strength in eastern europe. governments modeled on soviet communism took power with soviet assistance in bulgaria, czechoslovakia, east germany, poland, hungary and romania. a communist government was also created under marshal tito in yugoslavia, but tito ' s independent policies led to the expulsion of yugoslavia from the cominform, which had replaced the comintern. titoism, a new branch in the world communist movement, was labeled deviationist. albania also became an independent communist nation after world war ii. by 1950, the chinese communists held all of mainland china, thus controlling the most populous nation in the world. other areas where rising communist strength provoked dissension and in some cases led to actual fighting through conventional and guerrilla warfare include the korean war, laos, many nations of the middle east and africa, and notably succeeded in the case of the vietnam war against the military power of the united states and its allies. with varying degrees of success, communists attempted to unite with nationalist and socialist forces against what they saw as western imperialism in these poor countries. fear of communism with the exception of the soviet union ' s, china ' s and the italian resistance movement ' s great contribution in world war ii, communism was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49943489953069076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.348660"} {"text": "unite with nationalist and socialist forces against what they saw as western imperialism in these poor countries. fear of communism with the exception of the soviet union ' s, china ' s and the italian resistance movement ' s great contribution in world war ii, communism was seen as a rival, and a threat to western democracies and capitalism for most of the twentieth century. this rivalry peaked during the cold war, as the world ' s two remaining superpowers, the united states and the soviet union, polarized most of the world into two camps of nations ( characterized in the west as \" the free world \" vs. \" behind the iron curtain \" ) ; supported the spread of their economic and political systems ( capitalism and democracy vs. communism ) ; strengthened their military power, developed new weapon systems and stockpiled nuclear weapons ; competed with each other in space exploration ; and even fought each other through proxy client nations. near the beginning of the cold war, on february 9, 1950, senator joseph mccarthy from wisconsin accused 205 americans working in the state department of being \" card - carrying communists \". the fear of communism in the u. s. spurred aggressive investigations and the red - baiting, blacklisting, jailing and deportation of people suspected of following communist or other left - wing ideology. many famous actors and writers were put on a \" blacklist \" from 1950 to 1954, which meant they would not be hired and would be subject to public disdain. after the collapse of the soviet union in 1985, mikhail gorbachev became leader of the soviet union and relaxed central control, in accordance with reform policies of glasnost ( openness ) and perestroika ( restructuring ). the soviet union did not intervene as poland, east germany, czechoslovakia, bulgaria, romania, and hungary all abandoned communist rule by 1990. in 1991, the soviet union itself dissolved. by the beginning of the 21st century, states controlled by communist parties under a single - party system include the people ' s republic of china, cuba, laos, vietnam, and informally north korea. communist parties, or their descendant parties, remain politically important in many countries. president dimitris christofias of cyprus is a member of the progressive party of working people, but the country is not run under single - party rule. in south africa, the communist party is a partner in the anc - led government. in india, communists lead the governments of three states, with a combined population of more than 115 million. in nepal, communists hold a majority in the parliament.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4846935826996548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.349939"} {"text": "in south africa, the communist party is a partner in the anc - led government. in india, communists lead the governments of three states, with a combined population of more than 115 million. in nepal, communists hold a majority in the parliament. the people ' s republic of china has reassessed many aspects of the maoist legacy ; and the people ' s republic of china, laos, vietnam, and, to a far lesser degree, cuba have reduced state control of the economy in order to stimulate growth. the people ' s republic of china runs special economic zones dedicated to market - oriented enterprise, free from central government control. several other communist states have also attempted to implement market - based reforms, including vietnam. theories within marxism as to why communism in eastern europe was not achieved after socialist revolutions pointed to such elements as the pressure of external capitalist states, the relative backwardness of the societies in which the revolutions occurred, and the emergence of a bureaucratic stratum or class that arrested or diverted the transition press in its own interests. ( scott and marshall, 2005 ) marxist critics of the soviet union, most notably trotsky, referred to the soviet system, along with other communist states, as \" degenerated \" or \" deformed workers ' states \", arguing that the soviet system fell far short of marx ' s communist ideal and he claimed the working class was politically dispossessed. the ruling stratum of the soviet union was held to be a bureaucratic caste, but not a new ruling class, despite their political control. anarchists who adhere to participatory economics claim that the soviet union became dominated by powerful intellectual elites who in a capitalist system crown the proletariat \u2019 s labor on behalf of the bourgeoisie. non - marxists, in contrast, have often applied the term to any society ruled by a communist party and to any party aspiring to create a society similar to such existing nation - states. in the social sciences, societies ruled by communist parties are distinct for their single party control and their socialist economic bases. while some social and political scientists applied the concept of \" totalitarianism \" to these societies, others identified possibilities for independent political activity within them, and stressed their continued evolution up to the point of the dissolution of the soviet union and its allies in eastern europe during the late 1980s and early 1990s. a diverse array of writers and political activists have published criticism of communism, such as : - soviet bloc dissidents lech wa\u0142esa, aleksandr solzhenitsyn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5160064498979007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.351011"} {"text": "union and its allies in eastern europe during the late 1980s and early 1990s. a diverse array of writers and political activists have published criticism of communism, such as : - soviet bloc dissidents lech wa\u0142esa, aleksandr solzhenitsyn and vaclav havel ; - social theorists hannah arendt, raymond aron, ralf dahrendorf, seymour martin lipset, and karl wittfogel ; - economists ludwig von mises, friedrich hayek, and milton friedman ; - historians and social scientists robert conquest, stephane courtois, richard pipes, and r. j. rummel ; - anti - stalinist leftists ignazio silone, george orwell, saul alinsky, richard wright, arthur koestler, and bernard - henri levy ; - russian - born novelist and philosopher ayn rand - philosophers leszek ko\u0142akowski and karl popper. part of this criticism is on the policies adopted by one - party states ruled by communist parties ( known as \" communist states \" ). critics are specially focused on their economic performance compared to market based economies. their human rights records are thought to be responsible for the flight of refugees from communist states, and are alleged by some scholars to be responsible for famines, purges and warfare resulting in deaths far in excess of previous empires, capitalist or axis regimes. some writers, such as courtois, argue that the actions of communist states were the inevitable ( though sometimes unintentional ) result of marxist principles ; thus, these authors present the events occurring in those countries, particularly under stalin and mao, as an argument against marxism itself. some critics were former marxists, such as wittfogel, who applied marx ' s concept of \" oriental despotism \" to communist states such as the soviet union, silone, wright and koestler ( among other writers ) who contributed essays to the book the god that failed ( the title refers not to the christian god but to marxism ). czes\u0142aw mi\u0142osz, author of the influential essay the captive mind, was an example of a sceptic holding a party post, that of cultural attache. there have also been more direct criticisms of marxism, such as criticisms of the labor theory of value or marx ' s predictions. nevertheless, communist parties outside of the warsaw pact, such as the communist parties in western europe, asia, latin america, and africa, differed greatly. economic criticisms of communal and / or government property are described under criticisms of socialism. - ^ a b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5326815948869442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.351982"} {"text": "nevertheless, communist parties outside of the warsaw pact, such as the communist parties in western europe, asia, latin america, and africa, differed greatly. economic criticisms of communal and / or government property are described under criticisms of socialism. - ^ a b c d \" communism \". columbia encyclopedia. 2008. - ^ schaff, kory ( 2001 ). philosophy and the problems of work : a reader. lanham, md : rowman & littlefield. pp. 224. isbn 0 - 7425 - 0795 - 5. - ^ walicki, andrzej ( 1995 ). marxism and the leap to the kingdom of freedom : the rise and fall of the communist utopia. stanford, calif : stanford university press. p. 95. isbn 0 - 8047 - 2384 - 2. - ^ \" socialism. \" columbia electronic encyclopedia. columbia university press. 03 feb. 2008. < reference. com http : / / www. reference. com / browse / columbia / socialis >. - ^ \" critique of the gotha programme - - iv \". critique of the gotha programme. http : / / www. marxists. org / archive / marx / works / 1875 / gotha / ch04. htm. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18. - ^ stephen whitefield. \" communism. \" the concise oxford dictionary of politics. ed. iain mclean and alistair mcmillan. oxford university press, 2003. - ^ a b c mclean and mcmillan, 2003. - ^ ball and dagger 118 - ^ terence ball and richard dagger. \" political ideologies and the democratic ideal. \" pearson education, inc. : 2006. - ^ karl marx, ( 1845 ). the german ideology, marx - engels institute, moscow. isbn 978 - 1 - 57392 - 258 - 6. sources available at the german ideology at www. marxists. org. - ^ faces of janus p. 133. - ^ hill, christopher lenin and the russian revolution ( 1971 ) penguin books : londonp. 86. - ^ harding, neil ( ed. ) the state in socialist society, second edition ( 1984 ) st. antony ' s college : oxford, p. 189. - ^ \" marxism and the national question \" - ^ \" on trotskyism \". marx2mao. com. http : / / www. marx2mao. com / other / ot73nb. html. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18. - ^ \" swedish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5136010619465377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.352991"} {"text": "- ^ \" on trotskyism \". marx2mao. com. http : / / www. marx2mao. com / other / ot73nb. html. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18. - ^ \" swedish frp on anti - marxist - leninist dogmas of trotskyism \". home. flash. net. http : / / home. flash. net / ~ comvoice / 32ctrotskyism. html. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18. - ^ \" what ' s your line? \". web. archive. org. http : / / web. archive. org / web / 20080201115440 / http : / / www. etext. org / politics / mim / wim / wyl /. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18. - ^ this poster has been jokingly referred to as \" the history of shaving \" stefan landsberger ' s chinese propaganda poster pages - ideological foundations - ^ http : / / www. reuters. com / article / latestcrisis / idusseo253213 - ^ marshall, peter. \" demanding the impossible \u2014 a history of anarchism \" p. 9. fontana press, london, 1993 isbn 978 - 0 - 00 - 686245 - 1 - ^ puente, isaac. \" libertarian communism \". the cienfuegos press anarchist review. issue 6 orkney 1982. - ^ graeber, david and grubacic, andrej. anarchism, or the revolutionary movement of the twenty - first century. - ^ \" historical background for spartacus \". vroma. org. http : / / www. vroma. org / ~ bmcmanus / spartacus. html. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18. - ^ the cambridge history of iran volume 3, the seleucid, parthian and sasanian period, edited by ehsan yarshater, parts 1 and 2, p1019, cambridge university press ( 1983 ) - ^ a b c d \" communism. \" encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. 2006. encyclop\u00e6dia britannica online. - ^ eduard bernstein : cromwell and communism ( 1895 ) - ^ eduard bernstein, ( 1895 ). kommunistische und demokratisch - sozialistische stromungen wahrend der englischen revolution, j. h. w. dietz, stuttgart. oclc 36367", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5295831390552679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.353858"} {"text": "^ eduard bernstein, ( 1895 ). kommunistische und demokratisch - sozialistische stromungen wahrend der englischen revolution, j. h. w. dietz, stuttgart. oclc 36367345 sources available at eduard bernstein : cromwell and communism ( 1895 ) at www. marxists. org. - ^ \" communism \" a dictionary of sociology. john scott and gordon marshall. oxford university press 2005. oxford reference online. oxford university press. - ^ marc edelman, \" late marx and the russian road : marx and the ' peripheries of capitalism ' \" - book reviews. monthly review, dec., 1984. late marx and the russian road : marx and the \" peripheries of capitalism. \" - book reviews monthly review find articles at bnet at www. findarticles. com. - ^ norman davies. \" communism \" the oxford companion to world war ii. ed. i. c. b. dear and m. r. d. foot. oxford university press, 2001. - ^ hildreth, jeremy ( 2005 - 06 - 14 ). \" the british empire ' s lessons for our own \". the wall street journal. http : / / online. wsj. com / article / sb111870387824258558. html. retrieved 2009 - 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[ expression error : missing operand for > \" interest groups and communist politics \" ]. world politics 18 ( 3 ) : 435 \u2013 451. doi : 10. 2307 / 2009764.? uniq3ab34e171166e61b - htmlcommentstrip7c7dfbc41ccbeb7000000002 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5175070473649402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.354728"} {"text": "435 \u2013 451. doi : 10. 2307 / 2009764.? uniq3ab34e171166e61b - htmlcommentstrip7c7dfbc41ccbeb7000000002 - ^ j. arch getty ( 1985 ). origins of the great purges : the soviet communist party reconsidered : 1933 \u2013 1938. cambridge university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 33570 - 6. - ^ rosefielde, steven ( 2009 ). red holocaust. routledge. isbn 978 - 0 - 415 - 77757 - 5. - ^ daniel jonah goldhagen. worse than war : genocide, eliminationism, and the ongoing assault on humanity. publicaffairs, 2009. isbn 1586487698 p. 54 : \"... in the past century communist regimes, led and inspired by the soviet union and china, have killed more people than any other regime type. \" - 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0 - 226 - 27341 - 9 - daniels, robert vincent, \" a documentary history of communism and the world : from revolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5337943354769061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.355623"} {"text": "of an illusion : the idea of communism in the twentieth century \", university of chicago press, 2000, isbn 978 - 0 - 226 - 27341 - 9 - daniels, robert vincent, \" a documentary history of communism and the world : from revolution to collapse \", university press of new england, 1994, isbn 978 - 0 - 87451 - 678 - 4 - marx, karl and friedrich engels, \" communist manifesto \", ( mass market paperback - reprint ), signet classics, 1998, isbn 978 - 0 - 451 - 52710 - 3 - dirlik, arif, \" origins of chinese communism \", oxford university press, 1989, isbn 978 - 0 - 19 - 505454 - 5 - beer, max, \" the general history of socialism and social struggles volumes 1 & 2 \", new york, russel and russel, inc. 1957 - adami, stefano, ' communism ', in encyclopedia of italian literary studies, ed. gaetana marrone - p. puppa, routledge, new york - london, 2006 | wikimedia commons has media related to : communism | | wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to : communism | | look up communism in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | - european parliament resolution on european conscience and totalitarianism - in defense of marxism - anarchy archives includes the works of anarchist communists. - libertarian communist library - marxists internet archive - the mu particle in \" communism \", a short etymological essay by wu ming. - open society archives, one of the biggest history of communism and cold war archives in the world. - islam and communism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.52968171201673, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.356222"} {"text": "date of award master of public health ( mph ) dr. frances mccarty - chair dr. carol hoban postpartum depression is recognized as an important maternal and child health issue. postpartum depression is the most common perinatal psychiatric disorder and one of the most common complications of childbirth. studies show prevalence rates in women ranging from 10 % to 25 %. postpartum depression affects the emotional wellbeing of mothers, infant behavior, mother - infant bonding, and marital relationships. however, the majority of women who experience postpartum depression do not seek care. the purpose of this analysis is to examine the demographic differences between women in georgia who report symptoms of postpartum depression but do not seek care, versus women who report postpartum depression symptoms and seek care. approximately 15 % of respondents in this study reported postpartum depression. of these women, approximately 80 % did not seek care for their symptoms. this analysis found that women with the following characteristics were more likely to not seek care for depression : non - white and hispanic women ; women that were uninsured before their pregnancy ; women that had their prenatal care paid for by medicaid or the military ; and women who did not seek care for depression during their pregnancy. the results of this study may help to guide the implementation of public health interventions among postpartum women in georgia. tennyson, sarah elizabeth, \" an analysis of postpartum depression and care seeking behaviors in georgia \" ( 2009 ). public health theses. paper 120.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5001636949764328, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:42:41.364856"}